The number of people who knew anything about farming or gardening was
very small, and continued so long after the colony was settled. At
first, indeed, there were none, and they actually did not know what to
do with the seeds which had been sent out with them.
At the time of our arrival a change for the better had taken place, and
a large proportion of free settlers were agriculturists, who soon taught
the labourers they employed, and several farms were established.
We little thought at that time of the vast power of production possessed
by Australia. Day after day we worked on, cutting down trees, splitting
them with wedges, building huts, putting up fences, and digging and
planting. The latter operations were very important; from the number of
mouths we should soon have to feed, the expense of providing food would
be very great unless we could produce some on the estate.
As soon as Arthur Wells had recovered his strength he willingly set to
work, and no man could have laboured harder than he did. He knew more
than any of us did about farming, though we had some books to help us.
What was of great consequence, also, he understood the climate; for it
was some time before we could bring ourselves to remember that the
Australian spring is in October; and that Christmas is the hottest time
of the year; and that the periods of seed-time and harvest are the
opposite to those of the old country.
Jacob, besides being a good guide through the country, understood
felling trees, and splitting timber, and putting up huts--very valuable
arts in that country. He might have been a first-rate watchmaker or
jeweller, have known Hebrew or Greek, or been a good draughtsman, or
kept accounts in excellent style, or dressed to perfection, and been
able to leap with the most perfect grace and nimbleness over counters,
and yet have starved. Rough backwoodsmen, blacksmiths, carpenters, and
ploughmen have from the first been able to secure good wages in
Australia. Other men have succeeded by turning their hands to do
whatever might offer; but for such men as I have mentioned, the demand
remains as at first unabated.
Having got through the work requiring immediate attention, I resolved to
return to Sydney to bring up the remainder of our stores, and to procure
a few assigned servants. Such was the name given to convicts when made
over to the charge of private persons. The duty of the master was to
find them employment, to feed them according to a certain scale, and
more than that, the original intention of those who formed the plan was
that he should do his best to instruct and improve them. I am afraid
that not many took much trouble about that; but some few conscientious
masters did all they could, and the consequence was that very many poor
fellows who might have been utterly lost, had they been turned loose at
home, became reformed characters, and respectable members of society.
I took Dick Nailor and Mark with me to look after the dray, thinking
that the assigned men might know very little about the matter.
We had a prosperous journey into Sydney. The first thing I did was to
sell the horses, for which there was a great demand; and I consequently
got a high price for them, more than double what I gave. Instead I
bought four working oxen, ten milch cows, and a fine bull. There would
be time enough to procure horses when they became more plentiful.
Though useful, of course they were not absolute necessaries; and I hoped
from the stock I had now got, to become possessed in a few years of a
fine herd of cattle. I might have had fifty servants assigned to me,
but I accepted only six; and those I had the opportunity of selecting.
I determined with these and the assistance of our own party to bring
under cultivation as many acres of ground as I could manage.
A settler's life in a new country is not all plain sailing, as we were
to find--though in many instances it may be somewhat monotonous. We had
some expectation of meeting with an adventure, for we heard that several
bush-rangers were out, who were levying black-mail on all travellers.
We resolved at all events not to be taken unawares.
I felt pretty sure that we might trust our new men, and Dick Nailor was
a man not to be attacked with impunity even by the most daring of
robbers.
We found when we moved on that we had not more men than we required for
conducting the dray and driving the cattle. Had we possessed more
experience, half our number would have driven twenty times as many
cattle as we had, and more than that, with ease.
We made good about twelve miles in the day. At night we had enough to
do to keep our valuable cattle from straying. We found the simplest
plan was to light a number of fires in a circle, beyond which the
animals were seldom disposed to move. It, however, required constant
attention to keep up the fires, for as soon as the flames dropped, the
animals seemed no longer disposed to be restrained within the circle.
This occupied most of our party during the night, so that only two or
three at a time could get rest. We slept very fast when we did sleep,
to make up for lost time--as Mark observed. Either Dick Nailor or I was
always on the watch, as I did not think it prudent to trust the
convicts, though they had but little temptation to play us any tricks.
They were pretty well aware that they would have no prospect of setting
up for themselves, even if they should run away with our cattle.
We had got within three or four miles of our station, but as we could
not reach it before dark, we camped as usual, hoping that we might get
there the next morning.
Scarcely had we unyoked our oxen than several blacks appeared coming
towards us from a neighbouring bush. I was not aware at the time of the
dislike oxen have to the natives, and was astonished at the state of
excitement into which the animals were put as the blacks drew near. We
had the greatest difficulty, indeed, in restraining the animals from
breaking off into the bush. I accordingly, followed by Dick Nailor,
went forward to meet our visitors, both of us, however, carrying our
guns, for we could not tell what might be their intention. They stopped
when they saw the cattle snorting and turning about, seemingly as
unwilling to draw near them as the animals were to have their company.
They seemed to be a tribe not accustomed to white men, for they did not
understand a word we spoke, nor could we what they said. We discovered,
however, that they wanted something--it was tobacco,--we gave them some.
We showed them that we were ready to be on friendly terms. They then
begged for something to drink--rum, and seemed very much astonished to
find that we had none. To my belief they had never themselves tasted
any, but had heard of the white man's fire-water from other blacks--his
curse--their destruction.
After a little time they intimated to us, so we understood them, that
there was something they wished to show to us in the bush at a little
distance. They seemed so well disposed that I did not at the time dream
of treachery. I told Dick Nailor that I would go forward and see what
they wanted to show us. Even Dick hesitated.
"They may mean well, but if they don't they will have us at terrible
advantage all alone in the woods, and they are fearfully ugly fellows to
look at, they must allow," he observed, coming up close to me, to
protect me rather than to seek protection for himself.
Still the blacks seemed so eager that we should go, and made so many
signs to us, that I was sure that there was something particular they
wished to show us. Had I been as well acquainted with them as I
afterwards became I should not have ventured. Still the greater number
of murders they have committed must be laid to the white man's charge.
They merely retaliated when treated by him with fearful cruelty and
injustice. The white man set them an example which the savages copied.
True, many of the convicts were reprobates and outcasts. Not once, but
frequently men have gone forth with fire-arms and shot down the blacks
as if they had been wild beasts. I speak of days happily gone by.
I called out to Mark to keep in the camp with the men and beasts, and
Dick and I followed the black, I repeat that it was a very unwise thing
to do.
However, on we went. I told Dick to keep his eyes about him, and his
gun ready for use.
Having camped early, there was still plenty of daylight; indeed, the
blacks themselves will never move at night, from superstitious
feelings,--the dread of meeting evil spirits: of good ones they have no
notion. There were a good many blacks about, so we signed them to go on
ahead, and that we would follow. They did so--when suddenly they drew
back, and we saw before us, on the side of an open glade, under a
thick-stemmed tree, a rude hut, and just before it, on the ground, two
men, wretched, haggard creatures.
On drawing nearer we discovered that the forms alone of the men were
there, the spirit had fled. Not a particle of food was to be found near
them, but there were the ashes of a small fire, and near it two or three
pieces of burnt leather. They had been endeavouring, when too late, to
satisfy the cravings of hunger with such food. We had more to discover.