chief of state: President Jean Marie LEYE (since 2 March 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Rialuth Serge VOHOR (since 30
September 1996); Deputy Prime Minister Donald KALPOKAS (since 25
October 1996)
cabinet : Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister,
responsible to Parliament
elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of
Parliament and the presidents of the regional councils for a five-year
term; election for president last held 2 March 1994 (next to be held
NA 1999); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority
party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by
Parliament from among its members; election for prime minister last
held 30 September 1996 (next to be held NA November 1999); note - the
general legislative elections in November 1995 did not give a majority
to any of the political parties; since the election, there have been
three changes of government - all of which have been coalitions formed
by Parliamentary vote; Rialuth Serge VOHOR was prime minister from
November 1995 until he resigned 7 February 1996 when faced with a
no-confidence vote in Parliament; Maxime Carlot KORMAN was then
elected prime minister and served until he was ousted in a
no-confidence motion on 30 September 1996; VOHOR was then elected
prime minister for a second time
election results: Jean Marie LEYE elected president; percent of
electoral college vote - NA; Serge VOHOR elected prime minister by a
Parliamentary vote of 28 to 22
Legislative branch: unicameral Parliament (50 seats; members elected
by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections : last held 30 November 1995 (next to be held NA November
1999)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - UMP
17, VP 14, NUP 9, MPP 5, TU 2, Na-Griamel Movement 1, Friend
Melanesian Party 1, independent 1; note - political party associations
are fluid; there have been three changes of government since the
November 1995 elections
note : the National Council of Chiefs advises on matters of custom and
land
Judicial branch: Supreme Court, chief justice is appointed by the
president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of
the opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on
the advice of the Judicial Service Commission
Political parties and leaders: Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge
VOHOR; National United Party (NUP), Walter LINI; Vanuatu Party (VP),
Donald KALPOKAS; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; Tan
Union (TU), Vincent BOULEKONE; Na-Griamel Movement, Frankie STEVENS;
Friend Melanesian Party, Albert RAUUTIA
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IMO,
Intelsat (nonsignatory user), IOC, ITU, NAM, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTrO (applicant)
Diplomatic representation in the US: Vanuatu does not have an embassy
in the US
Diplomatic representation from the US: the US does not have an embassy
in Vanuatu; the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to
Vanuatu
Flag description: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green
with a black isosceles triangle (based on the hoist side) all
separated by a black-edged yellow stripe in the shape of a horizontal
Y (the two points of the Y face the hoist side and enclose the
triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's tusk encircling two
crossed namele leaves, all in yellow
Economy
Economy - overview: The economy is based primarily on subsistence or
small-scale agriculture which provides a living for 65% of the
population. Fishing and tourism are the other mainstays of the
economy, with 43,000 visitors in 1992. Mineral deposits are
negligible; the country has no known petroleum deposits. A small light
industry sector caters to the local market. Tax revenues come mainly
from import duties. Economic development is hindered by dependence on
relatively few commodity exports, vulnerability to natural disasters,
and long distances from main markets and between constituent islands.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $219 million (1995 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 2% (1995)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,230 (1995 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture : 25%
industry: 9%
services: 66%
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 4% (1995)
Labor force:
total: 66,597 (1989 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 65%, services 32%, industry 3% (1995 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues : $74.8 million
expenditures: $76.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1994 est.)
Industries: food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning
Industrial production growth rate: 3.4% (1993 est.)
Electricity - capacity: 11,000 kW (1995)
Electricity - production: 30 million kWh (1994)
Electricity - consumption per capita: NA kWh
Agriculture - products: copra, coconuts, cocoa, coffee, taro, yams,
coconuts, fruits, vegetables; fish, beef
Exports:
total value: $28 million (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: copra, beef, cocoa, timber, coffee
partners : EU 32%, Japan 29%, Australia 11%, New Caledonia 7% (1993)
Imports:
total value: $93 million (f.o.b., 1995 est.)
commodities: machines and vehicles, food and beverages, basic
manufactures, raw materials and fuels, chemicals
partners: Australia 41%, France 15%, NZ 11%, Japan 9%, Fiji 6% (1992)
Debt - external: $38.2 million (yearend 1993)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $9.6 million from Australia (FY96/97 est.); $3.1
million from NZ (FY95/96)
Currency: 1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes
Exchange rates: vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.36 (January 1997), 111.72
(1996), 112.11 (1995), 116.41 (1994), 121.58 (1993), 113.39 (1992)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Vanuatu:Communications
Telephones: 3,000 (1987 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: NA
international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: NA
Television broadcast stations: 0
Televisions: 2,000 (1992 est.)
@Vanuatu:Transportation
Railways: 0 km
Highways:
total : 1,050 km
paved: 250 km
unpaved: 800 km (1995 est.)
Ports and harbors: Forari, Port-Vila, Santo (Espiritu Santo)
Merchant marine:
total : 100 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,451,548 GRT/1,945,514
DWT
ships by type: bulk 32, cargo 30, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk
1, container 2, liquefied gas tanker 5, oil tanker 7, refrigerated
cargo 13, vehicle carrier 8
note : a flag of convenience registry; includes ships from 17
countries among which are Japan 31, India 10, Greece 7, Netherlands 7,
US 7, Hong Kong 6, Canada 4, France 4, Australia 2, and Singapore 2
(1996 est.)
Airports: 30 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 19
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
under 914 m: 17 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m : 10 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: no regular military forces; Vanuatu Police Force
(VPF; includes the paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force or VMF)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: NA
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: NA
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: NA%
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: claims Matthew and Hunter Islands east of
New Caledonia
______________________________________________________________________
VENEZUELA
@Venezuela:Geography
Location: Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the
North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 66 00 W
Map references: South America
Area:
total: 912,050 sq km
land: 882,050 sq km
water: 30,000 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly more than twice the size of California
Land boundaries:
total: 4,993 km
border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 15 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea : 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Terrain: Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central
plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m
highest point : Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite,
other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
Land use:
arable land : 4%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures : 20%
forests and woodland: 34%
other: 41% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 1,900 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: subject to floods, rockslides, mud slides; periodic
droughts
Environment - current issues: sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia;
oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil
degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the
Caribbean coast
Environment - international agreements:
party to : Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Marine
Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Tropical
Timber 94
Geography - note: on major sea and air routes linking North and South
America
@Venezuela:People
Population: 22,396,407 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years : 34% (male 3,964,886; female 3,720,984)
15-64 years: 61% (male 6,877,890; female 6,838,799)
65 years and over: 5% (male 456,182; female 537,666) (July 1997 est.)
Population growth rate: 1.83% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 23.67 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 5.03 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over : 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 28.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population : 72.37 years
male: 69.4 years
female : 75.58 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.78 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Venezuelan(s)
adjective: Venezuelan
Ethnic groups: mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Amerindian 2%
Religions: nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%
Languages: Spanish (official), native dialects spoken by about 200,000
Amerindians in the remote interior
Literacy:
definition : age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 91.1%
male: 91.8%
female: 90.3% (1995 est.)
@Venezuela:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Venezuela
conventional short form: Venezuela
local long form: Republica de Venezuela
local short form : Venezuela
Data code: VE
Government type: republic
National capital: Caracas
Administrative divisions: 22 states (estados, singular - estado),1
federal district* (distrito federal), and 1 federal dependency**
(dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas,
Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**,
Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas,
Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Yaracuy, Zulia
note: the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled
island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
Independence: 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
Constitution: 23 January 1961
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; judicial review of legislative
acts in Cassation Court only; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez (since 2 February
1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government
head of government: President Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez (since 2
February 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and
head of government
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998)
election results : Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez elected president; percent
of vote - Rafael CALDERA Rodriguez (National Convergence) 30.45%,
Claudio FERMIN (AD) 23.59%, Oswaldo ALVAREZ PAZ (COPEI) 22.72%, Andres
VELASQUEZ (Causa R) 21.94%, other 1.3%
Legislative branch: bicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de
la Republica consists of the Senate or Senado (53 seats, two from each
state and the Federal District, and retired presidents; members are
elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of
Deputies or Camara de Diputados (203 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA
December 1998); Chamber of Deputies - last held 5 December 1993 (next
to be held NA December 1998)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by
party - AD 18, COPEI 15, Causa R 9, MAS 5, National Convergence 6;
note - three former presidents (2 from AD, 1 from COPEI) hold lifetime
Senate seats; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - AD
27.9%, COPEI 26.9%, MAS 12.4%, National Convergence 12.9%, Causa R
19.9%; seats by party - AD 55, COPEI 53, MAS 24, National Convergence
26, Causa R 40, other 5
Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia),
magistrates are elected by both chambers in joint session
Political parties and leaders: National Convergence (Convergencia),
Jose Miguel UZCATEGUI, president, Juan Jose CALDERA, national
coordinator; Social Christian Party (COPEI), Luis HERRERA Campins,
president, and Donald RAMIREZ, secretary general; Democratic Action
(AD), Pedro PARIS Montesinos, president, and Luis ALFARO Ucero,
secretary general; Movement Toward Socialism (MAS), Gustavo MARQUEZ,
president, and Enrique OCHOA Antich, secretary general; Radical Cause
(La Causa R), Lucas MATHEUS, secretary general
Political pressure groups and leaders: FEDECAMARAS, a conservative
business group; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers (CTV, labor
organization dominated by the Democratic Action); VECINOS groups
International organization participation: AG, BCIE, Caricom
(observer), CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G- 3, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, MINURSO,
NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Pedro Luis ECHEVERRIA
chancery: 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone : [1] (202) 342-2214
FAX: [1] (202) 342-6820
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans,
New York, San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission : Ambassador John Francis MAISTO
embassy: Calle F con Calle Suapure, Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas
1060
mailing address: P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037
telephone: [58] (2) 977-2011
FAX: [58] (2) 977-0843
Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue,
and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and
an arc of seven white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
Economy
Economy - overview: The petroleum sector dominates the economy,
accounting for roughly 25% of GDP, 70% of export earnings, and 50% of
central government revenues. It is likely to become even more
important as the state petroleum company plans to double its
production over the next ten years. The non-petroleum sectors have
been contracting, however, with GDP shrinking by 1.6% during 1996.
Realizing the failure of interventionist policies, the CALDERA
administration embarked on a comprehensive reform program and
successfully negotiated a $1.4 billion stand-by agreement with the
IMF. The state eliminated price and exchange controls, reduced the
long-standing subsidy on gasoline, and revitalized its stalled
privatization program. Foreign investors reacted positively and the
Caracas stock exchange ended 1996 as the world's best performing stock
market. The influx of foreign investment and a windfall of oil
revenues resulting from higher-than-expected international oil prices
raised Venezuela's reserves to over $15 billion. As a result,
Venezuela used only the first tranche of the IMF credit - $400
million. The currency depreciated sharply following the exchange
liberalization, and caused an inflationary burst that led to a 103%
yearly rate of inflation, the highest in Venezuelan history. The
bolivar has since strengthened and inflation fell near the end of the
year. The macroeconomic adjustments should take hold in 1997, and the
economy is expected to grow by 4% or more. Increased salary demands by
public and private sector workers, however, threaten a renewal of
inflationary pressures.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $197 billion (1996 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: -1.6% (1996)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $9,000 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 5%
industry: 41%
services: 54% (1993)
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 103% (1996)
Labor force:
total: 8.8 million
by occupation : services 64%, industry 23%, agriculture 13% (1993)
Unemployment rate: 13% (1996 est.)
Budget:
revenues: $11.99 billion
expenditures : $11.48 billion, including capital expenditures of $2.3
billion (1996 est.)
Industries: petroleum, iron ore mining, construction materials, food
processing, textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicle assembly
Industrial production growth rate: 0.5% (1995 est.)
Electricity - capacity: 18.966 million kW (1995)
Electricity - production: 74.886 billion kWh (1995)
Electricity - consumption per capita: 2,887 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture - products: corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas,
vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish
Exports:
total value : $22.8 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
commodities: petroleum 72%, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals,
agricultural products, basic manufactures
partners: US and Puerto Rico 55%, Japan, Netherlands, Italy
Imports:
total value : $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
commodities: raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, construction materials
partners: US 40%, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Canada
Debt - external: $26.5 billion (1996)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $46 million (1993)
Currency: 1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos
Exchange rates: bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 476.840 (January 1997),
417.333 (1996), 176.843 (1995), 148.503 (1994), 90.826 (1993), 68.376
(1992)
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Venezuela:Communications
Telephones: 1.44 million (1987 est.)
Telephone system: modern and expanding
domestic: domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations
international: 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 181, FM 0, shortwave 26
Radios: 9.04 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 59
Televisions: 3.3 million (1992 est.)
@Venezuela:Transportation
Railways:
total : 584 km (336 km single track; 248 km privately owned)
standard gauge: 584 km 1.435-m gauge
Highways:
total: 82,700 km
paved: 32,501 km
unpaved: 50,199 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept
oceangoing vessels
Pipelines: crude oil 6,370 km; petroleum products 480 km; natural gas
4,010 km
Ports and harbors: Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La
Salina, Maracaibo, Matanzas, Palua, Puerto Cabello, Puerto la Cruz,
Puerto Ordaz, Puerto Sucre, Punta Cardon
Merchant marine:
total: 28 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 525,123 GRT/933,016 DWT
ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 7, combination bulk 1, container 1,
liquefied gas tanker 2, oil tanker 9, passenger-cargo 1,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1 (1996 est.)
Airports: 360 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total : 261
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
1,524 to 2,437 m: 35
914 to 1,523 m: 58
under 914 m: 153 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 99
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 92 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales
or FAN) includes Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or
Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada), Air Force
(Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National
Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49 : 5,997,099 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 4,333,497 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 238,650 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $902 million (1996)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 1.4% (1996)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo
River; maritime boundary dispute with Colombia in the Gulf of
Venezuela
Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis, opium, and coca leaf for
the international drug trade on a small scale; however, large
quantities of cocaine and heroin transit the country from Colombia;
important money-laundering hub; active aerial eradication program
primarily targeting opium
______________________________________________________________________
VIETNAM
@Vietnam:Geography
Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of
Tonkin, and South China Sea, between China and Cambodia
Geographic coordinates: 16 00 N, 106 00 E
Map references: Southeast Asia
Area:
total: 329,560 sq km
land: 325,360 sq km
water : 4,200 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly larger than New Mexico
Land boundaries:
total: 4,639 km
border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
Coastline: 3,444 km (excludes islands)
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone : 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season
(mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to
mid-March)
Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly,
mountainous in far north and northwest
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: South China Sea 0 m
highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate,
offshore oil and gas deposits, forests
Land use:
arable land: 17%
permanent crops: 4%
permanent pastures : 1%
forests and woodland: 30%
other: 48% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 18,600 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive
flooding
Environment - current issues: logging and slash-and-burn agricultural
practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water
pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations;
groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban
industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading
environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban
@Vietnam:People
Population: 75,123,880 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 36% (male 13,713,340; female 12,946,322)
15-64 years: 59% (male 21,547,228; female 22,997,231)
65 years and over : 5% (male 1,573,823; female 2,345,936) (July 1997
est.)
Population growth rate: 1.51% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 22.3 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 6.8 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: -0.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 37.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 67.38 years
male: 65.03 years
female: 69.86 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.6 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
adjective: Vietnamese
Ethnic groups: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese 3%, Muong, Tai, Meo, Khmer,
Man, Cham