Party), BANHAN Sinlapa-acha; Democratic Party (DP or Prachathipat
Party), CHUAN Likphai; New Aspiration Party (NAP or Khwamwang Mai),
Gen. CHAWALIT Yongchaiyut; National Development Party (NDP or Chat
Phattana), CHATCHAI Chunhawan; Phalang Dharma Party (PDP or Phalang
Tham), SUDARAT Keyuraphan; Social Action Party (SAP or Kitsangkhom
Party), MONTRI Phongphanit; Thai Citizen's Party (TCP or Prachakon
Thai), SAMAK Sunthonwet; Liberal Democratic Party (LDP or Seri Tham),
PHINIT Charusombat; Solidarity Party (SP or Ekkaphap Party), UTHAI
Phimchaichon; Mass Party (MP or Muanchon), Pol. Cpt. CHALOEM Yubamrung
International organization participation: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
UNIKOM, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador NIT Phibunsongkhram
chancery: 1024 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 944-3600
FAX: [1] (202) 944-3611
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission : Ambassador William H. ITOH
embassy: 120/22 Wireless Road, Bangkok
mailing address: APO AP 96546
telephone: [66] (2) 205-4000
FAX : [66] (2) 254-2990
consulate(s) general: Chiang Mai
Flag description: five horizontal bands of red (top), white, blue
(double width), white, and red
Economy
Economy - overview: One of the more advanced developing countries in
Asia, Thailand depends on exports of manufactures - including
high-technology goods - and the development of the service sector to
fuel the country's rapid growth, averaging 9% since 1989. Most of
Thailand's recent imports have been for capital equipment and raw
materials, although imports of consumer goods are beginning to rise.
Thailand's 35% domestic savings rate is a key source of capital for
the economy, and the country is also benefiting from rising investment
from abroad. Prime Minister CHAWALIT's government - Thailand's seventh
government in six years - will continue Bangkok's probusiness policies
and reemphasize Bangkok's traditional fiscal austerity. CHAWALIT is
beginning to address Thailand's serious infrastructure bottlenecks,
especially in the transport and telecommunications sectors. Over the
longer term, Bangkok must produce more college graduates with
technical training and upgrade workers' skills to continue its rapid
economic development.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $455.7 billion (1996 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 6.7% (1996 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $7,700 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 10.5%
industry: 30.5%
services: 59% (1996 est.)
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 5.9% (1996 est.)
Labor force:
total: 34.03 million (1996 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 57%, industry 17%, commerce 11%, services
(including government) 15% (1993 est.)
Unemployment rate: 2.6% (1996 est.)
Budget:
revenues : $28.4 billion
expenditures: $28.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $6.1
billion (FY94/95)
Industries: tourism; textiles and garments, agricultural processing,
beverages, tobacco, cement, light manufacturing, such as jewelry;
electric appliances and components, integrated circuits, furniture,
plastics; world's second-largest tungsten producer and third-largest
tin producer
Industrial production growth rate: 13.3% (1995 est.)
Electricity - capacity: 15.84 million kW (1994)
Electricity - production: 70.21 billion kWh (1994)
Electricity - consumption per capita: 1,205 kWh (1995 est.)
Agriculture - products: rice, cassava (tapioca), rubber, corn,
sugarcane, coconuts, soybeans
Exports:
total value: $57.3 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities: manufactures 73%, agricultural products and fisheries
21%, raw materials 5%, fuels 1%
partners : US 21.0%, Japan 17.1%, Singapore 13.6%, Hong Kong 5.3%,
Germany 3.5%, UK 3.0%, Netherlands 2.8%, Malaysia 2.4%
Imports:
total value: $72.4 billion (c.i.f., 1996)
commodities: manufactures 80%, fuels 6.9%, raw materials 6.6%,
foodstuffs 4.3%
partners: Japan 30.4%, US 11.9%, Singapore 6.3%, Germany 5.8%, Taiwan
5.1%, Malaysia 4.9%, South Korea 3.7%, China 2.6%
Debt - external: $61.6 billion (1995)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $624 million (1993)
Currency: 1 baht (B) = 100 satang
Exchange rates: baht (B) per US$1 - 25.708 (January 1997), 15.343
(1996), 24.915 (1995), 25.150 (1994), 25.319 (1993), 25.400 (1992)
Fiscal year: 1 October - 30 September
@Thailand:Communications
Telephones: 1,553,200 (1994 est.)
Telephone system: service to general public inadequate; bulk of
service to government activities provided by multichannel cable and
microwave radio relay network
domestic: microwave radio relay and multichannel cable; domestic
satellite system being developed
international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 200 (in government-controlled network),
FM 100 (in government-controlled network), shortwave 0
Radios: 10.75 million (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 11 (in government-controlled network)
Televisions: 3.3 million (1993 est.)
@Thailand:Transportation
Railways:
total : 4,623 km
narrow gauge: 4,623 km 1.000-m gauge (99 km double track)
Highways:
total: 56,903 km
paved: 52,806 km
unpaved : 4,097 km (1993 est.)
Waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways
navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines: petroleum products 67 km; natural gas 350 km
Ports and harbors: Bangkok, Laem Chabang, Pattani, Phuket, Sattahip,
Si Racha, Songkhla
Merchant marine:
total : 283 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,859,021 GRT/3,060,277
DWT
ships by type: bulk 38, cargo 144, chemical tanker 5, combination bulk
1, container 12, liquefied gas tanker 15, multi-function large load
carrier 3, oil tanker 49, passenger 1, refrigerated cargo 10,
roll-on/roll-off cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 2
(1996 est.)
Airports: 100 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 86
over 3,047 m : 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 22
under 914 m: 36 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 14
1,524 to 2,437 m : 1
914 to 1,523 m: 13 (1996 est.)
Heliports: 2 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai Navy (includes Royal
Thai Marine Corps), Royal Thai Air Force, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49 : 17,076,040 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males : 10,315,765 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 591,094 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $4 billion (FY94/95)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.5% (FY94/95)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: boundary dispute with Laos; unresolved
maritime boundary with Vietnam; parts of border with Cambodia in
dispute; maritime boundary with Cambodia not clearly defined
Illicit drugs: a minor producer of opium, heroin, and marijuana; major
illicit transit point for heroin en route to the international drug
market from Burma and Laos; eradication efforts have reduced the area
of cannabis cultivation and shifted some production to neighboring
countries; opium poppy cultivation has been reduced by eradication
efforts; also a drug money-laundering center; rapidly growing role in
amphetamine production for regional consumption; increasing indigenous
abuse of methamphetamines and heroin
______________________________________________________________________
TOGO
@Togo:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin
and Ghana
Geographic coordinates: 8 00 N, 1 10 E
Map references: Africa
Area:
total : 56,790 sq km
land: 54,390 sq km
water: 2,400 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
total: 1,647 km
border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 30 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern
plateau; low coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Pic Baumann 986 m
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone, marble
Land use:
arable land : 38%
permanent crops: 7%
permanent pastures: 4%
forests and woodland: 17%
other : 34% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 70 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in
north during winter; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: deforestation attributable to
slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of wood for fuel; recent
droughts affecting agriculture
Environment - international agreements:
party to : Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
@Togo:People
Population: 4,735,610 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years : 49% (male 1,153,174; female 1,143,085)
15-64 years: 49% (male 1,129,720; female 1,206,926)
65 years and over: 2% (male 47,211; female 55,494) (July 1997 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.54% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 45.71 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 10.32 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years : 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 82.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 58.32 years
male: 56.1 years
female : 60.61 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.68 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun : Togolese (singular and plural)
adjective: Togolese
Ethnic groups: native African (37 tribes; largest and most important
are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than
1%
Religions: indigenous beliefs 70%, Christian 20%, Muslim 10%
Languages: French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and
Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes
spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the
north)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 51.7%
male: 67%
female: 37% (1995 est.)
@Togo:Government
Country name:
conventional long form : Togolese Republic
conventional short form: Togo
local long form: Republique Togolaise
local short form: none
former: French Togo
Data code: TO
Government type: republic under transition to multiparty democratic
rule
National capital: Lome
Administrative divisions: 21 circumscriptions (circonscriptions,
singular - circonscription); Amlame, Aneho, Atakpame, Badou, Bafilo,
Bassar, Dapaong, Kande, Kara, Kpalime, Lome, Niamtougou, Notse,
Pagouda, Sansanne-Mango, Sokode, Sotouboua, Tabligbo, Tchamba, Tsevie,
Vogan
note : the 21 units may have become second-order administrative
divisions with the imposition of a new first-order level of five
prefectures (singular - prefecture) named De La Kara, Des Plateaux,
Des Savanes, Du Centre, and Maritime
Independence: 27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April (1960)
Constitution: multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council
of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September
1992
Legal system: French-based court system
Suffrage: NA years of age; universal adult
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April
1967)
head of government: Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since September
1996)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime
minister
elections : president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 25 August 1993 (next to be held NA 1998); prime
minister appointed by the president
election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA elected president; percent of
vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 96.5%; note - all major opposition parties
boycotted the election
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members
are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 6 and 20 February 1994 (next to be held NA 1999)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CAR
36, RPT 35, UTD 7, UJD 2, CFN 1
note: as a result of a byelection in August 1996, ordered by the
Supreme Court for three seats of the Action Committee for Renewal and
the Togolese Union for Democracy, representation in the National
Assembly changed to RPT 38, CAR 34, UDT 6, UJD 2, and CFN 1
Judicial branch: Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or
Cour Supreme
Political parties and leaders: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT
[President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA]; Coordination des Forces Nouvelles
or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH]; Togolese Union for Democracy or UTD [Edem
KODJO]; Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yao AGBOYIBOR]; Union for
Democracy and Solidarity or UDS [Antoine FOLLY]; Pan-African
Sociodemocrats Group or GSP, an alliance of three radical parties:
CDPA, PDR, and PSP; Democratic Convention of African Peoples or CDPA
[Leopold GNININVI]; Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR [Zarifou
AYEVA]; Pan-African Social Party or PSP [Francis AGBAGLI]; Union of
Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile)]; Union of
Justice and Democracy or UJD [Lal TAXPANDJAN]
note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA,
was the only party until the formation of multiple parties was
legalized 12 April 1991
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU,
MINURSO, NAM, OAU, OIC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIH,
UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Kossivi OSSEYI
chancery: 2208 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
FAX : [1] (202) 232-3190
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG
embassy: Rue Pelletier Caventou and Rue Vauban, Lome
mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
telephone: [228] 21 77 17, 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
FAX : [228] 21 79 52
Flag description: five equal horizontal bands of green (top and
bottom) alternating with yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on
a red square in the upper hoist-side corner; uses the popular
pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy - overview: This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily
dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which
provides employment for more than 60% of the labor force. Cocoa,
coffee, and cotton together generate about 30% of export earnings.
Togo is self-sufficient in basic foodstuffs when harvests are normal.
In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most
important activity, although it has suffered from the collapse of
world phosphate prices and increased foreign competition. Togo serves
as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's
decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to
implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and
bring revenues in line with expenditures has stalled. Political
unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992
and 1993, has jeopardized the reform program, shrunk the tax base, and
disrupted vital economic activity. Although strikes had ended in 1994,
political unrest and lack of funds prevented the government from
taking advantage of the 50% currency devaluation of 12 January 1994.
Resumption of World Bank and IMF flows will depend on implementation
of several controversial moves toward privatization and on downsizing
the military, on which the regime depends to stay in power.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $4.45 billion (1996 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 6% (1996 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $970 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 35%
industry: 23%
services: 42% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 7.2% (1995 est.)
Labor force:
total: 1.538 million (1993 est.)
by occupation: agriculture 64%, industry 9%, services 21%, unemployed
6% (1981 est.)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $242 million
expenditures: $262 million, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1997 est.)
Industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement;
handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Industrial production growth rate: NA%
Electricity - capacity: NA kW
Electricity - production: NA kWh
note: imports electricity from Ghana
Electricity - consumption per capita: NA kWh
Agriculture - products: coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava
(tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum; meat; annual fish catch
of 10,000-14,000 tons
Exports:
total value: $265 (f.o.b., 1996 est.)
commodities: phosphates, cotton, coffee, cocoa
partners : Canada 9.2%, US 8.1%, Taiwan 7.5%, Nigeria 6.7% (1995 est.)
Imports:
total value: $350 million (c.i.f., 1996 est.)
commodities : machinery and equipment, consumer goods, food, chemical
products
partners: Ghana 17.1%, China 13.3%, France 12.5%, Cameroon 6.0% (1995
est.)
Debt - external: $1.5 billion (1994)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $NA
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997),
511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69
(1992)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Togo:Communications
Telephones: 12,000 (1987 est.)
Telephone system: fair system based on network of microwave radio
relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines
domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines
international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
and 1 Symphonie
Radio broadcast stations: AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0
Radios: 795,000 (1992 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 3 (relays 2)
Televisions: 24,000 (1992 est.)
@Togo:Transportation
Railways:
total: 525 km (1995)
narrow gauge : 525 km 1.000-m gauge
Highways:
total: 7,519 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,143 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: 50 km Mono river
Ports and harbors: Kpeme, Lome
Merchant marine: none
Airports: 8 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total : 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m : 4 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 1,016,251 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males : 533,292 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $48 million (1993)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.9% (1993)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: none
Illicit drugs: transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers
______________________________________________________________________
TOKELAU
(territory of New Zealand)
@Tokelau:Geography
Location: Oceania, group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean, about
one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates: 9 00 S, 172 00 W
Map references: Oceania
Area:
total: 10 sq km
land: 10 sq km
water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative: about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington,
DC
Land boundaries: 0 km
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims:
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location 5 m
Natural resources: NEGL
Land use:
arable land: 0%
permanent crops : 0%
permanent pastures: 0%
forests and woodland: 0%
other: 100% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Environment - current issues: very limited natural resources and
overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand
Environment - international agreements:
party to : NA
signed, but not ratified: NA
@Tokelau:People
Population: 1,463 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: NA
15-64 years: NA
65 years and over : NA
Population growth rate: -1.35% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: NA births/1,000 population
Death rate: NA deaths/1,000 population
Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio:
at birth: NA male(s)/female
under 15 years: NA male(s)/female
15-64 years: NA male(s)/female
65 years and over: NA male(s)/female
total population: NA male(s)/female
Infant mortality rate: NA deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: NA years
male: NA years
female: NA years
Total fertility rate: NA children born/woman
Nationality:
noun: Tokelauan(s)
adjective: Tokelauan
Ethnic groups: Polynesian
Religions: Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%,
other 2%
note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on
Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the
Congregational Christian Church predominant
Languages: Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
@Tokelau:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form : Tokelau
Data code: TL
Dependency status: territory of New Zealand
Government type: NA
National capital: none; each atoll has its own administrative center
Administrative divisions: none (territory of New Zealand)
Independence: none (territory of New Zealand)
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February (1840) (Treaty of Waitangi
established British sovereignty over New Zealand)
Constitution: administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as
amended in 1970
Legal system: British and local statutes
Suffrage: 21 years of age
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952);
the queen and New Zealand are represented by Administrator Lindsay
WATT (since NA March 1993)
head of government: Official Secretary Brian LAWRENCE (since NA)
cabinet: the Council of Faipule, consisting of the elected leaders
from each atoll, functions as a cabinet
elections: none; the queen is a hereditary monarch; administrator
appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand
Legislative branch: unicameral General Fono (45 seats - 15 from each
of the three atolls; members chosen by each atoll's Council of Elders
or Taupulega who meet together twice a year)
Judicial branch: High Court in Niue; Supreme Court in New Zealand
Political parties and leaders: none
International organization participation: SPC, WHO (associate)
Diplomatic representation in the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Diplomatic representation from the US: none (territory of New Zealand)
Flag description: the flag of New Zealand is used
Economy