domestic: extensive microwave radio relay and coaxial and fiber-optic
cable systems
international: microwave radio relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait,
Qatar, UAE, Yemen, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait and Jordan;
submarine cable to Djibouti, Egypt and Bahrain; satellite earth
stations - 5 Intelsat (3 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1
Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 43, FM 13, shortwave 0
Radios: 5 million (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 80
Televisions: 4.5 million (1993 est.)
@Saudi Arabia:Transportation
Railways:
total: 1,390 km
standard gauge: 1,390 km 1.435-m gauge (448 km double track) (1992)
Highways:
total: 159,000 km
paved: 67,893 km
unpaved: 91,107 km (1995 est.)
Pipelines: crude oil 6,400 km; petroleum products 150 km; natural gas
2,200 km (includes natural gas liquids 1,600 km)
Ports and harbors: Ad Dammam, Al Jubayl, Duba, Jiddah, Jizan, Rabigh,
Ra's al Khafji, Al Mishab, Ras Tanura, Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' al
Sinaiyah
Merchant marine:
total : 79 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 998,503 GRT/1,417,265
DWT
ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 12, chemical tanker 7, container 3,
liquefied gas tanker 1, livestock carrier 5, oil tanker 24, passenger
1, refrigerated cargo 4, roll-on/roll-off cargo 12, short-sea
passenger 9 (1996 est.)
Airports: 174 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total : 79
over 3,047 m: 30
2,438 to 3,047 m: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 22
914 to 1,523 m : 3
under 914 m: 13 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 95
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
1,524 to 2,437 m: 66
914 to 1,523 m : 24 (1996 est.)
Heliports: 4 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: Land Force (Army), Navy, Air Force, Air Defense
Force, National Guard, Coast Guard, Frontier Forces, Public Security
Force, Ministry of Interior Forces
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49 : 5,498,492 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 3,057,533 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males : 176,060 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $13.3 billion (1996 budget)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 10% (1996); note - based on
1996 budget figure
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: large section of boundary with Yemen not
defined; location and status of boundary with UAE is not final, de
facto boundary reflects 1974 agreement; Kuwaiti ownership of Qaruh and
Umm al Maradim islands is disputed by Saudi Arabia; in 1996, agreed
with Qatar to demarcate border per 1992 accord; that process is
ongoing
Illicit drugs: death penalty for traffickers; increasing consumption
of heroin and cocaine
______________________________________________________________________
SENEGAL
@Senegal:Geography
Location: Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between
Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania
Geographic coordinates: 14 00 N, 14 00 W
Map references: Africa
Area:
total: 196,190 sq km
land: 192,000 sq km
water: 4,190 sq km
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than South Dakota
Land boundaries:
total: 2,640 km
border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338
km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km
Coastline: 531 km
Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 24 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone : 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has
strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by
hot, dry, harmattan wind
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in
southeast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point : unnamed location in the Futa Jaldon foothills 581 m
Natural resources: fish, phosphates, iron ore
Land use:
arable land : 12%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 16%
forests and woodland: 54%
other: 18% (1993 est.)
Irrigated land: 710 sq km (1993 est.)
Natural hazards: lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts
Environment - current issues: wildlife populations threatened by
poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification;
overfishing
Environment - international agreements:
party to : Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping
Geography - note: The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal
@Senegal:People
Population: 9,403,546 (July 1997 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 2,259,765; female 2,270,363)
15-64 years: 49% (male 2,190,263; female 2,418,385)
65 years and over: 3% (male 130,742; female 134,028) (July 1997 est.)
Population growth rate: 3.35% (1997 est.)
Birth rate: 44.91 births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: 11.4 deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female
65 years and over : 0.98 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 62.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 56.93 years
male: 54.15 years
female: 59.79 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: 6.24 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Senegalese (singular and plural)
adjective: Senegalese
Ethnic groups: Wolof 36%, Fulani 17%, Serer 17%, Toucouleur 9%, Diola
9%, Mandingo 9%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 2%
Religions: Muslim 92%, indigenous beliefs 6%, Christian 2% (mostly
Roman Catholic)
Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population : 33.1%
male: 43%
female: 23.2% (1995 est.)
@Senegal:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Senegal
conventional short form: Senegal
local long form : Republique du Senegal
local short form: Senegal
Data code: SG
Government type: republic under multiparty democratic rule
National capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions (regions, singular - region);
Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis,
Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor
Independence: 4 April 1960 from France; complete independence was
achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960
(The Gambia and Senegal signed an agreement on 12 December 1981 that
called for the creation of a loose confederation to be known as
Senegambia, but the agreement was dissolved on 30 September 1989)
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April (1960)
Constitution: 3 March 1963, revised 1991
Legal system: based on French civil law system; judicial review of
legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits
the government's accounting office; Senegal has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
consultation with the president
elections : president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
election last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February
2000); prime minister appointed by the president
election results: Abdou DIOUF reelected president; percent of vote -
Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%, Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%, other 9.57%
Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee
Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to
serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 9 May 1993 (next to be held NA May 1998)
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 70%, PDS 23%, other
7%; seats by party - PS 84, PDS 27, LD-MPT 3, AND/JEF-PADS 3, PIT 2,
UDS-R 1
Judicial branch: under the terms of a reform of the judicial system
implemented in 1992, the principal organs of the judiciary are as
follows; Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final
Appeals or Cour de Cessation; Court of Appeals
Political parties and leaders: African Party for Democracy and
Socialism or AND/JEF-PADS [Landing SAVANE, secretary-general];
Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye
BATHILY]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP Garab-Gi [Dr. Iba
Der THIAM]; Independent Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; Let Us
Unite Senegal (coalition of African Party for Democracy and Socialism
and National Democratic Rally); National Democratic Rally or RND
[Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE];
Senegalese Democratic Union-Renewal or UDS-R [Mamadou Puritain FALL];
Socialist Party or PS [President Abdou DIOUF]; other small
uninfluential parties
Political pressure groups and leaders: students; teachers; labor;
Muslim Brotherhoods
International organization participation: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM III, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UPU, WADB, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Mamadou Mansour SECK
chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone : [1] (202) 234-0540, 0541
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dane Farnsworth SMITH, Jr. (5 August
1996)
embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Avenue Kleber, Dakar
mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar
telephone: [221] 23 42 96, 23 34 24
FAX: [221] 22 29 91
Flag description: three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side),
yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the
yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
Economy
Economy - overview: In 1994 Senegal embarked on its most concerted
structural adjustment effort yet to exploit the 50% devaluation of the
currencies of the 14 Francophone African nations which took place on
12 January of that year. After years of foot-dragging, the government
passed a liberalized labor code which should lower the cost of labor
and improve the manufacturing sector's competitiveness. Inroads also
have been made in closing tax loopholes, eliminating monopoly power in
several sectors, and privatizing state-owned firms. At the same time,
the government is holding the line on current fiscal expenditure under
the watchful eyes of international organizations on which it depends
for substantial support. The IMF, in mid-1995, announced that the
government met most economic targets as called for in its Enhanced
Structural Adjustment Facility agreement and released the second $50
million tranche. The country's narrow tax and resource base,
environmental degradation, and untamed growth of the population will
continue to hold back improvement in living standards over the medium
term. According to the draft budget, GDP will again rise by 5% in
1997.
GDP: purchasing power parity - $15.6 billion (1996 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: 5% (1996 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,700 (1996 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture : 21%
industry: 19%
services: 60% (1995 est.)
Inflation rate - consumer price index: 7.8% (1995)
Labor force:
total: 2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000
wage earners)
by occupation: private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget:
revenues: $876 million
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining,
petroleum refining, construction materials
Industrial production growth rate: 2% (1994)
Electricity - capacity: 303,440 kW
Electricity - production: 1.027 billion kWh (1997 est.)
Electricity - consumption per capita: 109 kWh (1997 est.)
Agriculture - products: peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton,
tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish
Exports:
total value: $968 million (f.o.b., 1995)
commodities: fish, ground nuts (peanuts), petroleum products,
phosphates, cotton
partners : France, other EU countries, Cote d'Ivoire, Mali
Imports:
total value: $1.22 billion (f.o.b., 1995.)
commodities: foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods,
petroleum products
partners: France 30%, other EU countries, Nigeria, Cameroon, Cote
d'Ivoire, Algeria, China, Japan
Debt - external: $4.1 billion (1995 est.)
Economic aid:
recipient: ODA, $439 million (1993)
Currency: 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100
centimes
Exchange rates: CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997),
511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69
(1992)
note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF
100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since
1948
Fiscal year: calendar year
@Senegal:Communications
Telephones: 81,988 (1995 est.)
Telephone system:
domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial
cable and fiber optic cable in trunk system
international : 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1
Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 6, shortwave 1
Radios: 850,000 (1993 est.)
Television broadcast stations: 1
Televisions: 61,000 (1993 est.)
@Senegal:Transportation
Railways:
total: 904 km
narrow gauge: 904 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double track) (1995)
Highways:
total: 14,580 km
paved: 4,214 km
unpaved: 10,366 km (1995 est.)
Waterways: 897 km total; 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km on
the Saloum river
Ports and harbors: Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard-Toll,
Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor
Merchant marine:
total: 1 bulk ship, 1,995 GRT/3,775 DWT (1996 est.)
Airports: 17 (1996 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total : 10
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (1996 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total : 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (1996 est.)
Military
Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie,
National Police (Surete Nationale)
Military manpower - military age: 18 years of age
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15-49: 1,938,693 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males: 1,012,181 (1997 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 94,397 (1997 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure: $81 million (1996 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP: 2.1% (1996 est.)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international: short section of boundary with The Gambia is
indefinite
Illicit drugs: transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian
heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of
cannabis
______________________________________________________________________
SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO
Introduction
Current issues: Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a
joint independent state, but this entity has not been formally
recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of
the successor republics represents its continuation.
@Serbia and Montenegro:Geography
Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between
Albania and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Geographic coordinates: 44 00 N, 21 00 E
Map references: Europe
Area:
total: 102,350 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,938 sq km)
land: 102,136 sq km (Serbia 88,412 sq km; Montenegro 13,724 sq km)
water: 214 sq km (Serbia 0 sq km; Montenegro 214 sq km)
Area - comparative: slightly smaller than Kentucky (Serbia is slightly
larger than Maine; Montenegro is slightly smaller than Connecticut)
Land boundaries:
total: 2,246 km
border countries : Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia, 173 km with
Montenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia, 215 km
with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km (with Serbia), Croatia (north) 241
km (with Serbia), Croatia (south) 25 km (with Montenegro), Hungary 151
km (with Serbia), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km
(with Serbia), Romania 476 km (with Serbia)
note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km
Coastline: 199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)
Maritime claims: NA
Climate: in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid
summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental
and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the
coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with
heavy snowfall inland
Terrain: extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the
east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain
and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands
off the coast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
highest point: Daravica 2,656 m
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc,
nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome
Land use:
arable land: NA%
permanent crops: NA%
permanent pastures : NA%
forests and woodland: NA%
other: NA%
Irrigated land: NA sq km
Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Environment - current issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage
outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air
pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution
from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the
Danube
Environment - international agreements:
party to: none of the selected agreements
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note: controls one of the major land routes from Western
Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the
Adriatic coast
@Serbia and Montenegro:People
Population: 11,223,853 (July 1997 est.) (Montenegro - 680,212; Serbia
- 10,543,641)
Age structure:
0-14 years : Montenegro - 22% (male 78,101; female 73,067); Serbia -
21% (male 1,146,238; female 1,066,842)
15-64 years: Montenegro - 68% (male 231,641; female 227,245); Serbia -
67% (male 3,544,055; female 3,495,673)
65 years and over: Montenegro - 10% (male 28,880; female 41,278);
Serbia - 12% (male 555,592; female 735,241) (July 1997 est.)
Population growth rate: Montenegro - 0.00%; Serbia - -0.13% (1997
est.)
Birth rate: Montenegro - 13.93 births/1,000 population; Serbia - 12.68
births/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Death rate: Montenegro - 7.33 deaths/1,000 population; Serbia - 9.64
deaths/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Net migration rate: Montenegro: -6.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population;
Serbia: -4.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1997 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth : Montenegro - 1.09 male(s)/female; Serbia - 1.08
male(s)/female
under 15 years: Montenegro - 1.07 male(s)/female; Serbia - 1.07
male(s)/female
15-64 years: Montenegro - 1.02 male(s)/female; Serbia - 1.01
male(s)/female
65 years and over: Montenegro - 0.70 male(s)/female; Serbia - 0.76
male(s)/female
all ages : Montenegro - 0.99 male(s)/female Serbia - 0.99
male(s)/female (1997 est.)
Infant mortality rate: Montenegro - 11.50 deaths/1,000 live births;
Serbia - 17.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population : Montenegro - 75.96 years; Serbia - 72.9 years
male: Montenegro - 72.48 years; Serbia - 70.51 years
female: Montenegro - 79.76 Serbia - 75.47 years (1997 est.)
Total fertility rate: Montenegro - 1.80 children born/woman; Serbia -
1.76 children born/woman (1997 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s)
adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin
Ethnic groups: Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians
4%, other 13%
Religions: Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%,
other 11%
Languages: Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%
Literacy: NA
@Serbia and Montenegro:Government
Country name:
conventional long form: none
conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro
local long form: none
local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora
note : Serbia and Montenegro has self-proclaimed itself the "Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia," but the US view is that the Socialist Federal
Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the
successor republics represents its continuation
Data code: Serbia - SR; Montenegro - MW
Government type: republic
National capital: Belgrade
Administrative divisions: 2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina);
and 2 nominally autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia,
Vojvodina*
Independence: 11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as
self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia - SFRY)
National holiday: St. Vitus Day, 28 June
Constitution: 27 April 1992
Legal system: based on civil law system
Suffrage: 16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note -
Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990);
Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990)
head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December
1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Uros
KLIKOVAC (since 15 September 1994), and Nikola SAINOVIC (since 15
September 1995)
cabinet: Federal Executive Council
elections: president elected by the Federal Assembly for a four-year
term; election last held 25 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997); prime
minister nominated by the president
election results : Zoran LILIC elected president; percent of
legislative vote - NA
Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina
consists of the Chamber of Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats, 20
Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members distributed on the basis of party
representation in the republican assemblies to serve four-year terms)
and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats, 108 Serbian
with half elected by constituency majorities and half by proportional
representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by constituency and 24
proportionally; members serve four-year terms)
elections: Chamber of Republics - last held 24 December 1996 (next to
be held NA 2000); Chamber of Citizens - last held 3 November 1996
(next to be held NA 2000)
election results : Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party -
NA; seats by party - NA; note - seats are filled on a proportional
basis to reflect the composition of the legislatures of the republics
of Montenegro and Serbia; Chamber of Citizens - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - SPS/JUL/ND 64, Zajedno 22, DPSCG 20, SRS
16, NS 8, SVM 3, other 5; note - Zajedno coalition includes SPO, DS,
GSS
Judicial branch: Federal Court or Savezni Sud, judges are elected by
the Federal Assembly; Constitutional Court, judges are elected by the
Federal Assembly