From _Sketches and Portraits_ by M. DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, Duc de
Doudeauville, _vol. ii. p. 307 ff, edition of 1844_
You have asked me for your portrait, Rachel; do you really wish to
know yourself, or have you yielded only to the desires of Madame
Récamier? In any case your request is a challenge, and I am too French
to be able to decline it; but do not accuse me of foolish presumption
or of cruel frankness. There is sadness and melancholy in the depths
of your heart, but you prefer to delude yourself concerning its needs.
You might be the most accomplished and the most remarkable character
of our age, or leave your true friends under a sense of profound
regret; that choice is before you. The most exquisite polish of manner
is as essential a part of your character as talent. Talent and
yourself are inseparable, but in return for these superior powers,
have you any thought, any fervour, any gratitude to the Eternal who
has given them to you? It was impossible for a poor observer like
myself to meet you without studying you with extreme interest. I would
have laid aside my pen, but you order and I must obey and my pen will
chronicle good and evil, perfections and deficiencies. I could wish
you were perfect, Rachel, in every respect, and that you would trample
beneath your pretty feet all that could stain your lofty nature. You
are your own work and no one can boast of what is your success. The
true and the beautiful have been your only masters. No one knows you
well, child as you are, thrown into the world without experience and
feeling everything with an intensity that is with difficulty
repressed. You are one of those chosen natures which sometimes come
down to earth by sudden transition; a creature of instinct that knows
without learning and understands without study. You study little, but
you think deeply and feel more deeply. You have a power of energy and
enthusiasm which sometimes frightens you: to great loftiness of mind
you add a charming lack of restraint which is sometimes not
sufficiently repressed. You can dominate yourself, but you have not
yet learnt how to conquer yourself. You have nothing to learn, for you
have understood the world as clearly as the theatre and are perfect
upon either stage; but when you are tired of putting constraint upon
yourself, you sometimes forget the spectators who observe you. Not
without anxiety do your admirers see your heart and soul expand too
freely. For you the stage is a passion, and glory is your sole object.
Your mind is unduly refined, your character vastly distinguished, and
exquisite taste is native to you. Greater nobility and dignity cannot
be seen at the theatre than you display; you are more than an
admirable actor, you are the character in person as it is felt and
imagined to be. You then rise to the full height of your fine talents,
and your simple and expressive gestures are never exaggerated. Those
who criticise you unjustly should rather be astonished by the height
of perfection and truth which you have been able to attain since the
outset of your career, and should leave to your admirable instinct the
task of correcting the slight imperfections which are due to your
inexperience of passion. Your soul is an abyss into which you fear to
descend: your head is aflame with feeling, your heart is a touchstone
which tries every sentiment; you fear danger without attempting to
avoid it, and if excitement wears you out, it pleases you. Your
beliefs are restricted, and you take men only for what they are worth.
You are trustful but not blindly so, and you can be carried away
without conviction. You can please, but can you love? It is to be
feared that those who feel only the passions of others, for that very
reason never attain the passion that they so perfectly express, and
which in the world as in the theatre lasts so short a time. Thus
privileged you might be sublime. Be not content to remain the most
perfect actor that the stage and the world have ever produced.
Vexation stirs you, obstacles disgust you, and constraint wearies you,
but the trick of counterfeiting feeling has become so natural to you
that we rather divine than see your impressions. In your face, as in
the whole of your being, there is a delicacy and certainty of
expression full of charm. Greater daintiness of bearing, greater
distinction of manner, greater tact in conversation or greater
soundness of judgment, no one could possess: to invincible
perseverance you add an iron will and are able to attack great
difficulties by force of character as well as by originality. Every
new part is for you the material for a triumph, of which you are happy
without being proud, and your modesty justifies your success. When you
cannot solve a problem, you outflank it with admirable skill; you are
a perfect improvisor, and though we never know what you will say, you
always say what should be said. An opinion of you formed in society
from first impressions would quote you as the model of all women; but
be not content to become an admirable actress, become a perfect model
in all respects. To restore the dignity of the theatre by showing that
passions can be expressed but need not be felt, would be a true glory
and one which you are worthy to claim. Insensible to vulgar sentiment,
you can appreciate deserved praise. You have an excellent judgment of
those who speak to you and can follow good advice. You read the minds
of others with exquisite tact: flattery would leave you untouched but
passion stirs you; sincere praise arouses in you the ambition to
deserve it, unjust criticism shocks you and you prefer to ignore it.
Lively, impressionable, and even imperious, you are nervous,
changeable and irascible under your outward calm, and rather
passionate than capable of deep feeling. Your genius is as great as
your instinct and you will always remain yourself without attempting
to imitate any one. Sublime is a great word, Rachel, and to deserve it
you must reach perfection. The term has been justly applied to you
when you play certain parts in which you are inimitable. Desire that
that term should be applicable to your life, and if any obstacle
should check your path to sublimity, take breath and resume your
progress to the pinnacle of glory. Neglect no tendril of your crown as
a woman, and if it is your pleasure to collect wreaths of laurel,
disdain not the spray of lilies which contrasts with them so finely. I
am no prophet and even less a flatterer, but of all those who have
met you, I am perhaps the one who has best understood your position,
and my frankness is the irrevocable proof of my esteem. You will be
astonished by these words and perhaps be angry, but you will feel no
grudge against me, for your mind is too great not to love the truth.
But you will think that I am not every one, and that is indeed a valid
argument when I am confronted by you who resemble no one. Your genius
is depicted on your expressive countenance, and to see you is to know
you, for those at least who can study you. Complete frankness is
difficult towards one who must be ever self-observant. Your look is
piercing and attempts to read the depths of the heart, but if your
words are sweet your thoughts are often bitter. What might you be if
you had the courage to abandon all these delusions and to seek
realities? Ever the perfection of grace upon the stage, you are no
less graceful in society, nor does any one appear there with greater
charm, distinction and simplicity. You are welcomed and noticed
wherever you go; all seek your society, but you have too much pride
and real dignity to desire a fleeting success. Your look sometimes
expresses madness, passion, extravagance and delirium, and when you
feel this, your eyelids droop and immediately restore the greatest
calm and sweetness to your face. You are a most exceptional person,
difficult to know and yet more difficult to explain. Too much severity
towards you would be an injustice; we may be afraid of the dangers
which surround you, but your destiny alone can be blamed for them. Who
else in your place would have been what you are? And how many
obstacles must you not have overcome to attain so fair a result?
Everywhere around you are flatterers, admirers, courtiers, adorers,
and no support, no real friend. How can you safely avoid these many
rocks and reefs? If, however, you understand the high and noble
mission to which you are called by the world and by your surprising
success, you will never be unequal to your task however difficult it
may appear. Talent is all that is usually asked from an artist, but
more is asked from you. We wish you to be worthy of your renown,
worthy of yourself, and, in short, to be that which you must be to
justify the esteem which you inspire. Such demands are entirely an
honour, for they show that you are appreciated. Remember that if you
do much for the world, the world has done much to support you against
envy, at the beginning of your career. Do not fall beneath its hopes
and your destiny will be truly great, your life worthy of envy, and
you will hold the fairest place in the whole of dramatic history, for
the historian will be able to say: Rachel has shown that purity of
heart and soul are the food of genius and the best source of real
talent. Yes, Rachel, it is my real belief that you will offer the
world that has adopted you nobility and generosity of conduct in
return for its benefits. As you are endowed with so much energy, can
you lack energy in well-doing? No, for you portray virtue too
eloquently not to love it. At twenty years life is beginning and your
life must be unparalleled. Live, therefore, so that you can always
meet the severest eyes and never be like those debtors who do not pay
their debts. Continue, in short, to be one of those brilliant
personages of whom our country is proud, but whom it has the right to
question.
II
_Note by M. DE BACOURT on the conversation of the COMTE D'ARTOIS and
PRINCE TALLEYRAND._
(_"Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand," vol. i. Appendix to the first
part._)
We wish to add to this passage[251] certain details which M. de
Talleyrand had omitted or perhaps forgotten. It is certain that at the
time to which this passage refers[252] M. de Talleyrand had several
interviews with the Comte d'Artois in which he tried to convince the
Prince of the necessity for vigorous measures; while supporting the
concessions which the King had already made, he urged the energetic
repression of the popular agitations which were of daily occurrence
and had already stained the streets of the capital with blood. The
most important and the last of these interviews took place at Marly on
the night of the 16th and 17th of July, 1789, a few hours before the
Prince left France. When M. de Talleyrand appeared at the house of the
Comte d'Artois the Prince was already in bed, but none the less urged
him to come in. The conversation lasted for more than two hours, and
M. de Talleyrand again explained the dangers of the situation and
begged the Prince to communicate them to the King. The Comte d'Artois
in much agitation rose and went to the King, and after a lengthy
absence he came back to tell M. de Talleyrand that nothing could be
done with the King, who had resolved to yield rather than to shed a
drop of blood by resisting the popular demonstrations. "As for me,"
added the Comte d'Artois, "I have made up my mind that I shall leave
France to-morrow morning." M. de Talleyrand vainly urged the Prince to
abandon this resolution, pointing out the difficulties and dangers in
which it might involve him and showing how it might prejudice his own
rights and those of his children in the future. The Comte d'Artois
persisted and M. de Talleyrand eventually said, "Then, my Lord, it
only remains for each of us to think of his own interests, as the King
and the Prince are deserting theirs and those of the monarchy."
"That," replied the Prince, "is precisely what I should advise you to
do. Whatever may happen I shall never be able to blame you, and you
can always rely upon my friendship." The Comte d'Artois left the
country the next day.
[251] An allusion to pages 123 and 124 of vol. i. of the _Memoirs
of Prince Talleyrand_ in which he referred to his interviews with
the Comte d'Artois, without giving details of them.
[252] June 1789, after the famous session of the 17th, when the
Third Estate had proclaimed itself to be the National Assembly;
M. de Talleyrand was at that time one of the clerical Deputies.
In the month of April 1814, M. de Talleyrand, who had become President
of the Provisional Government, was able to tell the Comte d'Artois,
who was then at Nancy awaiting events, that Louis XVIII. had been
called to the throne, and that the Prince had been invited to go to
Paris to take the post of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. He
commissioned the Baron de Vitrolles with this message; when the Baron
was on the point of departure, while the Prince's despatch was being
sealed, M. de Talleyrand walked about with him in the hall of his
residence in the Rue St. Florentin and told him the story of the
interview of July 16, 1789. He then said, "Oblige me by asking the
Comte d'Artois if he remembers this little incident."
M. de Vitrolles, after delivering this important message, asked the
Prince M. de Talleyrand's question and received this reply: "I
remember the incident perfectly, and M. de Talleyrand's account is
entirely correct."
As we were informed that M. de Vitrolles had related this anecdote to
several people, we thought it our duty to appeal to his memory and his
loyalty; to justify this expression of loyalty it must be said that
after the revolution of July 1830 M. de Vitrolles had broken off his
relations with M. de Talleyrand and had criticised his actions very
severely. Hence the tone of hostility and bitterness which is
perceptible in the letter from M. de Vitrolles which we propose to
insert here; we think that this hostility will be nothing but a
guarantee both for the reader and for ourselves, of the sincerity
with which M. de Vitrolles has made his declaration, and of the
authenticity of the passage in the _Memoirs of M. de Talleyrand_. The
slight differences which will be noticed in the story as given by M.
de Talleyrand and as it appears in the letter from M. de Vitrolles can
be naturally explained as the result of lapse of time which has
affected the memories of the two narrators. The fact, however, remains
certain that M. de Talleyrand in July 1789 believed that the
revolutionary movement could be stopped, was strong enough to say what
he thought and bold enough to undertake the task of checking it. He is
not, perhaps, the only man who boasted of it later, but we think that
we have shown at least that he did not boast wrongly. The following is
the letter from M. de Vitrolles:
_THE BARON DE VITROLLES to M. DE BACOURT._
_Paris, April 6, 1852._
Sir,--As you have placed some value upon the testimony which I
can give with respect to a special incident in the life of M. de
Talleyrand, I think that I cannot better satisfy your wish than
by copying here what I wrote many years ago in a narrative of the
events of 1814.
"When the Emperor of Russia and the Prince de Talleyrand had
realised that the presence of the King's brother invested with
power as a Lieutenant-General of the Realm became necessary, and
when I started to induce Monsieur to come to Paris, I had several
interviews on this subject with the President of the Provisional
Government (the Prince de Talleyrand). In the last conversation
at the moment of departure we discussed the forms and conditions
under which Monseigneur was to be received: after a moment's
silence the Prince de Talleyrand continued with his gentle smile
and in a tone which was intended to be careless and almost
indifferent:
"'I beg you to ask the Comte d'Artois if he remembers the last
opportunity that I had of seeing him. It was in the month of July
1789, and the Court was at Marly. Three or four of my friends had
been startled like myself by the rapidity and violence of the
movement which was sweeping men's minds away, and we resolved to
inform King Louis XVI. of the real state of affairs of which the
Court and the Ministers seemed to be ignorant. We requested His
Majesty to be so kind as to receive us. We were anxious that this
audience should be kept secret in his interests as well as our
own. We were informed that the King had commissioned his brother,
the Comte d'Artois, to receive us, and an appointment was given
us at Marly in the residence which the Comte d'Artois occupied
alone. We arrived there at midnight.'
"M. de Talleyrand told me the precise date and the names of the
friends who accompanied him; they were members of the National
Assembly and of that minority of nobles who had joined the Third
Estate, but I have forgotten both the date and the names.
"'When we came before the Comte d'Artois,' continued M. de
Talleyrand, 'we told him with full frankness the state of affairs
and of the country as we saw it. We told him that it was a
delusion to suppose that the movement that had begun in men's
minds could be easily laid to rest. Procrastination, negotiation,
and a few concessions were not the means of averting the danger
which threatened France, the Throne, and the King. The true means
were a strong display of the royal authority wisely and prudently
exerted. We knew the ways and means, and our position allowed us
to undertake the task and to guarantee success, if the King's
confidence called us to act. The Comte d'Artois listened very
carefully and fully appreciated our representations, perhaps with
the idea that we were exaggerating the danger of the situation
and our own powers of improving it; but, as he told us, he had
been ordered by the King only to hear us and to bring to him the
information which we wished to impart; he could give us no answer
and had no power to pledge the King's will or word. At that point
we requested the Comte d'Artois to tell the King that if the step
we were taking in all good conscience and good faith was not
appreciated, if it had no consequence and led to no result,
Monseigneur must not be astonished if we followed the new current
of national progress, in impotence to stand against the torrent
which threatened to sweep everything away. Ask Monsieur, if you
please,' repeated M. de Talleyrand, 'if the conversation of that
night has remained in his memory; it was just before the time
when he left France.'
"I admired the cleverness of the man who could find in one of
these recollections an explanation an excuse and almost a
justification for the whole of his revolutionary life. He would
have found many other similar excuses to justify different and
even contrary circumstances. When I heard this story, which was
related with a kind of indifference and childlike simplicity, I
ventured to doubt whether the recollections of Monsieur would be
in complete correspondence with the words I had just heard.
However, when I performed M. de Talleyrand's commission at Nancy,
Monseigneur told me without going into details that he had not
forgotten the incident and that my reminder of the circumstance
was in entire harmony with the truth."
I trust, Sir, that this testimony will fulfil your requirements.
I thank you for giving me this opportunity of presenting my
compliments, and I beg to remain,
Faithfully yours,
THE BARON DE VITROLLES.
BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX
[The names followed by an asterisk (*) are those which have been
already given with more details in the Biographical Index to vol.
I.; those followed by two asterisks (**) have been given in vol.
II.]
A
ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman.
Prime Minister from 1852-1855.
ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the
last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de
Talleyrand.
AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840;
successor to M. de Quélen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to
stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in
Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg
St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound.
AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading
a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the
preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She
underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D.
AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where
she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she
was.
ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the
Spanish army.
ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884). _Née_ de Saint Joseph.
ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804.
ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in
1836.
ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of
State in Prussia for many years.
AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man.
ANCELOT, M. (1794-1854). Author of tragedies and comedies, and
member of the French Academy.
ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and
son-in-law of M. Royer Collard.
ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X.
ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia,
daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke
of Anhalt Dessau in 1818.
APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist,
Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of
Count Nogarola.
APPONYI, the Countess. _Née_ Benkendorff, niece of the Princesse
de Lieven.
ARAGO, François Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and
one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century.
Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the
Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career:
as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was
the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he
formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the
Ministries of War and of the Navy.
ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877).
ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc
and Duchesse of Périgord.
ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and
financier.
ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in
Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted
by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the
disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus
IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for
several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was
appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession
of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813.
ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of
State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of
Schulenburg-Wolfsburg.
ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian
diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of
Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time.
ASSELINE, Adolphe (1806-1892). Private secretary to the Duchesse
d'Orléans; he retired after 1848.
ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist,
and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at
Madrid in 1840.
AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous
collection of _Guides Richard_, which proved very lucrative.
AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863). _Née_ Princess
Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in
1812.
AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of
Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the
mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII.
AUMALE, Henri d'Orléans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis
Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent.
AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno,
married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor
Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of
Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire
in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat
insignificant part.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of
Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor
Francis Joseph I.
AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of
the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess
Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in
1848 at Olmütz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the
abdication of his father, which took place immediately
afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of
Bavaria, who died in 1898.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the
Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he
accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many
grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had
appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in
1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the
Belgians.
AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most
renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor
Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of
Bavaria.
AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Elizabeth of (1831-1903). Daughter of the
Palatine of Hungary. She married in 1849 Ferdinand Charles
Victor, Archduke of Modena Este, who died in 1849; in 1854 she
married the Archduke Charles Ferdinand.
AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of
Aylesbury in 1821.
AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon.
Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had
married in 1833. She was very popular in London society.
B
BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister
of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849,
afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he
held until 1867.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). _Née_ de
Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died
in 1818.
BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his
brother Louis in 1830.
BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the
King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince
Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852.
BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842
the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic;
director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in
Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He
published several books marked by real learning, which secured
him a place in the French Academy in 1844.
BALZAC, Honoré de** (1799-1850). French man of letters.
BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian;
for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg.
BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative
of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy."
He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into
voluntary exile and died in Holland.
BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short
time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for
Portsmouth from 1826-1865; Chancellor of the Exchequer from
1839-1841, and First Lord of the Admiralty from 1849-1852.
BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of
Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his
second wife.
BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician.
BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had
studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's
degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt.
BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important
military and political posts under the Empire and the July
Monarchy.
BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of
Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count
Gustavus Batthyány Strathmann.
BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction
under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July
Monarchy.
BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771. _Née_ de la
Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont.
She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand.
BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of
the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince Théodore de
Bauffremont.
BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the
French Academy.
BAUTAIN, the Abbé** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal
School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris
in 1849.
BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825,
and abdicated in 1848.
BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke
Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of
Bavaria.
BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He
succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II.
He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia.
BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844
the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards
married a Duke of Wurtemberg.
BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a
daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances
Smith, of the Wellesley family on her mother's side. Her
husband inherited her father's title in 1835.
BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist,
brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848.
BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of
Coburg-Gotha.
BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'Orléans,
daughter of King Louis Philippe.
BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for
her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for
her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published an _Essay on the
Formation of Catholic Dogma_ which aroused much discussion.
BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France.
BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded
the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847.
BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in
the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in
the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of
Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and
reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection,
when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria.
He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in
Turkey.
BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses,
and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year
for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five
thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M.
Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its
theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity.
BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman,
son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany,
entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of
taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850.
BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist,
and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married
Madame Malibran.
BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor.
He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help
of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high
favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of
him for State purposes.
BERNSTORFF, Count Albert von (1809-1873). Prussian diplomatist and
successively Minister Plenipotentiary at Munich, Vienna, Naples,
and London; Minister of Foreign Affairs for Prussia and
Ambassador at London.
BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist
orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded the _Journal des
Débats_, was Councillor of State and Deputy.
BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attaché
to the staff of the Duc d'Orléans. He was a deputy from 1837 to
1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general
in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867.
BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer,
a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held
the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and
showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned
in 1852.
BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He
married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot.
BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman
and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to
Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the
Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He
cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the
coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at
Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian
Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died.
BIGNON, François (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of
the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business
capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber.
BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811.
BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of
Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the
Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in
1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After
spending some years in the Prussian military service, he
afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845
he married Princess Helena Mertschersky.
BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Peter of (1818-1852). Cuirassier officer
in Prussia.
BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was
first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he
was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of
the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken
prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government.
BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of
State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from
1851-1858, and from 1862-1866.
BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born Adèle d'Osmond. Her
salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859.
BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'Orléans
and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris.
BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative
of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration.
Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the
proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy,
and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of
the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the
maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to
facilitate the return of religious ideas to France.
BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made
Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII.
BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and
of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took
advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as
President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his
own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III.
BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of
Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of
Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national
army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as
Minister of War at Berlin.
BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and
grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de
Chambord.
BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist;
appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in
1859.
BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke
Eugène of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of
Brazil.
BRANDENBURG, Count Frederick William of (1792-1850). A son of the
morganatic marriage of King Frederick William II. with the
Countess Dönhoff. He entered the army at an early age: in 1848
he took the place of Herr von Pfuel as leader of the Prussian
Cabinet, and in November 1849 was sent to Warsaw to negotiate
with Russia concerning the conflict between Austria and Prussia.
BRANDENBURG (the Countess of). _Née_ Massenbach, she married the
Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief
lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia.
BRANDHOFEN, Frau von. _Née_ Anne Plochel in 1802; she married
morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then
received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed
in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran.
BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his
father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In
1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis
I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of
Brazil in 1890.
BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery:
major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection
on October 6, 1848.
BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist.
BRESSON, Comtesse. _Née_ de Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian
family.
BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters;
member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm
upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis
XVIII.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old
illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the
Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814
Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of
Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of
the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and
afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years.
BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de. _Née_ Durazzo. She was the mother
of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera.
BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire
Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had
married Albertine de Staël, who died in 1840.
BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence.
BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician.
BRUGES, Madame de. Died in 1897. _Née_ Emilie de Zeuner. She had
married as her first husband the Comte de Bruges, a French
_émigré_ in Prussia, while her second husband was General von
Berger of the Prussian service.
BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at
Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840
after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who
became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations
which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple
alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so
severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855
he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the
Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856.
BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins
of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles,
and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837.
BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in
1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the
Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne
after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830
he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed
several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836,
where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the
treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria
and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of
Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French
possessions in Northern Africa.
BÜLOW, Baron Henry von* (1790-1846). Prussian diplomatist. He was
Minister in England and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs
in Prussia.
BÜLOW, Count Hans Adolphus Charles of (1807-1869). Prussian
statesman, who was commissioned to undertake several
negotiations in Hanover, Oldenburg, and in Brunswick. From 1850
to 1858 he directed the affairs of Mecklenburg.
BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton** (1804-1872). English diplomatist.
Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain from 1843-1848; Ambassador at
Constantinople in 1858.
BUNSEN, the Chevalier Christian Charles Josias von (1791-1860).
German diplomatist. He spent twenty years at Rome as Secretary
to the Prussian Legation and negotiated the question of mixed
marriages. He was very intimate with the Prince Royal of Prussia
who became King Frederick William IV. in 1840. He was appointed
by this ruler Ambassador at London, where he remained until the
Crimean War in 1854.
BUTENIEFF, Apollinaire de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at
Constantinople and afterwards at Rome. He married as his second
wife Marie de Chreptowicz.
C
CAMBRIDGE, Prince George of. Born in 1819. Son of Duke Adolphus
of Cambridge and of Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel; he became
Duke of Cambridge in 1850 on the death of his father, and held
a high position at the head of the English Army.
CAMBRIDGE, Princess Augusta of. Born in 1822, and sister of Prince
George. She married in 1843 the Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at that time Hereditary Prince.
CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf (1802-1890). President of the Prussian Ministry
in 1848, afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central
Germanic power, where he proposed a confederation in which
Prussia was to have the controlling influence.
CAPO D'ISTRIA, Count* (1776-1831). Native of Corfu.
CARAMAN, the Marquise de.** _Née_ Gallard de Béarn; widow of the
Marquis de Caraman after 1836.
CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell Bruce (1797-1864). General and
peer of England; of an old family in which the family of the
Marquises of Aylesbury originated. After several differences
with the officers of his regiment, he had a duel with a captain
and wounded his adversary. He was then tried before the House of
Lords in its judicial capacity in 1841 and was acquitted.
CARIGNAN, Princesse Joséphine de (1753-1797). Grandmother of King
Charles Albert of Sardinia, daughter of Louis Charles de
Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc, Comte de Brionne. She
married in 1768 Prince Victor Amédée II. de Carignan, who was
settled at Paris.
CARLOTTA, the Infanta* (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the
Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain.
CARNÉ, the Comte Joseph de (1804-1876). Entered the office of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and joined the July
Government. He was elected Deputy and took an active part in
parliamentary work. He entered the French Academy in 1863.
CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Henry of** (1783-1864). General of
Prussian cavalry and chief royal huntsman.
CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Princess Adelaide of (1797-1849). Daughter of
the Count of Pappenheim, she married Prince Henry Carolath in
1817.
CARS, the Duchesse des. Died in 1870. Her maiden name was
Augustine du Bouchet de Sourches de Tourzel. In 1817 she married
Duc Amédée François des Cars.
CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). _Née_ Cordelia
Greffulhe, mother of the Marquis Henri de Castellane.
CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de** (1814-1847). Eldest son of the
Marshal de Castellane and Deputy for Cantal.
CASTELLANE, the Marquise Henri de (1820-1890). _Née_ Pauline de
Périgord,* grandniece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter
of the author of these memoirs.
CASTELLANE, Marie de. Born in 1840. Daughter of the Marquis and
Marquise Henri de Castellane and granddaughter of the author of
these memoirs. In 1857 she married at Sagan Prince Antony
Radziwill, who died in 1904.
CASTLEREAGH, Viscount* (1769-1822). English statesman and an
embittered enemy of the French revolution and of Napoleon I.
CAULAINCOURT, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicence
(1772-1827). French general and the business-man of Napoleon I.
at the Congress of Châtillon and one of his most faithful
servants.
CAVAIGNAC, General Louis Eugène (1802-1857). After gaining
practically all his military experience in Algiers, he was
appointed governor of this province after the revolution of
1848. On the _coup d'état_ of December 2, 1851, he was arrested
and transported to Ham. On his liberation he requested to be
retired and entered private life.
CELLAMARE, the Prince of (1657-1733). Was appointed Spanish
Ambassador to the Court of France in 1715. He became, in concert
with the Duchesse du Maine, the instrument by which Alberoni
worked against the regent. His correspondence was intercepted
towards the end of 1718 and he was himself arrested and
conducted to the Spanish frontier.
CÉSOLE, the Comte Eugène de. Lived at Nice and was very popular in
society by reason of his cheerful disposition and his talents as
a violinist.
CÉSOLE, the Comtesse de (1812-1892). _Née_ de Castellane. She
lived at Nice to the end of her life.
CESSAC, the Comte de (1752-1841). Jean Gérard Lacué de Cessac was
on duty when the revolution broke out. He was a member of the
Council of the Anciens in 1775. A supporter of the 18th
Brumaire, Cessac was summoned to the Council of State and
became Minister of War in 1807 and remained faithful to the
Emperor till his death. In 1831 Cessac entered the Chamber of
Peers.
CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comte Alfred de* (1799-1868).
Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp of Louis Philippe, whom he
followed into exile.
CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comtesse Alfred de (1802-1891). Of
English origin; her maiden name was Miss Antoinette Ellice.
CHABOT, Philippe de, Comte de Jarnac** (1815-1875). French
diplomatist. Deeply attached to the Orléans family.
CHABOT, Mlle. Olivia de. Married in 1844 the Marquis de Lasteyrie,
who died in 1883.
CHAIX D'EST ANGE, Gustave (1800-1876). Famous legal authority,
magistrate and French politician. Grand officer of the Legion of
Honour and Senator in 1864.
CHALAIS, the Prince Elie de** (1809-1883). Eldest son of the Duc
de Périgord.
CHANALEILLES, the Marquise Stéphanie de. Second daughter of the
Duc de Crillon. She married Sosthène de Chanaleilles in 1832.
She was a sister of Countess Pozzo.
CHANGARNIER, General (1793-1877). After taking part in the Spanish
war in 1823, he won distinction in the Algerian campaigns. He
was exiled after the _coup d'état_ of 1851, returned to France
in 1859 and served in the army of Metz.
CHARTRES, Robert d'Orléans, Duc de. Born in 1840. Second son of
the Duc de Orléans and Princesse Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.
He married in 1863 his cousin-german, Françoise, daughter of the
Prince de Joinville.
CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). One of the most famous
French writers of his time.
CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomtesse de (1775-1845). _Née_ Celeste de la
Vigne Buisson, she had married in 1792 the Vicomte de
Chateaubriand with whose sisters she had been intimate since her
youth.
CHEVREUSE, the Duchesse Marie de (1600-1679). Widow of Duc Albert
de Luynes; she married Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse and
played a part in the Fronde and in the plots against Mazarin.
CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). Doctor to King Louis-Philippe and the
Duchesse d'Orléans. He was the first to begin a regular clinical
practice at the Hospital of la Charité. He was a pupil of
Corvisart.
CHREPTOWICZ, Countess Helena.** Died in 1878. A daughter of Count
Nesselrode, chancellor of Russia. She married Count Michael
Chreptowicz, a Russian diplomatist.
CIRCOURT, the Comtesse de (1808-1863). _Née_ Anastasie de
Klustine. She married in 1830 the Comte Adolphe de Circourt and
held a very remarkable salon at Paris. She was an intimate
friend of Count Cavour and they maintained a highly interesting
correspondence; several of the letters from Count Cavour to
Madame de Circourt have been published by the Comte Nigra.
CLANRICARDE, Lady,* died in 1876. She was the only daughter of the
famous George Canning.
CLARENDON, Lord* (1800-1870). Diplomatist and English politician.
CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Princess (1777-1864). By birth Countess Louise
Chotek, she had married in 1802 Prince Charles Clary Aldringen,
her cousin-german.
CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Edmund (1813-1894). Son of Prince Charles
Clary. He was chamberlain at the Austrian Court. He married in
1841 a Countess Ficquelmont, who died in 1878.
CLAUSEL, the General, Comte** (1772-1842). Governor of Algiers in
1830 and Marshal of France in 1831.
CLÉREMBAULT, the Vicomte Jean Nicolas Adolphe de. Born in 1810.
Son of the Comte de Clérembault and Consul General for France in
Prussia in 1809; he served in the navy and became lieutenant. In
Belgium he married Mlle. Valerie Desœr; he was a knight of the
Legion of Honour.
COBURG, Duke Ernst II. of Saxe- (1818-1893). He succeeded his
father, Ernst I., in 1844 and married in 1842 Alexandrina of
Baden.
COBURG, Prince Albert of Saxe- (1819-1861). Brother of Duke Ernst
II. He married in 1840 Queen Victoria of England.
COEUR, the Abbé** (1805-1860). A talented pulpit orator. He was
made Bishop of Troyes in 1848.
COGNY, Dr.** Doctor at Valençay.
COIGNY, the Duc Gustave de** (1788-1865). Peer and Marshal of
France.
COLLOREDO, Count Francis of. Born in 1799. Austrian diplomatist;
Ambassador at London and afterwards at Rome.
COLLOREDO, the Countess of. _Née_ Severina Potocka. She married as
her first husband Sobanski. Count Colloredo became her second
husband in 1847.
COMMINES, Philippe de (1445-1509). Chronicler and author of the
_Memoirs_ of the reigns of Louis XI. and of Charles VIII., and a
historian of first-rate capacity.
CONDÉ, the Princesse Louise Adélaïde de (1757-1824). Daughter of
the Duc de Bourbon Condé and of Charlotte de Rohan Soubise. She
was appointed Abbess of Remiremont by Louis XVI. in 1784, but
did not take the veil. Deep feeling for a simple commoner
induced her to leave the world. She lived in the Benedictine
Order at Turin, at Warsaw, and even at Nieswiez in a convent
founded by the Princes Radziwill. There she heard of the death
of her brother, the Duc d'Enghien. On her return to France the
Princesse de Condé founded the monastery of the Temple.
CONSALVI, Cardinal Hercule (1757-1824). He enjoyed the patronage
of the Princesses of France, the aunts of Louis XVI., and of the
Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts. He occupied important
posts at the Papal Court of Pius VI., and was the chief agent in
the election of Pius VII., who made him Cardinal and Secretary
of State. In 1801 he came to France and signed the famous
Concordat, but Napoleon in order to remove him from business
kept him in France in practical exile, and he was unable to
return to Italy until 1814. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815
the Cardinal not only obtained the restoration to the Holy See
of the Marches and of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo, but also
secured the supremacy of the papal nuncios in the diplomatic
world.
CONTADES, the Vicomtesse Jules de (1793-1861). Adèle Alexandrine,
daughter of Gabriel Amys du Poureau. She married Vicomte Jules
de Contades; after his death in 1844 she married the Duc de
Luynes whose second wife she was.
CORNÉLIUS, Peter von** (1787-1867). Famous German painter.
COSSÉ-BRISSAC, Mlle. Stéphanie Marie de. Daughter of Comte Arthur
de Cossé-Brissac, married in 1841 Louis Marie de Riffardeau, Duc
de Rivière.
COURTIER. An ecclesiastic who enjoyed great popularity.
COWLEY, Lord (1804-1884). Son of Lord Mornington and nephew of the
Duke of Wellington. He entered upon a diplomatic career at an
early age and was accredited to the Germanic Confederation in
1841; in 1852 he was appointed Ambassador at Paris to take the
place of Lord Normanby, and took part in the Congress of Paris
in 1856 with Lord Clarendon. He retained his post in France
until 1867. In 1833 he had married Olivia FitzGerald of Ross.
COWPER, Lady Fanny. Died in 1880. Daughter of the first marriage
of Lady Palmerston and niece of Lord Melbourne. She married in
1841 Lord Robert Jocelyn (1816-1854), M.P., eldest son of Lord
Roden.
CRÉMIEUX, Adolphe (1796-1880). A lawyer and politician who was
elected Deputy for Chinon in 1842. He joined the government of
National Defence with Gambetta in 1870 and was appointed
permanent Senator in 1875.
CRILLON, Mlle. Marie Louise Amélie de. Daughter of the Marquis de
Crillon, peer of France. She married in 1842 Prince Armand de
Polignac, son of the last President of the Council of King
Charles X.
CRILLON, Mlle. Valentine de. Sister of the foregoing. She married
the Comte Charles Pozzo di Borgo.
CUJAS, Jacques (1520-1590). Famous legal authority of Toulouse,
nicknamed the Papinian of his age.
CUSTINE, the Marquis de (1770-1826). Delphine de Sabran, daughter
of the first marriage of Madame de Boufflers. She married in
1787 M. de Custine who perished on the scaffold with his
brother, General de Custine, in 1793. Madame de Custine was a
friend of Chateaubriand.
CUSTINE, the Marquis Astolphe de (1790-1857). Son of the
foregoing. Traveller and French man of letters.
COUVILLIER-FLEURY, Alfred** (1802-1887). French man of letters.
Tutor to the Duc d'Aumale, and afterwards his secretary. He was
elected member of the French Academy in 1866.
CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Friend and Minister of the
Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; he settled in Paris after 1839.
D
DALMATIE, the Marquis de (1802-1857). Hector Soult, son of the
Marshal, general staff officer. He entered the diplomatic
career in 1830 and was Minister Plenipotentiary at the Hague,
at Turin and Berlin. For a long time he sat as Deputy for Tarn
and always supported the Conservative policy. He became a duke
in 1850 after his father's death.
DECAZES, the Duc Elie* (1780-1846). Peer of France and Minister
under Louis XVIII.
DECAZES, the Duchesse.* _Née_ de Sainte Aulaire.
DEDEL, Solomon* (1775-1846). Danish diplomatist.
DEGUERRY, the Abbé (1797-1871). Distinguished preacher and
chaplain to the Sixth Regiment of the Guard. Under Charles X. he
was in succession canon of Notre Dame, incumbent of Saint
Eustache and afterwards of the Madeleine at Paris. During the
Commune of 1871 he was arrested and shot with Mgr. Darbois and
President Bonjean. He had been religious director to the Prince
Imperial.
DELAROCHE, Paul (1797-1856). Famous French painter, pupil of Gros.
He married at Rome in 1835 Mlle. Louise Vernet, the only
daughter of Horace Vernet who died in 1845.
DELESSERT, Gabriel (1786-1858). An officer who distinguished
himself in the defence of Paris in 1814 and became
brigadier-general in 1831. He was then prefect of Aude and
afterwards of Eure-et-Loir from 1834 to 1836; finally he was
prefect of police from 1836 to 1848; afterwards he retired to
private life.
DEVRIENT, Daniel Louis (1784-1832). Famous German actor of French
origin.
DEMIDOFF, the Count Anatole (1813-1870). Anatole Demidoff, Prince
of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilda, daughter of
King Jerome of Westphalia. His father had made a great fortune
in the Siberian mines and was the first to acclimatise French
vines in the Crimea.
DENMARK, Christian VIII., King of (1786-1848). Formerly Prince
Christian of Denmark,** son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick
and of the Princess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; he
succeeded Frederick VI. on December 3, 1839. His first wife,
whom he married in 1806, was Charlotta Frederica of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had a son, afterwards King
Frederick VII.
DENMARK, the Queen of (1796-1881).** Caroline Amelia, daughter of
the Duke and Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein Sondersburg
Augustenburg, second wife of King Christian VIII., by whom she
had no children.
DEVONSHIRE, the Duke of. Died in 1858. By name William Cavendish.
DIEGO LEON. Died in 1841. Spanish general, highly renowned for his
bravery. He belonged to the moderate Conservative party which
supported Queen Maria Christina at the time of her Regency. When
Espartero wished to dethrone her, Diego Leon headed a conspiracy
in 1841 for the purpose of abducting the young Queen Isabella
and taking her to a provincial town, in order to remove her from
the influence of Espartero. A combat took place in the palace of
Madrid; Diego Leon was captured and shot in 1841.
DINO, the Duc de** (1813-1894). Known until 1838 as Comte
Alexandre de Périgord, second son of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
DINO, the Duchesse de (1820-1891). _Née_ Marie Josephine de Sainte
Aldegonde. She had married in 1839 Duc Alexandre de Dino.
DINO, Clémentine de. Born in 1841, daughter of the Duc and
Duchesse Alexandre de Dino. She married in 1860 at Sagan Count
Alexander Orlowski.
DOENHOFF, Count Augustus Hermann. Born in 1797. After undertaking
various diplomatic missions, he became Prussian Minister to the
Diet of Frankfort in 1842, and in 1848 Minister of Foreign
Affairs in Pfuel's Cabinet, but he soon resigned. Count Doenhoff
was a Member of the House of Lords.
DOENHOFF, Sophia Juliana Frederica, Countess. Died in 1834. A
favourite of King Frederick William II., by whom she had two
children, who took the title of Counts of Brandenburg.
DON CARLOS DE BOURBON* (1788-1855).
DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen
Marie Amélie.
DOUGLAS, the Marquis of* (1811-1863). Succeeded his father as Duke
of Hamilton in 1852. In 1843 he had married Princess Maria of
Baden.
DOURO, Lady Elizabeth. Daughter of the Marquis of Tweeddale. She
married in 1839 Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, who
became Duke of Wellington after his father's death in 1852.
DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Abbé de (1811-1893). Third son of the Marquis of
Dreux Brézé and Chief Master of the Ceremonies under Louis XVI.
He became Vicar General to Mgr. de Quélen at Paris in 1835 and
in 1849 was appointed Bishop of Moulins. He never attempted to
hide his ultramontane and legitimist opinions.
DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Marquis de (1793-1845). Scipion de Dreux-Brézé
first entered a military career which he left in 1827; in 1829
he became peer of France on his father's death. He was one of
the leaders of the opposition to the Government of Louis
Philippe.
DUCHATEL, the Comte Charles Tanneguy.* French politician.
DUCHATEL, the Comtesse Eglé. Daughter of M. Paulée, who made a
considerable fortune as contractor to the French army during the
Spanish war of 1823.
DU DEFFANT, the Marquise (1697-1780). _Née_ Marie de
Vichy-Chambord. Married at an early age to a man for whom she
did not care, she was separated from him, and when her widowhood
began opened her salon to the lords and philosophers of her age.
At the age of fifty-four she became blind, and substituted
friendship for coquetry and wit for beauty, though she never
lost her imperious desire for amusement. Her correspondence with
Voltaire and Horace Walpole has been published and shows
remarkable certainty of judgment.
DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas** (1798-1881). Lawyer and French
politician.
DUMOURIEZ, Charles François (1739-1824). Field-Marshal when the
revolution broke out, he adopted revolutionary principles and
became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1792. He declared war on
Austria but as he had incurred the disfavour of the Girondists,
who had raised him to the Ministry, he resigned and re-entered
the service as commander of the army of the north. He won the
victories of Valmy and Jemmapes and conquered Belgium; but after
a defeat at Neerwinden, he was exposed to the attacks of the
Convention and opened negotiations with the enemy, to whom he
soon fled. He then led a wandering life and eventually settled
in England where the King gave him a pension.
DUPANLOUP, the Abbé** (1802-1878). Appointed Bishop of Orléans in
1849, he entered the French Academy in 1854.
DUPIN, André Marie* (1783-1865). Lawyer and French magistrate; he
was a Deputy for many years.
DUPOTY, Michel Auguste (1797-1864). Publicist and violent
republican, he opposed both the July and the Bourbon monarchy.
DUPREZ, Gilbert-Louis** (1806-1879). Famous French tenor.
DURHAM, John Lambton, Lord* (1792-1840). English politician.
E
ELCHINGEN, the Duchesse d'. Born in 1801. Marie Josephine,
daughter of the Comte de Souham, had married the Baron de Vatry
as her first husband. After she had been left a widow she
married the Duc d'Elchingen in 1834; he was aide-de-camp to the
Duc de Orléans, and eldest son of Marshal Ney who died in 1854.
ELLICE, the Hon. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician.
ELSSLER, Theresa** (1806-1878). Famous dancer and morganatic wife
of Prince Adalbert of Prussia. She was given the title of
Baroness of Barnim.
ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d' (1772-1804). Son
of the Prince de Condé and of Louise Thérèse Mathilde d'Orléans.
He followed his parents into exile, and showed brilliant courage
in the army of Condé. He was settled at Ettenheim in the Grand
Duchy of Baden with the young and beautiful Charlotte de Rohan
Rochefort, to whom he was said to be secretly married. He was
arrested in violation of international law by the orders of the
First Consul who suspected him of conspiracy; he was judged by a
military commission and shot in the trenches of the château of
Vincennes.
ENGLAND, Queen Adelaide of* (1792-1848). _Née_ Princess of
Saxe-Meiningen.
ENTRAIGUES, the Marquis Emmanuel Louis d' (1755-1812). At first an
officer in the army, he went into exile in 1790, and became
Councillor of the Russian Legation at London, where he was
assassinated with his wife.
ENTRAIGUES, Amédée Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours from
1830-1847.
ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). A Spaniard and a
brilliant soldier, Espartero took a keen part in the hostilities
when civil war broke out upon the succession of Isabella II. to
the throne. In 1840, when the Queen Regent Maria Christina had
abdicated, the Cortes transferred the powers of Regency to
Espartero. In 1842 he was overthrown and withdrew to England,
but returned to Spain in 1847 and resumed his seat in the
Senate, where he continued to exert a controlling influence.
ESPEUIL, Antoine Théodore de Viel Lunas, Marquis d'. Born in 1802.
He became Senator in 1853, and married Mlle. Jeanne Françoise
Louise de Chateaubriand, niece of the Vicomte de Chateaubriand.
ESSEX, Arthur Algernon Capell, Lord (1803-1892). He had succeeded
his uncle as Lord Essex in 1839. He was three times married:
first, in 1825, to Caroline Janetta, daughter of the Duke of St.
Alban's, who died in 1862; secondly, in 1863, to Louisa Caroline
Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Dungarvan, who died in 1876; and
thirdly, in 1881, to Louise, daughter of Charles Heneage, and
widow of Lord Paget, the General.
ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian diplomatist.
ESTERHAZY, Prince Nicolas (1817-1894). Son of Prince Paul. He
married in 1842 Lady Sarah Villiers, daughter of Lord and Lady
Jersey; she died in 1853.
ESTERHAZY, Count Moritz (1805-1891). Austrian diplomatist;
Ambassador at Rome in 1855; and a Minister without a portfolio
from 1865-1866. He took a large share in the events which
preceded the war of 1866, as he objected to all concessions
which might have secured an understanding between Vienna and
Berlin. He was a member of the old Hungarian Conservative party.
EU, Gaston d'Orléans, Comte d'. Born in 1842. Eldest son of the
Duc de Nemours and of the Princesse de Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He
married, in 1864, at Rio de Janeiro, Princess Isabella of
Braganza, eldest daughter of the Emperor of Brazil.
EYNARD, Jean Gabriel (1775-1863). A rich merchant whom the
revolution had driven into exile at Genoa, where he had stayed.
Deeply attached to the cause of Greece, he worked energetically
for the liberation of this country.
F
FABRE, François Xavier* (1766-1837). French painter and a pupil
of David.
FAGEL, General Robert.* Ambassador from the King of the Low
Countries to France under the Restoration.
FALLOUX, Comte Alfred de (1811-1885). French politician and member
of the Academy; he was Minister of Education under the
Presidency of Prince Louis Philippe, and gave his name to the
law concerning the organisation of education.
FANE, Lady G. J. Georgiana (1811-1874). Daughter of Lord
Westmorland, who was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1790 to
1795, by his second marriage with Miss Jane Saunders. She was
never married.
FESCH, Cardinal** (1763-1839). Maternal uncle of Napoleon I.
FEUCHÈRES, the Baronne Sophie de (1795-1841). Known for her
intimacy with the last Duc de Bourbon, from whom she obtained
the rich estates of Saint Leu and of Boissy and the sum of a
million. It was she who induced the Prince to leave the
remainder of his fortune to the young Duc d'Aumale, his cousin,
to escape the danger to which she would have been exposed if she
had taken it for herself. An object of general contempt, she
lived in England after the death of Prince de Condé, who was
found one day hanging to the cross-bar of a window in his Castle
of Chantilly in 1830.
FICQUELMONT, Count Charles Ludwig von** (1777-1857). An officer
and afterwards a diplomatist in the Austrian service; Minister
of State at Vienna in 1840, and for a time Minister of Foreign
Affairs in 1848.
FLAHAUT, the General Comte Auguste Charles Joseph de* (1785-1870).
Peer of France and Ambassador.
FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de* (1788-1867). Margaret, Lady Nairn and
Keith, had married in 1817 the Comte de Flahaut.
FLAHAUT, Emily Jane Mercer Elphinstone de. Eldest daughter of the
Comte de Flahaut and of Lady Nairn and Keith. She married in
1843 Henry, Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), M.P.
FLAHAUT, Adélïde Elizabeth Joséphine de, died in 1841. Fourth
daughter of the Comte and Comtesse de Flahaut.
FLOTOW, Count Frederick Augustus von (1812-1883). Composer of
German music and author of a great number of operas.
FORBIN-JANSEN, the Marquise de. _Née_ Rochechouart Mortemart.
FOUQUET, Nicholas (1615-1680). Financial Minister under Louis
XIV.; condemned, after a famous trial, for embezzlement, and
confined at Pignerol, where he died after nineteen years'
imprisonment.
FOX, Miss. Died in 1840. Caroline Fox, daughter of Stephen Fox,
the second Lord Holland.
FRANCIS I., Emperor of Austria (1708-1765). Eldest son of Duke
Leopold of Lorraine; he inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1729,
but exchanged it, in 1738, for that of Tuscany, where the family
of the Medicis had just become extinct. He married Marie
Thérèse, daughter of Charles VI., and was appointed Regent on
the death of Charles in 1740.
FREDERICK I., first King of Prussia (1657-1713). Son of Frederick
William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg.
FREDERICK II., the Great,* King of Prussia (1712-1786). A famous
soldier and a friend of the philosophers of his time. He
ascended the throne in 1740.
FREDERICK WILLIAM II., known as the Fat, King of Prussia
(1744-1797). Nephew of Frederick the Great and his successor;
ascended the throne in 1786.
FREDERICK WILLIAM III.,** King of Prussia (1770-1840). Son of
Frederick William II., whom he succeeded, and husband of Queen
Louise.
FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.,** King of Prussia (1795-1861). Son of
Frederick William III., whom he succeeded; ascended the throne
in 1840.
FROISSART, Jean (1337-1410). Famous French chronicler.
FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth (1780-1865). Born of a family distinguished
both for wealth and culture, she married at the age of twenty
Mr. Joseph Fry, a Quaker. She then devoted her life to pious
works, especially to prison visiting, and secured a great
improvement in the treatment of prisoners.
FUGGER, Ulrich (1441-1510). Famous German merchant who lent
considerable sums to the Emperor Maximilian.
G
GAGERN, Baron Heinrich von (1799-1880). German statesman and one
of the most ardent supporters of German unity. He was President
of the National Assembly of Frankfort in 1848.
GALLIÉRA, the Duchesse Marie de (1812-1888). Eldest daughter of
the Marquis de Brignole Sale, she had married a Genoese, the Duc
de Galliéra, who left her an immense fortune, of which she spent
almost the whole in works of charity.
GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). Politician and leader of the Republican
party under Louis Philippe.
GAY, Madame Sophie (1776-1852). Daughter of the financier La
Vallette, she married, when very young, a stockbroker, from whom
she was divorced in 1799. She then married M. Gay,
Receiver-General for the Department of Roër under the Empire.
The salon of Madame Gay was soon a meeting-place for the most
brilliant society, and in 1802 she made her first appearance in
the world of letters. She was a poet and a good musician, and,
apart from her novels and her dramatic works, wrote poetry which
she set to music, and her songs were very popular. She was the
mother of Delphine Gay (Madame de Girardin).
GENLIS, Madame de (1746-1830). Governess to the children of the
Duc d'Orléans (_Philippe Egalité_) and author of several works
upon education.
GENOUDE, the Abbé Eugène (1792-1849). French publicist who became
editor of the _Gazette de France_ in 1823, in which he
consistently supported the cause of the monarchy. He was
married, and when he was left a widower he took orders in 1835.
GENTY DE BUSSY, M. Pierre de (1793-1867). Military Commissioner,
he became Governor of the Invalides; took part in the Spanish
War, and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Greece in 1828. In
1844 he was elected Deputy, joined the Conservative party, and
supported the foreign and domestic policy of M. Guizot.
GENTZ, Frederick von (1764-1832). A Prussian publicist and an
ardent enemy of the French Revolution; in 1814 and 1815 he was
secretary to the Congress of Vienna and helped to draw up the
compact of the Holy Alliance.
GERLACH, General Leopold von (1790-1861). Entered the Prussian
military service at an early age; became aide-de-camp to the
Prince of Prussia and Infantry General. His ideas were very
reactionary. He was an intimate friend of Frederick William IV.
GERSDORFF, Baron Ernst von** (1781-1852). Saxon diplomatist.
GERSDORFF, Baron** (1800-1855). Manager of the estates of the
Princess of Courlande.
GIRARDIN, Madame de (1805-1855). Delphine Gay. Married, in 1831,
M. Emile de Girardin. She wrote poetry and novels which showed
much talent.
GOBERT, M. Treasurer of the charitable fund for the orphans of
those who died from cholera.
GEORGEI, Arthur, born in 1818. A famous Hungarian General who took
an active part in the Hungarian War of 1848. At first he
displayed the highest military talent and afterwards capitulated
and surrendered the Hungarian army to the Russian General
Rudiger.
GORE, Charles Alexander. Born in 1817 and son of Sir William Gore.
He was Commissioner of Forests.
GOURIEFF, M. de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at The Hague, and
then Financial Minister in his own country. He was the
father-in-law of M. de Nesselrode.
GRAMONT-GUICHE, the Duchesse de (1802-1882). _Née_ Anna de Grimaud
d'Orsay, Countess of the Holy Empire. She married the Duc de
Guiche, who was afterwards Duc de Gramont and
Lieutenant-General, and obtained the Grand Cross of the Legion
of Honour. He died in 1855.
GRAMONT, Madame de. Antoinette Cornélie de Gramont, aunt of the
Duc de Gramont in the Aster branch of the family. A nun in the
Sacré Cœur and Mother Superior of the Paris house.
GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist, for a long time
Ambassador at Paris.
GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of
Devonshire.
GREECE, Queen Amélie of (1818-1867). Daughter of the Grand Duke of
Oldenburg, she married Otho I., King of Greece, in 1836.
GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English politician.
GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). Famous Italian singer.
GROEBEN, Count Charles of, the General (1788-1876). Aide-de-camp
to King Frederick William IV., Knight of the Order of the Black
Eagle and Member of the House of Lords.
GROTE, the Countess of (1799-1885). Baroness Caroline von
Schachten, married, in 1825, Count Adolphus von Grote,
Hanoverian Ambassador at Paris. In 1841, after her husband's
death, she returned to Germany and accepted, with the Countess
of Wedell, the post of first lady at the Court of King Ernst
Augustus of Hanover. She retained her position until the King's
death in 1851. She did not marry him morganatically, as has been
supposed.
GUELLE, the Abbé Nicolas Auguste (1799-1881). He took orders in
1825, and was curé at the Madeleine in Paris; he administered
his first communion to the Duc d'Aumale, and, in 1849 at London,
to the Comte de Paris. He was then attached to the person of
King Louis Philippe, and was present at his death. He became
chaplain to Queen Marie Amélie, and was present also at her
deathbed in 1866. He then retired to Paris.
GUILLON, Mgr. (1760-1847). Preacher and theologian; he had been
chaplain to the Princesse de Lamballe, and refused to take the
oath of citizenship at the time of the revolution. Under the
patronage of Lucien Bonaparte he accompanied Cardinal Fesch to
Rome, and on his return to France obtained the Professorship of
Sacred Rhetoric in the Faculty of Theology. From 1818 he was
chaplain to the Duchesse Marie Amélie d'Orléans, afterwards
Queen of France. Louis Philippe secured for him, in 1833, the
title of Bishop of Morocco _in partibus_. Mgr. Guillon
invariably supported the principles of the French Church.
GUIZOT, François Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman
and historian.
GUSTAVUS III., King of Sweden (1746-1792). A great lover of
France, which he visited upon several occasions. Throughout his
reign he was opposed by the Swedish nobility, in spite of the
fact that he waged several successful wars against Russia. A
conspiracy broke out at the moment when he was preparing to
march to the help of Louis XVI. who had been arrested at
Varennes. He was shot by an assassin named Ankarström, at a
masked ball.
H
HANOVER, the Electress Sophia Dorothea of (1667-1726). Daughter
of George William of Celle, second son of the Duke of Brunswick
and of Eleanor of Olbreuse. She became the wife of King George
I. of England, who treated her cruelly and kept her practically
in captivity for several years.
HANOVER, King Ernst Augustus of (1771-1851). At first Duke of
Cumberland,* he ascended the Hanoverian throne in 1837.
HANOVER, Queen Frederica of. Duchess of Cumberland* until 1837.
HANOVER, the Crown Prince of. Afterwards King George V.
HANOVER, the Crown Princess of. Born in 1818. Marie Wilhelmina,
daughter of Duke Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg, married in 1848
Prince George of Hanover, who became King in 1851.
HANSEMANN, David Justus Ludwig (1770-1864). An important merchant
of Aix la Chapelle, he became well known for his constitutional
leanings, and in 1848 received the portfolio of Finance in the
Ministry of Camphausen; he was afterwards director of the
Prussian Bank and founded a flourishing mutual benefit society.
HARDENBERG, Prince Charles Augustus of (1750-1822). As Minister of
the King of Prussia in 1791, he signed the peace of Bâle with
France, but boldly opposed Napoleon I. after Jena and the
Russian Campaign, and strove actively to secure the opportunity
for a counter stroke. He was one of the signatories to the
treaty of Paris and was present at the Congress of Vienna in
1815.
HASSENPFLUG, Hans Friedrich von (1793-1862). Minister of the
Elector of Hesse-Cassel, he afterwards spent several years in
the Prussian service and pursued a reactionary policy.
HATZFELDT, Count Max von (1813-1859). Younger brother of Prince
Hermann of Hatzfeldt. He married in 1844 Mlle. Pauline de
Castellane; on her widowhood she re-married the Duc de Valençay.
Count Max von Hatzfeldt was Secretary to the Prussian Legation
at Paris and afterwards Minister accredited to the Emperor
Napoleon III.
HAUGWITZ, Count Eugène von, the General (1777-1867).
Field-Marshal, Chamberlain, and Privy Councillor to the Austrian
Court. He took part in almost every war in the first half of the
nineteenth century.
HAUTEFORT, Marie d' (1616-1691). Lady of Honour to Marie de
Médicis and Lady of the Robes to Anne of Austria. She married in
1646 the Duke of Schomberg, Governor of Metz.
HAUTEFORT, the Comtesse d'. _Née_ Adélaïde de Maillé in 1787.
Married the Comte d'Hautefort in 1805.
HAYNAU, Baron Julius Jacobus von (1786-1853). Son of the Elector
of Hesse, William I., by his morganatic marriage with Fraulein
von Lindenthal: he entered the Austrian military service, and in
1847 took part in suppressing the revolutionary movements in
Italy, where he became notorious for the cruel methods he
employed. He pursued a similar course of action in Hungary in
1849.
HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881). A German lawyer and
politician, he loudly declared himself a social democrat in 1848
and became one of the leaders of the Mountain at the Diet of
Frankfort; he stirred up all the little states in the south of
Germany to a general insurrection and was obliged to flee to
Switzerland and afterwards to America, where he died.
HANSEL, Wilhelm (1794-1861). He was first known as a writer of
comedies and afterwards as a painter and designer, and was a
constant figure in Berlin society. He married Fanny Mendelssohn
Bartholdy, who died in 1847.
HERDING, Herr von. A native of Mannheim and a great favourite at
the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. His sister,
the Princess of Isenburg, also lived at Mannheim after she
became a widow. She was the mother of the Countess of Buol
Schonenstein.
HERZ, Henri (1806-1887). Celebrated pianist and piano dealer.
HESKERN, the Baron de. Dutch diplomatist.
HESS, Baron Heinrich von, the General (1788-1863). Chief of the
Austrian staff of the forces in Lombardy, in 1824; he
distinguished himself under Marshal Radetzky, when the national
Italian movement broke out in 1848. He entered the House of
Lords in 1861.
HESSE-CASSEL, the Elector William of (1777-1847). He was married
three times: to Princess Augusta of Prussia, daughter of
Frederick William II.; to Countess Emilia of Reichenbach; and to
Fraulein Caroline of Berlepsch, who received the title of
Countess of Bergen.
HESSE-CASSEL, the Electress of (1780-1840). A Princess of Prussia
by birth, she married the Elector of Hesse in 1797.
HESSE-HOMBURG, the Landgravine of (1770-1840). Elizabeth, daughter
of King George III. of England, married in 1818 the Margrave
Frederick VI. of Hesse Homburg.
HOCHBERG-FÜRSTENSTEIN, the Count of (1806-1855). Afterwards Prince
of Pless.
HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of.** Born in 1806 and Chamberlain to the
King of Saxony.
HOHENTHAL, the Countess of* (1808-1845). _Née_ Princess Louise of
Biron-Courlande.
HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess Pauline of** (1782-1845). _Née_
Princess of Courlande and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand.
HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of** (1800-1859). Son
of the Princess Pauline of Courlande. He abdicated in 1849 his
rights over the Principality of Hohenzollern in favour of the
King of Prussia, and received the title of Royal Highness in
1850.
HOLLAND, the Dowager Lady.* Died in 1840. She was Lady Webster by
her first marriage, and her drawing-room at London was famous.
HOLLAND, Lady Maria Augusta (1812-1890). Daughter of the Earl of
Coventry. In 1833 she married Henry, the eldest son and the
successor in 1840, of the third Lord Holland; a nephew of Fox.
Lord Holland (1802-1859) was for some time Minister
Plenipotentiary to the Court of Tuscany. He died at Naples,
leaving no children, and the title is now extinct.
HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Courd (1764-1841). A Swiss by birth and the
founder of important business firms. He was made a baron in
1810. In 1815 he was elected Deputy, and became Governor of the
Bank of France.
HUDEN, Henri. Born in 1810. Legal State Councillor and Professor
at Jena.
HÜGEL, Baron Ernest Eugène von** (1774-1849). Würtemberg General.
HÜGEL, Baron Karl von. Born in 1796. Famous traveller and German
naturalist and Minister Plenipotentiary for Austria to the Grand
Duke of Tuscany from 1850-1859.
HÜGEL, Baron Karl Eugène von (1805-1870). Würtemberg diplomatist
and for a time Minister of Foreign Affairs in his own country.
HUMANN, Jean Georges* (1780-1842). Financier and French statesman.
HUMBOLDT, Alexander von** (1769-1858). Famous German naturalist.
HYDE DE NEUVILLE, the Baron** (1776-1857). French politician and a
strong legitimist.
I
IFFLAND, Augustus Wilhelm (1759-1814). A German actor who made
his first appearance at Gotha and Weimar and was appointed
theatrical manager to the Court of Berlin. He was the author of
many dramatic works.
INGRES, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780-1867). French painter who was
distinguished for the perfection of his drawing.
ISABELLA II., Queen of Spain* (1830-1904).
ISTRIE, the Duchesse Mathilde d'. Daughter of the Comte Joseph de
la Grange, General in the French Army and Peer of France. She
had married Napoleon Bessières, Duc d'Istrie and Peer of France.
He died in 1856.
J
JACQUES COEUR (1400-1456). Silversmith to Charles VII., whom he
provided with means to carry on a war against England.
JAUCOURT, the Marquise Charlotte de* (1762-1848). _Née_ de
Bontemps.
JELLACHICH OF BUZIN, General. As _Ban_ of Croatia, when the
Hungarian revolution broke out in 1848, he took Vienna from the
rebels, but was defeated in 1849 by Bem at Hegyes.
JERSEY, George, Lord (1773-1859). Twice Chamberlain to King
William IV. and twice Master of the Household to Queen Victoria.
He married in 1804 the eldest daughter of the Duke of
Westmorland.
JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Daughter of the Duke of
Westmorland.