THE BEGINNING OF PAPAL PERSECUTIONS.
"We kept Thy faith 'gainst kings of might,
And potentates infernal;
We kept Thy faith in Rome's despite,
By help of grace supernal.
The foe was fierce, the war was long;
But oh! our helper was more strong,
Our lover was eternal."
During the struggles of the papacy for temporal aggrandizement and
political usurpation, which marked its character from the seventh to the
twelfth centuries, anything so religious as even the attempt to convert
heretics by fire and sword seems little attended to. But in the twelfth
century arose the epoch in which men were to be thrown into a burning fiery
furnace who would not bow down to the tyranny of him who sat enthroned in
the city of the seven hills. Otho IV., Emperor of Germany by favour of the
pope, first gave his sanction to the persecution of the Waldenses, at the
instigation of James, bishop of Turin, about the end of the 12th
century.[C] But the first _systematic_ persecution began under the regency
exercised by Yolande, widow of Amadeus IX., Duke of Savoy, A.D. 1475. The
expression (in her directions to the governors of Pinerolo, Cavour, and the
magistrate at Lucerna), "It is our pleasure that the inhabitants of the
valley of Lucerna especially may be able _to enter_ into the bosom of the
holy mother church," would seem to recognize the fact that the Vaudois were
a community independent of Rome, otherwise we should expect the word
return, which is so generally used in reference to heretics, as the Church
of Rome delights to stigmatize all who reject her sway. This edict of
Yolande led to the martyrdom of Vaudois pastors, some by fire, some by
hanging, some in ways more revolting and excruciating, at Turin and other
places. But the destruction of a few victims would not satisfy the
malignant spirit of the papal antichrist, therefore the work of persecution
must be organized on a larger scale. Innocent VIII. selected Albert de
Capitaneis, Archdeacon of Cremona, as his agent for the accomplishment of
this pious design.
"One of the saintly murderous brood,
To carnage and the crosier given,
Who think through unbelievers' blood
Lies their directest path to heaven."
(MOORE, slightly altered.)
The papal bull initiating this work of shame promised to all who should
engage in it "plenary indulgence, with remission of their sins once and at
the hour of death." It also gave permission to appropriate the lands and
goods of the heretics. All along the valley of the Po, and over the regions
of the Cottian Alps, the bull of Innocent was talked of. Charles VIII. of
France and Charles II. of Savoy sanctioned its design. The year 1488 marks
an era of suffering for the Vaudois and of infamy to Rome.
Some 18,000 soldiers responded to the call of De Capitaneis. He forms them
into two bodies. One proceeds to devastate Dauphine and the district near
from the west, while the other division, attacking from Piedmont, is to
ravage the east; and as the two bodies approach each other they aim to
enclose their victims, and so to prevent their escape. These victims were
all unprepared for the vengeance which impended. Engaged in peaceful
tillage, they had no means of defence, but fled to the rocks and caves,
where their persecutors followed them, and being unable to reach them in
their retreats, they piled up fuel at the mouths of the caverns, and so
compelled the Vaudois to choose between death by suffocation or the sword.
By such conduct some 3000 persons, including 400 young children, perished
in the vale of Loyse. The Val Pragela also suffered much. But in the
Clusone, after the first feelings of surprise had passed away, the
inhabitants successfully repulsed their invaders. In the valley of Lucerna,
San Giovanni, La Torre, Villaro Bobbio, and their hamlets, fell into the
hands of the enemy. Still their career was sometimes checked by successful
resistance, and deserved retribution. An example of this occurred to a
detachment numbering some 700 Piedmontese troops, who were attempting to
surprise the valley of San Martino by way of the Col Juliano. This body of
soldiers, on reaching Pommiers, was attacked with such vigour and
determination by the inhabitants of Prali, that only one of their number
escaped destruction. This was an ensign, who concealed himself under a
mass of snow, which had been excavated by the summer heat. Cold and hunger
eventually compelled him to descend and ask mercy from those whom he had
come to destroy. His petition was granted, and he was allowed to depart
with the news of the defeat and destruction of his companions.
After this humiliating repulse, the invaders sought to attack the vale of
Angrogna, as being the heart and centre of the valleys, and the place of
refuge and defence to their threatened inhabitants.
Indeed, the Vaudois, unable to contend with the enemy's troops in the
plains, had betaken themselves (as many as could) to that natural fortress,
the Pra del Torre, which God had provided in the upper part of the Val
Angrogna. I shall have much to say about this sacred and glorious spot--the
more than a Thermopylae to these Christian heroes, ennobled by a bravery
equal to that of the Spartan, but radiant with brighter memories. But here
I only digress to add that the invaders' attempt to get possession of this
valley from the heights of Roccamanente were happily frustrated. The
Vaudois had to endure a severe contest, for which they prepared themselves
by prayer. Their enemies, with their leader, seeing them on their knees,
ridiculed their piety and threatened their destruction. But Le Noir of
Mondovi, himself having raised his visor on account of the heat, and to
show his contempt for his adversaries, was mortally wounded between his
eyes by an arrow. His companions were so terrified that they retreated with
great loss. The enemy, however, irritated and ashamed, renewed the attack
from another position on the side of Rocciaglia. They sought to enter the
Pra del Torre by a narrow defile. At this moment a _thick fog_ so confused
them that they were afraid to move lest they should run into danger. The
Angrognians, emboldened by this interposition of Providence, issued forth
from their retreats, and by means of their knowledge of the locality cut
off the escape of their enemies, and forced them over the precipitous rocks
into the foaming torrent, where large numbers perished, including a man of
gigantic size named Saquet, whose eventful death has caused the pool in
which he fell to be called Tompi Saquet.
After similar attempts in other parts of the valleys, during which time
much blood was shed, this first of the great persecutions, which had lasted
a year, ended in 1489, by Charles II., Prince of Piedmont and Duke of
Savoy, who felt ashamed of the cruelties which were inflicted.
FOOTNOTES:
[C] Monastier gives some very interesting information on the persecution of
the Vaudois out of Piedmont (chap. xiv.), which lies beyond the scope of
this volume.