A LETTER TO THE VICEROY--A CHINESE MANDARIN--THE CENTURION IS REFITTED
AND PUTS TO SEA.
Mr. Anson now saw clearly that if he had at first carried his ship into
the river of Canton and had immediately applied himself to the mandarins,
who are the chief officers of State, instead of employing the merchants
to apply for him, he would in all probability have had all his requests
granted, and would have been soon despatched. He had already lost a month
by the wrong measures he had been put upon, but he resolved to lose as
little more time as possible; and therefore, the 17th of December, being
the next day after his return from Canton, he wrote a letter to the
Viceroy of that place acquainting him that he was commander-in-chief of a
squadron of his Britannic Majesty's ships of war, which had been cruising
for two years past in the South Seas against the Spaniards, who were at
war with the King his master; that, in his way back to England, he had
put into the port of Macao, having a considerable leak in his ship, and
being in great want of provisions, so that it was impossible for him to
proceed on his voyage till his ship was repaired, and he was supplied
with the necessaries he wanted; that he had been at Canton in hopes of
being admitted to a personal audience of His Excellency, but being a
stranger to the customs of the country, he had not been able to inform
himself what steps were necessary to be taken to procure such an
audience, and therefore was obliged to apply to him in this manner, to
desire His Excellency to give orders for his being permitted to employ
carpenters and proper workmen to refit his ship, and to furnish himself
with provisions and stores, thereby to enable him to pursue his voyage to
Great Britain with this monsoon;* hoping at the same time that these
orders would be issued with as little delay as possible, lest it might
occasion his loss of the season, and he might be prevented from departing
till the next winter.
(*Note. Anson, of course, had no intention of sailing for England. His
reason for the deception is given in chapter 33.)
A MANDARIN COMES ON BOARD.
This letter was written on the 17th of December, and on the 19th in the
morning a mandarin of the first rank, who was Governor of the city of
Janson, together with two mandarins of an inferior class, and a great
retinue of officers and servants, having with them eighteen half-galleys
decorated with a great number of streamers, and furnished with music, and
full of men, came to grapnel ahead of the Centurion; whence the mandarin
sent a message to the Commodore, telling him that he (the mandarin) was
ordered by the Viceroy of Canton to examine the condition of the ship,
and desiring the ship's boat might be sent to fetch him on board. The
Centurion's boat was immediately despatched, and preparations were made
for receiving him; for a hundred of the most sightly of the crew were
uniformly dressed in the regimentals of the marines, and were drawn up
under arms on the main-deck, against his arrival. When he entered the
ship he was saluted by the drums and what other military music there was
on board; and passing by the new-formed guard, he was met by the
Commodore on the quarter-deck, who conducted him to the great cabin. Here
the mandarin explained his commission, declaring that his business was to
examine all the particulars mentioned in the Commodore's letter to the
Viceroy; that he was particularly instructed to inspect the leak, and had
for that purpose brought with him two Chinese carpenters.
This mandarin appeared to be a person of very considerable parts, and
endowed with more frankness and honesty than is to be found in the
generality of the Chinese. After the proper inquiries had been made,
particularly about the leak, which the Chinese carpenters reported to be
as dangerous as it had been represented, and consequently that it was
impossible for the Centurion to proceed to sea without being refitted,
the mandarin expressed himself satisfied with the account given in the
Commodore's letter. And this magistrate, as he was more intelligent than
any other person of his nation that came to our knowledge, so likewise
was he more curious and inquisitive, viewing each part of the ship with
particular attention, and appearing greatly surprised at the largeness of
the lower-deck guns, and at the weight and size of the shot. The
Commodore observing his astonishment thought this a proper opportunity to
convince the Chinese of the prudence of granting him a speedy and ample
supply of all he wanted. With this view he told the mandarin and those
who were with him, that besides the demands he made for a general supply,
he had a particular complaint against the proceedings of the custom-house
of Macao; that at his first arrival the Chinese boats had brought on
board plenty of greens and variety of fresh provisions for daily use, for
which they had always been paid to their full satisfaction, but that the
custom-house officers at Macao had soon forbid them, by which means he
was deprived of those refreshments which were of the utmost consequence
to the health of his men after their long and sickly voyage; that as
they, the mandarins, had informed themselves of his wants, and were
eye-witnesses of the force and strength of his ship, they might be
satisfied it was not for want of power to supply himself that he desired
the permission of the Government to purchase what provisions he stood in
need of; that they must be convinced that the Centurion alone was capable
of destroying the whole navigation of the port of Canton, or of any other
port in China, without running the least risk from all the force the
Chinese could collect; that it was true this was not the manner of
proceeding between nations in friendship with each other, but it was
likewise true that it was not customary for any nation to permit the
ships of their friends to starve and sink in their ports, when those
friends had money to supply their wants and only desired liberty to lay
it out; that they must confess he and his people had hitherto behaved
with great modesty and reserve, but that as his wants were each day
increasing, hunger would at last prove too strong for any restraint, and
necessity was acknowledged in all countries to be superior to every other
law, and therefore it could not be expected that his crew would long
continue to starve in the midst of that plenty to which their eyes were
every day witnesses. To this the Commodore added (though perhaps with a
less serious air) that if by the delay of supplying him with fresh
provisions his men should be reduced to the necessity of turning
cannibals, and preying upon their own species, it was easy to be foreseen
that, independent of their friendship to their comrades, they would in
point of luxury prefer the plump, well-fed Chinese to their own emaciated
shipmates. The first mandarin acquiesced in the justness of this
reasoning, and told the Commodore that he should that night proceed for
Canton; that on his arrival a council of mandarins would be summoned, of
which he himself was a member, and that all that was demanded would be
amply and speedily granted. And with regard to the Commodore's complaint
of the custom-house of Macao, he undertook to rectify that immediately by
his own authority; for, desiring a list to be given him of the quantity
of provision necessary for the expense of the ship for a day, he wrote a
permit under it, and delivered it to one of his attendants, directing him
to see that quantity sent on board early every morning; and this order
from that time forward was punctually complied with.
A DINNER PARTY.
When this weighty affair was thus in some degree regulated, the Commodore
invited him and his two attendant mandarins to dinner, telling them at
the same time that if his provision, either in kind or quantity, was not
what they might expect, they must thank themselves for having confined
him to so hard an allowance. One of his dishes was beef, which the
Chinese all dislike, though Mr. Anson was not apprised of it; this seems
to be derived from the Indian superstition,* which for some ages past has
made a great progress in China. However, his guests did not entirely
fast, for the three mandarins completely finished the white part of four
large fowls. But they were extremely embarrassed with their knives and
forks, and were quite incapable of making use of them, so that, after
some fruitless attempts to help themselves, which were sufficiently
awkward, one of the attendants was obliged to cut their meat in small
pieces for them. But whatever difficulty they might have in complying
with the European manner of eating, they seemed not to be novices in
drinking. The Commodore excused himself in this part of the
entertainment, under the pretence of illness; but there being another
gentleman present, of a florid and jovial complexion, the chief mandarin
clapped him on the shoulder, and told him by the interpreter that
certainly he could not plead sickness, and therefore insisted on his
bearing him company; and that gentleman perceiving that after they had
despatched four or five bottles of Frontiniac, the mandarin still
continued unruffled, he ordered a bottle of citron-water to be brought
up, which the Chinese seemed much to relish; and this being near finished
they arose from table, in appearance cool and uninfluenced by what they
had drunk. And the Commodore, having, according to custom, made the
mandarin a present, they all departed in the same vessels that brought
them.
(*Note. The cow has been held in high honour in India from early times.
The slaughtering and eating the flesh of kine is considered an abominable
crime. The connection between India and Chinese has always been close.
The Buddhist religion was introduced from India during the first century
of the Christian era, and with it no doubt the veneration of the cow.)
After their departure the Commodore with great impatience expected the
resolution of the council, and the necessary licences for his refitment.
For it must be observed that he could neither purchase stores nor
necessaries with his money, nor did any kind of workman dare to engage
themselves to work for him, without the permission of the Government
first obtained.
Some time before this Captain Saunders took his passage to England on
board a Swedish ship, and was charged with despatches from the Commodore;
and soon after, in the month of December, Captain Mitchel and Colonel
Cracherode embarked on board one of our company's ships; and I, having
obtained the Commodore's leave to return home, embarked with them. I must
observe, too (having omitted it before), that whilst we lay here at Macao
we were informed by some of the officers of our Indiamen that the Severn
and the Pearl, the two ships of our squadron which had separated from us
off Cape Noir, were safely arrived at Rio Janeiro, on the coast of
Brazil; and it was with great joy we received the news, after the strong
persuasion, which had so long prevailed amongst us, of their having both
perished.
Notwithstanding the favourable disposition of the mandarin Governor of
Janson at his leaving Mr. Anson, several days had elapsed before he had
any advice from him, and Mr. Anson was privately informed there were
great debates in council upon his affair. However, it should seem that
the representation of the Commodore to the mandarins of the facility with
which he could right himself, if justice were denied him, had at last its
effect; for on the 6th of January, in the morning, the Governor of
Janson, the Commodore's advocate, sent down the Viceroy of Canton's
warrant for the refitment of the Centurion, and for supplying her people
with all they wanted; and next day a number of Chinese smiths and
carpenters went on board.
It was the beginning of April before they had new-rigged the ship, stowed
their provisions and water on board, and fitted her for the sea; and
before this time the Chinese grew very uneasy and extremely desirous that
she should be gone, either not knowing, or pretending not to believe,
that this was a point the Commodore was as eagerly set on as they could
be. On the 3rd of April two mandarin boats came on board from Macao to
urge his departure; and this having been often done before, though there
had been no pretence to suspect Mr. Anson of any affected delays, he at
this last message answered them in a determined tone, desiring them to
give him no further trouble, for he would go when he thought proper and
not before. On this rebuke the Chinese (though it was not in their power
to compel him to be gone) immediately prohibited all provisions from
being carried on board him, and took such care that their injunctions
should be complied with, that from that time forwards nothing could be
purchased at any rate whatever.
AT SEA AGAIN.
On the 6th of April the Centurion weighed from the Typa, and warped to
the southward, and by the 15th she was got into Macao road, completing
her water as she passed along, so that there remained now very few
articles more to attend to; and her whole business being finished by the
19th, she, at three in the afternoon of that day, weighed and made sail,
and stood to sea.