Calamites, structure of fruit, 60.
Calamodendron, 59, 72.
Callipteris, 72.
Callitris, 90.
Camptopteris, 79, 80.
Carboniferous epoch, 36.
Carboniferous vegetation, its general character, 69.
Carbonisation, 9.
Cardiocarpum, 41, 72, 78.
Cardiocarpum, structure of, 64.
Cardiopteris, 40.
Carpinites, 87.
Carpinus, 94.
Carpolithes, 78, 83, 92, 97.
Cassia, 90.
Casts of plants, 8.
Casuarina, 90.
Caulinites, 90.
Caulopteris, 43.
Centrolobium, 90.
Chalk flora, characteristics of, 87.
Chara, 92.
Characeæ, fossil, 91.
Chondrites, 87.
Cinchonaceæ, fossil, 92.
Cinnamomum, 96.
Classes to which fossil plants belong, 2.
Climate as determined by fossil plants, 19.
Climate of the Tertiary period, 100.
Club-mosses, 26, 30.
Coal-basins, 37.
Coal, brown, structure of, 100.
Coal, Fordel, 36, 56.
Coal-formation, extent of, 38.
Coal, household, 36.
Coal-measures, flora of, 39.
Coal, parrot, 36.
Coal-plants, _in situ_, or drifted, 67.
Coal, structure in, 36.
Coal, Wigan cannel, 36.
Coal of Oolitic epoch, 82.
Coal of Tertiary beds, 100.
Combretaceæ, fossil, 92.
Comptonia, 92, 94.
Comptonites, 87.
Cones, fossil, of Wealden, 85.
Confervites, 87.
Coniferæ, 87.
Coniferæ, modern, 72.
Coniferæ, number of Miocene species, 97.
Coniferæ, Oolitic, 80.
Coniferæ, structure of recent, 74.
Coniferæ of brown coal deposits, 100.
Coniferæ of Miocene Arctic fossil flora, 97.
Coniferæ of Secondary strata, 85.
Coniferæ of Tertiary period, 89.
Coniferous genera of Lias, 79.
Coniferous vegetation of Upper Cretaceous period, appearance of, 89.
Copaifera, 90.
Cordaites, 35, 72.
Cornus, 97.
Corylus, 96, 97.
Cratægus, 97.
Credneria, 87.
Crematopteris, 79.
Cretaceous system, fossil plants of, 87.
Crossozamia, 86.
Cryptogamia, number of Miocene species of, 97.
Cryptomeria, 87.
Cryptomerites, 86.
Ctenis, 78, 79.
Cucumites, 90.
Cunninghamites, 87.
Cupressineæ, 89.
Cupressoxylon, 93.
Cyathea, 29.
Cyatheites, 72.
Cycadaceæ, 87.
Cycadaceæ, fossil, Carruthers' arrangement of, 86.
Cycadaceæ, modern, 72, 75.
Cycadaceæ, Oolitic, 80.
Cycadaceæ in Mesozoic period, 77.
Cycadaceæ of Lias, 79.
Cycadaceæ of Tertiary period, 89.
Cycadaceæ of Wealden epoch, 84.
Cycadeostrobus, 85.
Cycadites, 44, 79, 84, 87.
Cycadoidea, 83.
Cycas, 76.
Cyclopteris, 32, 35, 43, 72.
Cyclostigma, 41.
Cyperites, 48.
Cystoseirites, 87.
Dadoxylon, 35, 63.
Dalbergia, 90.
Dammarites, 87.
Daphnogene, 92, 96, 97.
Dawson on Devonian fossils, 35.
Desmodophyllum, 92.
Dicotyledons of Pliocene epoch, 98.
Dictyothalamus, 72.
Didymophyllum, 48.
Didymosorus, 95.
Dioonopteris, 72.
Dirt-bed, Portland, 83.
Dolichites, 92.
Drepanocarpus, 90.
Dryandroides, 96.
Echitonium, 92, 96.
Encephalartos, 76.
Entada, 90.
Eocene epoch, Algæ of, 90.
Eocene epoch, characteristics of, 90.
Eocene epoch, Coniferæ of, 90, 91.
Eocene epoch, flora of, 89, 90.
Eocene epoch, fruits of, 90.
Eozoon Canadense, 31.
Equisetaceæ, 29, 59.
Equisetites, 71.
Equisetum, 31, 53, 79, 94, 95.
Equisetum spores, 32.
Equisetum, structure of fruit, 60.
Erian fossil plants, 35.
Erythrina, 92.
Exogenous trees of Carboniferous epoch, 62.
Fagus, 94, 97.
Favularia, 46.
Fern-flora in connection with climate, 41.
Ferns, 96.
Ferns, structure of, 29.
Ferns of Carboniferous strata, 41.
Ferns of present day, 26.
Ficus, 96.
Fig, evergreen, 96.
Filicites, 94.
Fittonia, 86, 87.
Flabellaria, 64, 87.
Flemingites, 51, 52, 57.
Floras of present day in connection with fossil plants, 19.
Folliculites, 92.
Fossil botany, recapitulation of chief points connected with, 103.
Fossil botany, list of works treating of, 105.
Fossil plants compared with modern plants, 3, 4.
Fossil plants, determination of, 3.
Fossil plants, mode of preservation of, 8.
Fossil plants, number of, 23.
Fossiliferous periods, according to Brongniart, 25.
Fossiliferous rocks, 20.
Fructification in ferns of Carboniferous epoch, 40.
Fruits, fossil, of Isle of Sheppey, 90.
Fungi, fossil, 91.
Gardenia, 97.
Gault, Coniferæ of, 80, 85.
Getonia, 92.
Glyptostrobus, 97.
Grès bigarré, 78.
Gymnosperms, fossil, reign of, 25.
Gyrogonites, 92.
Haidingera, 78.
Hakea, 97.
Halonia, 57.
Heer's list of plants from the Bovey Tracey Miocene formation, 96.
Heer on the migration of plants, 98.
Heer on the number of species in the Arctic fossil flora, 97.
Heer's remarks on the Polar flora, 98.
Hightea, 90.
Horse-tails, 29.
Huttonia, 71.
Hymenophylleæ, 34.
Hymenophyllites, 71.
Hymenophyllum, 35.
Ilex, 97.
Infiltration, 9.
Inga, 90.
Isoetes, 27, 49, 89.
Ivy, 97.
Juglandites, 87.
Jurassic period of Brongniart, 79.
Kaidacarpum, 84.
Keupric period, 79.
Kimmeridge Clay, Coniferæ of, 85.
Knorria, 41, 48, 57.
Knorria, phyllotaxis of, 55.
Lastrea, 29.
Lauraceæ, 97.
Lauraceæ, fossil, 92.
Laurel, 96.
Laurentian rocks, 31.
Laurus, 92, 96.
Leaf-beds of Ardtun, Mull, 93.
Leaf-beds of Bournemouth, 95.
Leaf-beds, genera of, 94.
Leguminosæ, fossil, 92.
Leguminosites, 90.
Lepidodendron, 35, 41, 49.
Lepidodendron, phyllotaxis of, 54.
Lepidophloios, 57.
Lepidophyllum, 41, 56.
Lepidostrobus, 35, 50, 52.
Lias, Coniferæ of, 80.
Lias, fossil plants of, 79.
Libocedrus, 90.
Lignite, 32.
Lignite beds of Bovey Tracey, 96.
Lignites, 9.
Lonchopteris, 43, 84.
Lough Neagh, Miocene formation of, 93.
Lower Greensand, cone of, 89.
Lower Greensand, Coniferæ of, 85.
Lycopodiaceæ, 49, 54.
Lycopodiaceæ, modern, 26.
Lycopodites, 56.
Lycopodium, 30, 53.
MacClintockia, 97.
Macrospores, 30.
Magnolia, 97.
Mantellia, 83, 84, 86.
Marsilea, 31, 33.
Marsileaceæ, 31.
Mesozoic period, flora of the, 72.
Microspores, 30.
Microzamia, 87.
Mimosa, 90.
Mimosites, 92.
Miocene epoch, flora of, 89, 92.
Miocene period, temperature of, 97.
Mull, leaf-beds of, 93.
Mull, Miocene formation of, 93.
Munsteria, 87.
Myrica, 94, 97.
Naiadaceæ, 87.
Natural orders to which fossil plants belong, 22.
Neuropterideæ, 41.
Neuropteris, 42, 71.
Nicolia, 11.
Nicol's mode of preparing sections, 13.
Nilssonia, 79.
Nipadites, 90.
Noeggerathia, 64, 71, 72.
Nymphæa, 97.
Odontopteris, 42, 72.
Oolitic epoch, flora of, 80.
Oolite, fruits of, 83.
Oolite, Inferior, Coniferæ of, 86.
Oolite, Lower, 82.
Oolite, Scottish, plants of, 81.
Oolite, Upper, 82.
Oolite, Yorkshire, 83.
Osmunda, 89.
Osmundites, 91.
Otopteryx, 97.
Otozamites, 79.
Oxford Clay, Coniferæ of, 86.
Palæophytology, 1.
Palæopitys, 32.
Palæopteris, 32, 34, 41.
Palæozamia, 79.
Palæozoic or Primary period, 26.
Palæozoology, 1.
Palissya, 80, 86.
Paliurus, 97.
Palm, 96.
Palmacites, 87, 90, 96.
Pandanaceæ, 84.
Pecopteris, 42, 96.
Pecopterideæ, 41.
Pepperworts, 31.
Permian flora, 71.
Permian period, fruits of, 72.
Petrifaction, 9.
Petrified forests, 11.
Pence, 64, 80, 82, 86, 89.
Phanerogamia, number of Miocene species of, 97.
Phaseolites, 92.
Phœnicites, 92.
Phyllotaxis, 54, 55.
Pilularia, 31.
Pinites, 78, 85, 86, 87, 89, 100.
Pinites, structure of, 63.
Pinus, 86, 94, 97.
Pissadendron, 63.
Pitus, structure of, 64.
Plane, 94.
Platanites, 94.
Platanus, 97.
Pliocene epoch, flora of the, 89, 98.
Plumiera, 92.
Podocarpus, 90.
Podocarya, 84.
Portland beds, 82.
Portland Crag, 82.
Portland stone, Coniferæ of, 85.
Pothocites, 66.
Proteaceæ, fossil, 92, 97.
Protopteris, 87.
Prototaxites, 35.
Prunus, 97.
Psaronius, 44, 71.
Psilophyton, 35.
Pterocarpus, 90.
Pterophyllum, 84, 79.
Purbeck, Coniferæ of, 85.
Purbeck period, 83.
Quercus, 94, 96, 97.
Raulin on the Tertiary flora of Central Europe, 99.
Raumeria, 86.
Recapitulation of chief points connected with fossil botany, 103.
Rhabdocarpum, 72, 77.
Rhamnites, 94, 95.
Rhamnus, 94, 97.
Rhizocarpeæ, 31.
Rings, number of annual, in fossil Exogens, 100.
Sagenopteris, 71, 79.
Salicites, 87.
Salix, 97.
Sargassites, 87.
Scalariform vessels, 30.
Schizopteris, 43.
Secondary period, flora of the, 72.
Sections of fossils for microscope, 12.
Selaginella, 27, 51, 53.
Selaginites, 35.
Senftenbergia, 40.
Sequoia, 87, 96, 97.
Sequoiites, 85, 89.
Shale, 37.
Sheppey, fruits of Isle of, 90.
Sigillaria, 45.
Silicified stems, 10.
Sphenophyllum, 35, 61.
Sphenopterideæ, 41.
Sphenopteris, 34, 41, 42.
Sporangia, 30, 56.
Stangeria, 78.
Steinhauera, 92.
Sternbergia, 64, 97.
Stigmaria, 41, 47, 48.
Stonesfield slate, 82.
Stratified rocks, 21.
Structure of fossil plants, 12.
Table of formations, 21.
Taxites, 86, 94, 95, 100.
Taxodieæ, 89.
Taxodites, 79, 80, 94, 95.
Taxodium, 97.
Terminalia, 92.
Tertiary flora of Europe, 99.
Tertiary period, characteristics of, 89, 100.
Tertiary period, fossil plants of, 87.
Tertiary vegetation, Brongniart's divisions of, 89.
Thaumatopteris, 80.
Thuites, 81, 85, 86.
Thujopsis, 97.
Tilia, 97.
Trap rocks, 20.
Tree-fern, 27.
Trees of Miocene Arctic fossil flora, 97.
Triassic fossils, 77.
Trigonocarpum, 64, 72.
Triplosporites, 50, 53.
Tuff-beds, 94.
Tulip tree, 97.
Ulmus, 92.
Ulodendron, 57.
Underclay, 37.
Unger's list of genera of Eocene epoch, 90.
Upper Chalk, 85.
Upper Greensand, Coniferæ of, 85.
Vaccinium, 96.
Vitis, 96.
Volkmannia, 60.
Voltzia, 78, 79.
Vosgesian period, Brongniart's, 78.
Walchia, 71.
Walnuts, 97.
Wealden, Coniferæ of, 85.
Wealden epoch, flora of, 84.
Widdringtonites, 87.
Williamsonia, 81.
Williamsonieæ, 86.
Willow, 97.
Works, list of, treating of fossil botany, 105.
Yatesia, 86.
Yew, 94.
Zamia, 78.
Zamieæ, 86.
Zamiostrobus, 78.
Zamites, 78, 79, 84, 87.
Zostera, 32.
Zosterites, 87.
THE END.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Miller's Footprints of the Creator, 192-199. Doubts have been
thrown on the antiquity of this specimen by those who support the
erroneous progressive development theory; but the presence, in the
same nodule, of a scale of a fish only found in the lower Old Red,
puts the matter beyond doubt. Dr. M'Nab on the Structure of a Lignite
(_Palæopitys_) from the Old Red Sandstone. (Trans. Bot. Soc. x. p.
312.)
[2] Specimens of these fossil plants, as well as numerous others,
illustrating the fossil flora of Scotland, are to be seen in Mr.
Miller's collection, now in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.
[3] Dawson, Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond. xv. Canadian Naturalist, v.
Acadian Geology, 2d edit. Fossil plants of the Devonian and upper
Silurian Formations of Canada, with 20 plates; in Report of
Geological Survey of Canada.
[4] Maclaren, Geology of Fife and the Lothians, p. 116.
[5] Our Coal-fields, by a Traveller under Ground.
[6] See Hall's Coal-fields of Great Britain, 1861; Roscoe's Lectures
on Coal, Manchester, 1866-67; Hunt's Mineral Statistics of Great
Britain; Taylor's Statistics of Coal, 1855-56.
[7] Heer, Flora fossilis Arctica; Fossile Flora der Bären Insel.,
1871.
[8] In giving names to fossil Ferns, the Greek word πτερίς, meaning
a Fern, is often used with a prefix indicating some character in the
form of the leaves, or stem, or fructification: such as, πέκος, a
comb; νεῦρον, a nerve; ὀδούς, a tooth; σφήν, a wedge; καυλός, a stalk
or stem; κύκλος, a circle; σχίζω, a split, etc.
[9] The imbedding of plants in an erect state in strata is similar to
what was noticed at the present day by Gardner in Brazil, where stems
of recent Coco-nut Palms were seen covered with sand to the depth of
50 feet.
[10] For woodcuts 44, 47, and 48, I am indebted to Dr. H. Bence
Jones, who has kindly placed them at my disposal. They were used to
illustrate Mr. Carruthers' remarks on the Cryptogamic forests of the
Coal period, published in the Journal of the Royal Institution of
Great Britain, April 16, 1869. Mr. Carruthers' observations are given
in the text.
[11] Conjugate spirals result from _whorls_ of usually 2, 3, 5, 8,
etc., leaves arranged so as to give 2, 5, 8, etc., parallel spirals,
each with an angular divergence equal to ½, ⅓, ⅕, ⅛, etc., of one
of the fractions expressing the divergence in an arrangement of
_alternate_ leaves.
[12] By inadvertence, the diameter is stated in my Class-book as 4-5
inches.
[13] See Remarks on the Structure of Calamites by W. C. Williamson,
Philos. Trans., 161, p. 477.
[14] Williamson on the Structure and Affinities of Sternbergiæ, in
Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Mem. ix. Dawson on Sternbergia, in Edin.
New Phil. Journ., new series, vii. 140.
[15] See Notice of _Antholithes Pitcairniæ_, by C. W. Peach, in Bot.
Soc. Trans. Edin. vol. xi.
[16] See Professor Duns on the association of Cardiocarpum with
Sphenopteris. Proc. R.S.E., April 1, 1872.
[17] See Meyer's Palæontographica, Cassel, 1864.
[18] See fuller description of Coniferæ and Cycadaceæ in Balfour's
Class Book of Botany, pp. 906-912.
[19] Coal in the Kimmeridge clay is probably of animal origin.
[20] Carruthers, Geol. Mag., vol. viii. December 1871.
[21] Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. 2d ser. ii. 380.
[22] Journ. Geol. Soc. of London, vii.
[23] Philosophical Transactions, R. Soc. Lond., vol. clii. p. 1039.
[24] Heer, Flore Fossile des Regions Polaires, Zurich; also
Bibliotheque Univ. xxxix. p. 12; see also Ann. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. i.
61, iv. 81.
[25] Raulin, Sur les Transformations de la Flore de l'Europe centrale
pendant la période Tertiaire.--Ann. des Sc. Nat. 3d ser. Bot. x. 193.
* * * * *
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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
Superscripts are denoted by ^ eg Lith^{rs} Edin^r.
Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ⅓ ¼ etc; other fractions are shown
in the form a/b, eg 3/11 or 13/(34×2).
Most entries in the Table of Contents had a corresponding section
heading in the text. Twelve entries had a corresponding page-header,
on odd-numbered pages, but no section heading in the text itself.
All the page-headers have of course been removed in the etext. To
improve readability these twelve section headings have been created
and inserted in the etext; they have been italicized to indicate they
have been added by the transcriber.
The caption for an illustration is displayed as a sidenote in the
etext. It was shown as a page footnote in the original text.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the
text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, misspelling in the text, and
inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example,
planished; punctated; coal-field, coalfield; criddles.
Pg 11, 'silicicified' replaced by 'silicified'.
Pg 39, '1-20th' replaced by '1/20th' for consistency.
Pg 42 Footnote [8], 'I split' replaced by 'a split'.
Pg 73 Illustration, 'Fg. 61' replaced by 'Fig. 61'.
Pg 79, 'aborescent' replaced by 'arborescent'.
Pg 102, 'to difficult' replaced by 'too difficult'.
Pg 105, '29. The Pliocene' replaced by '28. The Pliocene'.
Pg 111, 'Erom the Gault' replaced by 'From the Gault'.