The Scope of Ethics 332
THE PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGY
By Herbert Spencer
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
PART I.—THE DATA OF BIOLOGY.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. —Organic matter 3
II. —The actions of forces on organic matter 27
III. —The re-actions of organic matter on forces 45
IIIA. —Metabolism 62
IV. —Proximate conception of life 78
V. —The correspondence between life and its circumstances 91
VI. —The degree of life varies as the degree of correspondence 101
VIA. —The dynamic element in life 111
VII. —The scope of biology 124
PART II.—THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY.
I. —Growth 135
II. —Development 162
IIA. —Structure 181
III. —Function 197
IV. —Waste and repair 213
V. —Adaptation 227
VI. —Individuality 244
VIA. —Cell-life and cell-multiplication 252
VII. —Genesis 269
VIII. —Heredity 301
IX. —Variation 320
X. —Genesis, heredity, and variation 336
{xii}
XA.
—Genesis, heredity, and variation—Concluded 356
XI. —Classification 374
XII. —Distribution 395
PART III.—THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
I. —Preliminary 415
II. —General aspects of the special-creation-hypothesis 417
III. —General aspects of the evolution-hypothesis 431
IV. —The arguments from classification 441
V. —The arguments from embryology 450
VI. —The arguments from morphology 468
VII. —The arguments from distribution 476
VIII. —How is organic evolution caused? 490
IX. —External factors 499
X. —Internal factors 508
XI. —Direct equilibration 519
XII. —Indirect equilibration 529
XIII. —The co-operation of the factors 549
XIV. —The convergence of the evidences 554
XIVA. —Recent criticisms and hypotheses 559
APPENDICES.
A. —The general law of animal fertility 577
B. —The inadequacy of natural selection, etc. 602
C. —The inheritance of functionally-wrought modifications:
a summary 692
D. —On alleged "spontaneous generation" and on the hypothesis
of physiological units 696
FIRST PRINCIPLES
By Herbert Spencer
CONTENTS
PART I.-THE UNKNOWABLE.
CHAP. PAGE
I.- RELIGION AND SCIENCE 3
II.- ULTIMATE RELIGIOUS IDEAS 25
III.- ULTIMATE SCIENTIFIC IDEAS 47
IV.- THE RELATIVITY OF ALL KNOWLEDGE 68
V.- THE RECONCILIATION 98
PART II.-LAWS OF THE KNOWABLE.
I.- LAWS IN GENERAL 127
II.- THE LAW OF EVOLUTION 146
III.- THE LAW OF EVOLUTION (CONTINUED) 175
IV.- THE CAUSES OF EVOLUTION 219
V.- SPACE, TIME, MATTER, MOTION, AND FORCE 224
VI.- THE INDESTRUCTIBILITY OF MATTER 238
VII.- THE CONTINUITY OF MOTION 246
VIII.- THE PERSISTENCE OF FORCE 251
IX.- THE CORRELATION AND EQUIVALENCE OF FORCES 259
xiiX.- THE DIRECTION OF MOTION 286
XI.- THE RHYTHM OF MOTION 313
XII.- THE CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO EVOLUTION 335
XIII.- THE INSTABILITY OF THE HOMOGENEOUS 358
XIV.- THE MULTIPLICATION OF EFFECTS 388
XV.- DIFFERENTIATION AND INTEGRATION 416
VI.- EQUILIBRATION 440
XVII.- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 487