(_Continued from page 32._)
The map of Gall presented here is taken from his large work published
from 1809 to 1819 (price 1000 francs), the latter part being finished
without the co-operation of Spurzheim. The great imperfection is
apparent at a glance. Gall simply published what he saw, or thought he
saw, and being a very imperfect, inaccurate observer of forms and
outlines, he attached himself chiefly to the idea of prominences (or
bumps) at certain localities, and to his mode of presenting the
subject we are mainly indebted for the ridicule of phrenology as a
science of bumps. I have taken much pains to assure my students that
cerebral science has little or nothing to do with bumps, that bumps
upon the skull belong to its osseous structure, which presents certain
protuberances with which they should be acquainted, and do not
indicate development of brain, which is indicated by gentle changes in
the contour of the skull, the form of which shows how much room there
is for special convolutions.
To Gall's drawing, which was by no means accurate, I have added the
names of the organs as he recognized them, and given definite
boundaries to the organs which he represented by a shaded drawing,
conveying the idea of a central elevation. I have given them the whole
space allowed by his shading, and this leaves considerable space
unoccupied, as if he did not know what lay between them. Spurzheim, on
the contrary, attempted to cover the entire ground, and had a more
harmonious arrangement than Gall, in whose map we see the inventive
faculty running into murder, and avarice into music and poetry. Yet
even Spurzheim retained avarice in contact with ideality, invention,
hope, and conscientiousness. Neither seems to have realized that there
is no example in the brain of a single convolution perfectly
homogeneous, and even intermingled in its minute structure, suddenly
changing its essential functions into something entirely opposite,
when there is not the slightest separation or differentiation of the
cerebral matter. When such marked differences are perceptible, it is
due to the separation of the convolutions by the furrows or
anfractuosities into which the pia mater descends, making a
substantial separation. But this nice survey of the convolutions and
their boundaries was obviously impossible by cranioscopy, which, at
the best, could only recognize considerable differences of magnitude.
Psychometry alone is capable of minute exploration of functions, the
results of which I published in a large map of the head in 1842.
The chart of Spurzheim needs no further criticism at present. In
contrast with the chart of Anthropology, the reader will observe that
the latter presents the functions of the entire basilar region of the
brain, which are marked upon the face and neck in the most proximate
locations. The catalogue of Spurzheim is as follows:
AFFECTIVE I. PROPENSITIES.--[dagger] Desire to Live.
* Alimentiveness. 1. Destructiveness. 2. Amativeness.
3. Philoprogenitiveness. 4. Adhesiveness. 5. Inhabitiveness.
6. Combativeness. 7. Secretiveness. 8. Acquisitiveness.
9. Constructiveness.
AFFECTIVE II. SENTIMENTS.--10. Cautiousness. 11. Approbativeness.
12. Self-Esteem. 13. Benevolence. 14. Reverence. 15. Firmness.
16. Conscientiousness. 17. Hope. 18. Marvellousness. 19. Ideality.
20. Mirthfulness. 21. Imitation.
INTELLECTUAL I. PERCEPTIVE.--22. Individuality. 23. Configuration.
24. Size. 25. Weight and Resistance. 26. Coloring. 27. Locality.
28. Order. 29. Calculation. 30. Eventuality. 31. Time. 32. Tune.
33. Language.
INTELLECTUAL II. REFLECTIVE.--34. Comparison. 35. Causality.
[Illustration: THE OLD PHRENOLOGY COMPARED WITH ANTHROPOLOGY.