=Lord Minto.=--The Rt. Hon. Gilbert John Murray Kynmond Elliot,

fourth Earl of Minto, Privy Councillor, K.G., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G.,

G.C.I.E., died at Hawick, March 1, aged 66. Educated at Eton

and Trinity College, Cambridge, he served [as Lord Melgund] in

the Scots Guards, 1867-70, saw some fighting during the Paris

Commune, accompanied the Carlist army in Spain as _Morning

Post_ correspondent in 1873, was assistant military attaché in

the Russo-Turkish War in 1878, and was with Lord Roberts in

Afghanistan. He also saw service in the Egyptian War of 1882, and

was chief of the Canadian staff in the second Riel rebellion, that

of 1896, having gone out to Canada as Lord Lansdowne's Military

Secretary. He was mentioned several times in despatches. In 1886

he stood unsuccessfully for Parliament in the Hexham division of

Northumberland as a Liberal Unionist; during the following years he

did much to improve the Volunteer force on the Border. From 1898

to 1905 he was Governor-General of Canada, in 1905 he was sent out

to succeed Earl Curzon of Kedleston as Viceroy of India, when he

was instrumental in carrying out, in conjunction with Lord Morley

of Blackburn, a great scheme of constitutional reform, and coped

successfully with serious unrest. In his management of the foreign

relations of India, too, he was notably successful, inducing

the Amir of Afghanistan to visit Calcutta. He had been a noted

gentleman rider in early life, winning the Cambridge University

Steeplechase on the afternoon of his degree examination, riding

five times in the Grand National, and winning the French Grand

National at Auteuil in 1874. He m., 1883, Mary Caroline, dau. of

General the Hon. Charles Grey, and was succeeded by his only s.

=Sir John Murray, K.C.B.=, the great oceanographer and naturalist

of the _Challenger_ Expedition, was killed while motoring at

Kirkliston, Scotland, on March 16. B. at Coburg, Ontario, on March

8, 1841, he studied at Edinburgh University, went in 1868 on a

whaling cruise in the Arctic Ocean, and from 1871 to 1876 was

engaged under Sir Wyville Thomson in organising and accompanying

the _Challenger_ Expedition, which immensely extended knowledge

of the ocean depths and their inhabitants. He had charge of the

collections and edited the reports, himself paying large sums

towards their completion, and writing on the cruise. He also did

much research himself on his own steam yacht on the Scottish

coast, established an oceanographic laboratory and marine

laboratories in Scotland at his own expense, and paid for the

Michael Sars North Atlantic Expedition in 1910, in which he took

part. He had many honours and distinctions. He m., 1889, Isabella,

dau. of Thomas Henderson, and left a family.

=Cardinal (George) Kopp=, Prince Bishop of Breslau, died at

Troppau, Silesia, on March 4, aged 76. B. at Duderstadt, Hanover,

in 1837, he began life as a telegraph official, but became a priest

a few years later, and was made Vicar-General of the Diocese of

Hildesheim in 1872, and Bishop of Fulda in 1881. He did much to

mitigate the conflict between Church and State (Kulturkampf) in

these dioceses, and to shape the laws which terminated it, and in

1887 he was translated to the important see of Breslau. He was

an active friend of the Labour movement, favouring, however, the

maintenance of separate trade unions for Roman Catholic workmen.

Throughout his career he strove for conciliation and peace.

=Sir Hubert von Herkomer, R.A.=, an eminent painter and one of

the most versatile of artists, died on March 31, aged 64. Born

at Waal, Bavaria, in 1849, the s. of a master joiner, he was

taken to America in 1851 by his parents, who, however, settled at

Southampton in 1857. Having shown artistic talent, he was sent in

1865 to study at South Kensington, and earned money by working

for illustrated papers and by stencilling. He was thus enabled to

visit Bavaria and depict peasant life, and in 1873 exhibited in the

Royal Academy. His success was assured by his "Chelsea Pensioners"

(Royal Academy, 1874), and he painted mainly portraits and groups.

He became R.A. in 1879, F.R.A. in 1890, and was knighted in 1907,

and was granted the use of the prefix "von" by the German Emperor.

As Slade Professor of Fine Art at Oxford (1885-95) he left notable

examples of rapid portraiture, painted as demonstrations to his

class, and now in the Taylorian Galleries, among them portraits of

Dean Liddell, Professor Westwood, and the President of Trinity.

He built himself a magnificent house at Bushey, where he set up a

School of Art. According to his obituary in _The Times_, he "could

paint, etch, engrave, work in metal, enamel, play the zither and

piano, compose music, write plays, and act them," and he had paid

much attention to cinema work. He explained his principles in "My

School and My Gospel" (1908), and also wrote a work on etching and

mezzotint engraving. He was married thrice: (1) 1874, Anna, dau. of

Albert Weise, who d. 1883; (2) 1884, Lulu, dau. of T. Griffiths,

she d. 1885; (3) 1888, Margaret, another dau. of T. Griffiths, and

left a family.

=Frederic Mistral=, the Provençal poet and chief reviver of

the "Langue d'Oc" as a literary language, died at his home at

Maillane, Provence, on March 25. B. there, September 8, 1830, he

was sent to school at Avignon, where his taste for the Provençal

language and its folk songs, already developed by his mother, was

encouraged by a young teacher named Roumanille. He studied law

at Aix, and published some Provençal verse in a collection of

poems by Roumanille and others in 1852, and, having taken over

his father's farm, tried to rekindle the Provençal sentiment of

race by writing poetry in the native tongue. In 1854, he, with

Roumanille and other associates, founded the Félibrige Society

for this purpose, and in 1859 published his poem "Miréio," which

was "crowned" by the Academy and welcomed by Lamartine. In 1866

he published "Calendeon," and in 1875 a volume of verse, "Lis

Iselo d'Or." In 1876 the Félibrige, which had extended to part of

Italy and Catalonia, was definitely organised with Mistral as its

first President, and in 1884 he published "Nerto," which was also

crowned by the Academy. After this he produced a great Provençal

dictionary; in 1890 a drama, "La Reino Jano," in 1897 another epic,

"Lou Pouèmo dou Rose," and in 1906 his autobiography. He divided

the Nobel Prize for Literature with Echegaray and Sinkiewicz in

1906, and spent his share on founding a provincial museum at Arles.

He was "a man of magnificent presence," and possessed many honours

from learned bodies, and several decorations.

=George Westinghouse=, the eminent American inventor, died in New

York on March 12, aged 67. B. at Central Bridge, N.Y., in 1846, and

educated at Union College, Schenectady, he served in the Volunteer

Cavalry and afterwards as a naval engineer in the War of Secession.

In 1865 he invented a device for replacing derailed railroad

cars, in 1868 he patented his famous brake; he also applied

pneumatic and electric power to railroad switching and signalling,

introduced the alternating electric current for light and power

supply, established the practical use of natural gas, developed

gas engines, and a form of marine turbine, with other inventions.

Unlike most inventors, he had great business ability, and presided

over numerous companies manufacturing his inventions. He m., 1867,

Marguerite Walker, and had one s. He left some 7,000,000_l._

On the 1st, aged 55, the #Hon. Charles Ramsay Devlin#, Minister of

Mines in the Quebec Government since 1907, Nationalist M.P. for

Galway City, 1903-6, Canadian Commissioner in England, 1897-1903.

On the 2nd, aged 39, #Margaret Fothergill Robinson#, an able

student of Poor Law questions; author of "The Poor Law Enigma,"

and "The Spirit of Association," a survey of guilds, co-operation,

and trade union; her work was cut short by ill-health. On the 4th,

#Colonel Henry Bathurst Hanna#, Bengal Staff Corps, distinguished

in the Mutiny Campaign and author of a series of books on Indian

military subjects, among them "The Second Afghan War"; a strong

Liberal. On the 4th, aged 56, #Colonel Henry Lionel Pilkington,

C.B.#, sometime 21st Hussars; commanded the West Australian

contingent in the South African War; well known as a writer on

Irish agricultural topics over the signature "Patrick Perterras."

On the 4th, aged 69, #Masakisa Matsuda#, Minister of Justice

in Japan, and one of the leaders of the Sei-yu-Kai party; had

previously been twice Minister of Justice and once Minister of

Finance. On the 5th, aged 69, at sea, near Colombo, the #Rev.

William Donne#, Hon. Canon of Wakefield and Vicar of Wakefield,

1892-1909; Archdeacon of Huddersfield since 1892. About the

5th, aged 76, #Sir William Samuel Seton#, ninth Baronet; served

as midshipman in the Indian Navy in the Persian Expedition of

1856-7; then in the Indian Army, in the Afghan War of 1880-1;

Colonel (retired) Indian Staff Corps; succeeded his brother,

1884; m.,·1876, Eva, dau. of Sir Henry H. A. Wood; succeeded by

his s. On the 6th, aged 61, #Colonel Sir Charles Gervaise Boxall,

K.C.B.#, originator of the City of London Imperial Volunteers in

the South African War and an expert on the utilisation of railways

for artillery. On the 7th, aged 82, #Christian David Ginsburg,

L.L.D., J.P.#, an eminent Hebrew scholar, who exposed in 1883 the

forgery committed by a well-known dealer in antiquities named

Shapiro of a MS. purporting to be part of the "sources" of the

Book of Deuteronomy; author of important works on the Essenes, the

Kabbalah, and the Song of Solomon. On the 7th, aged 63, #Arthur

Knatchbull Connell#, sometime private secretary to Lord Goschen,

and a Unionist candidate for a division of Edinburgh. On the

7th, aged 55, #John Wykeham Jacomb-Hood#, Chief Engineer of the

London & South Western Railway since 1901; carried out many new

branches and extensions. On the 7th, aged 69, #Professor Antonino

Salinas, C.V.O.#, Director of the Museum at Palermo and Professor

of Archæology at the University of that city; a learned antiquary.

On the 8th, aged 64, #Frederick Townsend Martin#, brother of Mr.

Bradley Martin, and one of the best-known Americans in London

society; active in philanthropic work in New York, and author of

an interesting volume of reminiscences. On the 8th, aged 73, #Sir

George Ross#, Premier of Ontario, 1899-1905, and liberal Leader

in the Dominion Senate; previously Minister of Education; an able

public speaker. On the 8th, aged 72, #Sir Arthur Mackworth, R.E.,

C.B.#, sixth Baronet, distinguished in the Egyptian Campaign

of 1882; m., 1865, Alice, dau. of Joseph Cubitt; succeeded by

his s. About the 8th, aged 81, #Sir Francis McCabe#, Medical

Commissioner of the Irish Local Government Board, 1888-98. About

the 8th, #José Luciano de Castro#, Prime Minister (Progressist)

of Portugal, 1904-6; had previously been Minister of Justice and

of the Interior, and Prime Minister, 1886-90, and 1897-1900; a

skilful Parliamentary tactician. On the 10th, aged 57, #Alfred

Charles Edwards#, in spite of his name a thorough Paris journalist;

founder of the _Matin_, 1883; connected largely with theatrical

enterprises; husband of Mlle. Lantelme, the Paris actress, who was

drowned on the Rhine in 1911. On the 10th, aged 69, #Lieut.-Colonel

the Hon. George Campbell Napier, C.I.E.#, Bengal Army, second

son of the first Lord Napier of Magdala, and heir-presumptive to

the Barony; had served as Assistant Commissioner of the Punjaub

in 1867, and superintendent of Kaparthala State, 1885-7. On the

11th, aged 87, #Sir Charles Champagne des Voeux#, sixth Baronet,

succeeded his brother 1894; m., 1853, Katharina, dau. of T. W.

Richardson; she d. 1895; succeeded by his s. On the 11th, aged

80, #Arthur Houston, LL.D., K.C.#, a prominent Irish barrister in

civil (especially bankruptcy) and criminal cases; Liberal candidate

for Derry (North), 1895; had practised at the English Bar since

1897. About the 11th, aged about 78, #Mlle. Marie Chassevant#,

Professor at the Geneva Conservatoire 1895-1912, and founder of

a new system of musical teaching. On the 11th, aged 65, #George

Ernest Herman#, sometime President of the Obstetrical Society of

London, an eminent obstetric physician. On the 12th, murdered at

Philippopoli, #Colonel Sadik Bey#, originally one of the leaders

of the Turkish revolution, subsequently opposed the Union and

Progress movement and helped to found the Liberal _Entente_. On

the 15th, aged 80, the #Rev. Richard Rhodes Bristow#, Hon. Canon

of Rochester Cathedral, and Canon Missioner of Southwark Cathedral

since 1905; Vicar of St. Stephen's, Lewisham, 1868-97, subsequently

of St. Olaves, Southwark; long Proctor in Convocation, first for

the diocese of Rochester and then for that of Southwark; sometime

Chairman of the Lewisham Board of Guardians and a member of the

London School Board, 1885-7; a preacher of some distinction and a

prominent High Churchman. On the 16th, aged 67, the #Ven. Edwin

Price#, Archdeacon of Bishop Auckland since 1908, and Rector of

Sedgefield, Durham, since 1903; acted with Bishop Westcott in

helping to settle the great miners' strike in 1892. On the 16th,

aged 70, while addressing the Berne International Peace Bureau,

of which he was Director, #Albert Gobat, LL.D.#, a member since

1890 of the Swiss National Council and previously of the Federal

Upper House; first secretary and one of the founders of the

Inter-Parliamentary Union; one of the recipients of the Nobel Peace

Prize in 1902. On the 17th, #Surgeon-General Sir Arthur Mudge

Branfoot, K.C.I.E.#, Indian Medical Service; had been President of

the Medical Board at the India Office; had served in Madras and

Burma, and done much to improve the conditions of medical treatment

of women in Madras. On the 17th, aged 55, shot by Mme. Caillaux,

#Gaston Calmette#, chief editor of the _Figaro_, on the staff of

which he had been for thirty years; had a valuable collection of

engravings and caricatures of the period of the First Empire. On

the 18th, aged 88, #James Hope#, of East Carns, East Lothian,

for two generations one of the leading agriculturists of Great

Britain; prominent in county affairs, as a Master of Foxhounds,

1870-7, and on the turf, 1866-1900; an Assistant Commissioner

on the Royal Commissions on Agriculture of 1880 and 1894; had a

large share in framing the Agricultural Holdings Act, 1883. About

the 18th, aged 95, #Charles Waddington#, sometime Professor of

Philosophy at the Sorbonne; author of works on the human mind and

on Ramus; cousin of the French statesman W. H. Waddington. On the

20th, aged 53, #John Brooks Close-Brooks#, sometime a banker in

Manchester, High Sheriff of Cheshire, 1911, and in the seventies

of the last century (as J. B. Close) a famous Cambridge oarsman.

On the 23rd, aged 82, #General Sir Thomas Edward Gordon, K.C.I.E.,

K.C.B., C.S.I.#, distinguished in the Indian Mutiny; second in

command of Sir David Forsyth's mission to the Amir of Kashgar,

1873-4; served in the Afghan War, 187982; Oriental and Military

Secretary of the Teheran Legation, 1889-93; had published "The Roof

of the World" (on the Kashgar Mission, 1876), "Persia Revisited"

(1896), and his autobiography (1906); was the twin brother of Sir

John J. H. Gordon, G.C.B., who d. November 2, 1908; the twins were

promoted General on the same day and were known as "the Gemini

Generals." On the 23rd, aged 68, =George M. Minchin, M.A., F.R.S.=,

sometime Professor of Applied Mathematics at Cooper's Hill, author

of a number of important works on physics, and a researcher of

some note. On the 24th, aged 74, =Piers Egerton-Warburton=,

Conservative M.P., for mid-Cheshire, 1876-1885. On the 25th,

aged 65, =Robert James McMordie=, Unionist M.P. for East Belfast

since 1910, and five times Mayor of the City, in which he was a

prominent solicitor. On the 25th, aged 65, =Harry Maule Crookshank=

(Crookshank Pasha), Director-General of the Egyptian Prisons

Administration, 1883-96, and Controller-General of the Daira Sanieh

Administration, 1897-1907. On the 27th, aged 66, =Lieut.-General

Sir William Freeman Kelly, K.C.B.=, Colonel Royal Sussex Regiment;

had served with distinction in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882 and

the South African War. On the 27th, aged about 50, =Harry Orbell=,

organiser of the Dockers' Union. On the 28th, aged 57, the =Rt.

Rev. Robert Fraser, D.D., LL.D.=, Roman Catholic Bishop of Dunkeld

since 1913, and sometime Rector of the Scots College, Rome. About

the 29th, aged 90, =Eleanor Whyte=, of the Women Bookbinders'

Society, one of the pioneers of trade unions for women, and a

delegate of the Trade Union Congress. On the 30th, aged 74, =Tito

Mattel=, by birth a Neapolitan, a famous pianist and composer; had

been for fifty years settled in England. On the 31st, aged 64,

the =Hon. Francis Albert Rollo Russell=, a son of the first Earl

Russell, and an authority on meteorology; had edited his father's

early correspondence. On the 31st, aged 86, =Timothy Daniel

Sullivan=, Lord Mayor of Dublin, 1886 and 1887; Nationalist M.P.

for Westmeath (N.), 1880, for Dublin City, 1885, for West Donegal,

1892-1900; imprisoned under the Crimes Act, 1888; author of much

patriotic verse, of which the best known was "God Save Ireland,"

and of some volumes in prose.

APRIL.

=The Dowager Empress of Japan= (Haruko, widow of the Emperor

Mutsuhito, who d. 1913), d. at the Numadzu Palace, April 9,

aged 63. The dau. of Prince Ichijo Tadaha, and a member of the

Fujuvana clan, she m. the late Emperor, February 9, 1869. She was

eminent for her love of art and literature, and, like her husband,

successfully adapted herself to the transition from the old to the

new order in Japan. She did much to raise the status of Japanese

women, and was active in charitable work and in supporting the Red

Cross organisation for the care of the wounded in war.

=Paul Révoil=, an eminent French diplomat, d. at Mouriez, near

Arles, on April 27, aged 58. B. at Nîmes in 1856, he became a

barrister and published a volume of verse, but in 1896 entered

the public service, and was _chef de cabinet_ successively to the

Colonial, Agricultural, and Foreign Ministers, and in 1893 became

Director of Consular Services at the Foreign Office. In 1895

he was made Assistant to the French Resident at Tunis, in 1900

Minister to Morocco; from 1901 to 1903 he was Governor-General of

Algeria, where he created the "Southern Territories," and reformed

the forest laws and the judicial system. In 1905 he was charged

with the negotiations with the German Government which led to the

Algeciras Conference, where he was first French plenipotentiary,

and on its conclusion he was sent as Ambassador to Berne. Here

he carried out important customs negotiations with the Swiss

Government, and then was transferred as Ambassador to Madrid, but

in 1910 he resigned and became a Director of the Imperial Ottoman

Bank, retiring, owing to ill-health, in 1913. A hard worker and not

of robust constitution, he spent himself in his labours, and it was

to him as much as to any man that France owes the consolidation of

her dominion in North Africa.

=Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse=, the chief German novelist of his

time, died early in April, aged 84. Born at Berlin, March 15, 1830,

the s. of a Professor of Philology and a Jewish mother, he studied

classical and romance literature of the Universities of Berlin and

Bonn, and after gaining his degree with a thesis on the _refrain_

in troubadour songs, he travelled in Switzerland and Italy

searching for historical examples of Romance literature. In 1854,

King Maximilian of Bavaria invited him to Munich, where he settled

for many years; later in life he lived at Gardone Riviera, on the

Lago di Garda. He wrote many narrative and epic poems, among them

"Francesca di Rimini," "Die Braut von Cypern," and "Ulrica," some

fifty dramas, twenty-four volumes of short stories, nine long

novels, and several works of criticism. He was regarded as "the

creator of the short story" in Germany. He was at his best as a

novelist, possessing great power of invention and of psychological

description. He also translated much from Italian and Spanish.

=Ayub Khan=, s. of the Amir Shere Ali of Afghanistan, d. at Lahore

about the middle of April, aged 59. His father having been expelled

and his brother, Yakub Khan, compelled to abdicate, the British

Government recognised Abdur Rahman as Amir, but refused to let him

keep Kandahar, and retained it for Great Britain. In June, 1880,

Ayub Khan led an army against it, and defeated General Burrow's

army at Maiwand on July 27, gaining the most decided victory

over British forces ever gained by an Asiatic leader in India.

Thereafter he laid siege to Kandahar, which was relieved by Sir F.

(afterwards Earl) Roberts on September 1 with 10,000 picked troops.

Ayub fled to Persia, but returned to revolt against Abdur Rahman in

1887 at Herat. He was defeated, however, and, after surrendering to

the British Consul at Meshed, was placed at Lahore for the rest of

life as a state prisoner.

On the 1st, aged 80, =Sir Augustus Riversdale Warren=, fifth

Baronet; served in the Crimea and Indian Mutiny; High Sheriff of

Co. Cork, 1867; succeeded his father, 1863; Conservative Candidate

for Co. Cork (S.E.), 1885; m. (1), 1864, Georgina, dau. of Rev.

J. Blennerhassett; she d. 1893; (2) 1898, Ella, dau. of Gen. J.

O. Chichester; succeeded by his s. On the 1st, aged 85, =Angelo

Mariani=, a Corsican by birth, inventor of a well-known tonic wine,

and a conspicuous figure in Parisian life. On the 3rd, aged 77,

=Susanna Ibsen=, _née_ Thoresen, daughter of a Norwegian pastor and

widow of Henrik Ibsen, the great dramatist. On the 3rd, aged 71,

=Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham, K.C.M.G.=, for twenty-five

years in the Diplomatic Service; Liberal M.P. for Berwick-on-Tweed,

1881-5; afterwards held various Colonial appointments, including

the Governorships of Mauritius and Trinidad; had written a volume

of Reminiscences, and other books. On the 3rd, aged 79, =Colonel

Edward Lacon Ommaney, C.S.I.=, served in the Mutiny in the 59th

Bengal Native Infantry, and had charge of the ex-King of Oude;

afterwards held various civil appointments on the Indian frontier.

On the 4th, aged 66, =Major-General Sir Henry Hallam-Parr, K.C.B.=,

distinguished in the Zulu War of 1879, the Egyptian Campaign of

1882, and the Sudan Campaign of 1885, commanded the N.W. district,

1902-4. On the 4th, aged 65, =Sir Richard Mottram, J.P.=, Mayor

of Salford, 1894-8. On the 4th, aged 51, =Colonel Arthur Forbes

Montanaro, C.B., M.V.O.=; distinguished in the Ashanti Campaigns

of 1895 and 1900, and commander of the Aro Expedition in Nigeria,

1901-2. On the 4th, aged 79, =Frederick Weyerhaeuser=, the

American "Lumber King"; of German origin; very little was known

of him except that he was probably the wealthiest man in America;

he was believed to own 50,000 square miles of timber lands. On

the 5th, aged 88, =Mrs. Henrietta Huxley=, _née_ Heathorn, and

widow of T. H. Huxley, the famous biologist; emigrated with her

family to Australia in 1843; the devoted helper of her husband,

and a writer in later life of verse. On the 6th, aged 89, =Edward

Marston=, sometime of the famous publishing firm of Sampson Low,

Marston & Co.; associated in this capacity with Charles Reade,

R. D. Blackmore (whose "Lorna Doone" he accepted after its

rejection elsewhere), William Black, Mrs. Beecher Stowe, Charles

Reade, Admiral Mahan, H. M. Stanley, and other authors; a great

fisherman, and author of books on fishing and other works. On

the 6th, aged about 80, the =Rev. Frederic Vaughan Mather=, hon.

Canon of Bristol and Vicar of St. Paul, Clifton, 1853-88; long

Proctor in Convocation for the diocese of Gloucester and Bristol.

On the 7th, aged 79, =Robert Edward Treston Forrest=, sometime

Indian Public Works Department; designed the Lower Ganges canal,

and discovered the Khalsi inscription; author of "Eight Days"

(Mutiny experiences), and of many articles on India. On the 7th,

aged 64, =Robert Harris=, head of the Art Department of St.

Paul's School since 1879, and an Alderman of Fulham. About the

8th, aged 43, =Major Wilfrid John Venour, D.S.O.=, Royal Dublin

Fusiliers; distinguished in the South African War and in the Aro

Expedition in Nigeria in 1902. On the 9th, aged 79, the =Rev. Canon

Joseph McCormick=, Rector since 1900 of St. James's, Piccadilly,

previously Vicar of St. Augustine's, Highbury, 1894-1900, and

of Holy Trinity, Hull, 1875-94; Chaplain in Ordinary to Queen

Victoria; in early life a noted cricketer; a prominent Evangelical.

On the 9th, aged 84, the =Rt. Hon. Sir Charles Harbord, Bt.,

G.C.V.O., K.C.B.=, fifth =Baron Suffield=; succeeded his brother,

1853; sometime 17th Hussars; a neighbour and personal friend

of King Edward VII.; in early life a prominent sportsman and

gentleman rider; m. (1), 1854, Cecilia, dau. of Henry Baring; she

d. 1911; (2), 1911, Frances, dau. of Major R. P. Gabbatt, R. A.,

and widow of Colonel C. P. Rich; succeeded by his s. On the 11th,

aged 62, as the result of a motor-car accident, =Sam Wiener=, a

prominent Belgian Liberal Senator and Brussels lawyer, sometime a

member of the Council of the Congo Free State. About the 11th, aged

58, =Heinrich Wilhelm Petri=, an eminent violinist and composer;

by birth a native of Holland, but had passed most of his career

in Germany. On the 13th, aged 42, murdered by his orderly at Tauk

on the N.W. frontier of India, =Major George Dodd=, sometime

27th Punjabis, distinguished in the Waziristan Expedition of

1901-2, Political Agent in South Waziristan since 1910, and one

of the ablest of Indian frontier officers. On the 14th, aged 87,

Frances Jane Pursell, better known under her name in religion of

=Mother St. George=, the last survivor of the band of women who

volunteered with Florence Nightingale to nurse the Crimean sick

and wounded; for over thirty years Superior of the Convent of the

Faithful Virgin at Folkestone. On the 15th, aged 78, =Major-General

Henry Edmeades, R.A.= (retired), =D.L.=, and =J.P.= for Kent; had

served in the Indian Mutiny and the Boer War. On the 15th, aged

82, =Sir John William Ramsden=, fourth Baronet, Lord of the Manor

of Huddersfield; Liberal M.P. during a period exceeding thirty

years for various constituencies of which the last was Osgoldcross

(Yorks, West Riding); Under-Secretary of State for War, 1857-8; m.,

1865, Lady Helen St. Maur, dau. of Duke of Somerset; she d. 1910;

succ. by his s. On the 15th, aged 56, =Sir Delves Louis Broughton=,

tenth Baronet; succeeded his father 1899; m. (1), 1881, Rosamond,

dau. of J. L. Broughton (she d. 1885); (2) 1887, Mary Evelyn,

dau. of R. H. Cotton; succeeded by his s. On the 15th, aged 53,

=McMurdo Pasha= (Capt. Arthur Montagu Murdo, D.S.O., F.R.C.S.),

distinguished in the Sudan in 1888-9 and sometime Director of the

Egyptian Government Service for the repression of the Slave Trade.

On the 15th, aged 80, =General Sir George Digby Barker, G.C.B.=;

distinguished in the Indian Mutiny; sometime Assistant Director

of Education at the War Office; commander of the forces in China,

1890-5; Governor of the Bermudas, 1896-1902. On the 16th, aged

67, =Hermann Ahlwardt=, sometime a schoolmaster in Germany, but

best known as a violent anti-Semite. On the 17th, aged 74, the

=Rt. Rev. Monsignor Walter Croke Robinson=, sometime Fellow of New

College, Oxford; went over to Rome, 1872; Rector of the Catholic

University College, Kensington, 1875-8; a well-known and popular

preacher; in his youth a keen cricketer. On the 18th, aged 79,

the =Rev. Walter John Edmonds, B.D.= (Lambeth), Chancellor and

sometime Canon of Exeter Cathedral; a C.M.S. missionary in India,

1860-3; Rector of High Bray, Devon, 1874-85, Vicar of St. George,

Twerton, 1889-91; Proctor in Convocation for the Dean and Chapter

of Exeter; author of a remarkable paper on "The Bible in History."

About the 18th, aged 54, at Avignon, =Samuel Rutherford Crockett=,

the well-known Scottish "Kailyard" novelist; sometime Minister of

the Free Kirk at Penicuik, Galloway; made a great success with

"The Stickit Minister," "The Lilac Sunbonnet," and other novels

about 1893; wrote in all some fifty volumes; an extremely skilful

storyteller. On the 20th, aged 77, =General the Rt. Hon. Sir Henry

Brackenbury, G.C.B., K.C.S.I., R.A.=, distinguished himself in

officially supervising aid to the wounded in the Franco-German

War, and also in West and South African warfare in the seventies

and the Nile Campaign, 1884-5. Director of Military Intelligence,

1886-91, Military Member of the Viceroy's Council in India, 1891-6;

subsequently Director of Ordnance; had written important work on

military history. On the 20th, aged 79, =Wilhelm von Breitling=,

sometime Prime Minister of Würtemberg and author of the reform of

its Parliament, completed in 1906. On the 21st, aged 77, =Sir Edwin

Durning-Lawrence=, first Baronet, cr. 1898, Liberal Unionist M.P.

for Cornwall (Truro), 1895-1906; stood there unsuccessfully 1906

and 1910; best known for his ingenious work "Shakespeare is Bacon,"

and for its abridged version, "The Shakespeare Myth." He m.,

1874, Edith, dau. of J. B. Smith, and in 1898 took the surname of

Durning. On the 21st, aged 72, the =Rev. Robert Bolton Ransford=,

Vicar since 1895 of St. Paul's, Upper Norwood, and Canon of

Rochester, a strong Evangelical; indirectly originated the Girls'

Friendly Society. On the 24th, aged 86, =Sir John Wrixon-Becher=,

third Baronet; succeeded his brother, 1893; m., 1857, Lady Emily

Hare, dau. of the second Earl of Listowel; succeeded by his s.

On the 24th, aged 58, =Vice-Admiral Robert Henry Simpson Stokes,

R.N.=, just appointed senior officer on the Irish coast, and

recently Superintendent of Devonport dockyard. On the 25th, aged

81, =Baron Geza Fejervary=, Prime Minister of Hungary during

the crisis of 1905-6, when he represented the Crown against the

Parliament; Minister of National Defence till 1903, and chief

organiser of the Houved Army; distinguished in the Austro-Italian

War of 1862. On the 25th, aged 60, =William Otto Adolph Julius

Danckwerts, K.C.=, an eminent and learned barrister of the Inner

Temple; specially skilled in taxation and local government law.

On the 25th, aged 83, #Dr. Edward Suess#, Professor of Geology

at Vienna University, a noted seismologist, and a member of the

City Council and the Reichsrath. On the 26th, #Thomas J. Barratt#,

head of the firm of A. & F. Pears, the well-known soap-makers,

whose business he increased greatly by lavish advertisement;

his reproductions of Millais's "Bubbles" as a poster was the

foundation of the modern application of art to advertising; a keen

art collector and author of a volume of "Annals of Hampstead." On

the 26th, aged 71, #George Frederik Baer#, an eminent American

railroad lawyer; began life as a printer, served in the War of

Secession, and was a confidential adviser of J. Pierpont Morgan

and President of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company;

a keen adversary of trade unionism. On the 26th, aged 60, the

#Rev. Arthur Newton Johnson#, secretary since 1892 of the London

Missionary Society, whose income he greatly increased; joint author

with Dr. Wardlaw Thompson of a work on British Foreign Missions,

previously a Congregationalist pastor. On the 27th, suddenly, aged

60, #Sir George Doughty#, M.P. for Grimsby since 1895, except

between the two elections of 1910; a Liberal, 1895-8, subsequently

a militant Unionist and ultimately a keen Tariff Reformer; twice

Mayor of Grimsby and a leader in its fishing industry; began life

as a joiner; had done much to promote the growth of Grimsby;

knighted 1904. On the 27th, aged 59, #George Chawner#, Fellow and

Librarian of King's College, Cambridge; Eighth Classic, 1877,

and a Chancellor's medallist, Bell Scholar 1894, Porson Prizeman

1896. On the 28th, aged 61, #William Edwin Harvey#, Labour M.P.

for North-East Derbyshire since 1907, a prominent official of the

Derbyshire Miners' Association and a Primitive Methodist local

preacher. On the 30th, aged 75, #Philippe van Tieghem#, an eminent

French botanist. Among the deaths also reported during the month

were those of #James Henry Apjohn, M.A.#, late chief engineer,

Inland Public Works Department, who constructed the Orissa Coast

Canal and completed the Kidderpore Docks at Calcutta; and of

#George Borthwick#, a prominent Chancery barrister, sometime

captain of the Uppingham School eleven, who rowed in the Cambridge

boat in the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race in 1864 and 1865.

MAY.

=The Duke of Argyll.=--Sir John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth

Duke of Argyll in the Peerage of Scotland and second in that of the

United Kingdom, hereditary chief of the Clan Campbell, K.G., K.T.,

G.C.M.G., died of double pneumonia, May 2, aged 69. To his own

generation he was probably better known as the Marquess of Lorne.

B. August 6, 1845, and educated at Edinburgh Academy, Eton, St.

Andrews University, and Trinity College, Cambridge, he was Liberal

M.P. for Argyllshire, 1868-78, and married Princess Louise, dau.

of Queen Victoria, March 21, 1871. When his father was Secretary

of State for India (1868-71) he was his private secretary; he

was made a Privy Councillor in 1875, and was Governor-General of

Canada 1878-83. In 1892 he contested Central Bradford as a Liberal

Unionist, and from 1895 to 1900 represented South Manchester,

but in 1900 succeeded his father in the Dukedom. King Edward

VII. appointed him Chancellor of the Order of St. Michael and

St. George; he was Hereditary Master of the King's Household in

Scotland, and at the Coronations of King Edward and King George he

bore the Sceptre and the Garter. He was hon. Colonel of the 3rd

Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, the London Scottish, and other

regiments, and a loyal Scottish patriot. A many-sided man, his

tastes were rather literary than, like his father's, philosophic

or scientific, and he wrote verse, books on travel, on Imperial

politics, and on Scottish social history. Among them were "A Trip

to the Tropics and Home through America" (1867); "Guido and Lita"

(1875); "Imperial Federation" (1885); a Life of Palmerston (1892);

"The Life and Times of Queen Victoria" (1901); "Passages from the

Past" (1907); and "Yesterday and To-day in Canada" (1910). He left

no issue, and was succeeded by his nephew.

=Sir Joseph Wilson Swan=, the eminent electrician and photographic

chemist, died at his house at Warlingham, Surrey, on May 28, aged

85. B. October 31, 1828, at Sunderland, he served as assistant

to a chemist and druggist in order to learn chemistry, and

then was employed by a firm of chemical manufacturers. With

a fellow-employee named Mawson he took up the manufacture of

photographic chemicals, and the firm of Mawson & Swan became

famous, introducing the gelatine dry plate (1877), bromide paper

(1879), and the carbon or autotype process which Swan invented.

He also introduced improvements in electro-metallurgy, and the

Swan incandescent electric lamp, the forerunner of all those of

which the use eventually became established. He was made F.R.S.

in 1894, and ten years later was awarded the Hughes medal of the

Society and was knighted. He had been President of the Society of

Chemical Industry and the Institution of Electrical Engineers, and

Vice-President of the Senate of University College, London. He had

numerous honorary distinctions and medals, and was a Chevalier of

the Legion of Honour. He m. (1), 1862, Frances, dau. of W. White,

she d. 1868; (2), Hannah, dau. of W. White; and he left a family.

=Francis Kossuth=, leader of the Independence party in Hungary

and sometime Minister of Commerce, died after a painful illness

at Budapest on May 25, aged 72. B. in Budapest in October, 1841,

he was captured in 1849 by the Austrian troops and restored to

his father the famous Hungarian revolutionist, at Kutchia in

Turkey, after the failure of the revolution, and was educated at

Harrow, the University of London (where he won a prize in 1859),

and the Paris _École Polytechnique_. Becoming an engineer, he

was employed in the construction of the Forest of Dean Railway,

of the Mont Cenis Tunnel, and of the Ligurian railways, and as

managing engineer of a British coal-mining enterprise in the

Romagna. In 1877 he settled at Naples as Director of the Impresa

Industriale Italiana. He was invited, after the restoration of

the Hungarian Constitution, to take an active part in Hungarian

politics, and was even elected by two constituencies. But it was

only on attending his father's funeral in 1894, at Budapest, that

he decided to accept the invitation to become the titular chief

of the "Party of 1848," and took the oath of allegiance; in 1895

he was elected deputy for Tapolca, in 1896 for Czegled, which he

represented till his death. He was, at any rate nominally, leader

of the ultra-Nationalist Opposition or "Independence party" against

the successive Ministries of Bánffy, Szell, Khuen-Hedervary,

Szapáry and Tisza, exercising influence both in Parliament and

through articles in the _Egyetertes_. In 1905 his party won a great

victory at the general election, and his name was submitted to

the Emperor-King as Prime Minister; but an "extra-Parliamentary

Ministry of Combat" was formed under Baron Fejervary, and to this

he offered strenuous resistance. In 1906 the Emperor gave way

and accepted a Nationalist Ministry, in which Kossuth took the

portfolio of Commerce; but in 1909 the party, after falsifying most

of its promises, split on the question of an independent Hungarian

State Bank, and the extremists under Justh outnumbered his section.

The Ministry then fell, and Count Khuen-Hedervary succeeded (A.R.,

1910, p. 318). The Nationalists' split reduced them to impotence.

Kossuth was not in fact a militant politician, and was forced into

politics as his father's son. He was a man of many accomplishments,

an artist and a musician. He m. (1), 1876, Emily Hoggins, an

Englishwoman; (2), 1914, the widow of Count Beyrovski.

=Don Eugenio Montero Rios=, Prime Minister of Spain in 1905, and

Liberal leader 1903-6, died at Madrid on May 12, aged 82. Born

at Santiago di Compostella, he was destined for the priesthood,

but became a barrister and a teacher of ecclesiastical law. In

1864 he became Professor of Canon Law at Madrid University, and

in 1869 entered the Cortes as a follower of Ruiz Zorilla. One of

his first speeches there was in defence of freedom of worship.

As Minister of Justice in General Prim's Cabinet he introduced

important judicial reforms, and he drew up King Amedeo's Act of

Abdication. After this he retired from politics for a time, but

accepted the Restored monarchy, and in 1881 became one of the

founders of the Radical party and was Minister of Justice in 1889.

In 1895 he was one of the negotiators of the peace with the United

States at Paris. In 1903, after Sagasta's death, he was elected

leader of the Liberal party, and in 1905 became Prime Minister,

but resigned during the conflict caused by the conduct of certain

officers in Barcelona in 1905, and was succeeded by Señor Moret. He

resigned the Liberal leadership in 1906, but remained the Nestor

of the party, occasionally exercising a decisive influence in its

internal crises. Amongst the reforms he introduced were civil

registration, civil marriage, important alterations in criminal law

and procedure, and the appointment of Judges for life.

=William Aldis Wright=, one of the leading English scholars of his

time, died at Cambridge on May 19, aged 82. The son of William

Wright, a Nonconformist minister, he was educated at Beccles

Grammar School, and Trinity College, Cambridge, becoming Scholar

and eventually Librarian, and assumed the name of Aldis on taking

his B.A. degree in 1858. He had been 18th Wrangler in 1856, and

was one of the earliest Nonconformist graduates of his University.

His earliest work consisted in a number of articles in Smith's

"Dictionary of the Bible"; in the 'sixties of the last century

he edited "Bacon's Essays" for the Golden Treasury Series, and

collaborated in editing the "Globe Shakespeare" and the "Cambridge

Shakespeare," and in starting the _Journal of Philology_ in 1868.

He was Secretary of the Old Testament Revision Committee throughout

its existence (1870-85), Senior Bursar of his College, and Syndic

of the University Press, 1872-1910. He edited mediæval English

works for the Early English Text Society, and the literary remains

and letters of his intimate friend Edward Fitzgerald, and produced

editions of Milton and Ascham, as well as an edition of a Hebrew

commentary on the Book of Job. An expert alike in palæography and

bibliography, he was best known for his work in English literature.

=Madame Nordica=, the celebrated _prima donna_ (in private life

Mrs. George Washington Young, and before her marriage Lilian

Norton), died on May 10, at Batavia, through a chill contracted

aboard the steamer _Tasman_, stranded _en route_ from Queensland.

B. at Farmington, Maine, she studied music in Boston, and made her

first appearance in England at the Crystal Palace in 1878. She then

studied at Milan under Sangiovanni, and appeared in grand opera

("La Traviata" as Violetta) at Brescia in 1879. Her chief part was

Marguerite in Gounod's "Faust"; but she sang repeatedly also in

Wagner's operas, notably the part of Elsa in "Lohengrin" in 1894.

She was a familiar and famous figure on the operatic stage in

London, Paris, and St. Petersburg.

On the 1st, aged 65, =Sir James Henderson=, managing proprietor

of the _Belfast Newsletter_ and _Belfast Weekly News_; first

Lord Mayor of the extended city of Belfast, 1898. About the 3rd,

=Robert Kaye Grey, M. Inst. C.E.=, President of the Institute of

Electrical Engineers in 1903; sometime engineer-in-chief to the

Silvertown Telegraph Works, and an electrician of some eminence. On

the 3rd, suddenly, on a steamer on Lake Ontario, aged 50, the =Rev.

Charles Silvester Horne=, Liberal M.P. for Ipswich and a prominent

Congregationalist Minister; had been pastor of Whitefield's Church,

Tottenham-Court Road, 1903-14; an active promoter of religious

and social work, especially the "Brotherhood Movement"; m. Miss

Cozens-Hardy, dau. of the Master of the Rolls. On the 4th, in

New York, aged 88, =Major-General Daniel Edgar Sickles, U.S.A.=;

commanded the Third Army Corps at the battle of Gettysburg, and

saw much service in the Civil War; in early life a lawyer, member

of the New York State Senate 1856-7, and a member of Congress for

New York 1857-61; had also been Secretary of Legation in London

in 1853-5, and Minister to the Hague 1866, and to Madrid 1869-73;

member of Congress 1892-4; awarded medal of honour for gallantry at

Gettysburg. On the 5th, aged 48, =Reginald Jaffray Lucas=, Unionist

M.P. for Portsmouth 1900-6. On the 8th, aged 76, the =Rev. Henry

Hahoney Davey=, Chancellor of Chichester Cathedral, of some note as

an archæologist, and a prominent Freemason. On the 9th, aged 52,

=Paul Heroult=, a distinguished French metallurgist and engineer.

About the 9th, aged 76, =Admiral Edgar Humann= of the French Navy,

who forced his way up the River Menam to obtain satisfaction from

Siam for French claims in 1893; had been Commander-in-Chief of the

French Fleet in the Mediterranean, 1897-8. On the 9th, =Charles

W. Post=, as well-known American manufacturer of cereal foods and

a strong opponent of trade unionism. On the 10th, aged 61, =Sir

William Alexander Smith=, of Glasgow, founder and secretary of

the Boys' Brigade. About the 10th, aged 70, =Colonel W. Holden

Webb=, sometime of the British and Indian Army, subsequently

Acting Commandant of the New Zealand Defence Forces, and a member

and Secretary of the Council of Defence of the Dominion. On the

11th, aged 95, =Frederick Pennington=, Liberal M.P. for Stockport

1874-85; a member of the Council of the anti-Corn Law League,

and a friend of Bright and Cobden. On the 11th, aged 64, =James

Reid Wilson=, of Montreal, a prominent Canadian millionaire and

collector of pictures. On the 13th, aged 70, =Henry Richardson=,

from 1870 to 1905 a master at Marlborough College, and one of the

most devoted friends of the school. On the 13th, aged 72, =Charles

Trice Martin, F.S.A.=, of the Record Office; hon. secretary of

the Pipe Rolls Society; had edited and written important works

on the Public Records, and assisted in calendaring various State

Papers. On the 14th, aged 76, =Major-General Thomas Scovell Bigge,

C.B.=, a Crimean and Mutiny veteran; had served in the expedition

for the relief of Lucknow. On the 14th, aged 58, =Frederick de

Bartzch Monk=, one of the leaders of the Canadian Conservative

parties and member for Jacques Cartier in the Dominion Parliament

since 1896; was Minister of Public Works in the Borden Ministry,

1911, but retired owing to his connexion with Quebec Nationalism;

a learned constitutional lawyer and son of an eminent Judge.

About the 14th, aged 74, =William Wainwright=, Vice-President

of the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, and in its service since

1862; a Manchester man. On the 18th, drowned in Ceylon, =Edward

Russell Ayrton=, Archæological Commissioner for that Colony, and

previously connected with the Egypt Exploration Fund, where he did

much valuable work. On the 18th, aged 67, =Admiral Sir Charles

Carter Drury, G.C.B., G.C.V.O.=, Second Sea Lord of the Admiralty

1902-5; Commander-in-Chief in the Mediterranean 1907-8, and at the

Nore 1908-11; a native of New Brunswick. On the 19th, aged 56,

=Mrs. Margaret Mary Russell Cooke=, dau. of Eustace Smith, M.P.

for Tynemouth; m. (1) Ashton Dilke, brother of Sir Charles Dilke;

(2) W. Russell Cooke, barrister; was on the London School Board

1889-92. On the 19th, aged 78, =John Wesley Hales=, Professor of

English Literature at King's College, London, 1882-1903, and twice

Clark Lecturer in English Literature at Trinity College, Cambridge;

educated at Christ's College, Cambridge; Fourth Classic and 15th

Junior Optime 1859, and a Fellow of his College; had written essays

on English literature and on Shakespeare, and edited Elizabethan

poems; a contributor to the "Dictionary of National Biography."

On the 20th, aged 51, =Alderman William Thompson=, a well-known

housing expert and manager of a "garden city" enterprise; sometime

Mayor of Richmond, Surrey. About the 20th, aged 54, =Stephen

Townesend, F.R.C.S.=, husband of the authoress Frances Hodgson

Burnett, with whom he collaborated in many plays; had also written

novels, chiefly concerned with hospital life. On the 21st, =Sir

Pieter Faure=, Colonial Secretary and Minister of Agriculture in

the Sprigg and Jameson Ministries in Cape Colony. On the 21st,

=Sir Francis Laking=, first Baronet, G.C.V.O., K.C.B., long one

of the physicians of the Royal Household. On the 22nd, suddenly,

in court, =Sir Thomas Crossley Rayner=, Chief Justice of British

Guiana since 1912, previously Attorney-General; Chief Justice of

Lagos 1895-1902; a native of Manchester. On the 22nd, aged 82,

the =Rev. Arthur Mursell=, long a prominent Baptist Minister;

pastor of the Stockwell (South Lambeth) Baptist Chapel 1866-78 and

1887-1909; also an able popular lecturer, and one of the small

body of Nonconformist Unionists. On the 23rd, aged 64, =Charles

Davis, M.V.O.=, a prominent London art dealer and expert. On the

23rd, aged 75, =Philip Henry Pye-Smith, M.D., F.R.S.=, for many

years on the medical staff of Guy's Hospital and a prominent London

consultant; had edited and written important medical works. On the

23rd, aged 72, =Sir Alexander Campbell= of Aberuchill and Kilbryde,

sixth Baronet; succeeded his father 1903; Colonel R.H.A. (ret.);

m. (1) Edith, dau. of Alexander Jauncy; she d. 1884; (2) Annie,

dau. of R. H. Mitford and widow of Walter James; succeeded by his

(second) s. On the 24th, aged 69, =David=, eleventh =Viscount

Arbuthnott=; succeeded his brother 1895; succeeded by his brother.

On the 25th, aged 98, the =Rev. John Birch-Reynardson=, for

sixty-nine years Rector of Careby with Holywell, Lincolnshire;

had restored Careby Church at his own cost, and was well known

for his benevolence. On the 25th, aged 76, =Sir Francis Flint

Belsey=, Chairman of the Council of the Sunday School Union; and

President of the World's First Sunday School Convention 1889;

Liberal candidate for Kent (Faversham) 1885, Rochester 1886; twice

Mayor of Rochester, his native place, and for twenty-seven years

on its School Board. On the 25th, aged 53, =Heinrich Vogelsang=,

agent of Herr Lüderitz of Hamburg in founding in 1883 the first

German settlement at Angra Pequeña, which next year became the

German colony of South-West Africa. On the 26th, aged 85, =Sir

John Heathcoat-Amory=, first Baronet (cr. 1874); Liberal M.P. for

Tiverton 1868-85; a well-known master of foxhounds; assumed his

grandfather's name and arms of Heathcoat 1874; m. 1863, Henrietta,

dau. of William Unwin; succeeded by his s. On the 29th, aged 75,

=Paul von Mauser=, inventor of the Mauser rifle; son of a gunsmith,

he worked at Liège with his brother, supported by an American

capitalist named Norris, at improving the Prussian needle-gun from

1867 onwards, and secured the adoption of his weapon by the German

army in 1871; improved types followed until 1898; also invented

self-loading pistols, and claimed to have supplied 8,000,000

weapons; held many distinctions and orders, and was a member of

the Reichstag 1898-1903. On the 29th, aged 67, =Prince Peter

Dimitrievitch Sviatopolk-Mirski=, Russian Minister of the Interior

1904-5; previously Governor of various Russian provinces; regarded

when Minister as inclined to Liberalism. On the 29th, drowned in

the _Empress of Ireland_, aged 61, =Sir Henry Seton-Karr=, Unionist

member for Lancs. S.W. (St. Helens) 1885-1906, a well-known

sportsman and big game shot and writer on sport; and also =Mr.

Laurence Irving=, younger son of Sir Henry Irving, an actor and

playwright of distinction, and his wife (known on the stage as

=Miss Mabel Hackney=), at one time leading lady in Sir Henry

Irving's company. On the 30th, aged 62, =General Von Deines=, head

of a department in the Great General Staff of the German Army,

1901-6; reformed the Garrison Artillery so as to enable it to

be used in the field, thus preparing effectively for the war of

1914. On the 30th, aged 78, the =Rev. Leonard Edmund Shelford=,

Prebendary of St. Paul's and Rector since 1903 of St. Martin's

in the Fields; previously Rector of Stoke Newington 1886-1903,

and Vicar of St. Matthew's, Upper Clapton, 1866-86; an earnest

worker and a Liberal Churchman. On the 30th, aged 81, =Colonel

Oliver Ormerod Walker=, Conservative M.P. for Salford 1877-80, and

High Sheriff of Lancashire 1876. On the 30th, aged 50, =Professor

George Dean= of Aberdeen University, an eminent bacteriologist. On

the 30th, aged 56, =John Sutherland Sinclair=, seventeenth =Earl

of Caithness=; had spent most of his life in the United States;

succeeded his father in 1891; unmarried; succeeded by his brother.

On the 30th, aged 55, =Dr. Philipp Schwartzkopff=, long virtual

Minister of Education in Prussia, and since 1912 Ober-Prësident

of the Prussian province of Posen. On the 30th, aged 80, =Surgeon

Major-General Robert Lewer=; had served in the Russian War of 1856

and distinguished himself in the Afghan War of 1878.

JUNE.

=The Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Este= (Franz Ferdinand

Karl Ludwig Joseph) was murdered at Sarajevo on June 28. The

eldest s. of the Emperor Francis Joseph's brother, the Archduke

Charles Louis, and of his wife Maria Annunziata, dau. of Ferdinand

II., King of Naples, he was brought up under the direction, from

the age of eight, of his stepmother, Maria Theresa, dau. of Don

Miguel of Portugal. His training made him a devout and convinced

supporter of Clericalism in Austria, a good rider and shot, and

a painstaking cavalry officer, and his natural tastes were those

of a country gentleman; but he had devoted no special attention

to public affairs till the suicide or murder of the Crown Prince

Rudolph in 1889. Then he became heir to the thrones of the Dual

Monarchy and was slowly, and with some resentment on his part at

the scant confidence shown him by the Emperor, initiated into its

politics. In 1889 he was sent round the world on a warship, and

on his return published an account of his travels. This shows him

to have been a pleasant, energetic youth, of wide interests and

considerable intellectual activity, gifted, as he says, with a

mania for museums, and quite ready to join in the deck sports of

a liner or the time-honoured ceremony of receiving, and paying

toll to, Father Neptune on crossing the Line. In the course of

his tour he stayed with the Marquess of Lansdowne, then Viceroy

of India, on whom he made a very favourable impression. In 1900

he m. the Countess von Chotek (_post_) and resigned her right and

that of his future children to the Crowns of Austria and Hungary.

She was believed to exercise a controlling influence over him;

and popular rumour credited him with strong proclivities for the

Clerical and Christian Socialist parties, with hostility to the

Magyars, and with a desire to counterbalance their power by the

strengthening of the Slav elements in the Austrian dominions,

whom he hoped to see converted to Roman Catholicism. He proposed

to bring representatives of Bohemia and Poland, as well as of

Austria and Hungary, when he attended the coronation of King Edward

VII.; and he resented the telegram of thanks sent by the German

Emperor to the Austrian Emperor after the Congress of Algeciras.

He was believed, also, to have favoured a forward policy for

Austria-Hungary in South-Eastern Europe, and to have promoted

the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1913 he visited

King George V. and was personally much liked by those who had

met him, and he was expected to prove a thoroughly earnest and

conscientious, though somewhat reactionary, ruler.

=The Duchess of Hohenberg=, before her marriage Countess Sophie

Maria Josephine Albine Chotek of Chotkowa and Wognin, belonged to

an ancient and in earlier days an illustrious Bohemian family;

she was b. at Stuttgart, March 1, 1868, m. the Archduke Franz

Ferdinand morganatically July 1, 1899. When he met her she was

lady-in-waiting to the Archduchess Isabella, wife of the Archduke

Frederick of Austria. It was purely a love match, and entailed

the resignation by the bridegroom of all rights attaching to his

offspring, though it was doubtful whether the renunciation was

valid in Hungary. She was a devoted wife, a fervent Catholic, and

was believed to keep her husband's bellicose tendencies in check.

Her position at the Court of Vienna was an extremely difficult one;

but it was gradually regularised, by the conferment upon her of the

title of Princess of Hohenberg in 1900, of that of Serene Highness,

for herself and her descendants, in 1905, and of Duchess of

Hohenberg in 1909. In private life she was an enthusiastic poultry

fancier. She left three children.

=The Grand Duke of Mecklenburg Strelitz= (Adolf Friedrich) died

June 11, aged 65. The s. of Grand Duke Friedrich Wilhelm and of

Princess Augusta, daughter of the Duke of Cambridge, he was b.

July 22, 1848, and succeeded his father May 30, 1904. He m. in

1877 Princess Elizabeth of Anhalt, and was succeeded by his only

s. Adolph Friedrich. One of his two daughters m. Prince Danilo of

Montenegro. He was a first cousin of Queen Mary, her mother and his

having been sisters. He was a Knight of the Garter. Alone among

German princely houses, his family boasts a Slavonic origin.

=The Earl of Wemyss.=--Francis Wemyss Charteris Douglas, tenth Earl

of Wemyss, Earl of March in the Peerage of Scotland, and Baron

Wemyss in that of the United Kingdom, died after a short illness

in London on June 30, aged 95. B. August 4, 1818, s. of the ninth

Earl of Wemyss and of Lady Louisa Bingham, dau. of the second Earl

of Lucan, he was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, and

represented East Gloucestershire as a Conservative 1841-6, and East

Lothian as an independent Liberal-Conservative 1847-83, when he

succeeded his father in the peerage. He was a Lord of the Treasury

in the Aberdeen Ministry of 1853-5, but never again held office,

and probably never sought it, for he became practically independent

of party. He spoke and voted against the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill

of 1851; he supported the Palmerston Ministry after Lord Aberdeen's

resignation in 1865; and in later years he became one of the most

decided individualists in public life, opposing the reform of the

game laws (1865), the reform of the Scottish law of hypothec so as

to do away with the preferential right of the landlord over other

creditors of the tenant, the legalisation of "peaceful picketing"

in trade disputes, and the Irish land legislation interfering with

freedom of contract from 1870 onwards. He was one of the chief

promoters of the Liberty and Property Defence League, and was

strongly adverse to legislative interference between employers

and employed. His greatest service to his country doubtless lay

in his active promotion of the Volunteer movement. He commanded

the London Scottish 1859-79; and was one of the founders of the

National Rifle Association and Chairman of its Council 1860-7 and

1869-70; and he presented it with the Echo Challenge Shield for

competition. He also took much interest in the fine arts, and

exercised great influence throughout his career on the treatment of

the national collections by the Government. He took an important

part also in promoting the Medical Act of 1858, which established

the General Medical Council and the Medical Register, thus giving a

definite status to the medical profession; and he was a member of

the Trade Union Commission of 1867. He frequently spoke on foreign

politics, and with knowledge. He had been described as a type of

"the cross-bench mind," and also as a Palmerstonian Liberal with

a turn for individualism. He was personally very handsome, and

physically and mentally active and energetic. He m. (1), 1843, Lady

Anne Anson, dau. of the first Earl of Lichfield; she died 1896;

(2) 1900, Grace, dau. of Major Blackburn. He was succeeded by his

fourth s., Lord Elcho.

=The Right Hon. Sir William Reynell Anson, D.C.L.=, third Baronet,

Warden of All Souls' College, Oxford, and M.P. for Oxford

University, died at Oxford on June 4, aged 70. Educated at first

privately, then at Eton and Balliol, he obtained a First Class in

Moderations (1863) and in the Final Classical School (1865), and

was elected Fellow of All Souls in 1867. He practised at the Bar

till 1873, when he succeeded his father in the baronetcy, and in

1874 was appointed Vinerian Reader in English Law at Oxford, where

he took an active part in promoting the foundation of a School of

Law. In 1880 he unsuccessfully contested West Staffordshire as

a Liberal, and in 1881 was elected Warden of his College on the

death of Dr. Leighton. In 1884 he became a member of the Hebdomadal

Council and in 1898 was Vice-Chancellor; he was also Chairman of

Oxfordshire Quarter Sessions and an Alderman of the City of Oxford.

In 1899 he was elected (Unionist) M.P. for Oxford University on

the death of Sir John Mowbray. In 1902 he was made Parliamentary

Secretary of the Board of Education, and, as the representative of

the Education Department in the House of Commons, he had much to

do with defending and bringing into operation the Education Act

of 1903. He wrote "The Principles of the Law of Contract" (1879),

and "The Law and Custom of the Constitution" (1881), both of which

became standard works and passed through several editions. He was a

Fellow of Eton College and a Trustee of the British Museum, and was

very active in University work. He instructed the Prince of Wales

in Constitutional history. He never married, and was succeeded by

his nephew, who was drowned not long afterwards (p. 101).

On the 1st, =Mrs. G. D. Day=, known professionally as =Miss Lily

Hall Caine=, sister of the eminent novelist, and distinguished

as an actress; had published reminiscences of Dante Gabriel

Rossetti and his sister Christina. On the 1st, aged 61, =Henri

Roujon=, Permanent Secretary since 1903 of the Paris Academy

of Fine Arts, and previously secretary to many leading French

statesmen. On the 1st, aged 54, =Charles Alston Smith-Ryland,

J.P.=, originally Smith, High Sheriff of Warwickshire, 1895; for

a time Unionist candidate for the Stratford-on-Avon division, he

retired through ill-health; took his second surname on inheriting

a large part of the estate of Miss Ryland, whose engagement to

him was discountenanced by her parents. About the 1st, aged 65,

=Jacob A. Riis=, by birth a Dane, a well-known social worker in

New York, had done much to clear its slums, and written important

books on its social problems. On the 2nd, aged 78, =Major-General

the Hon. Sir Savage Lloyd Mostyn, K.C.B.=, son of the second Lord

Mostyn; sometime 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, had served in the

Crimea and Indian Mutiny and distinguished himself in the Ashanti

War of 1873. On the 2nd, aged 89, the =Rev. John Wirken=, sometime

Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, eighth Wrangler

1848; mathematical master at the Perse School, Cambridge, 1865-91.

On the 3rd, aged 62, County Court Judge =James Valentine Austin=,

of the Inner Temple, Judge of the Bristol circuit since 1892, had

also frequently served as an arbitrator in trade disputes. About

the 3rd, aged 84, =Sir George Bingham, K.P.=, Bart., fourth =Earl

of Lucan=, Vice-Admiral of Connaught, and a representative Peer for

Ireland; had served in the Crimea as his father's aide-de-camp, and

been Conservative M.P. for Mayo 1865-74; succeeded his father 1888;

m., 1859, Lady Cecilia Gordon-Lennox, dau. of the fifth Duke of

Richmond; succeeded by his s. About the 3rd, aged 66, =Sir Stanley

Ismay, K.C.S.I.=, late Judicial Commissioner for the Central

Provinces of India. On the 3rd, =Joseph Reynolds Green, D.Sc.,

F.R.S.=, Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge; sometime Professor

of Botany to the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. On the

4th, aged 69, =Sir Douglas Straight=, Judge of the High Court of

Judicature at Allahabad 1879-92; editor of the _Pall Mall Gazette_

1896-1909; had had a large practice at the Bar in the seventies of

the last century, chiefly at the Central Criminal Court, and had

been Conservative M.P. for Stafford 1870-4; contested the borough

again unsuccessfully in 1892; had written boys' books in early

life and done much journalism; very active in philanthropic work.

On the 5th, aged 77, =Henry James Stuart-Richardson=, fifth =Earl

Castlestewart=; m., 1866, Augusta, widow of Major Hugh Massey;

succeeded by his cousin. On the 6th, aged 81, =Walter Theodore

Watts-Dunton=, poet, novelist, and critic; till middle life a

solicitor, he joined the London _Examiner_, a literary weekly

paper, in 1874, and the _Athenæum_ in 1875, writing reviews, mainly

of poetry and romances, almost weekly in the latter till about

1908; wrote much verse, and edited the works of George Borrow, whom

he had known; published "Aylwin", 1898; took his mother's surname

of Dunton 1897; a close friend of the poet Swinburne, who lived

with him for some years and died in his house. On the 7th, aged 77,

the =Rev. John Stephenson=, Vicar of Boston, 1892-1905; Prebendary

of Lincoln; sometime a Missionary under the Society for the

Propagation of the Gospel, and Chaplain to the Viceroy of India.

On the 9th, aged 66, =Maxime Lecomte=, a member of the French

Senate and sometime its Vice-President. On the 10th, the =Rev.

Frederick Maule Millard=, sometime Fellow of Magdalen College,

Oxford, and Headmaster of St. Michael's College, Tenbury; Rector

of Otham 1869-1909. On the 11th, aged 78, =John Davies Davenport=,

Barrister-at-law; sometime Fellow of Brasenose College, Oxford;

Senior University Mathematical Scholar 1863. On the 11th, aged 83,

=Charlotte, Lady Dorchester=, widow of the fourth Lord Dorchester,

and only dau. of John Cam Hobhouse, first Lord Broughton, and the

intimate friend of Lord Byron, much of whose correspondence she

inherited; had published "Recollections of a Long Life." On the

12th, aged 70, =Barclay Vincent Head, D.Litt., D.C.L., Ph.D.=,

sometime keeper of the Coins and Medals at the British Museum; an

eminent numismatist, whose speciality was Greek coins; author of

a standard work, the "Historia Numorum" (1887). On the 13th, aged

79, =Adlai E. Stevenson=, of Kentucky, Vice-President of the United

States in President Cleveland's second term, 1893-7, and Assistant

Postmaster-General in his first term, 1884; entered Congress 1874;

Democratic candidate for the Vice-Presidency at the election of

1900. On the 13th, aged 65, =Admiral Sir John Durnford, G.C.B.,

D.S.O.=; distinguished in the Burmese War, 1885-6; Junior Naval

Lord of the Admiralty 1901-4; Commander-in-Chief at the Cape of

Good Hope 1904-7; President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich,

1908-11. On the 13th, aged 55, his Honour Judge =Amyas Philip

Longstaffe=, Judge of County Courts (Huddersfield circuit) since

1911. On the 14th, aged 70, the =Rev. Frederick William Spurling=,

Canon Residentiary of Chester Cathedral since 1899; had been tutor

and sub-warden of Keble College, Oxford, lecturer at Wadham and

Brasenose College, and assistant master at Westminster and Rugby.

On the 14th, aged 80, the =Rev. Thomas Osmotherley Reay=, since

1880 Vicar of St. Mary, Prittlewell, Essex, where he had done much

for Church extension; previously Vicar of Dovercourt; and for many

years Chaplain of the Essex Volunteers. On the 14th, aged 67, =Sir

Edward White, J.P., L.C.C.=, Chairman of the London County Council

1911-12, Vice-Chairman 1909-10; Municipal Reform member for West

Marylebone 1897-1907 and from 1910 to his death; in the interval

an Alderman; was instrumental in abolishing the Works Department;

was popular as Chairman, and was presented by subscription of both

parties in the Council with his portrait; knighted on the laying

of the foundation of the new County Hall, 1912. On the 14th,

=Mrs. Carlotta La Trobe=, professionally known as =Miss Carlotta

Addison=, for nearly fifty years a leading actress in comedy. On

the 15th, aged 55, =Allan Gibson Steel, K.C.=, Recorder of Oldham

since 1904; had a large legal practice in Admiralty cases; "one of

the greatest of English cricketers"; captain of the Marlborough

College Eleven in 1876-7, played four years for Cambridge against

Oxford, and frequently against Australia; an all-round cricketer;

joint author of the volume on cricket in the Badminton Series. On

the 15th, suddenly, aged 75, the =Rt. Rev. Alfred Robert Tucker=,

Bishop of Uganda, 1899-1911, previously first Bishop of Eastern

Equatorial Africa; since 1911 Canon of Durham; wrote an important

account of his work in Africa, where he had done much to promote

the spread of Christianity. On the 16th, aged 44, =Major Joseph

Andrew Benyon=, Assistant Agent-General for Quebec in London;

distinguished in the Boer War. On the 17th, aged about 75, Bennet

Burleigh, a famous war correspondent; served the Central News in

the Egyptian Campaign of 1882, and thereafter the _Daily Telegraph_

in the Soudan, Madagascar, the Ashanti War, South Africa, the

Russo-Japanese War, and the Italian War in Tripoli; had republished

several volumes of his letters; a picturesque and vigorous writer.

On the 18th, aged 61, =Major-General Villiers Hatton, C.B.=,

sometime Grenadier Guards; had served with the Nile Expedition,

1898, and commanded the British forces in South China, 1903-6. On

the 19th, aged 65, =Brandon Thomas=, a noted actor and dramatist;

best known as the adapter of an extraordinarily successful play,

"Charley's Aunt." On the 19th, aged 74, =Sir John Gray Hill=,

nephew of Rowland Hill, the postal reformer, and a prominent

Liverpool solicitor; President of the Law Society 1903-4; knighted

1904; a frequent traveller; had written a book describing his

capture by Bedouin Arabs. On the 20th, aged 73, =Sir David Hunter,

K.C.M.G.=, manager of the Natal Government Railways, 1879-1906;

did good service in this post in the Boer War. On the 21st, aged

71, =Baroness Bertha von Suttner=, dau. of Count Franz Kinsky

of the Austrian Army, and widow of Baron von Suttner; an able

Austrian novelist; her best known novel is "Die Waffen Nieder"

(1889), translated under the title "Down with your Arms" (1892);

founded the Austrian Peace Society, and worked hard in the cause

of international peace; awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905. On the

21st, aged 89, =Morgan Bransby Williams, M.Inst.C.E.=, had been

concerned in the construction in the 'forties of the last century

of several main lines in England and France, and later in Italy

and Russia; High Sheriff of Glamorganshire 1894. On the 22nd,

aged 62, =Sir George Howland William Beaumont=, tenth Baronet;

succeeded his father 1882; m. Lillie, dau. of Major-General

Craster, R.E.; succeeded by his s. On the 23rd, =Sir John Stokell

Dodds, K.C.M.G.=, Chief Justice of Tasmania. On the 24th, aged

85, =Horace Courtenay Gammell Forbes=, 20th =Baron Forbes=,

succeeded 1868; a Representative Peer for Scotland from 1874 to

1906; unmarried; succeeded by his brother; a benefactor of the

Scottish Episcopal Church. On the 24th, aged 90, the =Rev. Richard

Samuel Oldham=, long incumbent of St. Mary's Episcopal Church,

Glasgow; was instrumental in rebuilding the church, subsequently

the Episcopal Cathedral of the diocese; Dean of Glasgow 1877-8;

subsequently incumbent of Grosvenor Chapel, London, and Vicar of

Little Chart, Kent, 1881-1905; Exhibitioner of Wadham College,

Oxford, and Kennicott Hebrew Scholar. On the 26th, aged 50,

=Joseph Hugh Brain=, a cricketer of some note; captain in 1887 of

the Oxford University Cricket Club, and played four years in the

Inter-University Match. On the 27th, aged 88, =George Ogilvie,

LL.D.=, headmaster of Watson's College, Edinburgh, 1870-98; a

successful educationist. On the 28th, aged 78, =Patrick J. Foley=,

Nationalist M.P. for Galway (West) 1885-98; President of the Pearl

Assurance Company, and one of the earliest promoters of industrial

insurance in Great Britain. On the 30th, aged 82, =Georges Perrot=,

Permanent Secretary of the French Academy of Inscription, a

brilliant scholar and man of letters. On the 31st, aged 81, =Sir

Francis Campbell, F.R.G.S.=, sometime Principal of the Royal Normal

College and Academy for the Blind; son of a Tennessee farmer, and

himself blind from the age of three, he overcame his difficulties,

learnt music by dint of strenuous perseverance, and established in

1872 the institution over which he presided till 1912; ascended

Mont Blanc in 1885. On the 31st, aged 38, =Stanley Portal Hyatt=,

a colonist, explorer, and novelist; fought in the U.S. Army

during the subjugation of the Philippines, and wrote many novels

of adventure, among them "The Little Brown Brother," a striking

picture of American rule in the islands. In June, aged 74, =Raja

Sir Sourindro Mohun Tagore, C.I.E.=, Mus. Doc. Oxon, founder in

1871 of the Bengal Music School, and in 1881 of the Bengal Academy

of Music; revived the cultivation of Hindu melody and systematised

its notation; wrote many musical works, and also books on gems;

made notable collection of Indian musical instruments and of birds.

JULY.

=The Right Hon. Joseph Chamberlain= died at his house at

Highbury, Birmingham, on July 2, aged nearly 78. The son of

Joseph Chamberlain, a leading London bootmaker who became Master

of the Cordwainers' Company, and of Caroline Harben, he was b.

in Camberwell, July 8, 1836, and educated at a small private

school and at University College School. Apprenticed at sixteen

to his father's trade, he two years later joined a cousin, Joseph

Nettlefold, as a screw manufacturer in Birmingham. The firm

eventually took the first place in the trade; but Mr. Chamberlain

found time for self-improvement, for an extensive study of French,

for teaching classes in his own works and in Sunday school, and

for practising public speaking in a debating society. In 1869 he

was invited to stand for the Birmingham Town Council; in 1874-6 he

was Mayor; and he was instrumental in great local improvements,

including the municipal purchase of the gas and waterworks, and

the establishment of the free library and art gallery. Meanwhile,

in 1870, he had actively co-operated in the formation of the

National Education League, which aimed at limiting the new Board

Schools to secular instruction, and had become a member, and then

Chairman, of the Birmingham School Board. He had also openly

professed Republican views, but he completely dispelled the fears

entertained as to his conduct on the occasion of the visit of the

Prince of Wales to Birmingham in 1874 by his tact and courtesy

towards his distinguished guests. Looking for a wider sphere of

activity, he contested Sheffield at a Parliamentary bye-election

in that year, but was defeated by Mr. Roebuck; but in June, 1876,

he was returned unopposed for Birmingham. His maiden speech was on

the Education Bill, 1876, and his manner and delivery--described by

an observer as "that of a ladies' doctor"--astounded members who

had expected to see a conventional demagogue. He introduced a Bill

for "municipalising" the liquor traffic on the Gothenburg system,

and speedily rose to prominence. In 1880 he became President of

the Board of Trade in Mr. Gladstone's Ministry, and in the next

few years was the Minister responsible for a Bankruptcy Act and a

Merchant Shipping Bill, which, however, failed to pass, as well

as a Workmen's Compensation Act, but he endorsed the Ministerial

measures of coercion in Ireland. Nevertheless, he kept in close

relation with the Nationalist leaders, and was largely responsible

for the policy that led to the so-called "Kilmainham Treaty" and

the release of Mr. Parnell. At the same time, he continued to

dominate Birmingham, and the Aston Park riots, set up by Lord

Randolph Churchill's candidature (Oct. 13, 1884), led to a bitter

debate in the House of Commons. At the general election of 1885 he

inspired, and largely shaped, the Radical "unauthorised programme";

but in 1886 his nascent Imperialism helped to estrange him from

the Liberals on the Home Rule Bill, and he powerfully contributed

to its defeat. After the change of Ministry he became President of

the Local Government Board; and he was a member of the "Round Table

Conference" which early in 1887 endeavoured to reunite the Liberal

party; but during an adjournment he attacked the Nationalists in

a letter (on Welsh Disestablishment) to the _Baptist_, and the

Conference was wrecked. He supported Mr. Balfour's Irish policy in

1887 and the appointment of the Special Commission; but at the end

of the year he became a member of the Commission which arranged the

Fisheries Treaty between the United States and Canada, and, though

the United States Senate rejected it, the dispute was settled by a

_modus vivendi_. On his return he supported the Unionist policy,

and earned the bitter hatred of the Nationalists. In the general

election of 1892 his personal influence kept the Birmingham area

faithful to Liberal Unionism; and he strongly opposed the Home

Rule Bill--partly from a nascent desire for the closer union of

the Empire. It was during the final scene in the Commons on this

measure that he was denounced by a Nationalist as "Judas." He

joined the Unionist Ministry which followed the Liberal defeat on

"the cordite question" in 1895. After the dissolution of that year

he obtained a considerable representation for his followers in the

new Ministry, and himself became Colonial Secretary, investing

the post with a new importance. His main aims were, to bring the

Colonies and the Mother Country into closer relations, and to

develop the resources of the Crown Colonies; and in this latter

respect he paid special attention to the hitherto neglected British

possessions in the West Indies and West Africa. The Colonial

Procession at the Queen's Jubilee of 1897 was believed to be his

idea; and in home affairs he promoted the Workmen's Compensation

Act, old-age pensions--a reform for which, however, there was as

yet no money,--and other social legislation, including a measure,

which proved ineffective, enabling local authorities to lend money

to tenants of small houses to enable them to become owners. As

Colonial Secretary, however, his name is indivisibly linked with

the Boer War. His difficulties with President Kruger began with

the closing of the Drifts by the latter in 1895, and, when this

was settled, they were renewed by the unfortunate Jameson raid,

which was at once repudiated both by the High Commissioner, Sir

Hercules Robinson, and by Mr. Chamberlain himself. Nevertheless

the Colonial Secretary was afterwards frequently charged, quite

falsely, with having known that the raid was pending, and the

Select Committee, before which he gave evidence, failed to clear up

its inner history. Almost immediately after it, however, he invited

President Kruger to England to consult with the Imperial Government

on the political situation in the Transvaal; and the history of

the next few years is largely concerned with the struggle between

the Colonial Secretary and the Boer President over the Uitlanders'

grievance and the British suzerainty over the Transvaal.

Incidentally, however, Mr. Chamberlain alarmed the Continent in

1898 by a speech in which, referring to Russia, he quoted the adage

"Who sups with the Devil must have a long spoon." In the following

year he advocated a new Triple Alliance between Germany, Great

Britain and the United States. During the Boer War he was violently

denounced by its opponents, but public opinion in Great Britain and

the Dominions was overwhelmingly in his favour, and he vigorously

defended throughout it the justice of the British cause. During the

war, he was engaged in another and somewhat delicate negotiation,

preparatory to the passing of the Commonwealth of Australia Act

in 1900, when the outstanding subject of dispute, the question

whether an appeal should lie from the Commonwealth Courts to the

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, was ultimately settled by

a compromise. The "Khaki election" in 1900 was almost a personal

triumph for him; and in that year occurred the controversy between

himself and the German Chancellor, set up by his statement that

the most drastic measures taken in South Africa had been less

severe than those taken by the German Army in France. After the

conclusion of peace he visited South Africa (Nov., 1902-March,

1903), going out in state in the cruiser _Good Hope_ and visiting

all the South African colonies to discuss economic and other

questions arising out of the war. He made a profound impression

personally and helped very largely towards the reconciliation of

Boer and Briton; and on his return he entered into the third and

most remarkable phase of his political life--his campaign for

fiscal reform. When at the Board of Trade he had had much to do

with Sir Thomas (afterwards Lord) Farrer, the Permanent Secretary

and a strong Free Trader; but he came to entertain doubts of

the traditional Customs policy of Great Britain, and these were

increased by his experience as Colonial Secretary. Even in 1896

and 1897 he had publicly urged commercial union of the Empire, and

before leaving for South Africa he had vainly asked the Cabinet to

retain the 1_s._ duty on imported corn (which it was proposed to

remove) and to give a drawback to Canada. And on May 15, 1903, a

few hours after Mr. Balfour, then Prime Minister, had defended the

abolition of this duty, Mr. Chamberlain announced at Birmingham

that the well-being of the Empire depended on preferential trade

and tariff reform. The growing feeling for the unification of the

Empire, and the latent desire--exhibited a few years earlier in

the "Fair Trade" movement--for "protection to native industry"

ensured him a fervid response, the more so as he held out hopes of

obtaining a revenue sufficient to establish old-age pensions. For

four months there was a "fiscal truce" in the House of Commons,

owing to the divisions in the Cabinet on the question and pending

an official inquiry into the existing fiscal system; but Mr. ·

Chamberlain's arguments were severely handled in the House of

Lords, on Liberal platforms, and in print by leading economists

and others. On September 14 the Cabinet met after the recess; Mr.

Balfour submitted his own views in two papers--one subsequently

published, under the title of "Insular Free Trade"; Mr. Ritchie,

the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Lord George Hamilton, Secretary

for India, and two Under-Secretaries, resigned office as Free

Traders, and four days later it was announced that Mr. Chamberlain

himself had resigned in order to work more freely for the Union

of the Empire through preferential tariffs. The announcement was

contained in correspondence between himself and the Prime Minister,

and some complaint was made that the other retiring Ministers had

had no intimation of Mr. Chamberlain's intention. Mr. Chamberlain

himself pursued a vigorous platform campaign throughout the autumn

and established the "Tariff Commission," which produced a mass

of Reports; but the Free Food Unionists, headed by the Duke of

Devonshire, broke with him shortly afterwards, the Liberal Unionist

organisation was reconstituted in July, 1903, as a Protectionist

body, and Mr. Chamberlain, supported by the great majority of

the Unionists, continued to press his views on the nation.

Unquestionably he made many mistakes both of fact and of economic

interpretation, but his campaign was definitively checked by the

necessity, which he fully admitted, of imposing a tax on imported

food in order to give the Colonies the preference proposed. The

general election, though not for this reason alone, resulted in an

overwhelming Unionist defeat; but Mr. Chamberlain kept the flag

flying, led the Opposition in the new Parliament till Mr. Balfour,

who had lost his seat, re-entered it, and vigorously attacked the

new Ministry and Mr. Birrell's Education Bill. His seventieth

birthday and his thirty years in Parliament were celebrated in

Birmingham in July with the utmost enthusiasm, by opponents as

well as by supporters, part of the ceremony, indeed, being devoted

to the recognition of his great civic services to Birmingham. But

ten days later he was disabled by gout, and the disablement proved

permanent. Paralysis also attacked him, and for the last eight

years of his life he was seen only on his journeys to the Riviera,

at the opening of Parliament when he came, with assistance, to sign

the roll as member for West Birmingham, and occasionally in a wheel

chair at political garden parties at his residence at Highbury,

Birmingham. Though Chancellor of the University of Birmingham,

and sometime Lord Rector of Glasgow University, Mr. Chamberlain

had not the scholarly or literary tastes which have marked many

British Ministers, nor had he the slightest interest in any kind

of sport. His recreation might be said to be growing orchids; he

was a heavy smoker, and took practically no exercise. He was thrice

married; (1) in 1861, to Harriet, dau. of Archibald Kenrick; she d.

1863; (2) 1868, to Florence, dau. of Timothy Kenrick; she d. 1875;

(3) 1888, to Mary, dau. of W. C. Endicott, Secretary for War in

President Cleveland's first Administration, 1884-8, and a Judge of

the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. He first met her on his visit

to the United States in 1886. His character and career can hardly

be summed up in a sentence. A man of boundless ambition and a

self-confidence which sometimes led him into strange indiscretions

of speech, or, as in the fiscal controversy, into notable errors of

appreciation and statement, he broke up two parties successively,

but failed to dominate either, or to achieve a solution of the

Irish or the African problem or to establish tariff reform. But his

enduring work lay in the stimulus he gave to civic patriotism, and

to appreciation among the British public of the significance and

value of the Empire.

=Jean Leon Jaurès=, the famous French Socialist Deputy and one of

the most eminent of contemporary French politicians and orators,

was murdered in Paris on the evening of July 31, aged 55. B. on

September 3, 1859, at Albi (Var) and a relative of Vice-Admiral

Jaurès, sometime French Ambassador at St. Petersburg, he was

educated at the École Normale Supérieure, and, after a brilliant

academic career, became Professor of Philosophy successively at

Albi and Toulouse (1880-5) and held this Chair at Toulouse again

1889-92. From 1885 to 1889 he was in the Chamber as an Independent

Republican, in 1893 he returned to it as a Socialist. He and M.

Millerand, as independent Socialists, stood somewhat apart from

the older groups, and represented the more moderate and Fabian

creed of Benoit-Malou's "Société d'Economie Sociale." He actively

championed the cause of Major Dreyfus, and lost his seat in

consequence in 1898, but he returned to the Chamber in 1902 and,

though not in office, co-operated actively in the policy of the

Combes Ministry in the separation of Church and State. In 1905 his

group coalesced with others into the Unified Socialists; but this

party broke with the Radicals, his more eminent followers, Briand,

Millerand, Viviani, left him, and his later activity was anything

but constructive. He was, moreover, confronted by a more advanced

Labour section and an anti-patriotic section in the party. He

was the first of French orators of his generation, and an ardent

supporter of peace and international arbitration, and he actively

opposed the revival of the three years' term of military service--a

course to which he owed his death. Among his works wore "Idéalisme

et Matérialisme dans la Conception de l'Histoire" (written in

collaboration with Paul Lafargue), and "Histoire Socialiste,

1789-1900"; he founded the newspaper _L'Humanité_ in 1904.

On the 1st, aged 49, =Edmund Payne=, a popular comedian, associated

for some twenty years with musical comedy at the Gaiety Theatre. On

the 2nd, aged 76, =Sir Benjamin Stone=, Unionist member for East

Birmingham 1895-1910, and a prominent manufacturer of the city;

noted as an amateur photographer; had taken numbers of photographs

of the Houses of Parliament and their inmates, and views in all

parts of the world. On the 3rd, drowned after diving overboard

from a launch conveying a supper party on the Thames, =Sir Denis

Anson=, fourth Baronet; had only recently succeeded his uncle, Sir

William Anson, in the baronetcy. On the 3rd, aged 73, =Sir Charles

Forster=, second Baronet; succeeded his father 1892; High Sheriff

of Staffordshire 1909; m., 1899, Mary, dau. of A. Villiers Palmer;

succeeded by his brother. On the 3rd, aged 59, =Henry Willard

Denison=, legal adviser to the Japanese Government since 1880. On

the 3rd, aged about 60, the =Rev. Henry Danvers Macnamara=, Dean

of Sion College; and sometime Minor Canon of St. Paul's; Rector of

St. James, Garlick Ryde, and St. Michael, Queenhithe. About the

3rd, aged 52, suddenly, =Frederick Walter Ferrier Noel Paton=,

Director-General since 1905 of Commercial Intelligence under the

Indian Government. On the 4th, aged 66, =Sydney Grundy=, in the

'nineties a prominent and able dramatist, a native of Manchester;

among his most successful plays were "The Greatest of These" and "A

Pair of Spectacles." On the 4th, aged 90, =George Elgar Hicks=, an

artist long known to the public; had exhibited for over sixty years

at the Royal Academy, chiefly portraits and domestic subjects. On

the 5th, aged 67, =Colonel Edmund Henry Dalgety, C.B.=, sometime

Cape Mounted Riflemen; had served in several South African wars,

including the Bechuanaland Rebellion and the Boer War. On the 6th,

aged 68, =General Sir Laurence James Oliphant, K.C.B., K.C.V.O.=,

sometime Grenadier Guards; son of the famous Laurence Oliphant,

M.P. and mystic; served in the Sudan in 1885, distinguished in the

South African War; commanded the London District 1903-6, and was

commander-in-chief of the Northern Command 1907-11; long prominent

on the Turf. On the 9th, aged 61, the =Hon. Henry Robert Emmerson=,

sometime Premier of New Brunswick, and Minister of Railways in

the Canadian Cabinet of Sir W. Laurier 1904-7. On the 11th, in

London, aged 46, =Winifred, Lady Hardinge of Penshurst=, dau. of

the first Lord Alington and wife of the Viceroy of India; had

done much for the medical training of Indian women; had escaped

unhurt from the bomb explosion which wounded her husband on their

State entry into Delhi on December 23, 1912, and had then shown

great courage and self-possession. On the 13th, aged 103, =William

Augustus Gordon Hake=, the oldest barrister in England; had been

associated with Lord Brougham at the Bar; had written reminiscences

and two or three volumes of verse. About the 13th, aged 72, the

=Rev. Edward Canney=, Rector of St. Peter's, Great Saffron Hill;

a devoted worker among the London poor. On the 13th, aged 67,

=Francis Charles Granville Ellesmere=, third =Earl of Ellesmere=;

succeeded his father 1862; m., 1868, Lady Katharine Louisa Phipps,

eldest dau. of the Marquess of Normanby; inherited the Duke of

Bridgewater's estates in 1903, on the expiry of the Bridgewater

Trust; a keen sportsman, a noted breeder of shire horses and pigs,

and prominent, though not conspicuously successful, as a racehorse

owner; was never known to bet; owned a famous illuminated MS. of

Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." On the 15th, aged 83, =Sir John

Swinburne=, seventh Baronet; succeeded his grandfather 1860; was a

Captain, R.N., and had served in the Burma, Russian, and Chinese

Wars; Liberal M.P. for Staffordshire (Lichfield) 1885-92; a cousin

of the poet Swinburne; m. (1) 1863, Emily, dau. of Rear-Admiral

Broadhead; she d. 1881; (2) 1883, Mary, dau. of John Corbett; she

d. 1900; (3) 1905, Florence, dau. of James Moffatt; succeeded by

his eldest s. On the 16th, aged 75, =Max Rooses=, Keeper since

its establishment of the Plantin Museum at Antwerp, and the

leading authority on the life and works of Rubens. On the 18th,

aged 75, =Admiral Henry John Carr, R.N.=; distinguished himself

at the burning of H.M.S. _Bombay_ in 1864; Admiral Superintendent

of Devonport dockyard 1896-9. About the 19th, the =Rt. Hon. Sir

Christopher Nixon, M.D., LL.D.=, first Baronet, created 1906;

Vice-Chancellor of the National University of Ireland; sometime

President of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland; first

President of the Royal Veterinary College of Ireland; he had

written a "Handbook of Hospital Practice and Physical Diagnosis,"

and various medical papers; knighted 1895; m., 1871, Mary, dau.

of Dominick Blake; succeeded by his s. On the 20th, aged 66,

=Major-General Inigo Richmond Jones, C.V.O., C.B.=, sometime 2nd

Scots Guards; served in the Sudan Expedition, 1885, distinguished

himself in the South African War, when he commanded the Guards'

Brigade. On the 21st, aged 49, the =Hon. Fitz Roy Somerset Keith

Stewart=, son of the ninth Earl of Galloway; secretary of the

Central Conservative Office 1878-1903; prominent in London society;

though a Conservative, he was an opponent of tariff reform and

the Boer War, and an advocate of women's suffrage. On the 21st,

aged 59, =Samuel Herbert Benson=, a prominent advertising agent;

originally in the Navy; distinguished himself in the Ashanti War

1873-4, and in other warlike operations in West Africa; retired

through ill-health and adopted a business career. On the 21st,

aged 88, =Henry Coleman Folkard, K.C.=, Recorder of Bath since

1887, author of several legal works. On the 22nd, aged 68, =Edward

Peter O'Kelly=, Nationalist M.P. for Wicklow (E.) since 1910,

Chairman of the Wicklow County Council. On the 22nd, aged 82,

=Alexander Conze=, sometime Professor at Halle and Vienna, and

long Director of the German Archæological Institute; excavated the

Pergamon Antiquities 1886-99 (with Schuckardt), and also carried

out researches in Samothrace; wrote many works on Greek Art. On the

22nd, aged 66, =Colonel Sir Chandos Hoskyns, R.E.=, tenth Baronet;

distinguished in the Afghan War; m., 1886, Jean, dau. of David

Latham; succeeded by his brother. On the 22nd, aged 71, =Sir Robert

Walton=, sometime President of the British Chamber of Commerce

in Paris. On the 23rd, aged 41, =Harry Evans=, conductor of the

Liverpool Welsh Choral Union and a composer of some note in Wales.

About the 24th, aged 70, =Lieut.-Col. Patrick Francis Robertson=,

sometime 92nd Gordon Highlanders; distinguished in the Afghan War;

served also in the Boer War of 1881. About the 25th, aged 66,

=Richard John Anderson, M.D.=, Professor of Natural History in

University College, Galway; for many years joint conductor of the

"International Journal of Anatomy and Physiology." On the 26th,

aged 74, the =Rt. Hon. Henry Strutt=, second =Lord Belper=; Liberal

M.P. for East Derbyshire 1868-74, for Berwick-on-Tweed 1880; A.D.C.

to the King; Chairman of Notts Quarter Sessions, and prominent

in county affairs; Chairman of the County Councils' Association;

a director of Parr's Bank and of the Midland Railway; succeeded

his father 1880; m., 1874, Lady Margaret Coke, dau. of the second

Earl of Leicester; succeeded by his s. On the 27th, =Major Eustace

Loder=, sometime 12th Lancers; a noted breeder and owner of

racehorses; owner of Pretty Polly, which won the Oaks and the St.

Leger in 1904, and Spearmint, winner of the Derby and the Grand

Prix in 1906; High Sheriff of Kildare 1910. On the 28th, aged 69,

=Benjamin Francis Williams, K.C.=, Recorder of Cardiff since 1890;

Conservative candidate for Monmouth (West) 1885, and for Merthyr

1892. On the 29th, aged 69, =Sir Joseph Francis Leese, K.C.=,

Recorder of Manchester 1893-1914; a strong Liberal and an able

and humane judge. On the 29th, aged 83, the =Most Rev. Monsignor

Pietro Pace, K.C.V.O.=, Archbishop of Rhodes and Bishop of Malta

since 1889. On the 29th, aged 71, =Sir John Henry Seale=, third

Baronet; m. (1) 1879, Mary, dau. of Arthur Dendy; she d. 1882; (2)

1885, Adela, dau. of Capt. Edward Jodrell, 16th Regiment; succeeded

by his s. On the 29th, aged 90, =Major-General George Frederick

De Berry=, sometime 24th Foot; served in the Sikh War, 1848-9;

distinguished in the Mutiny. On the 31st, aged 62, Robert Nathaniel

Cecil George Curzon, fifteenth =Lord Zouche of Haryngworth=;

succeeded his father 1873; m., 1875, the Hon. Annie Fraser, dau. of

Lord Saltoun, whom he divorced 1876; succeeded by his sister. In

July, aged 96, the =Rev. Osmund Fisher, F.G.S.=, a distinguished

geologist, known for his researches on the physics of the earth's

crust.

AUGUST.

=Pope Pius X.= (Giuseppe Melchiore Sarto) died unexpectedly of

bronchitis and pneumonia in the early hours of August 19, aged

79. His end was believed to have been hastened by his grief at

the war. Born at Riese, near Treviso, on June 2, 1835, the son of

a minor local official (or tradesman) of the peasant class, and

the eldest of ten children, he was sent, by the good offices of

a priest, to a school at Castelfranco, and then to a seminary at

Padua. Ordained priest in 1858, he was appointed assistant priest

of Tombole, a rural parish, and in 1867 became parish priest of

Salzano. Displaying much organising ability, he was made by his

Bishop successively Dean of Treviso Cathedral and Chancellor (1875)

of the diocese, and eventually coadjutor Bishop. In 1884 he was

made Bishop of Mantua, and restored order in the diocesan affairs.

In 1893 he was made a Cardinal, and also, after two other nominees

had been rejected on political grounds by the Italian Government,

appointed Patriarch of Venice. Here he did much to restore St.

Mark's and more particularly the fallen Campanile, besides

fostering various Christian social institutions and peasants and

workmen's banks, and acquiring an influence which enabled him

to stop a strike in the Government tobacco factory. He visited

King Victor Emmanuel II. in 1903, when the latter passed through

Venice. In August, 1903, after the death of Leo XIII., he started

for the Conclave with a return ticket (the unused half of which he

afterwards preserved as a memento), and, when the Austro-Hungarian

Government vetoed the election of Cardinal Rampolla, he was chosen

Pope. His first Bull condemned and suppressed the right of veto;

in 1905 he modified the prohibition to the faithful in Italy to

vote or stand for Parliament, and though he remained "the prisoner

of the Vatican," and obstructed, so far as he could, the formation

of a Catholic Parliamentary party, his Papacy was marked by a

distinct relaxation in the tension with the Italian Government.

On the other hand, he prevented the acceptance by the Church in

France of the Law of Associations under which it was offered fairly

favourable terms of reorganisation after disestablishment, and

broke off diplomatic relations successively with Portugal and Spain

on the ground of the attitudes of their Republican and Liberal

Governments towards the Church; and the Bull _Ne temere_ (1907)

discountenancing mixed marriages, set up serious difficulties

in Ireland and elsewhere. In internal Church matters he forbade

the use of Church music of a later date than Palestrina (died

1594) and appointed Commissions to consider the codification of

Canon Law and to restore the original text of the Vulgate. But

his most far-reaching action was probably that directed against

"Modernist" or liberalising theology--marked by such incidents as

the condemnation of Father Tyrrell and of Fogazzaro's novel "Il

Santo." Many stories were told of his impulsive generosity, and he

retained to the last his simple peasant habits and ways of life.

His absolute sincerity and profound piety marked him as personally

one of the best of the Popes, but his intellectual outlook and

political knowledge were limited by his purely ecclesiastical

standpoint, and, whether it was that he chose his advisers ill or

refused their guidance, he was held by non-Catholics to have missed

a great opportunity for the Church.

=Father Francis Xavier Wernz=, General of the Society of Jesus,

died at Rome at midnight on August 19, aged 71, having received the

last blessing given by Pope Pius X. Born at Rothweil, Würtemberg,

in December, 1842, he entered the Society in 1857, studied canon

law--on which he published an important work--and became Rector

of the Gregorian University in 1904, and was also adviser to the

Congregations of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, of the

Index, and of the Council. He was elected General of the Jesuits in

September, 1906, and his selection was regarded as due to German

influence. He was the third German to become General of his Order,

and was an ecclesiastic of great learning and experience.

=General Sir James Moncrieff Grierson, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G.=,

Royal Artillery, died suddenly of heart failure in a train in

France, where he held high command in the Expeditionary Force,

on August 17, aged 55. A native of Glasgow, from his boyhood a

keen student of warfare, he had served in the Egyptian Expedition

(1882), in the Soudan (1885), in the Hazara Expedition (1886), the

South African War and the Expedition to China during the Boxer

rising, and in the late 'nineties of the last century had been

military attaché at Berlin. He was appointed to the Eastern command

in 1912. He was A.D.C. to the King. His remains were brought home

for interment.

=President Roque Saenz Pena=, Chief Magistrate of the Argentine

Republic since 1910, died on August 9, aged 63. The son of Dr. Luis

Saenz Pena, President in 1892, he was engaged in suppressing the

Mitre rising in 1874, and distinguished himself in the Peruvian

Army in the war with Chile 1879-81; was Under-Secretary of Foreign

Affairs in 1881, under President Roca in 1881, and had been

Minister to Spain, and a delegate to the second Hague Conference.

On the 4th, aged 68, =Henry Charles Howard=, Chairman of the

Cumberland County Council; Liberal M.P. for Cumberland (Penrith)

1885-92; stood for Eskdale as a Unionist in 1892 and 1895; High

Sheriff of Cumberland 1879. On the 4th, at Washington, =Ellen

Louise Wilson=, wife of the President of the United States and

dau. of Samuel Axsen of Georgia; m. June 24, 1885; active in

philanthropic work, and an amateur artist. On the 7th, in Rhodesia,

aged 53, =Mr. Justice Watermeyer= (the Hon. John Philip Fairbairn

Watermeyer), Judge of the High Court of Southern Rhodesia since

1896; a native of Cape Town. On the 7th, =Rear-Admiral Charles

Davis Lucas, R.N., V.C.=; the first officer to win the Victoria

Cross; he did so by throwing a live shell from the deck of H.M.S.

_Hecla_ at the siege of Bomarsund, Aug. 21, 1854, saving many

lives. About the 7th, =Surgeon-General Anthony Dickson Home,

G.C.B.=; won the V.C. during the Indian Mutiny. About the 8th,

aged 48, =Sir Edward Anwyl=, Oriel College, Oxford; knighted

1911; sometime Professor of Welsh and Comparative Philology at

Aberystwyth University College, and author of many books on

Celtic subjects; Principal of the Monmouthshire Training College.

On the 8th, aged 69, =Alfred Chichele Plowden=, a well-known

London police magistrate since 1888; at Marylebone Police Court

since 1893; previously Recorder of Much Wenlock; noted for his

_obiter dicta_; had written his own autobiography, "Grain or

Chaff." On the 8th, aged 59, =Georges Cochery=, Deputy for the

Loiret 1882-1914; Finance Minister in the Méline Cabinet 1896-8

and in the Briand Cabinet 1909-10; an ex-Vice-President of the

Chamber, and frequently member of the Budget Commission. On the

8th, =Louis Couturat=, a philosophic critic of some distinction;

had written on the philosophy of mathematics, on Plato's myths,

and on the logic of Leibnitz. On the 9th, in his own church, the

=Rev. John Still=, Hon. Canon of Norwich and Rector of Hethersett,

Norfolk, and Director of the American School of Assyriology at

Jerusalem. About the 11th, aged 50, =Robert Francis Harper,

Ph.D.=, Professor of Assyriology at Chicago since 1892, an eminent

Semitic scholar and archæologist. On the 12th, aged 74, the

=Very Rev. Walter John Lawrence=, Dean of St. Albans since 1900;

Chaplain to Queen Victoria 1898-1900; Rector of the parish since

1868, and subsequently Archdeacon; had done much to promote the

restoration of the Abbey Church which became the Cathedral. On the

14th, in Rhodesia, aged 53, =Sir Joseph Vintcent, B.A., LL.B.=

(Camb.), Senior Judge of the High Court of Rhodesia since 1898;

educated at Charterhouse and Cambridge University, and in the

University Association Football eleven 1882-3; had held various

legal appointments in Bechuanaland and Matabeleland. On the 14th,

=Miss Edith Sichel=, author of a number of works on French Court

and social history, among them "The Story of Two Salons" (1895),

"Women and Men of the French Renaissance" (1901), and two books

on Catharine de Medici, as well as various biographies; an active

philanthropic worker in London. On the 14th, aged 51, =Charles

Cordingley=, a well-known cycling and motorist journalist; had

organised the first London motor-car exhibition in 1896. About

the 14th, aged 61, =Alfred John Jukes-Browne, F.R.S., F.G.S.=,

author of "The Cretaceous Rocks of the British Isles," and

other geological works; awarded the Murchison medal in 1901.

On the 17th, =James Crofts Powell=, member of a famous firm of

stained glassworkers, responsible for windows in many churches,

in particular in Liverpool Cathedral. On the 17th, aged 82, the

=Hon. Ralph Pelham Nevill=, of Birling Manor, Maidstone; s. of the

fourth Earl of Abergavenny and brother of the first Marquess; for

forty years Master of the West Kent Foxhounds, and a successful

breeder of sheep. About the 21st, aged 73, the =Rev. Albert Smith=,

Vicar of Wendover 1867-1913; had restored the church and built

schools, vicarage, and library for the village. About the 22nd,

=G. Akimoff=, President of the Russian Council of Empire. On the

22nd, aged 74, =David Cleghorn Hogg=, Liberal M.P. for Londonderry

since January 30, 1913; his return after a keenly contested

election for this Orange stronghold was one of the sensations of

that year. On the 23rd, killed at Namur, aged 52, =Prince Frederick

of Saxe-Meiningen=, half-brother of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen;

m., 1889, Adelaide, sister of the reigning Prince (Leopold) of

Lippe. About the 23rd, aged 73, =Lieut.-Col. Robert Hamilton

Lloyd-Anstruther=, sometime Rifle Brigade; had served in the

Indian Mutiny and the Suakin Expedition, 1885; Conservative M.P.

for Suffolk (Woodbridge) 1886-92. About the 24th, aged 55, =Darius

Miller= of Chicago, President since 1910 of the Chicago, Burlington

and Quincy Railroad; had spent his life in the service of various

American lines, chiefly as traffic manager. About the 26th, aged

15, =Prince Luitpold=, eldest s. of the Crown Prince of Bavaria.

On the 26th, aged 81, =Brigadier-General Powell Clayton, U.S.A.=,

U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 1897-1905; U.S. Senator from Arkansas

1871-7; Governor of that State 1868-71. On the 27th, aged 77, =Sir

William Thomas Lewis=, Baronet (cr. 1896), first =Lord Merthyr=

(cr. 1911); an eminent mining engineer and active worker in the

cause of industrial peace; originated the sliding scale of wages in

the South Wales mining industry in 1875, and settled the Taff Vale

Railway strike in 1900; had done much to develop the South Water

coal trade, and the welfare of the mining population; President of

the Iron and Steel Institute 1910; m., 1864, Anne, dau. of William

Rees; succeeded by his eldest s. On the 27th, aged 89, =Lord

Adam= (=James Adam=), Judge of the Court of Session 1876-1905,

Sheriff of Perthshire 1874-6. On the 27th, aged 66, =John Roche=,

Nationalist M.P. for Galway (East) since 1890; active in the land

agitation of the 'eighties of the last century; several times

imprisoned. On the 27th, aged 58, =Alfred Henry Gill=, Labour M.P.

for Bolton since 1906; began his working life in a cotton mill;

afterwards a trade-union official. On the 30th, aged 77, =Edward

Ingress Bell, F.R.I.B.A.=, architect of the War Office, the new

Birmingham University, and several Roman Catholic churches, notably

at Caterham and Carshalton. On the 30th, aged 74, =James Lilburn=,

a prominent Glasgow shipowner, founder of a line of clipper ships

to Australia, sometime Chairman of the Clyde Lighthouse Trust.

On the 31st, died of wounds received in France, aged 24, =Robert

Cornwallis Maude=, sixth =Viscount Hawarden=; succeeded his father

1908. About the 31st, killed in action, =Colonel R. C Bond,

D.S.O.=, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, distinguished in the

South African War.

SEPTEMBER.

=Lord de Villiers=, John Henry, Baron de Villiers, K.C.M.G., Chief

Justice of the Union of South Africa since its formation in 1910,

died on September 2 at Pretoria, aged 72. B. in June, 1842, at

Paarl, Cape Colony, and of Huguenot descent, he was educated at

the South African College, Cape Town, and at Utrecht and Berlin

Universities, and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in

1865, but practised in South Africa, and was elected a member of

the Cape House of Assembly in 1866. He was Attorney-General in the

first Parliamentary Ministry of Cape Colony in 1872, and became

Chief Justice of the Colony in 1874; was knighted 1880, created

K.C.M.G. in 1881 as a recognition of his services on the Royal

Commission which gave back the Transvaal to the Boers, and was

created a Peer in 1910. He was the first South African Peer and

the first created by King George V. His work as a Judge was (as

his biographer in _The Times_ pointed out) to develop the South

African legal system and adapt it to modern conditions, and he did

so with marked success. He was a valued member of the Judicial

Committee of the Privy Council. As President of the Upper House of

the Legislature of Cape Colony, he exercised considerable political

influence, always in the direction of moderation; he was a foe to

racialism, and was President of the National Convention of South

Africa which achieved the Union. He m., 1871, Aletta, dau. of J. P.

Jourdan, and was succeeded by his s.

=Sir John Henniker Heaton=, first Baronet (cr. 1912), Unionist M.P.

for Canterbury 1885-1910, and a noted postal reformer, died at

Geneva, on his way home from Germany, on September 8, aged 66. B.

in Rochester, Kent, the s. of an officer in the Army, he went to

Australia in 1864 and eventually became a landowner and newspaper

proprietor in New South Wales, and, after representing the Colony

at several International Exhibitions, returned to England and

entered Parliament in 1885. From the first he pressed postal

grievances, and in 1886 moved a resolution in favour of universal

penny postage, which he lived to see established in the British

Empire (1898), and between Great Britain and the United States in

1908, and in 1910 he presented to the Postmaster-General a list of

sixty-two desirable postal reforms. Many of his suggestions were

adopted, and he promoted also the cheapening and development of

oceanic telegraphy and telephony. He m., 1873, Rose, dau. of Samuel

Bennett, and was succeeded by his s.

=Lord O'Brien.=--Peter O'Brien, first Lord O'Brien, and Lord Chief

Justice of Ireland 1889-1913, died at Stillorgan, co. Dublin,

on September 7, aged 72. A younger son of a Liberal M.P. for

Limerick, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and went

to the Bar, taking silk in 1880 and becoming a Crown Counsel. At

first a Liberal, he became a Unionist in 1886, and in 1887 was made

Solicitor-General, and in 1888 Attorney-General for Ireland. In

this latter capacity he conducted many political prosecutions, and

his efforts to get juries that would not refuse to convict Land

Leaguers earned him the nickname of "Peter the Packer" from the

Nationalists. In 1889, on his promotion to be Lord Chief Justice,

he naturally dropped politics. He was made a Baronet in 1891, and

a Peer in 1900. In 1867 he m. Annie, dau. of R. H. Clarke, but he

left daughters only, and his titles became extinct.

=Professor Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, LL.D.=, Senior Follow of

Trinity College, Dublin, died on September 19, aged 70. Born in co.

Tipperary, 1844, he was educated privately and at Trinity College,

Dublin, taking the highest honours in 1864. He became Professor of

Latin in 1871, was Regius Professor of Greek 1880-98, Senior Tutor

and Public Orator 1898, Professor of Ancient History 1900-4, and

than Senior Fellow and Registrar. In collaboration with Professor

L. C. Purser he produced an important edition of Cicero's Letters,

and he also wrote a valuable work on Latin poetry and a number of

admirable essays on Greek literature. He was a brilliant translator

and finished classical scholar of the English type, and made many

notable and often humorous contributions to _Kottabos_, the Dublin

University periodical. He was a Commissioner of National Education

in Ireland and an original member of the British Academy. He m. the

dau. of Dr. F. Shaw, and left issue.

On the 2nd, died of wounds in France, =Lieut.-Colonel Ian Graham

Hogg, D.S.O.=, 4th Hussars, distinguished in the South African War.

On the 2nd, aged 64, =Colonel Henry Harding Mathias, C.B.=, who

led the Gordon Highlanders at the storming of Dargai in the Tirch

Campaign of 1897. On the 6th, accidentally killed at Broadstairs,

aged 42, =Sir Stephen Furness=, first Baronet (cr. 1913), Liberal

M.P. for the Hartlepools since June, 1910, chairman of Furness,

Withy & Co.; m., 1899, Eleanor, dau. of Matthew Forster; succeeded

by his eldest s. On the 7th, aged 66, =Walter Holbrook Gaskell,

M.D., F.R.S.=, Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity Hall, Cambridge,

sometime University Lecturer in Physiology; had made important

researches into the sympathetic nervous system and the origin of

the vertebrata; held many scientific distinctions. On the 7th, aged

81, the =Rev. Douglas Yeoman Blakiston=, Vicar of East Grinstead

1871-1908. On the 8th, after a motor-car accident in Aberdeenshire,

aged 71, =Colonel Robert Townley Caldwell=, sometime 3rd Battalion

Gordon Highlanders, Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,

since 1906; b. in Barbados and educated in Winnipeg, his father

having been Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba; 10th Wrangler 1865,

Fellow and Lecturer of his College, and its Bursar 1871-99; had

commanded the University Volunteer Corps and been very active in

University and College life. About the 8th, aged 89, =Captain

John H. Jellicoe=, father of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, sometime

Commodore of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company's fleet and

afterwards a director of the Company. On the 9th, aged 60, =Colonel

Albury Hawke Charlesworth=, Conservative M.P. for Wakefield 1892-5.

On the 10th, killed in action in France, aged 55, =Brigadier

General Neil Douglas Findlay, C.B., R.A.=; distinguished in the

South African War. On the 12th, suddenly, aged 75, =Sir Neville

Lubbock, K.C.M.G.= (cr. 1899); brother of the first Lord Avebury;

Director of the Colonial Bank; Governor of the Royal Exchange

Assurance Corporation; President of the West India Committee. On

the 12th, at Yonkers, N.Y. State, United States, =Charles Welsh=,

sometime member of the publishing firm of Griffith, Farran, Okeden

& Welsh, and author of many books for children. On the 12th, aged

83, =Edward Riley, F.I.C.=, a distinguished analytical chemist

and metallurgist; turned out the first piece of Bessemer Steel at

the Dowlais Ironworks. About the 12th, aged 81, =Wilhelm Ganz=,

Professor at the Guildhall School of Music, an eminent impresario

and conductor. On the 13th, aged 102, =Robert Crichton=, said to

be the oldest barrister in the country; had owned a cattle run in

Australia 1839-59, and had been a keen sportsman. About the 14th,

aged 73, =Sir Henry Greenway Howse=, sometime on the staff of Guy's

Hospital, and ex-President of the Royal College of Surgeons. On

the 14th, aged 79, =Lieut.-Col. Michael Fenton=, sometime Cheshire

Regiment, and Army Pay Department; for a time the champion shot

of India, and winner of the Viceroy's Cup in 1878-9. On the 16th,

accidentally shot by a sentry near Johannesburg, Senator the

=Hon. General Jacobus Hendrik de la Rey=, sometime member of the

Transvaal Volksraad; served throughout the Boer War, capturing Lord

Methuen at Tweebosch (A.R., 1902, p. [395]), and was prominent in

the peace negotiations. On the 16th, aged 63, =Edgar John Elgood=,

Barrister-at-Law, Chairman of the West Kent Quarter Sessions.

On the 16th, aged 42, =Lieut.-Col. Alexander Bertram Lindsey=,

sometime Indian General Staff; distinguished in the N. W. Frontier

fighting 1897-8 and in the Abor Expedition 1911-12; had written

on the Russo-Japanese War. On the 16th, aged 76, =Major-General

James Woodward Scott, C.B.=, sometime Royal Marine Light Infantry;

distinguished in the Egyptian Campaign of 1882. About the 16th,

killed in the war, aged 42, =Captain Bertrand Stewart=, West Kent

Yeomanry; convicted wrongfully of espionage at Leipzig in 1912, and

imprisoned till his release by the German Emperor in May, 1913; had

served in the Imperial Yeomanry in the South African War. About

the 16th, killed in the war, aged 45, =Colonel Sir Evelyn Ridley

Bradford=, second Baronet, Seaforth Highlanders; distinguished in

the South African War as a staff officer; succeeded his father

1911; m., 1909, Elsie, dau. of Colonel J. Clifton Brown; succeeded

by his elder s. About the 16th, killed in action in France, aged

31, =Lieut. Sir Archibald Charles Gibson-Craig=, fourth Baronet,

succeeded his father 1908; succeeded by his brother. About the

16th, killed in action in France, aged 31, =Heneage Neville

Finch=, =Lord Guernsey=, s. and heir of the Earl of Aylesford, and

Captain Irish Guards; left a son. On the 22nd, by his own hand

while under restraint at a nursing home, =Guido Fusinato=, an

Italian Deputy and ex-Minister, and member of the Hague Tribunal;

one of the negotiators of the Italo-Turkish treaty of peace. On

the 22nd, aged 78, the =Rev. Septimus Buss, LL.B., F.R.A.S.=,

Rector of St. Anne and St. Agnes in the City of London since 1899;

previously Rector of Wapping 1873-81, Vicar of Shoreditch 1881-99;

prominent while in East London in charitable work; had written on

the Prayer Book, and on Roman law and history in connexion with the

New Testament. On the 22nd, aged 66, =Peter O'Kinealy=, sometime

Advocate-General of Bengal, previously Standing Counsel to the

Indian Government; an able lawyer. On the 23rd, aged 57, =General

James Henry Bor, C.B., C.M.G.=, Royal Marine Artillery; A.D.C. to

King George V. 1904-11; accompanied him as A.D.C. in his Colonial

tour when Duke of York, 1911; commanded Cretan Gendarmerie during

insurrection of 1907. On the 25th, aged 71, the =Hon. Sir James

Pliny Whitney, K.C.M.G.=, Premier of Ontario since 1905; a member

of the Legislature of the Province since 1888; knighted 1908;

refused office in the Borden Cabinet 1911; a strong Imperialist.

On the 26th, aged 71, the =Rev. Mitford Mitchell, D.D.=, Trinity

College, Cambridge, Moderator of the General Assembly of the

Church of Scotland, 1907; for twenty-five years Minister of the

West Church, Aberdeen, and Chaplain to Queen Victoria, and also to

King Edward and King George; had travelled widely in the interest

of missionary work; noted as a preacher. On the 26th, aged 60,

=Sir Herbert Ashman=, first Baronet (cr. 1907); Mayor of Bristol

1899-1900 and first Lord Mayor of the city; m., 1874, Eliza, dau.

of Frederick Lorenzen; succeeded by his s. On the 27th, aged 66,

=Sir Frederick Carne Rasch=, first Baronet; Trinity College,

Cambridge; sometime 6th Dragoon Guards; Unionist M.P. for Essex

(Chelmsford) 1900-8, for S.E. Essex 1885-1900; best known in the

House for his advocacy of shortened speeches; m., 1879, Katharine,

dau. of H. Griffinhoofe; succeeded by his s. On the 27th,

=Katharine Harris Bradley=, who in collaboration with her niece

published several volumes of poems under the pen-name "Michael

Field," among them "Attila, My Attila!" and "Mystic Trees." On the

30th, aged 88, =Sir Henry Duncan Littlejohn=, Professor of Medical

Jurisprudence at Edinburgh University, 1897-1905; had done much to

cleanse and clear the Edinburgh slums; knighted 1895. On the 30th,

aged 88, =Sir Henry Ernest Gascoyne Bulwer, G.C.M.G.=; Governor

of Natal, 1882-85, High Commissioner of Cyprus, 1885-92; a Royal

Commissioner for the Paris Exhibition, 1900.

OCTOBER.

=King Carol of Roumania= died of heart failure at the Castle of

Pelesh, Sinaia, on October 10, aged 75. The son of Prince Karl

Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, he was born at Sigmaringen,

April 20, 1839, and accepted the Crown of Roumania after the

deposition of Prince Couza, on the advice of Bismarck and in face

of strong Austrian opposition. Elected Prince (still, however,

under Turkish suzerainty) by plebiscite on his 27th birthday,

he devoted himself to promoting the economic development of his

country. His throne was severely shaken by the failure in 1870

of the notorious financier, Dr. Strousberg, who had undertaken a

vast railway scheme in the Principality, and by the strong French

sympathies of his subjects during the Franco-German War, which

caused revolutionary disturbances and turned popular sympathy

against him; but he was induced to withdraw an offer of abdication,

and the general election of May, 1871, strengthened his rule.

During the next six years, the Army was reorganised, under his

influence, on the Prussian model, and there was frequent trouble

with the Porte as suzerain, which led to the participation of

Roumania in the Russo-Turkish War of 1876-78, in which her troops

bore the brunt of the defence of Plevna. The war secured Roumanian

independence, but at the expense of the retrocession to Russia

of a portion of Bessarabia, taken from her in the Crimean War,

and for which the assignation of the Dobrudscha to Roumania was

an inadequate compensation. There was an outburst of popular

indignation, and a breach with Russia; but the Prince assumed a

firm attitude, and his German affinities doubtless helped in the

virtual affiliation of his realm for many years to the Triple

Alliance. He was crowned King in 1881, His reign was marked by the

development of the petroleum industry, by the rise of a native

manufacturing system, encouraged by a tariff, and by frequent

recurrences of the Jewish question, active party warfare, and two

grave agrarian risings (1888 and 1907)--together with a growth of

Roumanian nationalism which repeatedly threatened to embroil his

country with Austria-Hungary, but his long personal friendship

with the Emperor of Austria was probably a powerful factor in the

preservation of peace. This nationalism, however, led his country

to discover and patronise the Kutzovlachs of Macedonia as Roumans,

and helped to make it assume unexpectedly the position of guardian

of the balance of power in the Balkans after the fratricidal war

of 1913. Moreover, aided by sentiment for France as a kindred

"Latin" country, and by the growth of French financial interests in

Roumania, it tended towards his death to divert his country from

the Triple Alliance and bring it into the great war of 1914 as the

ally of Russia. This was averted mainly by his personal influence.

He m., 1869, Princess Elizabeth of Wied ("Carmen Sylva"), and

was succeeded by his nephew, who had been made his heir by the

Constitution of 1887.

=Prince Maurice Victor Donald of Battenberg=, youngest son of

Princess Henry of Battenberg, grandson of Queen Victoria, and

Lieutenant King's Royal Rifle Corps, died October 28 of wounds

received in action in France, aged 23. Born at Balmoral, October

8, 1891, he was educated at Wellington College and at Sandhurst,

and was appointed to his regiment in March, 1911, and promoted in

February, 1914. He had distinguished himself in the war, and had

been mentioned in despatches by Sir John French. He was a keen

sportsman and motorist, and was much interested in aviation.

=Sir Charles Douglas.=--General Sir Charles Whittingham Horsley

Douglas, G.C.B., Chief of the Imperial General Staff since April,

1914, died at his London residence, October 25, aged 64, having

worked at the War Office, though seriously ill, until a week before

his death. In 1869 he joined the 92nd Highlanders, eventually

becoming its adjutant, and served with distinction throughout the

Afghan Wars of 1879-80. He served also in the Boer War of 1881,

being taken prisoner at Majuba, and, when the regiment became

linked with the Gordon Highlanders, he remained Adjutant, and

distinguished himself in the Suakin Campaign of 1884. After serving

as Adjutant of the London Scottish, he received a staff appointment

in 1893 at Aldershot, and eventually, in 1898, became Assistant

Adjutant-General and _aide-de-camp_ to the Queen. He served on Sir

Redvers Buller's staff in the South African War, was Chief of Staff

to the 1st Division under Lord Methuen, distinguished himself

at Magersfontein, subsequently commanded the Ninth Brigade, and

later a field column, and was specially mentioned and promoted

Major-General. After the war he commanded the First Brigade at

Aldershot, and subsequently the 2nd Division; he was the first

Adjutant-General on the Army Council, and in 1909, giving up the

post to Sir Ian Hamilton, went to Salisbury Plain to train troops.

He then became Inspector-General of the Home Forces, but succeeded

Sir John French on his resignation after the Army crisis of April,

1914. He was an exceptionally able organiser and administrator.

=The Marchese di San Giuliano=, Italian Minister for Foreign

Affairs since 1910, died at Rome, October 16, aged 61. Born at

Catania, he became Mayor of the city in 1879, and Deputy in 1882;

in 1892 he was Under-Secretary for Agriculture in the Giolitti

Ministry, in 1899 Minister of Posts and Telegraphs in that of

General Pelloux; in 1905-6 he was Foreign Minister in the Fortis

Ministry, and from 1905 to 1910 Italian Ambassador in London.

He was a convinced supporter of the Triple Alliance, and was

nominally, at any rate, responsible for the policy of Italy at the

Algeciras Conference and during the Turkish and Balkan Wars. He was

a man of great talent and wide knowledge of foreign affairs.

=Count Albert de Mun.=--Adrien Albert Marie Count de Mun, the

great lay champion of French Catholicism, died at Bordeaux on

October 6, aged 73. He was the great-grandson of Helvetius, the

eighteenth century philosopher, and served as a lieutenant in the

3rd Chasseurs at Metz in 1870. He was interned in Germany after

the capitulation, and on his return was promoted captain and

attached as ordnance officer to the Governor of Paris. He engaged

in social work and founded Catholic clubs for workmen, and the War

Minister, suspecting him of Monarchism, prepared to remove him to

the provinces. He resigned from the Army, stood for Pontivy in

1876, had his election quashed, but was re-elected, and joined

the Extreme Right, voting for the resolution of confidence in

the Duc de Broglie's Government which succeeded that of M. Jules

Simon on May 10, 1877. At the general election in October he was

again returned for Pontivy, but his election was quashed in 1878,

and he was defeated on standing again. While out of the Chamber

he energetically opposed the Republican measures, especially in

education, and in 1881 was again returned for Pontivy. His great

aim was to form Catholic workmen's associations, and, when again

returned in 1885, he founded the "Catholic Alliance" group in the

Chambers, and in 1892 a Catholic League of the Sacred Heart, but

when the Vatican ordered Catholics to rally to the Republic later

in the year, he devoted himself exclusively to Church defence and

social problems. He represented Morlaix from 1893 till his death,

though an affection of the throat latterly had interfered with

his speaking in public; but he served Catholicism by his pen. He

was among the most eloquent of modern French orators, and became

a member of the Academy in 1898. He was a fervent patriot, an

earnest champion of the working classes, and above all a devout

and militant Roman Catholic, and in spite of his militancy was

profoundly respected by his opponents.