ANDERSONVILLE AND AFTER
Clara Barton’s name continued on the roll of clerks in the Patent
Office until August, 1865. She drew her salary as a clerk throughout
the period of the Civil War, and it was the only salary that she drew
during that time. Out of it she paid the clerk who took her place
during the latter months of her employment, and also the rent of the
room in Washington, where she stored her supplies and now and then
slept. When she was at the front, she shared the rations of the army.
Most of the time her food was the food of the officers of the division
where she was at work. Much of the time it was the humble fare of
the common soldier. Mouldy and even wormy hardtack grew to be quite
familiar to her, and was eaten without complaint.
As the end of the war drew near, she discovered a field of service in
which her aid was greatly needed. Every battle in the Civil War had, in
addition to its list of known dead and wounded, a list of “missing.”
Some of these missing soldiers were killed and their bodies not found
or identified. Of the 315,555 graves of Northern troops, only 172,400
were identified. Almost half of the soldiers buried in graves known
to the quartermaster of the Federal army were unidentified; 143,155
were buried in graves known to be the graves of soldiers, but with no
soldier’s name to mark them. Besides these there were 43,973 recorded
deaths over and above the number of graves. The total of deaths
recorded was 359,528, while the number of graves, as already stated,
was 315,555. As a mere matter of statistics, this may not seem to mean
very much, but it actually means that nearly two hundred thousand homes
received tidings of the death of a father, son, or brother, and did not
know where that loved one was buried. This added to grief the element
of uncertainty, and in many cases of futile hope.
Moreover, there were many other thousands of men reported missing
of whom no certain knowledge could be obtained at the close of the
Civil War. Some were deserters, some were bounty-jumpers, some were
prisoners, some were dead. Clara Barton received countless letters of
inquiry. From all over the country letters came asking whether in any
hospital she had seen such and such a soldier.
Clearly foreseeing that the end of the war was in sight, Clara Barton,
who had gone from City Point, where she was serving with General
Butler’s army, to Washington, where she witnessed the death of her
brother Stephen, brought to the attention of President Lincoln the
necessity of instituting some agency for the finding of missing
soldiers. She knew what her own family had suffered in the anxious
months when Stephen was immured within the Confederate lines, and his
relatives did not know whether he was living or dead. President Lincoln
at once approved her plan, and issued a letter advising the friends of
missing soldiers to communicate with Miss Barton at Annapolis, where
she established her headquarters. President Lincoln’s letter was dated
March 11, 1865, the day following the death of her brother Stephen.
This was followed, March 25, by a letter from General Hitchcock:
WASHINGTON, D.C., March 25, 1865
FOR THE COMMANDING OFFICER AT ANNAPOLIS, MD.
SIR:
The notice, which you have doubtless seen, over the name of Miss
Barton, of Massachusetts, proffering her services in answering
inquiries with respect to Union officers and soldiers who have been
prisoners of war (or who remain so), was made by my authority under
the written sanction of His Excellency the President.
The purpose is so humane and so interesting in itself that I beg
to recommend Miss Barton to your kind civilities, and to say that
any facilities which you may have it in your power to extend to her
would be properly bestowed, and duly appreciated, not only by the
lady herself, but by the whole country which is interested in her
self-appointed mission.
With great resp. your obt. servant
(Signed) E. A. HITCHCOCK
Maj. Gen’l. Vols.
Although she was backed by the authority of the President, it took
the War Department two months to establish Clara Barton in her work
at Annapolis with the title “General Correspondent for the Friends
of Paroled Prisoners.” A tent was assigned her, with furniture,
stationery, clerks, and a modest fund for postage. By the time she
was established at Annapolis, she found bushels of mail awaiting her,
and letters of inquiry came in at the rate of a hundred a day. To
bring order out of this chaos, and establish a system by which missing
soldiers and their relatives could be brought into communication with
each other, called for swift action and no little organizing skill. For
a time difficulties seemed to increase. Discharged prisoners returned
from the South by thousands. In some cases there was no record, in
others the record was defective. Inquiries came in much faster than
information in response to them.
Notwithstanding all the difficulties, Clara Barton had a long list of
missing men ready for publication by the end of May. Then the question
rose how she was to get it published. It was not wholly a matter of
expense, though this was an important item. There was only one printing
office in Washington which had type enough, and especially capitals
enough, to set up such a roll as at that time she had ready. In this
emergency she appealed directly to the President of the United States,
asking that the roll be printed at the Government Printing Office. Her
original letter to President Johnson is in existence, together with a
series of endorsements, the last of them by Andrew Johnson himself.
General Rucker was the first official to endorse it, Major-General
Hitchcock added his commendation, General Hoffman followed, then came
General Grant, and last of all the President:
WASHINGTON, D.C., May 31st, 1865
HIS EXCELLENCY
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES
SIR:
May I venture to enclose for perusal the within circular in the hope
that it may to a certain extent explain the object of the work in
which I am engaged. The undertaking having at its first inception
received the cordial and written sanction of our late beloved
President, I would most respectfully ask for it the favor of his
honored successor.
The work is indeed a large one; but I have a settled confidence that
I shall be able to accomplish it. The fate of the unfortunate men
failing to appear under the search which I shall institute is likely
to remain forever unrevealed.
My rolls are now ready for the press; but their size exceeds the
capacity of any private establishment in this city, no printer in
Washington having forms of sufficient size or a sufficient number of
capitals to print so many names.
It will be both inconvenient and expensive to go with my rolls to some
distant city each time they are to be revised. In view of this fact I
am constrained to ask our honored President, when he shall approve my
work, as I must believe he will, to direct that the printing may be
done at the Government Printing Office.
I may be permitted to say in this connection that the enclosed
printed circular appealing for pecuniary aid did not originate in
any suggestion of mine, but in the solicitude of personal friends,
and that thus far, in whatever I may have done, I have received no
assistance either from the Government or from individuals. A time
may come when it will be necessary for me to appeal directly to the
American People for help, and in that event, such appeal will be made
with infinitely greater confidence and effect, if my undertaking shall
receive the approval and patronage of Your Excellency.
I have the honor to be, Sir
Most respectfully
Your obedient servant
CLARA BARTON
_Official endorsements on back of her letter_
CHIEF QUARTERMASTER’S OFFICE
DEPOT OF WASHINGTON
June 2, 1865
I most heartily concur in the recommendations on this paper. I have
known Miss Barton for a long time and it gives me great pleasure to
aid her in her good works.
F. H. RUCKER
Brig. Gen’l & Chf. Q.M.
[Illustration: [Facsimile]
LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON]
The undersigned, with a full understanding of the benevolent purpose
of Miss Barton and of its deep interest for the public, most cordially
commends it to the approval of the President of the United States.
E. A. HITCHCOCK
Maj. Gen. Vol.
June 2, 1865
I most heartily concur in the foregoing recommendations.
W. HOFFMAN
Com. Gen’l Pris.
Respectfully recommended that the printing asked for be authorized at
the Government Printing Office. The object being a charitable one,
to look up and ascertain the fate of officers and soldiers who have
fallen into the hands of the enemy and have never been restored to
their families and friends, is one which Government can well aid.
U. S. GRANT
L.G.
June 2d, 1865.
June 3d, 1865
Let this printing be done as speedily as possible consistently with
the public interest.
ANDREW JOHNSON
Prest. U.S.
TO MR. DEFREES
Supt. Pub. Printing
[Illustration: [Facsimile]
ENDORSEMENTS ON MISS BARTON’S LETTER TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON]
On the same date, June 2, 1865, Miss Barton received a pass from
General Grant commending her to the kind consideration of all officers
and instructing them to give her all facilities that might be necessary
in the prosecution of her mission. By General Grant’s order, there was
also issued to her transportation for herself and two assistants on all
Government railroads and transports:
HEADQUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES
WASHINGTON, D.C., June 2d, 1865
The bearer hereof, _Miss Clara Barton_, who is engaged in making
inquiries concerning the fate of soldiers reported as missing in
action, is commended to the kind consideration of all officers of the
military service, and she will be afforded by commanders and others
such facilities in the prosecution of her charitable mission as can
properly be extended to her.
U. S. GRANT
Lieut. General Comdg.
HEADQUARTERS ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES
WASHINGTON, D.C., June 2nd, 1865
Miss _Clara Barton_, engaged in making inquiries for soldiers
reported as missing in action, will be allowed, until further orders,
with her assistants, not to exceed two in number, free transportation
on all Government railroads and transports.
By Command of Lieut.-General Grant
T. S. BRECK
Asst. Adjt. Gen’l.
Clara Barton had learned the value of publicity. She knew that the
Press could be counted upon to assist an undertaking so near to the
hearts of all readers of the papers. She therefore arranged her lists
by States, and sent the list of each State to every newspaper in the
State with the request for its free publication. Before long she had
established definite connections with scores of newspapers which
responded favorably to her request. No one read these lists more
eagerly than recently discharged men, including prisoners and men
released from hospitals. In innumerable instances these men wrote to
her to give information of the death or survival, with location, of
some comrade whose name had been published in one of her lists.
Sometimes she succeeded not only beyond her own expectation, but beyond
the desire of the man who was sought. Occasionally a soldier who went
into voluntary obscurity at the end of the war found himself unable
to remain in as modest a situation as he had chosen for himself. A
few letters are found of men who indignantly remonstrated against
being discovered by their relatives. One such case will serve as an
illustration. The first of the following letters is from the sister of
a missing soldier. The second, six months later, is a protest from the
no longer missing man, and the third is Clara’s indignant reply to him:
LOCKPORT, N.Y., April 17th, 1865
MISS CLARA BARTON
DEAR MADAM:
Seeing a notice in one of our village papers stating that you can
give information concerning soldiers in the army or navy, you will
sincerely oblige me if you can give any intelligence of my brother,
Joseph H. H----, who was engaged in the 2nd Maryland Regiment under
General Goldsborough, and from whom we have not heard in nearly two
years. His mother died last winter, to whom his silent absence was, I
assure you, a _great grief_, and to whom I promised to make all
inquiries in my power, so that I might if possible learn my brother’s
fate. I would most willingly remunerate you for all trouble.
Yours respectfully
E---- H----
SPRINGFIELD, ILLS., Oct. 16, 1865
MISS CLARA BARTON,
Washington, D.C.
MADAM:
I have seen my name on a sheet of paper somewhat to my mortification,
for I would like to know what I have done, so that I am worthy to have
my name _blazoned_ all over the country. If my friends in New
York _wish_ to know where I am, let them wait _until_ I see
fit to write them. As you are anxious of my welfare, I would say that
I am just from New Orleans, discharged, on my way North, but unluckily
taken with _chills_ and _fever_ and could proceed no farther
for some time at least. I shall remain here for a month.
Respectfully, your obt. servt.
J---- H. H----
MR. J---- H. H----
SIR:--
I enclose copies of two letters in my possession. The writer of the
first I suppose to be your sister. The lady for whose death the letter
was draped in mourning I suppose to have been _your mother_. Can
it be possible that you were aware of that fact when you wrote that
letter? _Could_ you have spoken thus, knowing all?
The cause of your name having been “blazoned all over the country”
was your unnatural concealment from your nearest relatives, and the
great distress it caused them. “What you have done” to render this
necessary _I_ certainly _do not_ know. It seems to have been
the misfortune of your family to think more of you than you did of
them, and probably more than you deserve from the manner in which you
treat them. They had already waited until a son and brother possessing
common humanity would have “seen fit” to write them. _Your mother
died waiting_, and the result of your sister’s faithful efforts
to comply with her dying request “_mortify_” you. I cannot
apologize for the part I have taken. You are mistaken in supposing
that I am “anxious for your welfare.” I assure you I have no interest
in it, but your accomplished sister, for whom I entertain the deepest
respect and sympathy, I shall inform of your existence lest you should
not “see fit” to do so yourself.
I have the honor to be, sir
CLARA BARTON
Such letters as the foregoing remind us that not all the cases of
missing soldiers were purely accidental. There were instances where
men went to war vowing loyalty to the girls they left behind them, and
who formed other ties. There were cases where men formed wholly new
associations and deliberately chose to begin anew and let the past be
buried. But there were thousands of instances in which the work of
Clara Barton brought her enduring gratitude. In very large proportion
these missing men were dead. The testimony of a comrade who had
witnessed the death on the battle-field or in prison set at rest any
suspicion of desertion or any other form of dishonor. In other cases,
where the soldier was alive, but had grown careless about writing, her
timely reminder secured a prompt reunion and saved a long period of
anxiety. Letters like the following came to her to the end of her life:
GREENFIELD, MASS., Sept. 25, 1911
MISS CLARA BARTON
Oxford, Mass.
MY DEAR MISS BARTON:
I am a stranger to you, but you are far from being a stranger to me.
As a member of the old Vermont Brigade through the entire struggle,
I was familiar with your unselfish work at the front through those
years when we were trying to restore a broken Union, and being a
prisoner of war at Andersonville at its close, my mother, not knowing
whether I was alive, appealed to you for information.
Two letters bearing your signature (from Annapolis, Maryland) are in
my possession, the pathos of one bearing no tidings, and the glad
report of my arrival about the middle of May, 1865.
The thankful heart that received them has long been stilled, but the
letters have been preserved as sacred relics.
I also have a very vivid recollection of your earnest appeal to us to
notify our friends of our arrival by first mail for their sake.
If to enjoy the gratitude of a single heart be a pleasure, to enjoy
the benediction of a grateful world must be sweet to one’s declining
years. To have earned it makes it sublime.
I have also another tie which makes Oxford seem near to me. An old
tent-mate, a member of our regimental quartette, a superb soldier
and a very warm friend, lies mouldering there these many years. He
survived, I think, more than thirty battles only to die of consumption
in January, 1870. Whenever I can I run down from Worcester to lay a
flower on George H. Amidon’s grave.
I write not to tax you with a reply, but simply to wish for you all
manner of blessings.
Yours truly
F. J. HOSMER
Co. I, 4th Vt.
Her headquarters at this time was theoretically at Arlington where she
had a tent. Arlington was the headquarters receiving and discharging
returned prisoners. But much of her work was in Washington, and the
constant journeys back and forth caused her to ask for a conveyance.
She made her application to General William Hoffman, Commissary-General
of prisoners, on June 16, 1865. Her request went the official rounds,
and by the 25th of October a horse was promised as soon as a suitable
one could be found. It is to be hoped that within a year or two a horse
either with sidesaddle or attached to a wheeled conveyance was found
tethered in front of her bare lodging on the third floor of No. 488½
7th Street, between D and E:
WASHINGTON, D.C., June 16th, 1865
BRIG.-GEN’L. WM. HOFFMAN
COMMSY. GEN’L OF PRISONERS
GENERAL:
It would not appear so necessary to explain to you the nature of my
wants, as to apologize for imposing them upon you, but your great
kindness to me has taught me not to fear the abuse of it in any
request which seems needful.
If I say that in my present undertaking I find the duties of each
day quite equal to my strength, and often of a character which some
suitable mode of conveyance at my own command like the daily use of a
Government wagon would materially lighten, I feel confident that you
would both comprehend and believe me, but if I were to desire you to
represent my wishes to the proper authorities and aid in obtaining
such a facility for me, I may have carried my request to a troublesome
length and could only beg your kind pardon for the liberty taken which
I would most humbly and cheerfully do.
With grateful respect,
I am, General
Very truly yours
CLARA BARTON
HEADQUARTERS MILITARY DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
WASHINGTON, D.C., October 25, 1865
MISS CLARA BARTON:
I have conferred with General Wadsworth on the subject of obtaining a
horse for your use, and he has directed that I place a horse at your
disposal as soon as a suitable one can be found.
Very respectfully
Yr. Obt. Svt.
JOHN P. SHERBURNE
Asst. Adjt. Gen’l.
For four years Clara Barton carried on this important work for missing
soldiers. She spared neither her time nor her purse. At the outset
there was no appropriation that covered the necessary expenses of such
a quest, and the work was of a character that would not wait. From
the beginning of the year 1865 to the end of 1868 she sent out 63,182
letters of inquiry. She mailed printed circulars of advice in reply to
correspondents to 58,693 persons. She wrote or caused to be written
41,855 personal letters. She distributed to be posted on bulletin
boards and in public places 99,057 slips containing printed rolls.
According to her estimate at the end of this heavy task, she succeeded
in bringing information, not otherwise obtainable, to not less than
22,000 families of soldiers.
How valuable this work was then believed to be is shown in the fact
that Congress, after an investigation by a committee which examined in
detail her method and its results and the vouchers she had preserved of
her expenses, appropriated to reimburse her the sum of $15,000.
It soon became evident that one of the most important fields for
investigation was such record as could be found of the Southern
prisons, especially Andersonville. To Andersonville her attention
was directed through a discharged prisoner, Dorence Atwater, of
Connecticut. He was in the first detachment transferred, the latter
part of February, 1864, to the then new prison of Andersonville, and
because of his skillful penmanship was detailed to keep a register of
deaths of the prisoners. He occupied a desk next to that of General
Wirz, the Confederate officer commanding the prison. Here, at the
beginning of 1865, he made up a list of nearly thirteen thousand Union
prisoners who died in that year, giving the full name, company and
regiment, date and cause of death. Besides the official list he made
another and duplicate list, which he secreted in the lining of his
coat, and was able to take with him on his discharge.
At the close of the war he returned to his home in Terryville,
Connecticut, where he was immediately stricken with diphtheria.
Weakened and emaciated by his imprisonment, he nearly died of this
acute attack. Before he was fully recovered, he was summoned to
Washington, and his rolls were demanded by the Government. He gave
them up and they were copied in Washington, but were not published. He
wrote to Clara Barton informing her of these rolls and affirmed that
by means of them he could identify almost every grave in Andersonville
Prison. Clara Barton was greatly interested, and proposed to Secretary
Stanton that she be sent to Andersonville and that Dorence Atwater
accompany her. She proposed that there should go with them a number of
men equipped with material for enclosing the cemetery with a fence, and
for the marking of each grave with a suitable headboard.
Secretary Stanton received this suggestion not only with approval, but
with enthusiasm. Miss Barton wrote the account of her interview with
him on some loose sheets for her diary. The sheets were at least three
in number, and only the second sheet is preserved. This sheet, however,
covers the personal interview with Secretary Stanton. It was written at
the time, and manifests his keen interest in her enterprise and desire
to carry it through promptly and effectively:
On entering General Hardy’s room, he asked my business. I said, “I
didn’t know, sir. I supposed I had some, as the Secretary sent for
me.” “Oh,” he said, “you are Miss Barton. The Secretary is very
anxious to see you,” and sent a messenger to announce me. Mr. Stanton
met me halfway across the room with extended hand, and said he had
taken the liberty to send for me to thank me for what I had done both
in the past, and in my present work; that he greatly regretted that
he had not known of me earlier, as from all he now learned he feared
I had done many hard things which a little aid from him would have
rendered comparatively easy, but that especially now he desired to
thank me for helping him _to think_; that it was not possible
for him to think of everything which was for the general good, and no
one knew how grateful he was to the person who put forth, among all
the impracticable, interested, wild, and selfish schemes which were
continually crowded upon him, one good, sensible, practical, unselfish
idea that he could take up and act upon with safety and credit. You
may believe that by this time my astonishment had not decreased. In
the course of the next twenty minutes he informed me that he had
decided to invite me (for he could not order _me_) to accompany
Captain Moore, with Atwater and his register, to Andersonville,
and see my suggestions carried out to my entire satisfaction; that
unlimited powers as quartermaster would be given Captain Moore to
draw upon all officers of the Government in that vicinity for whatever
would be desired; that a special boat would be sent with ourselves and
corps of workmen, and to return only when the work was satisfactorily
accomplished. To call the next day and consult with him farther in....
If Miss Barton’s horse, which she had asked for in June, had gotten to
her door more promptly than is customary in such matters of official
routine, he might have grown hungry waiting for her return. As we have
already noticed, permission to have the horse assigned was granted in
October, which left the summer free for the Andersonville expedition.
Fortunately, no long interval elapsed after Secretary Stanton’s
approval of the plan before the starting of the expedition. On July 8
the propeller Virginia, having on board headboards, fencing material,
clerks, painters, letterers, and a force of forty workmen, under
command of Captain James M. Moore, Quartermaster, left Washington for
Andersonville, by way of Savannah. On board also were Dorence Atwater
and Clara Barton. They reached Savannah on July 12, and remained there
seven days, arriving at Andersonville on July 25.
Her first impressions were wholly favorable. The cemetery was in much
better condition than she had been led to fear. As the bodies had been
buried in regular order, and Dorence Atwater’s lists were minute as to
date and serial number, the task of erecting a headboard giving each
soldier’s name, state, company, regiment, and date of death, appeared
not very difficult. On the second night of her stay in Andersonville
she wrote to Secretary Stanton of the success of the undertaking and
suggested that the grounds be made a national cemetery. She assured
him that for his prompt and humane action in ordering the marking of
these graves the American people would bless him through long years to
come. She was correct in her prediction. But for her proposal and Mr.
Stanton’s prompt coöperation and Dorence Atwater’s presence with the
list, hundreds if not thousands of graves now certainly are identified
at Andersonville which would have needed to be marked “Unknown”:
HON. E. M. STANTON
SEC’Y. OF WAR, UNITED STATES
SIR:
It affords me great pleasure to be able to report to you that we
reached Andersonville safely at 1 o’clock P.M. yesterday,
25th inst. Found the grounds undisturbed, the stockade and hospital
quarters standing protected by order of General Wilson.
We have encountered no serious obstacle, met with no accident, our
entire party is well, and commenced work this morning. Any misgivings
which might have been experienced are happily at an end; the original
plan for identifying the graves is capable of being carried out to
the letter. We can accomplish fully all that we came to accomplish,
and the field is wide and ample for much more in the future. If
_desirable_, the grounds of Andersonville can be made a National
Cemetery of great beauty and interest. Be assured, Mr. Stanton, that
for this prompt and humane action of yours, the American people will
bless you long after your willing hands and mind have ceased to toil
for them.
With great respect,
I have the honor to be, Sir
Your very obedient servant
CLARA BARTON
ANDERSONVILLE, GA.
July 26th, 1865
The remaining period of her work in Andersonville was fruitful in
the accomplishment of all the essential results for which she had
undertaken the expedition, but it resulted in strained relations
between one of the officers of the expedition and Dorence Atwater, and
Clara Barton came to the defense of Atwater. During her absence at
Andersonville, two letters were published in a Washington paper, over
her signature, alleged to have been written by her to her Uncle James.
She had no Uncle James, and wrote no such letters; and she attributed
the forgery, correctly or incorrectly, to this officer. Her official
report to the Secretary of War contains a severe arraignment of that
officer, whom she never regarded with any favor.
This is all that need be recorded of Clara Barton’s great work at
Andersonville, of which a volume might easily be made. She saw the
Union graves marked. Out of the almost thirteen thousand graves of
Union soldiers at Andersonville four hundred and forty were marked
“Unknown” when she finished her work, and they were unknown only
because the Confederate records were incomplete. She saw the grounds
enclosed and protected, and with her own hands she raised the United
States flag for the first time since their death above these men who
had died for it.
But this expedition involved trouble for Atwater. When he handed over
his rolls to the Government it was with the earnest request that steps
be taken immediately to mark these graves. His request and the rolls
had been pigeonholed. Then he had learned of Clara Barton’s great work
for missing soldiers and wrote her telling her that the list he had
made surreptitiously and preserved with such care was gathering dust,
while thirteen thousand graves were fast becoming unidentifiable. She
brought this knowledge to Secretary Stanton as has already been set
forth, and Stanton ordered the rolls to be produced and sent on this
expedition for Atwater’s use in identification.
Dorence Atwater had enlisted at the age of sixteen in the year 1862.
He was now under twenty, but he was resolute in his determination that
the lists which he had now recovered should not again be taken from
him. On his return from Andersonville the rolls which he had made
containing the names of missing soldiers disappeared. He was arrested
and questioned, and replied that the rolls were his own property. He
was sent to prison in the Old Capital, was tried by a court-martial,
adjudged guilty of larceny, and sentenced to be confined for eighteen
months at hard labor in the State Prison at Auburn, New York, fined
three hundred dollars, and ordered to stand committed until the rolls
were returned.
Atwater made no defense, but issued a statement which Clara Barton
probably prepared for him:
I am charged with and convicted of theft, and sentenced to eighteen
months’ imprisonment, and after that time until I shall have paid my
Government three hundred dollars. I have called no witnesses, made no
appeal, adduced no evidence. A soldier, a prisoner, an orphan, and
a minor, I have little with which to employ counsel to oppose the
Government of the United States.
Whatever I may have been convicted of, I deny the charge of theft. I
took my rolls home with me that they might be preserved; I considered
them mine; it had never been told or even hinted to me that they were
not my own rightful, lawful property. I never denied having them, and
I was not arrested for stealing my rolls, but for having declared my
intention of appealing to higher authority for justice. I supposed
this to be one of the privileges of an American citizen, one of
the great principles of the Government for which we had fought and
suffered; but I forgot that the soldier who sacrificed his comforts
and risked his life to maintain these liberties was the only man in
the country who would not be allowed to claim their protection.
My offense consists in an attempt to make known to the relatives and
friends the fate of the unfortunate men who died in Andersonville
Prison, and if this be a crime I am guilty to the fullest extent of
the law, for to accomplish it I have risked my life among my enemies
and my liberty among my friends.
Since my arrest I have seen it twice publicly announced that the
record of the dead of Andersonville would be published very soon; one
announcement apparently by the Government, and one by Captain James M.
Moore, A.G.M. No such intimation was ever given until after my arrest,
and if it prove that my imprisonment accomplishes that which my
liberty could not, I ought, perhaps, to be satisfied. If this serves
to bring out the information so long and so cruelly withheld from the
people, I will not complain of my confinement, but when accomplished,
I would earnestly plead for that liberty so dear to all, and to which
I have been so long a stranger.
I make this statement, which I would confirm by my oath if I were at
liberty, not as appealing to public sympathy for relief, but for the
sake of my name, my family, and my friends. I wish it to be known
that I am not sentenced to a penitentiary as a common thief, but for
attempting to appeal from the trickery of a clique of petty officers.
DORENCE ATWATER
On September 25, 1865, just one month from the day when he returned
from Andersonville from the marking of the soldiers’ graves, Dorence
Atwater, as Clara Barton records, “was heavily ironed, and under
escort of a soldier and captain as guard, in open daylight, and in the
face of his acquaintances, taken through the streets of Washington
to the Baltimore depot, and placed upon the cars, a convict bound to
Auburn State Prison.”
Clara Barton had moved heaven and earth to save Dorence from
imprisonment; had done everything excepting to advise him to give up
the rolls. She knew so well what the publication of those names meant
to thirteen thousand anxious homes, she was willing to see Dorence go
to prison rather than that should fail. Secretary Stanton was out of
Washington when Dorence was arrested. She followed him to West Point
and had a personal interview, which she supplemented by a letter:
ROE’S HOTEL, WEST POINT, September 5th, 1865
HON. E. M. STANTON
SEC’Y. OF WAR, U.S.A.
MY HONORED FRIEND:
Please permit me before leaving to reply to the one kind interrogatory
made by you this morning, viz: “What do you desire me to do in the
case?” Simply this, sir,--do nothing, believe nothing, sanction
nothing in this present procedure against Dorence Atwater until all
the facts with their antecedents and bearings shall have been placed
before you, and this upon your return (if no one more worthy offer) I
promise to do, with all the fairness, truthfulness, and judgment that
in me lie.
There is a noticeable haste manifested to dispose of the case in your
absence which leads me to fear that there are those who, to gratify a
jealous whim, or serve a personal ambition, would give little heed to
the dangers of unmerited public criticism they might thus draw upon
you, while young Atwater, honest and simple-hearted, both loving and
trusting you, has more need of your protection than your censure.
With the highest esteem, and unspeakable gratitude,
I am, sir
CLARA BARTON
Failing to secure the release of Dorence by appeal to Secretary
Stanton, who was not given to interference with military courts, Clara
Barton tried the effect of public opinion and also sought to arouse the
military authority of the State of Connecticut. Two letters of hers are
preserved addressed to friends in the newspaper world, but they did not
immediately accomplish the release of Dorence.
Clara Barton was not a woman to desist in an effort of this kind. She
had set about to procure the release of Dorence Atwater; she had the
support of Senator Henry Wilson and of General B. F. Butler, and she
labored day and night to enlarge the list of influential friends who
should finally secure his freedom. She surely would have succeeded.
While the Government saw no convenient way of issuing him a pardon
until he returned the missing rolls, public sentiment in his favor grew
steadily under her insistent propaganda. At the end of two months’
imprisonment, he was released under a general order which discharged
from prison all soldiers sentenced there by court-martial for crimes
less than murder. Even after the issue of the President’s general
order, Atwater was detained for a little time until Clara Barton made a
personal visit to Secretary Stanton and informed him that Dorence was
still in prison and secured the record of his trial for future use.
Then she set herself to work to secure the publication of his rolls.
He must copy them and rearrange them by States and in alphabetical
order, a task of no light weight, and must then arrange with some
responsible newspaper to undertake to secure their publication.
Moreover, this must be done quickly and quietly, for she believed that
Dorence still had an enemy who would thwart the effort if known.
The large task of copying the rolls and rearranging the names required
some weeks. When it was finished, Clara Barton, who had previously
thought of the New York “Times” as a possible medium of publicity on
account of an expression of interest which it had published, and even
had considered the unpractical idea of simultaneous publication in a
number of papers, turned instead to Horace Greeley. She wrote to him in
January, 1866, and then went to New York and conferred with him.
Greeley told her that the list was quite too long for publication in
the columns of any newspaper. The proper thing to do, as he assured
her, was to bring it out in pamphlet form at a low price, and, on the
day of publication, to exploit it as widely as possible through the
columns of the “Tribune.” To get the list in type, read the proof,
print the edition, and have it ready for delivery required some days if
not weeks. Valentine’s Day was fixed as that upon which the list was to
appear. On February 14, 1866, the publication occurred.
Horace Greeley was a good advertiser. All through the advertising
pages of the “Tribune” on that day appeared the word “ANDERSONVILLE”
in a single line of capitals, varied here and there by “ANDERSONVILLE;
See Advertisement on 8th page.” No one who read that day’s “Tribune”
could escape the word “Andersonville.” The editorial page contained the
following paragraph:
We have just issued a carefully compiled _List of the Union
Soldiers Buried at Andersonville_--arranged alphabetically under
the names of their respective States, and containing every name that
has been or can be recovered. Aside from the general and mournful
interest felt in these martyrs personally, this list will be of great
importance hereafter in the settlement of estates, etc. A copy should
be preserved for reference in every library, however limited. It
constitutes a roll of honor wherein our children’s children will point
with pride to the names of their relatives who died that their country
might live. See advertisement.
The eighth page contained a half-page article by Clara Barton, telling
in full of the marking of the Andersonville graves. This article was
hailed with nation-wide interest, and the pamphlet had an enormous
circulation, bringing comfort to thousands of grief-stricken homes.
Dorence Atwater never recovered from his treatment at the hands
of the United States Government. For many years the record of the
court-martial stood against him, and his status was that of a released
prisoner still unpardoned. His spirit became embittered, and he said
that the word “soldier” made him angry, and the sight of a uniform
caused him to froth at the mouth. The Government gave him a consulship
in the remote Seychelles Islands, and later transferred him to the
Society Islands in the South Pacific. He died in November, 1910, and
his monument is erected near Papeete on the Island of Tahiti.