5[74]; Upper Mud Creek, 6700 ft., Mt. Shasta, 3; Mt. Shasta, 1.
_Modoc County_: Goose Lake, 1[20]; Joseph Creek, 1[74]; 5280 ft.,
Parker Creek, near Alturas, 1[74]; Warner Mts., near Alturas,
1[8]; 5 mi. NW Eagle Peak, 7000 ft., 2[74]; Shields Creek, 5000
ft., 1[74]; Jess Valley, 1[8]. _Shasta County_: Cassel, 1. _Lassen
County_: 3 mi. W Eagle Lake, 5800 ft., 1[74]; 4 mi. S Eagle Lake,
6000 ft., 2[74]; Mill Creek, 5000 ft., S base Mt. Lassen, 1; 6 mi.
SW Calneva, 1. _Tehama County_: Dale's, 600 ft., on Paines Creek,
1[74]. _Plumas County_: Kelly's, 2 mi. S Willow Lake, 5200 ft.,
3[74]; Quincy, 4[68]; Beckwith, Sierra Valley, 1. _Butte County_:
Jonesville, 1[74]. _Sierra_ _County_: Little Truckee River, 6500
ft., 3 mi. N Independence Lake, 2[42]. _Nevada County_:
Independence Lake, 1[74]. _Placer County_: Donner, 3; 2 mi. W Soda
Springs Station, 6500 ft., 1[74]; Blue Canyon, 5000 ft., 2
(1[74]); 4 mi. S Tahoe City, 1[74]. _Eldorado County_: 5 mi. S
Tallac, 6300 ft., 1; Gilmore Lake, Mt. Tallac, 2[74]; Mt. Tallac,
1[68]; Phillips, 1[59]. _Alpine County_: 8000 ft., Hope Valley, 1;
8000 ft., Silver Creek, 1. _Tuolumne County_: Strawberry, 5200
ft., 1[74]; 9300 ft., Ten Lakes, Yosemite Park, 1[74]; Tuolumne
Meadows, 8600 ft., Yosemite Park, 1[74]; Tuolumne Meadows (Soda
Springs), 1; Tuolumne Meadows, 8500 ft., Yosemite Park, 1[74];
Sequoia, 1. _Mariposa County_: Chinquapin, 6256 ft., 2[74]; Merced
Grove Big Trees, 5400 ft., 1[74]; Wawona, 1; no locality more
definite than county, 1. _Madera County_: Bass Lake, 1[74]. _Mono
County_: Tioga Crest, near Tioga Pass, 4[74]; Warren Creek, 1[74];
Tioga Lake, 1[74]; Ellery Lake, 9600 ft., 1[74]; Mono Lake P. O.,
Mono Lake, 1[74]; Walker Lake, 8000 ft., 2[74]; Pine City, 1;
Mammoth, 13 (12[59], 1[14]); 10300 ft., near Big Prospector
Meadow, White Mts., 2[74]. _Inyo County_: Little Onion Valley,
7500 ft., 1[74]; N Fork Bishop Cr., 10500 ft., 1[74]; S fork
Bishop Cr., Andrews Camp, 8000 ft., 1[74]; South Lake, S Fk.
Bishop Cr., 9750 ft., 1[74]; Lamarck Cr., 9900 ft., 15 mi. SW
Bishop, 1[74]. _Fresno County_: Hume, 1. _Tulare County_: Mt.
Whitney, 2; Whitney Meadow, 9800 ft., 1[74]; Monache Meadow, 8000
ft., 3[74]; E fork Kaweah River, 9800 ft., 1; 1/2 mi. S Mineral
King, 7850 ft., 7[52]; Quaking Aspen Meadow, 7500 ft., 1[52].
=Colorado.= _Moffat County_: Lay, 1[19]. _Routt County_: Steamboat
Springs, 2 (1[19]); no locality more definite than county, 1[57].
_Jackson County_: Higho, North Park, 8400 ft., 1; Buffalo or
Illinois Creek, "near Rand," 6[74]. _Washington County_: 6 mi. NE
Hillrose, 1[74]. _Larimer County_: Estes Park, 2 (1[2], 1[7]);
Pinewood, 1; Loveland, 2 (1[57]); no locality more definite than
county, 1[7]. _Rio Blanco County_: Compass Creek, 9000 ft., 1[2];
White River, 6200 ft., 1[21]; Piceance Creek, 6200 ft., 1[2]; Dry
Fork, 6200-6600 ft., 4[2]; Meeker, 1; Marvine, 1[74]. _Grand
County_: Crembling [= Kremmling?], 1[50]; Middle Park, 1[57].
_Boulder County_: Foot Mt. Meeker, 8700 ft., 1[2]; Silver Lake
Mine, 1[60]; Boulder, 1[60]; Dixie Lake, 2 (1[2], 1[57]); Caribou,
1[2]; no locality more definite than county, 1. _Clear Creek
County_?: Grays Peak, 1[93]. _Jefferson County_: 7000 ft., Mt.
Parks, 1[57]; 6 mi. W Denver, 1[57]. _Adams County_: Barr, 1[2];
near East Lake, 2[57]. _Denver County_: Denver, 2 (1[2], 1[74]).
_Arapahoe County_: Littleton, 1[19]. _Summit County_:
Breckenridge, 1[57]. _Eagle County_: Eagle, 9500 ft., 1[104].
_Park County_: Jefferson, 4 (1[2]); 12800 ft., Mt. Bross, 1[57].
_Mesa County_: Tunnel, 1. _Montrose County_: near Crawford, Clear
Fork of Smiths Fork, 1[19]; Coventry, 3 (1[19]); Naturita, 1;
Paradox, 1[94]; West Paradox Valley, 1[57]. _Pitkin County_:
Placita, 2[26]. _Gunnison County_: Marble, 1[26], Crested Butte,
2[19]; Deckers Ranch, Crested Butte, 2[19]; Sapinero, 7245 ft.,
1[19]. _Chaffee County_: Buena Vista, 1[76]; Hancock, 1[16];
Salida, 5[19]. _Teller County_: Glencore, Pikes Peak, 1[76]. _El
Paso County_: Monument, 1[76]; Seven Lakes, 1[19]; Lake Moraine,
10250 ft., 1[19]; Colorado Springs, 6000 ft., 1[19]; 5 mi. E Sand
Creek, Colorado Springs, 1[19]; no locality more definite than
county, 1[50]. _Saguache County_: Villa Grove, 1[19]; Pierce
Place, Cochetopa Nat. Forest, 1; Houselog Creek, Cochetopa Nat.
Forest, 1; P. Tevebaugh's Ranch, near Cochetopa Pass, 1; P.
Tevebaugh's Ranch, 9 mi. S Cochetopa Pass, 1. _Rio Grande County_:
between Monte Vista and Del Norte, 1[88]. _Archuleta County_:
Upper Navajo River, 2[57]; Navajo River, 5 (4[57], 1[2]); Chromo,
2[57]. _Conejos County_: Osier, 3[57]. _Montezuma County_: Ure
Peak, 1[57]. _County_ in question: Del Norte Peak, 1[76]; no
locality more definite than state, 4[75].
=Idaho.= _Latah County_: Cedar Mt., 4000 ft., 12 mi. NE Moscow,
1[55]; Moscow and 1/2 mi. W, 2[97]. _Idaho County_: Lochsa River
(= Locksaw Fork), 1; between Selway Riv., and S Fork Clearwater
Riv., 8[74]; Selway Divide, 8[74]; Pilot Creek, 2[74]; Newsome
Cr., 1[74]. _Lemhi County_: Salmon River Mts., (now Lemhi Mts.),
8000 ft., 5; Leadore, 3. _Adams County_: summit Smith Mt., 7500
ft., 1[41]. _Washington County_: Midvale, 2. _Custer County_:
Pahsimeroi Mts., 1; Double Springs, 16 mi. NE Dickey, 1[74];
Mackay?, 1; Stanley Lake, 1. _Payette County_: 2 mi. S Payette,
1[74]. _Fremont County_: 17 mi. E, 4 mi. N Ashton, 6275 ft.,
2[74]. _Teton County_: 3 mi. S Victor, 1[74]. _Jefferson County_:
20 mi. W Camas, 1. _Blaine County_: Sawtooth City, 1; Ketchum, 5
(3[50], 2[75]). _Canyon County_: Nampa 3. _Clark County_: Dry
Creek, Targhee Nat. Forest, 1[2]; Birch Creek, 2. _County_ in
question: North fork of Teton River, 1. _Bingham County_: Shelley,
1; Alridge, 2; Springfield, 1. _Lincoln County_: Shoshone, 1.
_Minidoka County_: 1/4 mi. E Heyburn Bridge, 1[74]. _Power
County_: 4 mi. NW American Falls, 1[74]. _Bannock County_: 3 mi. N
Schutt's Mine, Ross Creek, 1[74]; 3 mi. N Pocatello, 1[74]; near
(within 10 miles of) Pocatello, 1[74]; 3 mi. S Pocatello, 1[74]; 1
mi. E Portneuf, 1[74]; 2 mi. up Mink Creek, 2 (1[74], 1[41]);
Inkom, 2; Swan Lake, 1. _Owyhee County_: 5 mi. SE Riddle, 1; Three
Creek, 2. _Cassia County_: Elba, 1[52]. _Bear Lake County_:
Geneva, 6171 ft., 1[74]; Montpelier, 1; Paris, 6000 ft., 1[6];
Pegram, 2.
=Nevada.= _Humboldt County_: Alder Creek, 7000 ft., Pine Forest
Mts., 1[74]; head of Big Creek, 8000 ft., Pine Forest Mts., 1[74];
Cottonwood Range, 1; Calico Mt., Little Owyhee R., 1; Mahogany,
Little Owyhee R., 2; Sulphur, 1. _Pershing County_: Lovelocks, 1.
_Elko County_: Mountain City, 3; Three Lakes, Ruby Mts., 1[41].
_Washoe County_: Pyramid Lake, 1; 3 mi. E Reno, 1[74]; Incline
Creek, 7100 ft., 1[74]; 2-1/2 mi. S Incline, 6250 ft., 1[74]; E
side Marlette Lake, 8000 ft., 1[74]; Marlette Lake, 8000 ft.,
1[74]. _Ormsby County_: 1/2 mi. S Marlette Lake, 8150 ft., 1[74].
_Churchill County_: 4 mi. W Fallon, 1[74]; 3 mi. W Fallon, 1[74];
2 mi. W Fallon, 1[74]; Fallon, 3970 ft., 1[74]. 5 mi. S Fallon,
4000 ft., 1[74]; 8 mi. S and 3 mi. E Fallon, 1[74]. _Douglas
County_: Mt. Siegel, 1[60]. _Mineral County_: Lapon Cañon, 8900
ft., Mt. Grant, 1. _Nye County_: Arc Dome, 1; 10700 ft., 1/2 mi.
SW Jefferson Peak, Toquima Range, 1[74]. _White Pine County_: 3
mi. E Baker, 1[74]; Baker Creek, 6600 ft., 4[74]; Baker Creek,
8400 to 8450 ft., 4[74]; Gleason Creek, 7500 ft., 1[74].
_Esmeralda County_: Arlemont, 4850 ft., Fish Lake Valley, 1[74].
_Lincoln County_: 3 mi. S Crystal Spring, 3900 ft., Pahranagat
Valley, 1[27].
=New Mexico.= _Taos County_: 2 mi. N Twining, 10500 ft., 1; Taos,
2. _Santa Fe County_: 11600 ft., Pecos Baldy, 1. _San Miguel
County_: 8000 ft., above Willis, Pecos River, Forest Reserve,
2[75]; Ribera, 1.
=Oregon= (by counties from west to east). _Jackson County_:
Rustler Peak, Crater Nat. Forest, 1[46]; Siskiyou (probably south
of), 2. _Klamath County_: 20 mi. W Crescent, 1[101]; Anna Creek,
Mt. Mazama, 2; S Boundary Crater Lake Nat. Park, 1[74]; Fort
Klamath, 15; Upper Klamath Lake, 2[4]; Klamath Falls, 1[75]. _Lake
County_: Dog Lake Ranger Station, 30 mi. SW Lakeview, 1. _Harney
County_: Camp Harney, 2[75]; Burns, 2 (1[101]); 20 mi. S Burns,
1[46]; Narrows, 1[59]; Voltage, 1; Shirk P. O., 2; Keiger Gorge,
Steen Mts., 4. _Malheur County_: Riverside, 1; 2 mi. NW Riverside,
2; Barren Valley, Cord, 1; Cedar Mts., 2; Cow Creek Lake, 1;
Jordan Valley, 1. _County_ in question: Sageview, 1.
=Utah.= _Cache County_: Logan, 1[74]. _Rich County_: 8000 ft.,
near Laketown, 1. _Boxelder County_: Willard, 1[103]. _Salt Lake
County_: Salt Lake City, 1[74]; Barclay, 6500 ft., Wasatch Mts.,
1; Mill Creek, 1[103]. _Utah County_: Provo Bench, 2[6]; Aspen
Grove, Mt. Timpanogos, 1[6]; Payson, 1[6]. _Juab County_: between
Santaquin and Starr, 1[103]. _Uinta County_: Dry Fork Canyon, 20
mi. NW Vernal, 1[9]. _Carbon County_: Sunnyside, 1[44]; Range
Creek, 1[44]. _Millard County_: Deseret, 1[74]. _Sevier? County_:
Fish Lake Plateau, 1. _Grand County_: Warner Ranger Station, La
Sal Mts., 1[6]. _Beaver County_: Britts Meadows, 11000 ft., Beaver
Range, 1[2]; Britts Meadows, Beaver Range, 1; Puffer Lake, 1[44].
_Garfield County_: Boulder, 2[6]. _Washington County_: Pine
Valley, 1[44]; St. George, 1. _San Juan County_: Geyser Pass, La
Sal Mts., 2[6]. _County_ in question: Salt Lake, 2; Wasatch Mts.,
1; La Sal Mts., 11000 ft., 1.
=Washington.= _Okanogan County_: Bald Mt., 6800 ft., 1; Bauerman
Ridge, 6800 ft., Tungsten Mine, 1; Hart Pass, Methow River Trail,
1[46]; Conconully, 2 (1[51], 1[49]); 5 mi. NW Loomis, 1; Molson,
3800 ft., 1; Tunk Mt., 3500 ft., 1. _Whatcom County_: Barron, 5000
ft., 1. _Stevens County_: Colville, 1; Orin, 11[51]. _Pend Oreille
County_: Ione, 6[51]. _Chelan County_: Chelan Mts., 1[2]; Lake
Chelan, 1[46]; Manson, 1; Entiat River, 1680 ft., 20 mi. from
mouth, 7; Dryden, 2[49]; Wenatchee, 1. _Kittitas County_: Easton,
2 (1[51]); Ellensburg, 1[51]; 4 mi. E Ellensburg, 1[51]. _Grant
County_: Neppel, 1[51]. _Lincoln County_: Sprague, 1. _Spokane
County_: Spokane, 1[94]; Cheney 2[89]. _Whitman County_: Pullman,
11 (6[55], 1[68], 1[10]); 6 mi. S Pullman, 1. _Garfield County_:
Snake River, 1. _Yakima County_: Yakima, 1[74]; 1 mi. W Moxee,
1[74].
=Wyoming.= NW Wyoming, 1[75]. _Yellowstone National Park_: Lamar
River, 1; Yellowstone Lake, 1. _Park County_: Greybull River,
1[80]. _Teton County_: Crystal Creek, 2; Jackson, 1; Whetstone
Creek, 2[76]. _Johnson County_: Buffalo, 4 (2[93]). _Fremont
County_: Continental Divide, 20 mi. NW Dubois, 1[75]. _Sublette
County_: Bronx, 1[75]. _Carbon County_: Medicine Bow Mts., 1[75];
15 mi. SE Parco, 1[74]. _Albany County_: Garrett, 1; 12 mi. W
Laramie, 1[74]; 7 mi. W Laramie, 2[74]; 5 mi. W Laramie, 4[74];
"near" Laramie, 1[74]; 3 mi. SW Laramie, 1[74]; 12 mi. S Laramie,
1[74]. _Uinta County_: Fort Bridger, 6800 ft., 1[74]; Lonetree, 1;
Bridger Pass, 1. _County_ in question: Laramie River, 2. No
locality more definite than state, 1.
=Mustela frenata effera= Hall
Long-tailed Weasel
Plates 19, 20 and 21
_Mustela frenata effera_ Hall, Carnegie Instit. Washington Publ.
473:93, November 20, 1936.
_Mustela arizonensis_, Dice, Journ. Mamm., 1:12, November 28, 1919.
_Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin; no. 33637, Amer. Mus. Nat.
Hist.; Ironside, 4000 ft., Malheur County, Oregon; September 8,
1912; obtained by H. E. Anthony; original no. 267.
The skull (plates 19-21) is complete and unbroken. The teeth all
are present and entire. The skin, in summer pelage, is well made.
_Range._--Upper Sonoran to Arctic Alpine life-zones of northern
two-thirds of Oregon east of the Cascades, and southeastern
Washington, south of the Snake River. See figure 29 on page 221.
_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _M. f.
nevadensis_ in small size, males averaging 12-1/2 per cent smaller
in external measurements, 8 per cent smaller in linear
measurements of skull, and 22 per cent in weight of skull, total
length averaging 360 rather than 400, condylobasal length
averaging 40.5 rather than 43.6; from _M. f. oregonensis_ in
absence of frontonasal white patch, presence of light color of
underparts on ventral face of tail and smaller skull with basilar
length averaging less than 41.7 in males; from _M. f. washingtoni_
in presence of light color of underparts on ventral face of tail,
in male skull by linear measurements averaging 7 (5-12) per cent
shorter and relative to basilar length shorter in preorbital
region and broader across mastoid processes and zygomatic arches.
_Description._--_Size._--Male: Eight (6 adult and 2 subadult)
males from northeastern Oregon yield average and extreme
measurements as follows: Total length, 360 (340-378); length of
tail, 129 (122-136); length of hind foot, 42 (40-44). Tail
averages 56 (52-59) per cent as long as head and body. Length of
hind foot more or less than (about same as) basal length.
Female: No. 212423 from Vale, and no. 566 V. B. Scheffer, from 15
mi. E Ukiah, measure, respectively: Total length, 312, 306; length
of tail, 113, 114; length of hind foot, 35, 35. Tail averages 57
per cent as long as head and body.
Differences in external measurements between the one adult female
and the average of the males are: Total length, 51; length of
tail, 16; length of hind foot, 7.
_Externals._--Longest facial vibrissae black, brown or white
(often all three colors in same specimen) and extending beyond
ear; carpal vibrissae same color as underparts and extending to
apical pad of fifth digit; hairiness of foot-soles (in summer
pelage) about as shown in stage 4 of figure 19.
_Color._--Upper parts, in summer, near (14 _n_ to _l_) Brussels
Brown or tones 1 to 3 of Raw Umber of Oberthür and Dauthenay, pl.
301, darker on top of head from nose to, or slightly behind, line
connecting posterior margins of ears. Chin and usually all of
upper lips white. Remainder of underparts Buff-Yellow to Straw
Yellow. In winter all white except tip of tail or upper parts near
(_j_) Snuff Brown or lighter than Brussels Brown with a smoked
effect, with underparts white. Tip of tail at all times black.
Color of underparts extends distally on posterior sides of
forelegs over toes onto antipalmar faces of toes and wrists, on
medial sides of hind legs to ankles over antiplantar faces of
toes, distomedial third of tarsus and usually over proximal fourth
to three-fourths of ventral side of tail. Least width of color of
underparts averaging, in 15 males, 53 (36-69) per cent of greatest
width of color of upper parts. Black tip of tail averaging 47
(38-67) mm. long. Thus averaging longer than hind foot, and 36 per
cent of length of tail-vertebrae.
_Skull and teeth._--Male (based on 6 adults from northeastern
Oregon): See measurements and plates 19-21. As described in
_Mustela frenata nevadensis_ except that: Weight, 2.9 (2.5-3.4)
grams; basilar length, 40.5 (39.3-41.8).
Female (based on no. 212423, adult from Vale): In so far as parts
of the broken skull permit a person to judge, the skull is as
described in _M. f. nevadensis_ except that: Smaller; lighter;
postorbital breadth more than width of basioccipital measured from
medial margin of one foramen lacerum posterior to its opposite.
As compared with the skull of _M. f. nevadensis_ that of _effera_
seems, on the average, to have the preorbital part relatively smaller.
Otherwise, the skull is a miniature of the skull of _nevadensis_,
averaging about eight per cent smaller in linear measurements and
weighs twenty-two per cent less. Comparisons of the skull with those of
_M. f. washingtoni_ and _M. f. oregonensis_ are made in accounts of
those subspecies.
_Remarks._--This geographic race has long borne the name of _Mustela
arizonensis_ (Mearns). Small size differentiates _effera_ from
_nevadensis_ and specimens have been allocated to one or the other
subspecies on the basis of size, or average size when several
individuals are available from one locality. Complete intergradation
with each adjoining subspecies is indicated by numerous specimens, more
of which are assigned to these adjoining subspecies than to _effera_
itself.
The minimum of size in _M. f. effera_ is found in the Blue Mountain
region of northeastern Oregon. Specimens from the area intervening
between these mountains and the Cascades average larger but are nearer
the mean of typical _effera_ than they are to the means of
_washingtoni_, _oregonensis_ or _nevadensis_.
Two males, nos. 204883, adult, and 204884, young, from Sisters, Oregon,
near the eastern base of the Cascades, show approach structurally to
_M. f. washingtoni_ as it is represented at the nearby locality,
Permilia Lake, at the west base of Mount Jefferson. Everything
considered, however, the two specimens from Sisters are nearer to
_effera_. A male from Condon, Oregon, shows approach to the Cascade
race in slightly increased size.
No perfect skulls of adult females are available from the part of
northwestern Oregon in which _effera_ reaches its typical state of
development as judged by the small size of the skull of the adult male.
Skulls of adult females are available, however, from more nearly
marginal localities. These, though smaller than in _nevadensis_, show
relatively less difference in size when compared with _nevadensis_ than
do skulls of males. Even so the females at these marginal localities
are smaller than those of _nevadensis_ of comparable age and adequate
material of adult female _effera_ from the region where the males
attain their extreme of small size probably will show about the same
relative difference in size between _nevadensis_ and _effera_ as is
known to exist between the adult males of these two subspecies. The
small size of a subadult female, no 74631, U. S. Nat. Mus., from
Asotin, Washington, constitutes partial basis for this opinion.
Of 14 adults examined none showed malformation of the frontal sinuses
due to infestation by parasites.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 53, arranged within each
state by counties from north to south. Unless otherwise indicated
specimens are in the collection of the United States National
Museum.
=Oregon.= _Wasco County_: 4 mi. S The Dalles, 1[74]; Wapinita, 1;
Antelope, 2; 7 mi. E Antelope, 5. _Gilliam County_: Condon, 1[46].
_Morrow County_: 10 mi. S Hardman, 1. _Umatilla County_: Umatilla,
2; 15 mi. E Ukiah, 4000 ft., 1[49]. _Union County_: Elgin, 1; 20
mi. E Lehman, 1[46]. _Wallowa County_: Horse Creek, 15 mi. N
Paradise, 1; Enterprise, 1[46]; Wallowa Lake, 1[46]; Wallowa
Mts., 8300 ft., 1. _Baker County_: Haines, 1[49]; Anthony, 3[2];
Bourne, 2. _Grant County_: Long Creek, 1[46]; Canyon Creek, 1[46];
Strawberry Mts., 2; Silvies, 1[14]. _Crook County_: Prineville, 4.
_Deschutes County_: Sisters, 2; Bend, 1. _Lake County_: 3 mi. W
Stauffer, 1; Fort Rock, 1[46]. _Harney County_: 25 mi. NW Burns,
1. _Malheur County_: 4000 ft., Ironside, 2[2]; 1-1/2 mi. S Vale,
2.
=Washington.= _Walla Walla County_: Prescott, 4 (2[76], 1[60],
1[74]); Ft. Walla Walla, 2 (1[75]); Wallula, 1[76]. _Asotin
County_: Asotin, 1.
=Mustela frenata washingtoni= (Merriam)
Long-tailed Weasel
Plates 19, 20, 21, 34, 35 and 36
_Putorius washingtoni_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 11:18, pl. 4, figs.
3, 3a, 4, 4a, June 30, 1896.
_Mustela washingtoni_, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:98,
December 31, 1912.
_Mustela frenata washingtoni_, Hall, Carnegie Instit. Washington
Publ. 473:106, November 20, 1936.
_Type._--Male, adult, skin and skull; no. 76322, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
Biol. Surv. Coll.; Trout Lake, Mt. Adams, Klickitat (?) County,
Washington; December 15, 1895; obtained by D. N. Kaegi; original
no. 2.
The skull is unbroken. The left incisors above are missing.
Otherwise the teeth are present and entire. The skin is well made,
in brown winter pelage, lacks collector's measurements, has no
bones in the feet, but by large size is judged to be a male.
_Range._--Altitudinally from near 2000 feet at Trout Lake up to
the highest parts of the Cascade Range from Mount Jefferson,
Oregon, north to Mount Rainier, Washington; Upper Sonoran
Life-zone to Arctic Alpine Life-zone. See figure 29 on page 221.
_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _M. f.
altifrontalis_ in lighter color of upper parts and underparts,
latter ranging from Buff-Yellow to Naples Yellow rather than near
(14 _a_ to 16 _c_) Ochraceous-Buff, in shallower skull in both
sexes (see measurements), in males, a longer preorbital region,
narrower skull with shorter bullae, and in females, a smaller
skull with interorbital breadth averaging less than 24 per cent of
basilar length; from _M. f. nevadensis_ in absence of light color
of underparts on ventral face of tail, in skulls of males, by
longer preorbital region and narrower skull across mastoid
processes and zygomatic arches, in skulls of females, by shorter
preorbital region, and smaller bullae (see measurements); from _M.
f. effera_ in absence of light color of underparts on ventral face
of tail, in skulls of males, by linear measurements averaging 7
(5-12) per cent larger, and relative to basilar length, longer in
the preorbital region and narrower across mastoid processes and
zygomatic arches; from _M. f. oregonensis_ in absence of
frontonasal white patch, longer skull in males, which in
percentage of basilar length has, on the average, orbitonasal
length amounting to more than 35, mastoid breadth less than 55,
and zygomatic breadth less than 63, and in females, smaller skull
with least width of palate less than length of P4, upper
tooth-rows less than 38-1/2 per cent of basilar length, bullae
smaller, averaging less than 13.4 in length.
_Description._--_Size._--Male: Fifteen subadult topotypes yield
average and extreme measurements as follows: Total length, 400
(357-437); length of tail, 149 (122-171); length of hind foot,
47.6 (42-59). Tail averages 59 per cent as long as head and body.
Length of hind foot averaging more than basal length.
Corresponding measurements of one adult and 3 young from Mount
Rainier are: 415 (405-423); 155 (145-164); 51 (50-53).
Female: Five adult topotypes yield average and extreme
measurements as follows: Total length, 349 (330-393); length of
tail, 124 (114-133); length of hind foot, 38 (36-39). Tail
averages 55 per cent as long as head and body. Length of hind foot
averaging about same as basal length. Corresponding measurements
of two adults and 6 young from Mount Rainier are: 338 (320-360);
121 (115-132); 36 (34-40).
The average differences in external measurements of the two sexes,
from Mount Adams, are: Total length, 51; length of tail, 25;
length of hind foot, 9.6. Corresponding differences between the
specimens from Mount Rainier are: 77; 34; 15.
_Externals._--Longest facial vibrissae black or brown (often both
colors in same specimen) and extending beyond ear; carpal
vibrissae same color as underparts and extending to or beyond
apical pad of fifth digit; hairiness of foot-soles slightly less
than shown in figure 19.
_Color._--Upper parts in summer near (14 _n_) Argus Brown or tone
4 of Burnt Umber of Oberthür and Dauthenay, pl. 304; one topotype
Buckthorn Brown or tone 3 to 4 of Snuff Brown of Oberthür and
Dauthenay, pl. 303. Dark spot at each angle of mouth present or
absent, and when present, often fused with color of upper parts,
which rarely covers lower lips. Chin, and usually lower lips,
white. Remainder of underparts Buff-Yellow to Naples Yellow. In
winter, all white except tip of tail which is at all times black,
or upper parts near (14) Brussels Brown to near (_j_) Snuff Brown
with smoked effect and underparts white, rarely with trace of
yellowish. Color of underparts extends distally on posterior sides
of forelegs over toes onto antipalmar faces of feet and usually
all of wrists, on medial sides of hind legs anywhere from knee to
tips of toes. Least width of color of underparts averaging in ten
topotypes, 24 (10-37) per cent of greatest width of color of upper
parts. Black tip of tail in same series averaging 55 (45-60) mm.
long, thus longer than hind foot and averaging 37 per cent of
length of tail-vertebrae.
The color of the underparts is not so narrow in the specimens from
Mount Rainier and it is believed that the slender bodies used in
stuffing the topotypes has accentuated in them the appearance of
narrowness of the light-colored underparts.