See measurements and plates 16-18; weight, 3.6 (3.3-4.4) grams;
basilar length, 44.6 (43.3-46.0); zygomatic breadth less than
distance between condylar foramen and Ml or than between anterior
palatine foramen and anterior margin of tympanic bulla; mastoid
breadth less than postpalatal length; postorbital breadth more or
less than length of upper premolars and greater than width of
basioccipital measured from medial margin of one foramen lacerum
posterior to its opposite; interorbital breadth more or less
(usually more) than distance between foramen opticum and anterior
margin of tympanic bulla; breadth of rostrum less than length of
tympanic bulla; least width of palate less than length of P4;
anterior margin of tympanic bulla as far posterior to foramen
ovale as width of 3 to 6 upper incisors; height of tympanic bulla
more or less than distance from its anterior margin to foramen
ovale; length of tympanic bulla more than length of lower molar
and premolar tooth-row and longer or shorter than rostrum;
anterior margin of masseteric fossa behind or directly below
posterior fourth of m1.
Female (based on five adults from Mass.): See measurements and
plates 31-33; weight, 1.7 (1.2-2.1) grams; basilar length, 36.5
(35.2-38.1); zygomatic breadth less than distance between condylar
foramen and M1 or than between anterior palatine foramen and
anterior margin of tympanic bulla; postorbital breadth more or
less than length of upper premolars and more than width of
basioccipital measured from medial margin of one foramen lacerum
posterior to its opposite; least width of palate more or less
(usually less) than greatest length of P4; tympanic bulla as far
posterior to foramen ovale as width of 4 to 5-1/2 upper incisors;
height of tympanic bulla less than distance from its anterior
margin to foramen ovale; length of tympanic bulla more than length
of lower molar and premolar tooth-row and longer than rostrum.
The skull of the female averages 53 per cent lighter than that of
the average male.
Comparisons of the skull with those of _M. f. olivacea_, _M. f.
spadix_, _M. f. primulina_, and _M. f. arthuri_, are made in the
accounts of those subspecies. As compared with that of _M. f. occisor_
the skull of adult male _noveboracensis_, is of smaller average size
with relatively (to basilar length of Hensel) lesser mastoid and
zygomatic breadths. In addition to the zygomatic arches of
_noveboracensis_ being less widely bowed outward they seem to be more
rounded posteriorly. Comparisons of subadult females indicate that
these differences exist in the females as well as in the adult males.
_Remarks._--The earliest of the post-Linnaean references to this weasel
mostly were under the specific name _erminea_ in the belief that the
American animal was the same as the larger of the two common species of
weasel in the Old World. The name _noveboracensis_, now in use for this
subspecies, was applied in 1840 and since that time the males usually
have borne that name; the females, because they are smaller, were more
frequently confused with some other species. Audubon and Bachman in
1853 even proposed the name _agilis_ for the female in the mistaken
belief that it was a species distinct from the male. After 1896, when
Bangs correctly classified the weasels of the eastern United States,
the males have been correctly identified and the females, except by a
few authors, likewise have been correctly named. Because many early
American naturalists did their first collecting of mammals in the
geographic range of _noveboracensis_, the person who examines labels of
specimens of this subspecies can find data written in the hand of
Spencer Fullerton Baird, Theodore Roosevelt, and other naturalists
famous for their work as scientists or accomplishments otherwise. The
material is more nearly adequate than is that of many other subspecies
and the number of specimens is exceeded--and only slightly--by that of
the subspecies _nevadensis_, which like _noveboracensis_ has a
relatively large geographic range.
Intergradation with _Mustela frenata spadix_ is indicated by subadult
males from western Wisconsin, namely, one from Gordon, three from
Colfax and one from Meridean. Linear measurements of the teeth of these
specimens are exactly intermediate between those of _spadix_ from Elk
River, Minnesota, to the west, and _noveboracensis_ from, say, Beaver
Dam, Wisconsin, to the east. The specimens from western Wisconsin show
approach to spadix also in that the length of the tooth-rows and
breadth of the rostrum are slightly greater than in _noveboracensis_
from farther east, say, Beaver Dam, Wisconsin.
Indeed, animals from as far east as Beaver Dam itself might be thought
of as showing some approach to _spadix_. Although, along the eastern
seaboard, the upper lips, with rare exceptions, are the same color as
the underparts, farther west, in Michigan and Wisconsin, the lips more
often than not are white. Animals from Beaver Dam have slightly shorter
black tips on the tails, broader extent of the light color of the
underparts and females average slightly larger than typical
_noveboracensis_, say, those from Massachusetts. Each of these
differences reflects characters found better developed in the
_spadix-longicauda_ stock to the west.
Toward the southern part of its range where _noveboracensis_ meets _M.
f. olivacea_ there is a marked increase in yellowness of the
underparts. This coloration of the underparts, since it is not so well
marked in the northern part of the range of _noveboracensis_, might be
regarded as showing intergradation with _olivacea_ and _primulina_,
each of which has far more intensely colored underparts than does
_noveboracensis_. Excepting this increase of yellow on the underparts,
however, there are few if any characters of _noveboracensis_ which
undergo marked change as approach to the range of _olivacea_ is made.
Indeed, the characters of _noveboracensis_ remain constant to within a
relatively short distance of the geographic range of _olivacea_.
Notwithstanding the state of affairs described above, intergradation
seems to take place. Three specimens referred to _noveboracensis_ but
which at the same time are regarded as intergrades with _olivacea_ are
as follows: No. 28.300, Charleston Museum, from five miles east of
York, South Carolina, is an adult female with a badly crushed skull. In
external measurements the specimen agrees with _noveboracensis_. The
underparts, as regards color and width, are intermediate. The general
proportions of the skull and tympanic bullae agree with those of
_noveboracensis_ but the skull is larger than in any female of true
_noveboracensis_ and approaches that of _olivacea_. The same can be
said of a young female, no. 80, Ohio State Museum, from Roswell,
Georgia.
Another female, no. 171559, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Lookout Mountain,
1500 ft., Fort Payne, Alabama, is barely subadult. The external
measurements are nearer those of _olivacea_. The color and narrowness
of the underparts are typical of _noveboracensis_. The proportions and
especially size of the skull show approach to _olivacea_, though they
are nearer to _noveboracensis_ when all features are taken into
account. In the northern part of its range individuals of
_noveboracensis_ attain larger size than farther south. This tendency
reaches its extreme, in males at least, in _M. f. occisor_ of Maine.
Specimens of _noveboracensis_ from the Adirondacks of New York average
larger (see cranial measurements on page 418) than those from farther
south, and thus approach _occisor_ in size as well as in geographic
position. Also, occasional individuals which strongly show characters
of _occisor_ are found even farther south than the Adirondacks of New
York. This is true of no. 96518, U. S. Nat. Mus., [M] ad., from
Lunenburg; Massachusetts. The animal has a large skull of relatively
great width much as in _occisor_, although its external measurements,
relative length of tail and long, terminal, black brush place it with
_noveboracensis_ rather than with _occisor_. Of a pair of specimens
from Ossipee, New Hampshire, the male, no. 77108, U. S. Nat. Mus., has
a long (175 mm.) tail, and short (60 mm.) black pencil as in _occisor_,
although otherwise it is referable to _noveboracensis_. Still another
specimen, a subadult male, no. 4193, Mus. Comp. Zoöl., from Upton,
Maine, has a longer (51 mm.) hind foot than _noveboracensis_ although
it otherwise agrees with that subspecies. As remarked by Bangs
(1899:55), other than fully adult specimens from the range of _occisor_
are "troublesome," and would not be selected as distinct from
_noveboracensis_ if placed in a series of that subspecies, say, from
New York State. In view of the facts that several specimens from
intermediate localities combine the characters of _noveboracensis_ and
_occisor_, that _noveboracensis_ in the northern part of its range
averages larger than it does farther south and thus approaches
_occisor_ in size, and that occasional large specimens resembling
_occisor_ in several, but not all, features sometimes crop up in the
northern part of the range of _noveboracensis_, it appears that
_noveboracensis_ and _occisor_ intergrade. Therefore they are treated
as two subspecies of the single species, _Mustela frenata_.
Intergradation with _M. f. primulina_ has been commented on in the
discussion of that subspecies. Female, no. 159980, U. S. Nat. Mus.,
from Golconda, Illinois, has many characters of _primulina_ but two
young males from there agree better with _noveboracensis_.
Examination of 283 adult and subadult skulls for malformation of the
frontal sinuses revealed only ten that were not obviously malformed.
Two were from New York, one from Massachusetts, one from Pennsylvania,
and six from the 52 specimens from Michigan and Wisconsin. In addition,
skulls of many young and even juveniles were malformed.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 555, arranged alphabetically
by states and provinces and, unless otherwise noted, from north to
south by counties in each state. Except as otherwise noted
specimens are in the United States National Museum.
=Alabama.= _DeKalb County_: Fort Payne, 1.
=Connecticut.= _Litchfield County_: Riverton, 1[5]; Gaylordsville,
1. _Hartford County_: East Hartford, 4 (3[5]); Glastonbury, 2[5];
South Glastonbury, 4[5]. _Windham County_: Plainfield, 2 (1[14]).
_Fairfield County_: Greenwich, 2[2]. _New London County_: Liberty
Hill, 35 (33[75], 2[7]).
=District of Columbia.= Washington, 3; near Washington, 1; Eastern
Branch, 1; Congress Heights, 1; Benning, 1; no definite locality,
1.
=Georgia.= _Towns County_: Young Harris, 1. _Cherokee County_:
Canton, 1. _Cobb County_: Roswell, 1[81].
=Indiana.= _St. Joseph County_: Notre Dame, 2[99]. _Porter
County_: Hebron, 1. _Miami County_: Denver, 5 (4[75], 1[4]).
_Wells County_: Bluffton, 1. _Howard County_: Russiaville, 1. _Jay
County_: Salamonia, 1[2]. _Boone County_, 1[2]. _Knox County_:
Bicknell, 3.
=Illinois.= _Lake County_: Camp Logan, 3[60]; Fort Sheridan,
1[60]. _Cook County_: W Northfield, 2; Flossmoor, 1[60]; no
locality more definite than county, 1. _Du Page County_:
Bloomingdale Spg., 1[60]. _Carroll County_: Savanna, 1[87].
_McLean County_: Normal, 1[7]. _Champaign County_: Harwood
Township, 1[7]. _Pike County_?: Milton Spring, 1[60]. _Pope
County_: Golconda, 3.
=Kentucky.= _Woodford County_: Midway, 1. _Hancock County_:
Hawesville, 1.
=Maine.= _Oxford County_: Upton, 1[75]; Bethel, 1[74].
=Maryland.= _Howard County_: Long Corner, 1; Hanover, 1.
_Montgomery County_: Gaithersburg, 1; Garret Park, 1; Chevy Chase,
1; Bethesda, 1. _Prince Georges County_: Laurel, 18; Plummer
Island, 3; Oxon Hill, 1. _Talbot County_: Easton, 1. _Dorchester
County_: Cambridge, 5[40].
=Massachusetts.= _Middlesex County_: Wilmington, 6; Burlington, 6;
Lexington, 1[75]; Wayland, 2[75]. _Berkshire County_: New
Marlboro, 1[5]. _Worcester County_: Lunenburg, 2; Lancaster,
1[75]; Princeton, 2[75]. _Norfolk County_: So. Weymouth, 1[75].
_Plymouth County_: Wareham, 5[75].
=Michigan.= _Marquette County_: Michigamme, 1. _Charlevoix
County_: Thumb Lake, 1[76]; 1/2 mi. N Thumb Lake, 1[76]. _Leelanau
County_: Leland, 3[76]; Duck Lake, 2 mi. S Leland, 1[76]; Lost
Pond, 8-1/2 mi. S Leland, 1[76]. _Osceola County_: Le Roy, 2[76].
_Huron County_: Rush Lake, 1[76]. _Saginaw County_: East Saginaw,
1. _Oakland County_: Royal Oak, 4[76]; South Lyon, 1[76].
_Livingston County_: Portage Lake, 1[76]. _Washtenaw County_:
Portage Lake, 6[76]; Waterloo, 2[14]; Lima, 1[76]; Ann Arbor,
11[76]; 3 mi. E Ann Arbor, 1[76]; 2 mi. SE Ann Arbor, 1[76]; 2 mi.
S Ann Arbor, 1[76]; 3 mi. S Ann Arbor, 1[76]; Dixboro, 1[76];
Pittsfield, 3 (2[76]); Saline, 1[76]; near Saline, 2[76]; 1 mi. S
Saline, 2[76]; York, 2[76]; Manchester, 2[76]. _Lenawee County_:
Morenci, 1[76]. _Cass County_: Marcellus Township, 1[76]. _Berrien
County_: Harbert, 1[76]; Warren Wood Preserve, 1[76]; Warren
Woods, 1[76].
=New Hampshire.= _Grafton County_: Franconia, 1[2]. _Carroll
County_: South Chatham, 4 (3[5]); Ossipee, 2; Intervale, 1[5].
_Merrimack County_: Webster, 2[75].
=New Jersey.= _Morris County_: Morristown, 1. _Essex County_: West
Orange, 1[2]. _Mercer County_: Princeton, 1[1]. _Ocean County_:
Point Pleasant, 1[2]. _Camden County_: Haddonfield, 1[1].
_Cumberland County_: Millville, 2[74].
=New York.= _St. Lawrence County_: Ogdensburg, 1[74]. _Clinton
County_: Rouses Point, 1[80]. _County_?: Adirondacks, 12. _Essex
County_: Elizabethtown, 1; Schroon Lake, 1; no locality more
definite than county, 1. _Lewis? County_: Locust Grove, 4; Lyons
Falls, 1. _Warren County_: Lake George, 6; Caldwell, 1. _Hamilton
County_: Beaver Brook, 1/2 mi. above mouth Indian Lake, 1[80].
_Oswego County_: Scriba, 2[74]; Palermo, 1[74]. _Monroe County_:
Penfield, 3. _Madison County_: Peterboro, 6 (2[75]). _Schoharie
County_: Schoharie, 1[2]. _Rensselaer County_: East Shodack,
1[80]. _Tompkins County_: Taughannock Falls, 2[58]; Ithaca, 4
(3[58]); Glenside, Ithaca, 1[58]; 6 mi. Creek, Ithaca, 1[58].
_Green County_: Lanesville, 1[2]. _Orange County_: Poplopen's
Pond, 1[2]; Highland Falls, 1[2]. _Putnam County_, 1[19].
_Westchester County_: Sing Sing, 4; Armonk, 1[2]; Hastings, 3
(2[2], 1[19]). _Nassau County_: Flushing Meadows, 1[2]; Flushing,
1[58]; near Flushing, 1[2]; Oyster Bay, 2. _Long Island_: Cold
Spring Harbor, 1; Bridgehampton, 1[2]. _County_ in question:
Severance, 3; Lake Grove (Long Island?), 1.
=North Carolina= (east to west by counties). _Wake County_:
Raleigh, 4 (1[2], 1[75], 2[76]). _Mitchell County_: Magnetic City,
foot of Roan Mountain, 6; Roan Mt., 1; Roan Mt., 6000 ft., 3.
_Buncombe County_?: Valley of Black Mts., 1[2]. _Madison County_,
2[11].
=Ohio.= _Trumbull County_: Warren, 1[93]. _Seneca County_: Tiffin,
1[81]. _Summit County_: Ira, 2[81]. _Crawford County_: Galion,
1[81]. _Ashland County_: Loudonville, 1[76]. _Auglaize County_:
New Bremen, 3[81]. _Franklin County_: 3 mi. N Columbus, 1[81];
Minerva Park, Columbus, 5[81]. _Fairfield County_: Sec. 32,
Pleasant Twp., 1[81]; Lancaster, 1[81]. _Clinton County_:
Reesville, 1; 1/2 mi. S and 1/2 mi. W Wilmington, 2[74]. _Pike
County_: Waverly, 1[81].
=Ontario.= _Sudbury District_: Metagama, 2[86]. _Carleton County_:
Ottawa, 2[77]. _Muskoka County_: Lake of Bays, 1; Bracebridge, 1.
_Haliburton County_: Gooderham, 1[60]. _Simcoe County_: Orillia, 4
(2[2], 2[60].) _Prince Edward County_: Bloomfield, 1[77]. _York
County_: Toronto, 1[2]. _Waterloo County_: Branchton, 3[60];
Preston, 2[77]; no locality save county, 1[60]. _Welland County_:
Ridgway, 1[14]. _Elgin County_: St. Thomas, 1[77]. _Essex County_:
Kingsville, 1[77]; Point Pelee, 1[77].
=Pennsylvania= (east to west by counties). _Crawford County_:
Pymatuning Swamp, 3-1/2 mi. W Linesville, 1[9]; Meadville, 2[9].
_Beaver County_: Beaver, 1[9]; Raccoon Creek, 1[9]. _Butler
County_: Mars, 1[9]; Leasuresville, 4[9]. _Allegheny County_:
Allegheny, 1. _Warren County_: Bear Lake, 2[9]. _Westmoreland
County_: Kingston, 1[9]; Laughlinstown, 2[9]. _Somerset County_:
Confluence, 1[9]; Tub Mill Run, 2 mi. N Springs, 1[9]. _Jefferson
County_: Siegel, 1[9]. _Clearfield? County_: Penfield, 1[9].
_Cambria County_: Cresson, 1[9]. _Fulton County_: Well's Tannery,
1[9]. _Clinton County_: near Round Island, 2[1]. _Cumberland
County_: Carlisle, 1. _Snyder County_: 5 mi. S Selinsgrove, 1.
_Northumberland County_: Pottsgrove, 1. _Union County_:
Mifflinburg, 1. _Sullivan County_: Lopez, 7 (4[1], 3[74]).
_Chester County_: Westtown, 1[1]; Valley Forge, 1[1]; W Bradford
Township, 1[1]; no locality more definite than county, 3.
_Philadelphia County_: Holmsburg, 2[1]. _Bucks County_: 1[1].
_Pike County_: Milford, 1.
=Rhode Island.= _Providence County_: Chepachet, 1. _Washington
County_: Lake Warden, 2.
=Quebec.= _Megantic County_: Black Lake 1[77]. _County_ in
question: Meach Lake, 1[77].
=South Carolina.= _York County_: 5 mi. E York, 1[11]. _Laurens
County_: Laurens, 1[39].
=Tennessee.= _Campbell County_: Highcliff, 1. _Carter? County_:
Roan Mts., 1[2]. _Hamilton County_: Walden Ridge, near Soddy, 3.
=Vermont.= _Windsor County_: Hartland, 1[2].
=Virginia.= _Shenandoah County_: Toms Brook, 1. _Arlington
County_: Arlington, 1; Ballston, 1; Alexandria, 1. _Fairfax
County_: Falls Church, 3; Mt. Vernon, 2; no locality more
definite than county, 1. _Prince William County_: Occoquan, 1.
_Essex County_: Montague, 1. _Prince George County_, 1. _Norfolk
County_: Wallaceton, 1. _Grayson County_: Mt Rogers, 3. _County_
in question: Dismal Swamp, 1; Massanutten Mt., 1.
=West Virginia.= _Hardy County_, 1. _Pendleton County_: radius of
2 mi. Smoke Hole, 1[74]. _Greenbriar County_: White Sulphur,
2[60].
=Wisconsin.= _Douglas County_: Gordon, 1[104]. _Vilas County_:
Mamie Lake, 4. _Dunn County_: Colfax, 4[104]; Meridean, 1[104].
_Door County_: state game farm, 17[104]; no locality more definite
than county, 1[104]. _Dodge County_: Rolling Prairie, 1[50];
Beaver Dam, 52[50]. _Dane County_: Wingra Lake, 1[104]. _Waukesha
County_: Pewaukee, 2[104]. _Racine County_: Waterford Township,
2[104]. _Rock County_: Milton, 1[104]; Bowers Lake, 1[104].
_Walworth County_: Lane's Mill, 8 mi. N Elkhorn, 7 (1[104],
6[54]); Delavan, 7.
=Mustela frenata occisor= (Bangs)
Long-tailed Weasel
Plates 16, 17, 18, 31, 32 and 33
_Putorius occisor_ Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:54, June
9, 1899.
_Mustela occisor_, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:98, December
31, 1912.
_Mustela frenata occisor_, Hall, Carnegie Instit. Washington Publ.
473:104, November 20, 1936.
_Type._--Male, adult, skull and skin; no. 9102, coll. of E. A. and
O. Bangs in Mus. Comp. Zoöl.; Bucksport, Hancock County, Maine;
January 15, 1899; obtained by Alvah G. Door but measured and sexed
by O. Bangs.
The skin is well made and in good condition. It is in full, white
winter-dress with black-tipped tail. The skull has the posterior
half of the left zygomatic arch broken away; otherwise the skull
is unbroken and complete. Left I3 and right P3 are missing. The
teeth otherwise all are present and entire.
_Range._--Maine; possibly north locally to south side of St.
Lawrence River in Quebec and possibly occurring in western New
Brunswick. Zonal range Canadian and probably Transition. See
figure 29 on page 221.
_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _M. f.
noveboracensis_ by a number of average differences including
larger size, relatively longer tail and relatively wider skull
(see p. 225, and measurements on pp. 418, 419).
_Description._--_Size._--Male: Five adults yield average and
extreme measurements as follows: Total length, 443 (430-465);
length of tail, 163 (154-175); length of hind foot, 50 (47-54).
Tail averages 58 per cent as long as head and body. Length of hind
foot averages more than basal length.
Female: Measurements of two subadult female topotypes are as
follows: Total length, 346, 318; length of tail, 116, 110; length
of hind foot, 39, 35.5.
Tail amounts to 50 per cent and 54 per cent of body-length
respectively. Length of hind foot more or less than (about equal
to) basal length.
The average differences in external measurements of the two sexes
are: Total length, 111; length of tail, 50; length of hind foot,
12.5.
_Externals._--As described in _Mustela frenata noveboracensis_.
_Color._--As described in _Mustela frenata noveboracensis_ except
that black tail-tip in series of 10 males in full winter pelage 60
(45-80) mm. long; thus averaging 39 per cent of length of tail
vertebrae.
_Skull and teeth._--Male (based on 3 adults): See measurements and
plates 16-18. As described in _Mustela frenata noveboracensis_
except that: Weight, 4.2 (4.1-4.3) grams; basilar length, 45.7
(44.9-46.9); zygomatic breadth more or less than (about equal to)
distance between anterior palatine foramen and anterior margin of
tympanic bulla; least width of palate rarely less than length of
P4; anterior margin of masseteric fossa behind or directly below
posterior half of m2.
Female (based on 2 subadults): See measurements and plates 31-33.
As described in _Mustela frenata noveboracensis_ except that:
Weight, 2.0 (1.9-2.1) grams; basilar length, 37.3, 38.2.
Comparison of the skull with that of _M. f. noveboracensis_ is
made in the account of that subspecies.
_Remarks._--Excepting a specimen in the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, obtained in 1893, and two in the Boston Society of
Natural History, obtained in 1925, I have seen no material of this
subspecies in addition to that examined by Bangs at the time he
prepared the original description in 1899.
Anderson (1945:56, 57) records a specimen, Canadian National Museum
Catalogue Number 18426, from Kamouraska County, Quebec, as of this
subspecies and thinks that _occisor_ occurs north of Maine "locally to
south side of lower St. Lawrence River in Quebec; probably also in
western New Brunswick."
So far as the available material of occisor permits one to judge, it is
distinguished from _noveboracensis_ by a combination of characters no
one of which invariably can be relied upon as diagnostic. Employing
adult males, average differences indicate that _M. f. occisor_ is
larger in each of the external and cranial measurements; tail
relatively longer; black tip of tail relatively shorter; mastoid and
zygomatic breadth relatively greater and zygomatic arches more nearly
square posteriorly.
Considering the large number of specimens of _noveboracensis_ which are
available in comparison with the few of _occisor_ it is not surprising
that some _noveboracensis_ should be found which exceed in size those
of _occisor_. This is the case as regards the basilar length of a very
old male, no. 96518, U. S. Nat. Mus., from Lunenburg, Massachusetts.
Also, the skull is actually broader than any of those of _occisor_.
However, this specimen is much older than any _occisor_ examined. In a
female, no. 4260, Mus. Comp. Zoöl., from Liberty Hill, Connecticut, the
skull is longer (but narrower) than in either of the two available
females of _occisor_.
The average differences pointed out above which characterize this
extreme northern population of _noveboracensis_-like weasel in
comparison with true _noveboracensis_ without much question are
geographic variations. Whether or not these variations are of a degree
sufficient to warrant nomenclatural recognition is debatable. With
equally scanty material from other regions I have not named variations
seemingly as great as those shown by _occisor_. The paucity of material
of _occisor_ is a handicap in making a decision in this instance.
Each of the adult and subadult specimens, except the one from Perry,
shows malformation resulting from the infestation of the frontal
sinuses with parasites.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 18, listed by counties from
west to east and unless otherwise indicated in the Museum of
Comparative Zoölogy.