average for the American races of the species, it is the extreme in
high degree of sexual dimorphism. The difference in size between the
males and females is greater than in any other race except possibly _M.
e. kadiacensis_ in which so little is known of the female that the
difference between the two sexes cannot be accurately judged. It will
aid in understanding the high degree of secondary sexual difference in
_richardsonii_ to visualize two kinds of weasels distributed over the
northern half of the continent, thinking now of the geographic area in
America occupied by the whole species _Mustela erminea_ of which the
subspecies _richardsonii_ is only a part. One of the two kinds of
weasel is the male ermine and the other the female. The decrease in
size of the male, as measured by the weight of the skull, is in the
ratio of 7 in the north to 2 in the south. This decrease is gradual
whereas the corresponding decrease from 3 to 1 in the female is not
gradual; half of the decrease in the female occurs in the short north
to south distance comprised in the belt of intergradation, along the
northern boundary of _richardsonii_, between it and _arctica_. As a
result _richardsonii_ is composed of females with medium sized skulls
and males with relatively large skulls, the ratio by weight being
approximately 5 to 2. The disproportion in races of ermines both to the
north and to the south is less. Actually in the north (_arctica_) the
approximate ratio by weight is 2-1/3:1; in _richardsonii_, 2-1/2:1; in
the south (_muricus_), 1-2/5:1. Indicated in still another way in
_richardsonii_ the skull of the female is 56 per cent lighter than that
of the male and the skull of the male is 127 per cent heavier than that
of the female. Intergradation with races whose ranges border on that of
_richardsonii_ is complete. On the northern boundary of the range of
_richardsonii_ along the western shore of Hudsons Bay for perhaps a
hundred miles north of Eskimo Point, there are intergrades with
_arctica_. As judged by their lesser size, individuals of this
population are influenced by the _semplei_-stock. Otherwise,
intergradation on the northern boundary, with _arctica_, is abrupt
whereas intergradation at the south, between _richardsonii_ and
_cicognanii_, is gradual. Intergradation is similarly gradual between
_richardsonii_ on the one hand and _bangsi_ and _invicta_ on the other.
By speaking of the intergradation as abrupt, it is intended, in this
instance, to indicate that in a relatively narrow belt, between the
geographic ranges of _arctica_ and _richardsonii_, ermines intermediate
in color-pattern, shape of skull, and size, bridge the gap between the
ermine of the tundra (_arctica_) and that in the forest belt
(_richardsonii_). It may be added that the degree of difference between
the two subspecies just mentioned is approximately twice as much as
between _richardsonii_ and _cicognanii_. The intergradation between
_cicognanii_ and _richardsonii_ is gradual. By gradual it is meant that
the change from one kind to the other is achieved in a wider area where
ermines from locality A do not differ appreciably from those taken at,
say, locality B, 50 miles farther south, although ermines from A and
those from a third locality, C, say, 130 miles south, clearly show
differences indicative of geographic variation.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 1035, as follows. Arranged
alphabetically by provinces and districts and from north to south
in each province or district. Unless otherwise indicated,
specimens are in the United States National Museum.
=Alberta.= 15 mi. above Smith Landing, 2; Fort Smith, 2 (1[77]);
Smith Landing, 2; LaButte, Fitzgerald, 1[77]; Egg Lake, 15 mi. NW
Ft. Chippewyan, 4 (2[75]); Lobstick Island, near Ft. Chippewyan,
1; Athabasca Delta, 9 mi. above mouth of main branch, 1; Athabasca
Delta, Long Creek, 1 mi. W of main branch, 2; Ft. Chippewyan, 1;
Peace Point, 1[75]; 18 mi. below Peace Point, 1; Embarass River, 7
(4[75]); Athabasca River, 1[2]; Ft. McMurray, 1; Athabasca River,
Middle Rapid, 2; 60 mi. above Grand Rapids, 1; Boiler Rapid, 1;
Entrance, 3[2]; St. Albert, 2.
=British Columbia.= Fort Halket, 1; Shesley, 1[2]; Dorothy Lake,
Mts. W of Ft. Nelson, 4000 ft., 3[2]; valley between Musqwa and
Prophet rivers, 3800 ft., SW of Ft. Nelson, 2[2]; Sikanni Chief
Riv., 1; Telegraph Creek, 7 (6[2]); head of Bad River, 2350 ft.,
on lake, 1; Six Mile, 5[74]; Tuchodi Lake, 2[2]; Iskoot River,
2[14]; Level Mtn., 1[2]; head of Tatletuey Lake, 12 mi. W Thudade
Lake, 2; Robb Lake District, 5[2]; Ft. Grahame, 12 (2[77]); Sustut
Mts., on trib. Sustu Riv., 25 mi. SE Thudade Lake, 2; Laurier
Pass, 1; Omineca Mts., 1[85]; Point Creek and Clearwater River, 2;
Kispiox Valley, 23 mi. N Hazelton, 5[74]; Hazelton, 3[77]; NW arm
Tacla Lake, 7; N end Babine Lake, 1; Pt. Simpson, 1; Metlakatla,
1; Stuart Lake, 27; S Fk. Salmon Riv., 1[77]; mouth Salmon Riv.,
1[77]; Vanderhoof, 4[77]; Wistaria P. O., near Burns Lake, 1[77];
Kruger Lake, 9[74]; Indianpoint Lake, 23[74]; Quesnel, 1; Ahbau
Lake, 3[74]; Isaacs Lake, 6[74]; Beaver Pass, 56[74]; Lightning
Creek, 54[74]; LaFontaine, 16[74]; Barkerville, 1[74]; Barkerville
District, 34[74]; Swift River, 27[74]; Cunningham Creek, 34[74];
Itcha Mts., 1[31]; Anahim Lake, 1[74]; Chezacut Lake, 8[31];
Kleena Kleene, 18[74]; 158 mi. House (Cariboo on labels), 3[60];
Rivers Inlet, 6 (5[94]; 1[77]); Horse Lake, 4[22]; Kingcome Inlet,
8[77]; Loughborough Inlet, 7[77]; McGillivary Creek, 1; Camel
Back, Pemberton Meadows, 1[31]; Arrow Rapids, mainland opposite
Stuart Island, 1[77]; Butte Inlet, 9[77]; Green Lake, 1[31]; Mt.
Whistler, 1[86]; Alta Lake, 2 (1[31]; 1[21]); Mons, 1[31].
=Keewatin.= Foot of Baker Lake, 1.
=Labrador.= Okak, 3[75]; Nain, 22 (11[75]; 11[60]); Hopedale,
24[75]; Kippokak Bay, 7[75]; Ailik, 1; Makkovik, 26[75]; Labrador,
55° N, 3; Hamilton Inlet, 2[75]; NW River Post, interior Labrador,
5[1]; Cartwright, 5; Paradise, 12; Sandwich Bay (Muddy Bay, 6;
North River, 6), 12; Battle Harbor, 1[7]; St. Marys River, 3[7];
Black Bay, 16 (15[75]; 1[76]); Lanceau Loup, 17 (1[75]).
=Mackenzie.= Ft. Franklin, 1[2]; Ft. Rae, 12; Fairchild Point,
6[9]; Fort Simpson, 10 (2[2]); Hot Springs (61°, 125°), 1[2];
Willow River, near Ft. Providence, 1; 35 mi. N Big Island, 7; Big
Island, 9; 3 mi. S Big Island, 7; Ft. Resolution, 9; 100 mi. N Ft.
Smith, 2; 75 mi. NW Ft. Smith, 1; Ft. Liard, 2; Sucker Creek,
4[77]; Govt. Hay Camp, Wood Buffalo Park, 2[77].
=Manitoba.= Egg Is., Rabbit Point, 1; Ft. Churchill, 1; Ft. York,
W Hudsons Bay 57° N, 1[7]; Oxford House, 11; Gypsumville, 1[86];
Lake St. Martin.
=New Brunswick.= _Restigouche County_: Bird Bait, north Camp, 6
mi. NE Nictau Lake, 2[59]; Red Brook, Tobique River, 1[59].
_Victoria County_: Trousers Lake, 3[2]. _Glouchester County_:
Youghall, 1[77]; Miramichi Road, 15 mi. from Bathurst, 13[77].
_York County_: Scotch Lake, 2.
=Newfoundland.= Nicholsville, 3[75]; Bay St. George, 48 (26[75];
2[7]; 1[9]); Codroy, 9 (7[75]; 2[60]).
=Nova Scotia.= _Victoria County_: Cape North, 2[77]. _Inverness
County_: Fizzleton, 3[77]. _Richmond County_: St. Peters, 1[77].
_Pictou County_: Glengary, 1[4]. _Guysborough County_: East Roman
Valley, 5[77]. _Kings County_: Wolfville, 5 (3[74], 2[77]); near
Wolfville, 1[77]. _Halifax County_: Hammond Plains, 1. _Annapolis
County_: Annapolis Royal, 1. _Digby County_: Digby, 3. No locality
more definite than Nova Scotia, 3.
=Ontario.= Severn River, 1[77]; R. C. Mission, Yellow Creek, near
mouth of Albany, 2[86]; Ft. Albany, 4; Charlton Island, 1; Moose
Factory, 10 (7[9]; 3[77]); Abitibi, 1[4].
=Quebec.= Fort Chimo, 10[77]; Ungava Forks, 1; Belcher Islands,
Hudsons Bay (Tukarak Island, 29; Eskimo Harbor, 2; Innetalling
Island, 1; S tip Gibson Peninsula, 2; Flaherty Island, 1), 35[9];
Cairn Island, Richmond Gulf, 2[9]; Manitounuk Sound, 4[9]; about
15 mi. S Great Whale River, 1[9]; Ft. George, 1[9]; Charlton
Island, 1[9]; Waswonaby Post, 1[77]; Mistassinnay Post, 3[77];
Godbout, 36; Mt. Albert, 7 (4[78]; 3[2]); St. Anne River, 1500
ft., 1[77]; Ste. Anne des Monts, 3[2]; "Federal Mine," 1[77];
Berry Mountain Camp, 1[77]; Berry Mountain Brook, 1[2]; Cascapedia
River (Middle Camp, 2; Tracadie, 2; Square Forks, 1), 5[2].
=Saskatchewan.= Poplar Point, Athabasca Lake, 1[75]; Fair Point,
Athabasca Lake, 1[75]; Emma Lake, 1[74]; Harper Lake, 2[77];
Livelong, 3[55]; Fairholme, 2[74]; Touchwood Hills, 2[7]; Indian
Head, 1[86].
=Yukon.= Hoole Canyon, 1; Teslin Lake (30 mi. N of, 1; Lake
itself, 1; "near" the lake, 1; Mts. "near," 2; Snowden Mts., 2;
Teslin Post, 2; Eagle Bay, 1; Morley Bay, 2; Nisutlin River, 1;
Nisutlin Flats, 2; Wolf River, 1; Wolf Lake, 5), 21[77].
=Mustela erminea cicognanii= Bonaparte
Ermine
Plates 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11
_Mustela cigognanii_ [_sic._] Bonaparte, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat.
Hist., 2:37, 1838.
_Putorius vulgaris_, Emmons, Quadrupeds of Massachusetts, p. 44,
1840.
_Mustela pusilla_ DeKay, Zool. of New York, Pt. 1, Mammalia, p. 34,
pl. 14, fig. 1, 1842. Type from New York State.
_Putorius pusillus_, Audubon and Bachman, Vivip. Quadrupeds of N.
Amer., 2:100, pl. 64, 1851 (pl. 1846) and erroneously labeled
_Mustela fusea_, as pointed out on p. 102 of text.
_Putorius cicognanii_, Baird, Mamm. N. Amer., p. 161, 1858.
_Putorius richardsoni cicognani_, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 10; 18, figs. 4, 4a of pls. 1 and 2, and pl. 3, figs.
2, 2a, February 25, 1896 (part).
_Putorius cicognani_, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 11:10, pl. 2, figs.
3, 3a, 4, 4a and pl. 5, figs. 2, 2a, June 30, 1896.
_Mustela cicognanii cicognanii_, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull.,
79:95, December 31, 1912; Bishop, Journ. Mamm., 4:26, February 9,
1923.
_Mustela cicognanii_, Jackson, Journ. Mamm., 3:15, February 8,
1922.
_Mustela erminea cicognanii_, Hall, Journ. Mamm., 26:77, February
27, 1945; Hall, Journ. Mamm., 26:180, July 19, 1945.
_Type._--No type specimen designated; type locality, eastern
United States.
The restriction of the type locality from the general region of
northeastern North America, as given by Merriam (1896:10) to the
less inclusive area of the eastern United States as earlier given
by Bangs (1896:18) is supported by Bonaparte's remarks in
connection with the proposal of the name _cicognanii_. He says
(1838:37-38) "During my stay in the United States, I only saw a
small species of _Mustela_, very common throughout the
Union . . . ." This animal constituted basis for the name
_cicognanii_ which name, he points out, is bestowed in order that
the Americans ". . . should have constantly under their eye, this
very common little animal, as the perpetual memorial . . ." to the
Italian Governmental representative ". . . who, for upwards of
fourteen years had served, in diplomatic and commercial
concerns, . . . two countries, . . . so different . . . as the
Roman and the United States. . . ." Clearly he had in mind
principally, if not exclusively, the animal of the United States.
_Range._--Transition and higher life-zones of northeastern United
States south to Connecticut, central Pennsylvania and extreme
northeastern Ohio; in Quebec and Ontario westward from the
latitude of central Maine to Lake Nipigon and Lake of the Woods.
See figure 25 on page 95.
_Characters for ready recognition._--Differs from _M. e.
richardsonii_ of both sexes, in that least width of color of
underparts averages less than a third rather than two-fifths of
greatest width of color of upper parts, in males skull less,
instead of more, than 1.9 grams and basilar length less than 38,
in females by 16 per cent lighter skull (0.92 versus 1.1 grams);
from _M. e. bangsi_, in males hind foot less instead of more than
40, linear measurements of skull averaging 11 per cent less (depth
of skull at plane of molars 10.0 versus 11.4), in females
averaging smaller, hind foot 30 versus 32 and depth of skull at
plane of molars 8.6 versus 9.1.
_Description._--_Size._--Male. Seven adults and subadults from New
York and Pennsylvania, yield average and extreme measurements as
follows: Total length, 266 (240-295); length of tail, 74 (66-80);
length of hind foot, 36 (33-39). Hamilton (1933:294) gives the
weight of 31 adults from New York as 81 (66-105) grams.
Female: Twelve adults and subadults from Maine and the area south
to central Pennsylvania, yield average and extreme measurements as
follows: Total length, 243 (225-260); length of tail, 63 (55-72);
length of hind foot, 29.8 (26-32). Hamilton (1933:294) gives the
weight of 15 adults from New York as 54 (45-71) grams.
_Color._--As described in _Mustela erminea richardsonii_ except
that underparts in summer Marguerite Yellow or even more whitish;
least width of color of underparts averaging, in adult males from
New York and Pennsylvania, 29 (27-32) per cent of greatest width
of color of upper parts. Black tip of tail in same series
averaging 42 (30-51) mm. which is 57 per cent of length of
tail-vertebrae.
_Skull._--Male (illustrated by 4 adults in table of cranial
measurements, which see): See plates 2-4. As described in _Mustela
erminea richardsonii_ except that: Weight, 1.5 (1.2-1.7) grams;
basilar length, 35.7 (33.8-37.6).
Female (illustrated by adult and subadults recorded in table of
cranial measurements, which see): See plates 9-11. As described in
_Mustela erminea richardsonii_ except that: Weight of 2 subadults,
0.92 (0.86-0.98) grams; basilar length, 32.4 (31.4-33.3).
The skull of the male, in linear measurements, is approximately 13
(12-16) per cent smaller and 40 per cent lighter than in _M. e.
richardsonii_. In relation to the basilar length, the skull averages
slightly narrower, slightly shallower as measured in the vertical plane
touching the posterior borders of the last upper molars, and the
preorbital part is slightly longer. In skulls of females of
_cicognanii_, linear measurements average 3 (0-6) per cent less, the
weight is 16 per cent less and the teeth are 5 per cent shorter. In
relation to the basilar length, measurements of the skull are
approximately the same or slightly less in _cicognanii_.
In comparison with _bangsi_, the male sex in linear measurements of the
skull and teeth averages 11 per cent less than in _bangsi_ from Aitkin,
Minn., and 6 per cent less than in _bangsi_ from Elk River, but in
relation to the basilar length the preorbital region is larger. The
weight is approximately a fourth less. In females the measurements
average less, some being the same, and in relation to the basilar
length, the bullae are shorter and the skull is shallower. The weight
is about the same.
_Remarks._--In January, 1838, in Charlesworth's Magazine of Natural
History, C. L. Bonaparte proposed for three kinds of American weasels
the names _Mustela cicognanii_, _Mustela richardsonii_ and _Mustela
longicauda_.
In this paper Bonaparte indicates that he previously had written (for
his Iconografia della Fauna Italica ...) an account of _Mustela
cicognanii_ using this same name. Fasciola XXII of the Iconogr. d.
Fauna Italica, presenting his account of _Mustela_, like the English
paper was published in the year 1838. In his article in Charlesworth's
Magazine, Bonaparte refers to his book published [used the past tense]
in Rome but whether it actually appeared first I am unable to determine
and hence am uncertain which of the two constitutes the original
description.
Reference to the Italian account suggests as basis for the name _M.
cicognanii_, (1) specimens possibly seen in the United States by
Bonaparte, or (2) Godman's published account of the animal.
In the English publication, however, Bonaparte actually says that (1)
he saw the small species in the Union [= United States]. Also, he (2)
mentions his earlier written Italian account, (3) mentions that "all
the [American?] naturalists" used the name _M. vulgaris_ for this
animal, (4) incidentally mentions Godman's account, and (5) in naming
two other American species cites accounts of them by Richardson. Also,
Bonaparte in this English article makes clear that when he wrote [not
necessarily published] his Italian paper he did not know of the
existence of two of the three American species.
In the register of mammals at the British Museum of Natural History,
there appears:
43.3.3.3 Mustela longicauda _Bonap_ N amer presented
by Dr. J. Richardson
4 Mustela Richardsonii Bonap "
5 " Cicognanii Bonap "
To the right of these entries there appears, in three lines, the
notation: "The three specimens examined by Prince Canino on which he
established the three species."
Every part of each of the above entries is in the hand writing of J. E.
Gray, in charge of the collections from 1824 to 1840 and associated
with them as Keeper until 1875. The three specimens are in good
condition considering their age. The catalogue or register number
shows, among other things, that they were entered in the register on
March 3, 1843.
Questions which might occur to anyone are:
(1) Was there a type specimen of _Mustela Cicognanii_ Bonaparte? If so
is it no. 43.3.3.5?
(2) If there was no type specimen was there a type locality? If so what
is it?
Among other things that may have bearing on these questions, are these:
Bonaparte in Charlesworth's Magazine appears to base the two names
_Mustela Richardsonii_ and _Mustela longicauda_ on Richardson's
published account of _Mustela erminea_. At any rate immediately
following each of the two names, Bonaparte writes "Nob. (_M. erminea_
Rich. F. Bor. Amer.)." Bonaparte's other, first newly proposed name,
_Mustela Cicognanii_, in Charlesworth's Magazine has following it only
"Nob. North America," although in a paragraph above he did point out
that this was the animal which all naturalists, at the time he was in
America, considered as _M. vulgaris_.
Turning to Richardson's account (Fauna Boreali Americana, ...
Quadrupeds, pp. 45-47. 1829) one finds that he recognized two species,
_M. vulgaris_ and _M. erminea_. Of the first he gives measurements "of
an old female killed at Carlton House." Of the second species he
distinguishes two varieties, the first represented by a specimen, of
which he gives measurements, "killed at Fort Franklin, Great Bear Lake"
and, the second variety "of a larger size, having a longer tail and
longer fore-claws" he indicates the size of by giving measurements of
a specimen taken "in the neighborhood of Carlton House."
The last variety is clearly the basis of Bonaparte's _M. longicauda_.
The specimen from which Richardson took his measurements I have been
unable to locate [no. 43.3.3.3 in the British Museum, appears to be
another specimen, although of the same subspecies and provided by
Richardson].
The first variety of Richardson's _Mustela erminea_, clearly is the
basis of Bonaparte's _M. Richardsonii_. The specimen from which
Richardson took his measurements may well be no. 43.3.3.4 now preserved
in the British Museum of Natural History, but I could not be certain
about this.
Richardson's _M. vulgaris_ is accompanied by measurements of a female
which I have ascertained to my full satisfaction is the identical
specimen now bearing catalogue number 43.3.3.5 said by Gray to be the
specimen on which Bonaparte based his name _Mustela cicognanii_.
Gray probably saw his guest, Bonaparte, at work on these weasels and
Gray's own written indication perhaps should be accepted at its face
value. I found only 4 Richardson specimens of North American weasel in
the British Museum in 1937 and it is conceivable that Bonaparte, 100
years before, actually had at hand only one specimen each of two kinds
and 2 specimens of the third. This I think is not an important
consideration, though, for Gray says just which specimens did serve as
basis for Bonaparte's names and there is only one specimen for each
name according to Gray.
But I wonder if a type specimen can be _made_ in this way? That is to
say, after a name is published in a manner which makes it available,
and if two or more specimens of the kind of animal involved, were, or
may have been, available to the describer, can a person, even the
author, himself, _make_ a type specimen by saying that one particular
specimen is beyond doubt the specimen on which a given name was
established even though no particular specimen was designated in the
original description? I incline to the view that a specimen so
designated would at most be only a lectotype, unless it were a cotype.
However, if a holotype can be _made_ by action such as Gray took, then
(1) is no. 43.3.3.3 the type specimen of _Mustela longicauda_ Bonaparte
and, (2) is no. 43.3.3.4 the type specimen of _Mustela Richardsonii_
Bonaparte?
Incidentally, _Mustela longicauda_ Bonaparte whether based on no.
43.3.3.3 or on Richardson's account will continue in its present
application. The same is true of _Mustela richardsonii_. If the basis
of _Mustela cicognanii_ Bonaparte [the diagnosis in the Iconografia d.
Fauna Italica ... makes it clear that the name applies to the
_short-tailed_ species] was a weasel from the eastern United States or
a description of a weasel or weasels from there, the name will continue
in its present application. If, instead, the name is based on no.
43.3.3.3 (from Carlton House, Saskatchewan) or on Richardson's account
of _M. vulgaris_, the name will apply to a different subspecies (now
called _richardsonii_ and _richardsonii_ will fall as a synonym of
_cicognanii_) and the ermine of the eastern United States will take the
next available name. Bonaparte probably named (in manuscript at least)
_cicognanii_ before he ever saw the specimen in the British Museum.
This is indicated by his statement in Charlesworth's Magazine (1838:37)
that "I have _now_ [Italics mine] found two [other] American
species. . . ." Whereas the names _richardsonii_ and _longicauda_ are
based on Richardson, the name _cicognanii_, even if it dates from the
account in Charlesworth's Magazine, appears to have a composite basis
composed at the very least of (1) animals seen by Bonaparte in the
United States, and (2) those called _vulgaris_ by some other authors.
Conceivably the specimen no. 43.3.3.3 in the British Museum, was part
of the basis. From the nature of the case it can be argued that there
could be no type and that if someone should bring to light a specimen
in, say, Philadelphia, bearing the notation "this is the specimen seen
in the United States by Bonaparte" it would immediately become as
important as the one in London. Any American weasel or weasels (then
alive or preserved in a zoölogical collection) that Bonaparte saw in
the United States probably were of the eastern United States. Bangs
(1896:18-21), for one, previous to the present consideration of the
name _cicognanii_, restricted it to the ermine of the eastern United
States. Consequently, the name _cicognanii_, in the present account is
applied to the ermine of the eastern United States. In my opinion there
was and is no type. Almost certainly there was no type if the Fauna
Italica appeared before the account in Charlesworth's Magazine did.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 172, arranged alphabetically
by provinces and states, then (except where indication is given to
the contrary) by counties from north to south within each state or
province. Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the U. S.
National Museum.
=Connecticut.= _Windham County_: S. Woodstock, Woodstock Lake,
1[2]. _Hartford County_: Windsor, 1[5]. _New London County_:
Liberty Hill, 3[75].
=Maine.= _Aroostook County_: Quimby, 1[75]; Ashland 2[75].
_Piscataquis County_: tableland on top of Mt. Katahdin, 1; Chimney
Pond, 3; T. 5, R. 13, 3[5]; "vicinity of Chesnucook," 1[5]; T. 4,
R. 13, 1[5]; Moosehead Lake, 7[75]; Grenville, 10[75]; Barnard, 3
(1[86]). _Penobscot County_: South Twin Lake, 1[2]; Lincoln, 11
(7[1], 2[14], 2[50]). _Franklin County_: Seven Pond Township,
7[75]. _Oxford County_: Umbago Lake, 1[75]; Upton, 4[86]; Bethel,
1[75]. _Hancock County_: Bucksport, 17[75]; Naskeag, 1. _Lincoln
County_: Booth Bay, 1[5].
=Massachusetts.= _Middlesex County_: Wilmington, 2; Burlington, 6
(1[75]); _Worcester County_: Cambridge, 5 (1[5], 3[75]); Sterling,
1[5]. _Plymouth County_: Middleboro, 7 (1[75]).
=New Hampshire.= _Carroll County_: Ossipee, 5. _Rockingham
County_: Greenland, 1[76]. _Cheshire County_: Dublin, 1.
=New York.= _St. Lawrence County_: Ogdensburg, 1[74]. _Franklin
County_: Malone, 1[58]. _Lewis County_: Locust Grove, 1. _Warren
County_: Lake George, 1. _Montgomery County_: Amsterdam, 1.
_Albany County_: Albany, 1[80]. _Rensselaer County_: Berlin, 2[2];
Schoharie, 1[2]. _Thompkins County_: Cascadilla Creek, Ithaca,
1[58]. _Allegany County_: Ford Brook, Wellsville, 1[58]. _Ontario
County_: Phelps, 1[50]. _Cattaraugus County_: Cattaraugus, 1[5].
=Ontario= (localities locally north to south, then west to east).
_Thunder Bay Dist._: Grand Bay, Lake Nipigon, 5[86]; Macdiarmid,
2[86]; Oscar, 2[14]; 20 mi. SW Fort Williams, 1[76]; Michipicoten
Island, 3[104]. _Algoma Dist._: Michipicoten, 1; Franz, 1[74];
Pancake Bay, 2[77]. _Parry Sound Dist._: French River, Georgia
Bay, 1[2]; Seguin Falls, Twp. Montieth, 1[86]. _Sudbury Dist._:
Casselman, Rathbun Twp., 1[86]. _Nipissing Dist._: Smoky Falls,
near Kapuskasing, 4[86]; Franks Bay, Lake Nipissing, 1[86].
_Haliburton County_: Gooderham, 1[60]. _Simcoe County_: Orillia,
1[2]; no locality more definite than county, 1[60]. _Carleton
County_: Britannia, 5 mi. W Ottawa, 1[77]; Ottawa, 1[77]; Constant
Bay, NE? of Ottawa, 1[77]. _Wellington County_: Mt. Forest, 2[75];
Guelph, 1[31]. _Addington County_: Buckshot Lake, Abinger Twp.,
1[86]. _Fontenac County_: Clear Lake, Arden, 1[77].
=Pennsylvania= (by counties from west to east). _Crawford County_:
North Shenango Township, Pymatuning Swamp, 2[9]; Linesville (3 mi.
NW, 1; 3-1/2 mi. W, 2; 3 mi. W, 1; 2 mi. SW, 1; 7-1/2 mi. SW, 1)
6[9]. _Potter County_: Cherry Springs Farm, Abbott Township, 1; 3
mi. S Inez, South Fork Sinnamahoning Creek, 1[9]. _Sullivan
County_: Lopez, 1[74]. _Lackawanna County_: Scranton, 1[1]. _Wayne
County_: Waymart, 1.
=Quebec= (west to east). _Labelle County_: Kamika [= Kiamika]
Lake, 2[77]; Lacoste, 2[77]; Trout Lake, probably in this county,
2[77]. _Megantic County_: Black Lake, 1[77].
=Rhode Island.= _Newport County_: Middletown, 2[5].
=Vermont.= _Lamoille County_: Mt. Mansfield, 1. _Windsor County_:
Barnard, 1[5].
=Mustela erminea bangsi= Hall
Ermine
Plates 2, 3, 4, 9, 10 and 11
_Mustela erminea bangsi_ Hall, Journ. Mamm., 26:176, July 19, 1945.
[_Putorius_] _cicognani_, Mearns, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
3:235, June 5, 1891.
_Putorius richardsoni cicognani_, Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 10:18, February 25, 1896 (part).
_Putorius cicognanii_, Cory, Mamm. Illinois and Wisconsin, p. 375,
1912.
_Mustela cicognanii_, Aldous and Manweiler, Journ. Mamm., 23:250,
August 13, 1942.
_Mustela cicognanii cicognanii_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 49:169,
January 8, 1927; Leraas, Journ. Mamm., 23:344, August 13, 1942.