I
The state of Winnemac is bounded by Michigan, Ohio, Illinois, and
Indiana, and like them it is half Eastern, half Midwestern. There is a
feeling of New England in its brick and sycamore villages, its stable
industries, and a tradition which goes back to the Revolutionary War.
Zenith, the largest city in the state, was founded in 1792. But Winnemac
is Midwestern in its fields of corn and wheat, its red barns and silos,
and, despite the immense antiquity of Zenith, many counties were not
settled till 1860.
The University of Winnemac is at Mohalis, fifteen miles from Zenith.
There are twelve thousand students; beside this prodigy Oxford is a tiny
theological school and Harvard a select college for young gentlemen. The
University has a baseball field under glass; its buildings are measured
by the mile; it hires hundreds of young Doctors of Philosophy to give
rapid instruction in Sanskrit, navigation, accountancy,
spectacle-fitting, sanitary engineering, Provençal poetry, tariff
schedules, rutabaga-growing, motor-car designing, the history of
Voronezh, the style of Matthew Arnold, the diagnosis of _myohypertrophia
kymoparalytica_, and department-store advertising. Its president is the
best money-raiser and the best after-dinner speaker in the United
States; and Winnemac was the first school in the world to conduct its
extension courses by radio.
It is not a snobbish rich-man’s college, devoted to leisurely nonsense.
It is the property of the people of the state, and what they want--or
what they are told they want--is a mill to turn out men and women who
will lead moral lives, play bridge, drive good cars, be enterprising in
business, and occasionally mention books, though they are not expected
to have time to read them. It is a Ford Motor Factory, and if its
products rattle a little, they are beautifully standardized, with
perfectly interchangeable parts. Hourly the University of Winnemac grows
in numbers and influence, and by 1950 one may expect it to have created
an entirely new world-civilization, a civilization larger and brisker
and purer.
II
In 1904, when Martin Arrowsmith was an Arts and Science Junior preparing
for medical school, Winnemac had but five thousand students yet it was
already brisk.
Martin was twenty-one. He still seemed pale, in contrast to his black
smooth hair, but he was a respectable runner, a fair basket-ball center,
and a savage hockey-player. The co-eds murmured that he “looked so
romantic,” but as this was before the invention of sex and the era of
petting-parties, they merely talked about him at a distance, and he did
not know that he could have been a hero of amours. For all his
stubbornness he was shy. He was not entirely ignorant of caresses but he
did not make an occupation of them. He consorted with men whose virile
pride it was to smoke filthy corncob pipes and to wear filthy sweaters.
The University had become his world. For him Elk Mills did not exist.
Doc Vickerson was dead and buried and forgotten; Martin’s father and
mother were dead, leaving him only enough money for his arts and medical
courses. The purpose of life was chemistry and physics and the prospect
of biology next year.
His idol was Professor Edward Edwards, head of the department of
chemistry, who was universally known as “Encore.” Edwards’ knowledge of
the history of chemistry was immense. He could read Arabic, and he
infuriated his fellow chemists by asserting that the Arabs had
anticipated all their researches. Himself, Professor Edwards never did
researches. He sat before fires and stroked his collie and chuckled in
his beard.
This evening Encore was giving one of his small and popular At Home’s.
He lolled in a brown-corduroy Morris chair, being quietly humorous for
the benefit of Martin and half a dozen other fanatical young chemists,
and baiting Dr. Norman Brumfit, the instructor in English. The room was
full of heartiness and beer and Brumfit.
Every university faculty must have a Wild Man to provide thrills and to
shock crowded lecture-rooms. Even in so energetically virtuous an
institution as Winnemac there was one Wild Man, and he was Norman
Brumfit. He was permitted, without restriction, to speak of himself as
immoral, agnostic, and socialistic, so long as it was universally known
that he remained pure, Presbyterian, and Republican. Dr. Brumfit was in
form, to-night. He asserted that whenever a man showed genius, it could
be proved that he had Jewish blood. Like all discussions of Judaism at
Winnemac, this led to the mention of Max Gottlieb, professor of
bacteriology in the medical school.
Professor Gottlieb was the mystery of the university. It was known that
he was a Jew, born and educated in Germany, and that his work on
immunology had given him fame in the East and in Europe. He rarely left
his small brown weedy house except to return to his laboratory, and few
students outside of his classes had ever identified him, but every one
had heard of his tall, lean, dark aloofness. A thousand fables fluttered
about him. It was believed that he was the son of a German prince, that
he had immense wealth, that he lived as sparsely as the other professors
only because he was doing terrifying and costly experiments which
probably had something to do with human sacrifice. It was said that he
could create life in the laboratory, that he could talk to the monkeys
which he inoculated, that he had been driven out of Germany as a
devil-worshiper or an anarchist, and that he secretly drank real
champagne every evening at dinner.
It was the tradition that faculty-members did not discuss their
colleagues with students, but Max Gottlieb could not be regarded as
anybody’s colleague. He was impersonal as the chill northeast wind. Dr.
Brumfit rattled:
“I’m sufficiently liberal, I should assume, toward the claims of
science, but with a man like Gottlieb-- I’m prepared to believe that he
knows all about material forces, but what astounds me is that such a man
can be blind to the vital force that creates all others. He says that
knowledge is worthless unless it is proven by rows of figures. Well,
when one of you scientific sharks can take the genius of a Ben Jonson
and measure it with a yardstick, then I’ll admit that we literary chaps,
with our doubtless absurd belief in beauty and loyalty and the world o’
dreams, are off on the wrong track!”
Martin Arrowsmith was not exactly certain what this meant and he
enthusiastically did not care. He was relieved when Professor Edwards
from the midst of his beardedness and smokiness made a sound curiously
like “Oh, hell!” and took the conversation away from Brumfit.
Ordinarily Encore would have suggested, with amiable malice, that
Gottlieb was a “crapehanger” who wasted time destroying the theories of
other men instead of making new ones of his own. But to-night, in
detestation of such literary playboys as Brumfit, he exalted Gottlieb’s
long, lonely, failure-burdened effort to synthesize antitoxin, and his
diabolic pleasure in disproving his own contentions as he would those of
Ehrlich or Sir Almroth Wright. He spoke of Gottlieb’s great book,
“Immunology,” which had been read by seven-ninths of all the men in the
world who could possibly understand it--the number of these being nine.
The party ended with Mrs. Edwards’ celebrated doughnuts. Martin tramped
toward his boarding-house through a veiled spring night. The discussion
of Gottlieb had roused him to a reasonless excitement. He thought of
working in a laboratory at night, alone, absorbed, contemptuous of
academic success and of popular classes. Himself, he believed, he had
never seen the man, but he knew that Gottlieb’s laboratory was in the
Main Medical Building. He drifted toward the distant medical campus. The
few people whom he met were hurrying with midnight timidity. He entered
the shadow of the Anatomy Building, grim as a barracks, still as the
dead men lying up there in the dissecting-room. Beyond him was the
turreted bulk of the Main Medical Building, a harsh and blurry mass,
high up in its dark wall a single light. He started. The light had gone
out abruptly, as though an agitated watcher were trying to hide from
him.
On the stone steps of the Main Medical, two minutes after, appeared
beneath the arc-light a tall figure, ascetic, self-contained, apart. His
swart cheeks were gaunt, his nose high-bridged and thin. He did not
hurry, like the belated home-bodies. He was unconscious of the world. He
looked at Martin and through him; he moved away, muttering to himself,
his shoulders stooped, his long hands clasped behind him. He was lost in
the shadows, himself a shadow.
He had worn the threadbare top-coat of a poor professor yet Martin
remembered him as wrapped in a black velvet cape with a silver star
arrogant on his breast.
III
On his first day in medical school, Martin Arrowsmith was in a high
state of superiority. As a medic he was more picturesque than other
students, for medics are reputed to know secrets, horrors, exhilarating
wickednesses. Men from the other departments go to their rooms to peer
into their books. But also as an academic graduate, with a training in
the basic sciences, he felt superior to his fellow medics, most of whom
had but a high-school diploma, with perhaps one year in a ten-room
Lutheran college among the cornfields.
For all his pride, Martin was nervous. He thought of operating, of
making a murderous wrong incision; and with a more immediate, macabre
fear, he thought of the dissecting-room and the stony, steely Anatomy
Building. He had heard older medics mutter of its horrors: of corpses
hanging by hooks, like rows of ghastly fruit, in an abominable tank of
brine in the dark basement; of Henry the janitor, who was said to haul
the cadavers out of the brine, to inject red lead into their veins, and
to scold them as he stuffed them on the dumb-waiter.
There was prairie freshness in the autumn day but Martin did not heed.
He hurried into the slate-colored hall of the Main Medical, up the wide
stairs to the office of Max Gottlieb. He did not look at passing
students, and when he bumped into them he grunted in confused apology.
It was a portentous hour. He was going to specialize in bacteriology; he
was going to discover enchanting new germs; Professor Gottlieb was going
to recognize him as a genius, make him an assistant, predict for
him-- He halted in Gottlieb’s private laboratory, a small, tidy
apartment with racks of cotton-corked test-tubes on the bench, a place
unimpressive and unmagical save for the constant-temperature bath with
its tricky thermometer and electric bulbs. He waited till another
student, a stuttering gawk of a student, had finished talking to
Gottlieb, dark, lean, impassive at his desk in a cubbyhole of an office,
then he plunged.
If in the misty April night Gottlieb had been romantic as a cloaked
horseman, he was now testy and middle-aged. Near at hand, Martin could
see wrinkles beside the hawk eyes. Gottlieb had turned back to his desk,
which was heaped with shabby note-books, sheets of calculations, and a
marvelously precise chart with red and green curves descending to
vanish at zero. The calculations were delicate, minute, exquisitely
clear; and delicate were the scientist’s thin hands among the papers. He
looked up, spoke with a hint of German accent. His words were not so
much mispronounced as colored with a warm unfamiliar tint.
“Vell? Yes?”
“Oh, Professor Gottlieb, my name is Arrowsmith. I’m a medic freshman,
Winnemac B. A. I’d like awfully to take bacteriology this fall instead
of next year. I’ve had a lot of chemistry--”
“No. It is not time for you.”
“Honest, I know I could do it now.”
“There are two kinds of students that the gods give me. One kind they
dump on me like a bushel of potatoes. I do not like potatoes, and the
potatoes they do not ever seem to have great affection for me, but I
take them and teach them to kill patients. The other kind--they are very
few!--they seem for some reason that is not at all clear to me to wish a
liddle bit to become scientists, to work with bugs and make mistakes.
Those, ah, those, I seize them, I denounce them, I teach them right away
the ultimate lesson of science, which is to wait and doubt. Of the
potatoes, I demand nothing; of the foolish ones like you, who think I
could teach them something, I demand everything. No. You are too young.
Come back next year.”
“But honestly, with my chemistry--”
“Have you taken physical chemistry?”
“No, sir, but I did pretty well in organic.”
“Organic chemistry! Puzzle chemistry! Stink chemistry! Drug-store
chemistry! Physical chemistry is power, it is exactness, it is life. But
organic chemistry--that is a trade for pot-washers. No. You are too
young. Come back in a year.”
Gottlieb was absolute. His talon fingers waved Martin to the door, and
the boy hastened out, not daring to argue. He slunk off in misery. On
the campus he met that jovial historian of chemistry, Encore Edwards,
and begged, “Say, Professor, tell me, is there any value for a doctor in
organic chemistry?”
“Value? Why, it seeks the drugs that allay pain! It produces the paint
that slicks up your house, it dyes your sweetheart’s dress--and maybe,
in these degenerate days, her cherry lips! Who the dickens has been
talking scandal about my organic chemistry?”
“Nobody. I was just wondering,” Martin complained, and he drifted to the
College Inn where, in an injured and melancholy manner, he devoured an
enormous banana-split and a bar of almond chocolate, as he meditated:
“I want to take bacteriology. I want to get down to the bottom of this
disease stuff. I’ll learn some physical chemistry. I’ll show old
Gottlieb, damn him! Some day I’ll discover the germ of cancer or
something, and then he’ll look foolish in the face!... Oh, Lord, I hope
I won’t take sick, first time I go into the dissecting-room.... I want
to take bacteriology--now!”
He recalled Gottlieb’s sardonic face; he felt and feared his quality of
dynamic hatred. Then he remembered the wrinkles, and he saw Max Gottlieb
not as a genius but as a man who had headaches, who became agonizingly
tired, who could be loved.
“I wonder if Encore Edwards knows as much as I thought he did? What _is_
Truth?” he puzzled.
IV
Martin was jumpy on his first day of dissecting. He could not look at
the inhumanly stiff faces of the starveling gray men lying on the wooden
tables. But they were so impersonal, these lost old men, that in two
days he was, like the other medics, calling them “Billy” and “Ike” and
“the Parson,” and regarding them as he had regarded animals in biology.
The dissecting-room itself was impersonal: hard cement floor, walls of
hard plaster between wire-glass windows. Martin detested the reek of
formaldehyde; that and some dreadful subtle other odor seemed to cling
about him outside the dissecting-room; but he smoked cigarettes to
forget it, and in a week he was exploring arteries with youthful and
altogether unholy joy.
His dissecting partner was the Reverend Ira Hinkley, known to the class
by a similar but different name.
Ira was going to be a medical missionary. He was a man of twenty-nine, a
graduate of Pottsburg Christian College and of the Sanctification Bible
and Missions School. He had played football; he was as strong and nearly
as large as a steer, and no steer ever bellowed more enormously. He was
a bright and happy Christian, a romping optimist who laughed away sin
and doubt, a joyful Puritan who with annoying virility preached the
doctrine of his tiny sect, the Sanctification Brotherhood, that to have
a beautiful church was almost as damnable as the debaucheries of
card-playing.
Martin found himself viewing “Billy,” their cadaver--an undersized,
blotchy old man with a horrible little red beard on his petrified, vealy
face--as a machine, fascinating, complex, beautiful, but a machine. It
damaged his already feeble belief in man’s divinity and immortality. He
might have kept his doubts to himself, revolving them slowly as he
dissected out the nerves of the mangled upper arm, but Ira Hinkley would
not let him alone. Ira believed that he could bring even medical
students to bliss, which, to Ira, meant singing extraordinarily long and
unlovely hymns in a chapel of the Sanctification Brotherhood.
“Mart, my son,” he roared, “do you realize that in this, what some might
call a sordid task, we are learning things that will enable us to heal
the bodies and comfort the souls of countless lost unhappy folks?”
“Huh! Souls. I haven’t found one yet in old Billy. Honest, do you
believe that junk?”
Ira clenched his fist and scowled, then belched with laughter, slapped
Martin distressingly on the back, and clamored, “Brother, you’ve got to
do better than that to get Ira’s goat! You think you’ve got a lot of
these fancy Modern Doubts. You haven’t--you’ve only got indigestion.
What you need is exercise and faith. Come on over to the Y. M. C. A. and
I’ll take you for a swim and pray with you. Why, you poor skinny little
agnostic, here you have a chance to see the Almighty’s handiwork, and
all you grab out of it is a feeling that you’re real smart. Buck up,
young Arrowsmith. You don’t know how funny you are, to a fellow that’s
got a serene faith!”
To the delight of Clif Clawson, the class jester, who worked at the next
table, Ira chucked Martin in the ribs, patted him, very painfully, upon
the head, and amiably resumed work, while Martin danced with
irritation.
V
In college Martin had been a “barb”--he had not belonged to a Greek
Letter secret society. He had been “rushed,” but he had resented the
condescension of the aristocracy of men from the larger cities. Now that
most of his Arts classmates had departed to insurance offices, law
schools, and banks, he was lonely, and tempted by an invitation from
Digamma Pi, the chief medical fraternity.
Digamma Pi was a lively boarding-house with a billiard table and low
prices. Rough and amiable noises came from it at night, and a good deal
of singing about When I Die Don’t Bury Me at All; yet for three years
Digams had won the valedictory and the Hugh Loizeau Medal in
Experimental Surgery. This autumn the Digams elected Ira Hinkley,
because they had been gaining a reputation for dissipation--girls were
said to have been smuggled in late at night--and no company which
included the Reverend Mr. Hinkley could possibly be taken by the Dean as
immoral, which was an advantage if they were to continue comfortably
immoral.
Martin had prized the independence of his solitary room. In a
fraternity, all tennis rackets, trousers, and opinions are held in
common. When Ira found that Martin was hesitating, he insisted, “Oh,
come on in! Digam needs you. You do study hard-- I’ll say that for
you--and think what a chance you’ll have to influence The Fellows for
good.”
(On all occasions, Ira referred to his classmates as The Fellows, and
frequently he used the term in prayers at the Y. M. C. A.)
“I don’t want to influence anybody. I want to learn the doctor trade and
make six thousand dollars a year.”
“My boy, if you only knew how foolish you sound when you try to be
cynical! When you’re as old as I am, you’ll understand that the glory of
being a doctor is that you can teach folks high ideals while you soothe
their tortured bodies.”
“Suppose they don’t want my particular brand of high ideals?”
“Mart, have I got to stop and pray with you?”
“No! Quit! Honestly, Hinkley, of all the Christians I ever met you take
the rottenest advantages. You can lick anybody in the class, and when I
think of how you’re going to bully the poor heathen when you get to be a
missionary, and make the kids put on breeches, and marry off all the
happy lovers to the wrong people, I could bawl!”
The prospect of leaving his sheltered den for the patronage of the
Reverend Mr. Hinkley was intolerable. It was not till Angus Duer
accepted election to Digamma Pi that Martin himself came in.
Duer was one of the few among Martin’s classmates in the academic course
who had gone on with him to the Winnemac medical school. Duer had been
the valedictorian. He was a silent, sharp-faced, curly-headed, rather
handsome young man, and he never squandered an hour or a good impulse.
So brilliant was his work in biology and chemistry that a Chicago
surgeon had promised him a place in his clinic. Martin compared Angus
Duer to a razor blade on a January morning; he hated him, was
uncomfortable with him, and envied him. He knew that in biology Duer had
been too busy passing examinations to ponder, to get any concept of
biology as a whole. He knew that Duer was a tricky chemist, who neatly
and swiftly completed the experiments demanded by the course and never
ventured on original experiments which, leading him into a confused land
of wondering, might bring him to glory or disaster. He was sure that
Duer cultivated his manner of chill efficiency to impress instructors.
Yet the man stood out so bleakly from a mass of students who could
neither complete their experiments nor ponder nor do anything save smoke
pipes and watch football-practice that Martin loved him while he hated
him, and almost meekly he followed him into Digamma Pi.
Martin, Ira Hinkley, Angus Duer, Clif Clawson, the meaty class jester,
and one “Fatty” Pfaff were initiated into Digamma Pi together. It was a
noisy and rather painful performance, which included smelling asafetida.
Martin was bored, but Fatty Pfaff was in squeaking, billowing, gasping
terror.
Fatty was of all the new Freshmen candidates the most useful to Digamma
Pi. He was planned by nature to be a butt. He looked like a distended
hot-water bottle; he was magnificently imbecile; he believed everything,
he knew nothing, he could memorize nothing; and anxiously he forgave the
men who got through the vacant hours by playing jokes upon him.
They persuaded him that mustard plasters were excellent for
colds--solicitously they gathered about him, affixed an enormous plaster
to his back, and afterward fondly removed it. They concealed the ear of
a cadaver in his nice, clean, new pocket handkerchief when he went to
Sunday supper at the house of a girl cousin in Zenith.... At supper he
produced the handkerchief with a flourish.
Every night when Fatty retired he had to remove from his bed a
collection of objects which thoughtful house-mates had stuffed between
the sheets--soap, alarm clocks, fish. He was the perfect person to whom
to sell useless things. Clif Clawson, who combined a brisk huckstering
with his jokes, sold to Fatty for four dollars a History of Medicine
which he had bought, second-hand, for two, and while Fatty never read
it, never conceivably could read it, the possession of the fat red book
made him feel learned. But Fatty’s greatest beneficence to Digamma was
his belief in spiritualism. He went about in terror of spooks. He was
always seeing them emerging at night from the dissecting-room windows.
His classmates took care that he should behold a great many of them
flitting about the halls of the fraternity.
VI
Digamma Pi was housed in a residence built in the expansive days of
1885. The living-room suggested a recent cyclone. Knife-gashed tables,
broken Morris chairs, and torn rugs were flung about the room, and
covered with backless books, hockey shoes, caps, and cigarette stubs.
Above, there were four men to a bedroom, and the beds were iron
double-deckers, like a steerage.
For ash-trays the Digams used sawed skulls, and on the bedroom walls
were anatomical charts, to be studied while dressing. In Martin’s room
was a complete skeleton. He and his roommates had trustingly bought it
from a salesman who came out from a Zenith surgical supply house. He was
such a genial and sympathetic salesman; he gave them cigars and told G.
U. stories and explained what prosperous doctors they were all going to
be. They bought the skeleton gratefully, on the instalment plan....
Later the salesman was less genial.
Martin roomed with Clif Clawson, Fatty Pfaff, and an earnest second-year
medic named Irving Watters.
Any psychologist desiring a perfectly normal man for use in
demonstrations could not have done better than to have engaged Irving
Watters. He was always and carefully dull; smilingly, easily,
dependably dull. If there was any cliché which he did not use, it was
because he had not yet heard it. He believed in morality--except on
Saturday evenings; he believed in the Episcopal Church--but not the High
Church; he believed in the Constitution, Darwinism, systematic exercise
in the gymnasium, and the genius of the president of the university.
Among them, Martin most liked Clif Clawson. Clif was the clown of the
fraternity-house, he was given to raucous laughter, he clogged and sang
meaningless songs, he even practised on the cornet, yet he was somehow a
good fellow and solid, and Martin, in his detestation of Ira Hinkley,
his fear of Angus Duer, his pity for Fatty Pfaff, his distaste for the
amiable dullness of Irving Watters, turned to the roaring Clif as to
something living and experimenting. At least Clif had reality; the
reality of a plowed field, of a steaming manure-pile. It was Clif who
would box with him; Clif who--though he loved to sit for hours smoking,
grunting, magnificently loafing--could be persuaded to go for a
five-mile walk.
And it was Clif who risked death by throwing baked beans at the Reverend
Ira Hinkley at supper, when Ira was bulkily and sweetly corrective.
In the dissecting-room Ira was maddening enough with his merriment at
such of Martin’s ideas as had not been accepted in Pottsburg Christian
College, but in the fraternity-house he was a moral pest. He never
ceased trying to stop their profanity. After three years on a backwoods
football team he still believed with unflinching optimism that he could
sterilize young men by administering reproofs, with the nickering of a
lady Sunday School teacher and the delicacy of a charging elephant.
Ira also had statistics about Clean Living.
He was full of statistics. Where he got them did not matter to him;
figures in the daily papers, in the census report, or in the Miscellany
Column of the _Sanctification Herald_ were equally valid. He announced
at supper table, “Clif, it’s a wonder to me how as bright a fella as you
can go on sucking that dirty old pipe. D’you realize that 67.9 per cent.
of all women who go to the operating table have husbands who smoke
tobacco?”
“What the devil would they smoke?” demanded Clif.
“Where’d you get those figures?” from Martin.
“They came out at a medical convention in Philadelphia in 1902,” Ira
condescended. “Of course I don’t suppose it’ll make any difference to a
bunch of wise galoots like you that some day you’ll marry a nice bright
little woman and ruin her life with your vices. Sure, keep right
on--fine brave virile bunch! A poor weakling preacher like me wouldn’t
dare do anything so brave as smoke a pipe!”
He left them triumphantly, and Martin groaned, “Ira makes me want to get
out of medicine and be an honest harness-maker.”
“Aw, gee now, Mart,” Fatty Pfaff complained, “you oughtn’t to cuss Ira
out. He’s awful sincere.”
“Sincere? Hell! So is a cockroach!”
Thus they jabbered, while Angus Duer watched them in a superior silence
that made Martin nervous. In the study of the profession to which he had
looked forward all his life he found irritation and vacuity as well as
serene wisdom; he saw no one clear path to Truth but a thousand paths to
a thousand truths far-off and doubtful.