Far to the south of Egypt, beyond Nubia, lies a little known and
mysterious country now called Abyssinia, formerly a part of Ethiopia,
the wonderful kingdom of the renowned Prester John and once of the Queen
of Sheba.
Bounded on the north by the Eastern Soudan, on the east by a stretch of
sterile, uninviting ground varying in width to the Red Sea from a dozen
to at least two hundred miles, and a sort of "no man's" land unless
claimed in a measure by Egypt and in a kind by Italy in these latter
days; adjacent in the south to the broad lands of the warlike Gallas
tribes, and approached from the west by the barren Southern Soudan,--
Abyssinia has from time immemorial been the arena of rebellions, of
inter-tribal hostilities, of inroads by neighbouring tribes, of attacks
by civilised powers. Least of all has the land produced signs of
progress in the arts of peace. Its mountains, towering to heights of
8000, 10,000 and 13,000 feet, have been the hiding-places of cruel
robbers, of deposed chiefs, of disappointed insurgents; and its valleys
have rung with countless cries of dying men in hotly contested battles.
Abyssinia has throughout the ages been divided into provinces, although
the greatest authority has been nominally centred in one royal
personage, or Negus. In the fact of these divisions, or principalities,
we have largely the secret of continual disturbance. Jealousy has been
responsible for much. The three principal provinces are Amhara, Tigre,
and Shoa; the first being in the centre, with Tigre in the north, and
Shoa in the south. Gondar is the capital of Amhara, Adowa is the main
town of Tigre, and Amkobar is the most important place in Shoa. The
prince, or governor, of each province, is known as "Ras," a term we
often find in reference to Abyssinian matters.
In the seventh century of the Christian era, 200 years after the country
had passed the zenith of its power and glory, the Mohammedans swept like
a great avalanche upon Abyssinia, stifled but did not utterly destroy
Christianity, which had been introduced in the middle of the fourth
century of the era in which we live; and maintained such a strong
influence, that for century after century the whole land was in darkness
and ignorance; and though the Christian religion has remained, it is in
a debased and corrupt form. Europe knew nothing of Abyssinia worth the
name for ages. Then a princess of Judah, Judith, prosecuted designs
upon poor Abyssinia, sought out the members of the reigning family, and
would have caused each one to be slain. Fortunately, a young prince was
carried off to a place of safety. Coming to maturity, he ruled in Shoa,
while for nearly half a century Judith reigned in the north. In the
year 1268 a.d. the true royalists were restored to power in the whole
kingdom.
When the warrior-mariners of Portugal were searching for new empires in
every sea and upon every continent, rumours reached them of a kingdom
somewhere, at the head of which was Prester John. This was just prior
to the dawn of the fifteenth century.
Filled with wonder at the reports that reached them, and curious to
solve the mystery that enshrouded Prester John and his wonderful
kingdom, the Portuguese went on making their searches, under Pedre de
Covilham, of renown, fixed upon Abyssinia, entered it, and secured the
friendship of the chief ruler. Strange to relate, the Portuguese made
no serious attempt to add Abyssinia to their dominions--possibly they
did not think the task worth the trouble and expense; but they
maintained some degree of power over the people through their religion,
an influence whose effects were seen by Bruce and by other travellers of
scarcely a hundred years ago--one not obliterated by tribal warfare and
by a terrible, merciless coming of the Gallas from their country in the
south.
In the year 1818 was born in Kaura, a child to whom the name Lij Kassi
was given--a lad whose uncle was then governor of that part of
Abyssinia. The boy grew to be wilful, self-reliant, and very ambitious;
it is even said that he set himself out to be the elect of God, who
should raise his country to a glory equal to that of Ethiopia of old.
There was a prophecy indeed, "And it shall come to pass that a king
shall arise in Ethiopia, of Solomon's lineage, who shall be the greatest
on earth, and his powers shall extend over all Ethiopia and Egypt. He
shall scourge the infidels out of Palestine, and shall purge Jerusalem
clean from the dealers. He shall destroy all the inhabitants thereof,
and his name shall be Theodoras." Whether Lij Kassi really pretended to
be the elect of Heaven, the Messiah, or not, certain it is that when he
had fought very bravely to found a state of his own, and had defeated
the prince of Tigre in pitched battle, he gave himself out to his
followers and to all Abyssinia as Theodore, king of Ethiopia, and was
crowned under that name in his thirty-eighth year.
The ambition of Theodore was still boundless. He gathered an increased
following, conquered tribe after tribe in Abyssinia proper, and
prosecuted a most successful crusade in the country of the Gallas,
subduing descendants of those who had wrought havoc in his native land
from time to time, and established himself at a place nearly a mile
square, and 9000 feet above the level of the sea. The town is known to
us as Magdala.
Gondar was still the capital of Abyssinia, and to it and the country
generally Theodore invited Europeans. Ambitious as he was, and warlike,
the king--for Theodore had become the acknowledged ruler of the nation--
was anxious to develop the resources of his kingdom, and that his people
should be taught trades and industries. He was intelligent enough to
see that Abyssinia could not be a great country if its natives were not
imbued with ideas of civilisation, and if its products were not
purchased by foreigners and their wares imported to the interior. Many
merchants and artisans in search of employment under another flag went
out to Abyssinia, therefore, and found employment; while consuls, or
representatives, of European powers were appointed, and welcomed by
Theodore to his court.
The British consul, Mr Plowden, was killed by a rebel force in March
1860, while on his way to the port of Massowah upon the coast; and so
grieved was Theodore that he commissioned a superior body of his
soldiers, not only to subdue the offending tribes, but to seek out the
murderers of Mr Plowden and to punish them. This was done, and the
king was greatly pleased when the British Government freely acknowledged
he was in no sense to blame for the massacre. They sent out Captain
Cameron to succeed the unfortunate Plowden, and presents were carried
from our Queen. Theodore was delighted, further, to receive Protestant
missionaries from England, and to show other tokens of friendship for
Britannia.
A great change came over Theodore's conduct at length. His temper was
soon ruffled, his pride was unbearable, he practised cruelties upon his
people, and he became cold towards England, more particularly when
months passed away and he received no answer to a letter sent to the
British Government. So wroth was the king when he heard that Cameron
was going to Egypt--a country Theodore disliked--that he ordered the
arrest of the British consul and two missionaries, named Sterne and
Rosenthal. They were thrown into a dungeon, in the year 1863. Great
indignation was aroused in England. When, however, it was known that
Theodore had some grounds for thinking that he had not been treated with
full courtesy, Mr H.J. Rassam, then at Aden, was sent with Lieutenant
Prideaux and Dr Blaine on an embassy to Theodore, taking with them
friendly letters from the British Government, together with handsome
presents; and it was expected that upon their arrival and explanation
the prisoners would be released.
The king at first received them courteously, but, his mood soon
changing, they too were seized and thrust into prison. The British
Government in vain endeavoured to procure their release; but finding
this impossible, an expedition was prepared.
As the Red Sea lies under the jurisdiction of the Indian Government, it
was at Bombay that the preparations were made, and the command was given
to Sir Robert Napier, then commander-in-chief of the Bombay army, with
Sir Charles Staveley second in command. Vast numbers of ships were
taken up for transport, 30,000 animals were purchased in India, Arabia,
Egypt, and the Mediterranean, and 15,000 troops received orders to
embark. An advance party under command of Colonel Merewether, arrived
at Zula, a tiny village in Annesley Bay, and preparations were at once
commenced for the disembarkation of the troops and stores upon their
arrival. HMS _Satellite_ and other men-of-war also arrived in the bay,
and the work of making the piers and preparing store-houses commenced.
The construction of the piers, and the duty of landing the stores, fell
upon the naval force, and were admirably performed, the manner in which
the Jacks worked under a blazing sun eliciting the warmest encomiums
from the military officers. Water was terribly scarce, and the boilers
of the men-of-war were kept constantly at work distilling for the use of
the transport animals and troops.
When the expeditionary force marched inland a Naval Brigade of eighty
men with two rocket tubes, commanded by Captain Fellowes of the _Dryad_,
was organised. These marched forward, and speedily took their place
with the advanced division, under General Staveley. Their arrival was
warmly greeted in the camp, their cheerfulness and good-humour here, as
during the Indian Mutiny, rendering the men of the Naval Brigade great
favourites with the soldiers. Their camp was a sort of rendezvous, and
round the fires many a cheerful song was sung, many a joke exchanged,
after the day's work was over.
Theodore had retreated, upon the news of our advance, to Magdala, a
natural fortress of immense strength situate 400 miles from the coast.
At Antalo, half-way up, a halt was made for three weeks, to allow stores
to be accumulated. Here, fortunately, large quantities of provisions
were procured from the natives, and numbers of little cattle hired for
transport; for the want of water upon landing, and a terrible disease
which broke out among the horses in the passes up to the plateau land,
had disorganised the transport train, and immense as was the number of
animals, it proved wholly incapable of transporting the stores for so
large a force. At Senafe, at Adigerat, and at Antalo, strong fortified
camps were erected, and bodies of troops left to overawe the king of
Tigre, who, although professing to be our ally, could not have been
depended upon had misfortune of any kind befallen us.
The march from Antalo led over a mountainous country almost bare of
habitations, and the fatigues endured by the men were very great. The
climate, however, proved exceedingly healthy, and although the heat by
day was great, at night the air was cool and bracing, and in some places
even sharp cold was experienced. From the plateau of Dalanta, some 15
miles from Magdala, a view of the fortress was obtained, and after a
day's halt the advanced column was ordered to move forward. It
consisted of the 4th Regiment, a regiment of Punjaubees, one of
Beloochees, and the Naval Brigade.
The march commenced at daybreak. The road was extremely difficult, and
the men suffered greatly from want of water. The baggage had proceeded
up a valley under the charge of the Beloochees and a baggage guard of
men of the 4th Regiment, the rest of the column marching along the hill,
so as to protect it from a flank attack. It had been intended that the
column of baggage should not emerge from the valley upon the plateau of
Aroge until the troops had arrived there for its protection. Owing to
some misapprehension, however, upon the part of Colonel Phayre, who
commanded it, the Beloochees were marched up on to the plateau before
the covering force arrived there, and while the column of baggage was
still in the valley. A continuation of this led direct to Magdala, and
Theodore seeing it there, apparently unprotected and open to attack,
ordered his men to advance and seize it.
The fortress of Magdala consists of three hills. Magdala itself, the
strongest of the three, upon which the royal town is situate, lay behind
the other two, and, except across a wide neck separating it from them,
was inaccessible, as upon its other three sides it rose almost
precipitously from the plain. The two hills in front were called
Sallasye and Fala. As there was no intention of attacking until the
second division had reached the spot, the troops were ordered to lie
down, and an hour or two passed in inactivity. Then, with telescopes, a
stir could be seen upon the top of Fala, where several guns were in
position. Presently there was a flash, a pause for a second or two, and
then the sound of a ball whistling through the air. This fell near the
Beloochees, who were lying with piled arms on the plateau. Almost
simultaneously a great body of men were seen descending by the road
which led from the neck connecting the hills of Fala and Sallasye. When
the head of this body reached the plateau it broke up, and was seen to
be composed of great numbers of natives, headed by many chiefs on
horseback.
Sir C. Napier at once gave orders for the 4th to advance. Thirst and
fatigue were forgotten in a minute, and at a swinging trot the 4th
passed to the front. The next order was for the Naval Brigade to
advance to a knoll which commanded the plateau, and to open fire with
their rockets upon the crowd of advancing enemies.
The moment was critical, the head of the baggage train had just reached
the plateau from the ravine below, and there was a doubt whether the
enemy would not be upon it before the troops could come to its
assistance. The sailors were but a short time in laying their tubes,
and a cheer broke from the troops as the first rocket whizzed out across
the plateau. The roar and rush of this strange, and to them unknown,
missile caused an instant halt of the advancing crowd of Abyssinians.
The horses of the chiefs swept round and round, and scampered hither and
thither in wild affright. The footmen paused, and for a moment it
seemed as if the attack was coming to an end. Rocket after rocket
whizzed out; but as the Abyssinians soon saw that the destruction
wrought by these missiles bore no proportion whatever to the noise they
made, they speedily recovered themselves, and advanced bravely to the
attack.
The delay, short as it was, had, however, enabled the 4th to come into
line, and as the Abyssinians advanced they opened a heavy fire of
musketry upon them with their breechloaders, which were here for the
first time used by British soldiers in actual warfare. For a few
minutes the Abyssinians stood bravely against the storm of shot; then,
leaving the ground scattered with dead and wounded, they turned and made
towards the fortress.
In the ravine itself the combat had been more serious. There a large
number of Abyssinians, coming straight down from Magdala, fell upon the
baggage train. The company of the 4th under Captain Roberts, forming
the baggage guard, defended themselves and their charge gallantly.
Fortunately many of the mules were loaded with ammunition. These were
broken open, and the contents served out; and the men were consequently
enabled to keep up a steady stream of fire upon their opponents. These,
however, pressed gallantly forward, and did not give way until the
Punjaubees, advancing to the edge of the plateau, took them in flank,
and, pouring volley after volley among them, drove them up the hillside
with a loss of more than 500 killed. This body was estimated at 2000
strong, and it is questionable whether any of them returned to Magdala.
As the enemy upon the plateau retreated, the Naval Brigade moved forward
and took up a fresh position, and sent their rockets into the crowd as
they ascended the path to their fortress, and then, turning their aim at
the guns upon its edge, near which Theodore was himself standing, sent
their rockets up with so accurate an aim that the guns were speedily
deserted. King Theodore himself was greatly moved by these strange
implements, and asked Mr Rassam, whom he had placed near him, if they
were allowed in civilised warfare. In all, the fight cost the
Abyssinians 800 killed and 1500 wounded, besides the 1500 whose retreat
to the fortress was cut off.
The effect of this encounter upon Theodore was immense. Hitherto he had
looked upon himself as invincible, and believed that he should defeat
the English without the least difficulty. This view was also held by
all the people through whom we had marched upon our way. In Abyssinia
it is the priests only who wear head-gear, and the people viewed the
helmets of our soldiers as signs that, if not absolutely clerical, they
were at least men of a peaceful disposition. Our close formation, too,
had altogether failed to impress them, and the reports which had been
forwarded to Theodore had no doubt confirmed his belief that we were not
formidable as opponents. The complete defeat of his army on the plateau
of Aroge, in which his most trusted general, Fitaurari Gabriye, was
killed, completely shook him, and among his people the disinclination to
renew the combat with men armed with such wonderful weapons was
complete. The Abyssinians, indeed, complained that we did not fight
fair; their custom being that a line of men should advance, discharge
their pieces, and then retire, after which the opposite side did the
same. Then when the battle had gone on for some hours, the party that
had lost most men retired. The steady advance of the British troops,
and the incessant fire which they kept up, struck them as opposed to all
rules of fairness.
Theodore now sent down to inquire what terms would be given him; but the
reply was that nothing short of unconditional surrender could now be
granted, but that if he would send down his captives, and submit, his
life should be spared, and honourable treatment given him. He now sent
down a large herd of cattle, and these were, somewhat unfortunately,
received, for there is no doubt that the reception was, in accordance
with Abyssinian customs, a sign that hostilities would come to an end,
and the following morning the whole of the captives were sent into camp.
Theodore again asked for terms; but was again informed that
unconditional surrender could alone be accepted.
By this time the second division had arrived upon the scene, and a
strong force prepared to attack the stronghold of the Abyssinian king.
The Gallas, the hereditary enemies of the Abyssinians, had come up in
great numbers and encircled the fortress behind, rendering all escape in
that direction impossible, for although the fortress could not be
attacked from the rear, there existed two or three narrow paths by which
escape was possible. On the night before we attacked, Theodore
attempted to escape in this manner; but finding the Gallas everywhere in
force, he returned to his citadel and prepared to defend it to the last.
His army was now, however, determined to offer no further resistance.
Cowed by the terrible slaughter at Aroge, and seeing that the power to
order wholesale executions had now passed out of the tyrant's hands, the
whole of the chiefs and their followers declared that they would no
longer obey his orders, and only some twenty or thirty faithful men
remained with him.
The 33rd Regiment led the assault, and advanced up the steep road by
which the enemy had before descended to the attack. Fala and Sallasye
were covered with natives, and at every moment an attack was expected
upon us, although messages had been sent down by the chiefs saying that
they rendered their submission. The 33rd, however, gained the top of
the hill without a shot being fired, and there some 15,000 or 20,000
persons were seen sitting quietly down. Orders were given to disarm the
men, and they and their families were then suffered to leave, and the
force moved over the shoulder of Sallasye towards Magdala itself.
A small party of officers and others, riding on in advance, came, at the
edge of the shoulder connecting Sallasye with Magdala, upon some fifteen
of Theodore's guns, which he had not had time to take with him into
Magdala. At the same moment a party of horsemen, among whom the natives
recognised Theodore himself, came down the steep path from the fortress,
and rode about on the plateau, brandishing their arms and shouting
defiance. The officers dismounted, and finding some cases of ammunition
with the guns, turned these upon Theodore, and speedily drove him and
his companions up into the fortress again.
Presently the 33rd and Naval Brigade arrived on the spot, as well as
Penn's Battery, and fire was opened upon Magdala by the guns and
rockets. Soon some of the conical thatched houses which covered the top
of Magdala were in flames, and after half an hour's fire the 33rd
advanced to the attack. As they ascended the steep hill, shots were
fired from the inside. The 33rd replied by thrusting their muskets
through the loopholes; others climbed up a steep shoulder, from which
they commanded the back of the gate. The defenders were shot down, and
the English soon entered the place. A few shots more only were fired,
and one of these proved fatal to the Abyssinian king. Whether he killed
himself, or whether he was shot, will ever remain a disputed question.
But the general opinion was that he fell by his own hands. Certain it
was that the shot entered his mouth and passed out at the back of his
head.
The work of the expedition was now over. Great numbers of native
prisoners, many of whom had been detained in Magdala for years, were
released; the huts dignified by the name of the Palace were fired; and
soon nothing remained of the royal town save blackened ashes. The
expedition then turned its face to the sea, which it reached just in
time. Had it been a few days later, the rains, which had already
commenced, would have filled the passes, and confined the troops
prisoners on the plateau land until their subsidence.
The result of this expedition gave great satisfaction at home, and a
peerage was conferred upon the able and fortunate commander, under the
title of Napier of Magdala.