RIVAL AIRMEN
Henri Farman flies, and wins £2000--Delagrange
and Bleriot--The Wrights emerge from their
obscurity--Wilbur’s triumph in France--The flights
of December 1908.
Henri Farman, who was to achieve fame as a pilot, was in many respects
an ideal man for the task he had in hand. Small, light, quick, with a
sure eye for distances and speed, and a sound knowledge of engines, he
had won renown as a driver of racing motor-cars before turning to
aviation. As soon as he obtained delivery of his Voisin, he had it taken
to the military parade ground at Issy-les-Moulineaux, near Paris; and
here he built a shed to house it, and began systematically to learn to
fly.
For a month he was content to run the biplane up and down the ground,
accustoming himself to its controls and tuning up the motor--which in
early machines was so apt to prove refractory. Exceedingly light, and
running at very high speeds, these first aviation motors tended to
become over-heated or break some working part. But Farman, although he
had more than his share of engine trouble, was persevering; and on 30th
September 1907 he was rewarded by a flight of 90 yards. This he
increased to 100 and then 150 yards; but now he found his
elevating-plane was not in adjustment, and this caused delay. By the
middle of October, however, he had flown a distance of 311
yards--beating Santos-Dumont’s record of the year before; and on 27th
October, still improving, he flew 843 yards.
Now all eyes turned to Issy, and crowds came to watch the airman in his
tests. Progressing steadily, and with uninterrupted success, Farman was
ready at the beginning of 1908 to bid for a £2000 prize which had been
offered under the following conditions: The aeroplane was to fly across
a line 50 yards in length, marked out across the ground; to fly straight
ahead for 540 yards; to circle a flagstaff without touching ground; and
then to fly back again to its starting-point, and pass above the line.
This flight, it will be seen, necessitated a half-circle in the air; and
the making of such a turn was for some time Farman’s difficulty. His
biplane was heavy, and its engine would only just keep it in the air;
and when he came to turn, the machine lost speed a little and--seeing
that it flew low--showed a tendency to touch ground. But Farman was
always successful in tuning up his engine, and on 13th January 1908 he
made the out-and-home flight without difficulty, and won the £2000
prize. A photograph of him in flight in his biplane is seen on Plate
III.
Here was one definite rival for the Wrights, and soon they had another.
Delagrange, coming again to the Voisins after Farman had won this prize,
obtained another biplane, and flew with it on 14th March for a distance
of 328 yards. Then on 11th April, having become more proficient, he
made a circular flight of 2-1/2 miles, following this by a flight in
which he remained aloft for 18 minutes 30 seconds. Farman, gaining skill
from day to day, managed to fly for 19 minutes without descending, and
then took up a passenger for short flights.
[Illustration: FIG. 41.--The Bleriot Double Monoplane.
A.A. Sustaining-planes; B. Pilot’s seat; C. Balancing side flaps; D.
Rudder; E. Landing wheels.]
Yet another aviator, soon to become well known, had now begun to fly;
this was M. Louis Bleriot, a maker of motor-car head-lights, who spent
money and risked his life in the testing of monoplane machines. Some of
these experimental craft had two main wings; others four--one of the
latter being illustrated in Fig. 41. An interesting feature of this
machine was the use of narrow, pivoted planes at the extremities of the
front main-planes, which could be swung up and down to control sideway
balance. With a craft of this type, after many failures, Bleriot began
to make short flights. Then the machine was wrecked; but Bleriot,
indomitable as Farman and the Wrights, soon built another; and with this
he flew for 8 minutes 24 seconds.
Meanwhile--what of the Wrights? Their interests had, at last, been
placed in the hands of a syndicate; and to this syndicate it became
obvious, as one after another of the French successes was chronicled,
that some definite display should be made. The Wrights possessed an
aeroplane at this time which, in controllability and efficiency, was far
in advance of any French machine; but the need was to demonstrate this.
So it was arranged that, while Orville Wright remained in America, and
flew in a series of tests before the military authorities, Wilbur should
take a biplane to France and challenge the Frenchmen on their own
ground--or rather in their own air.
Wilbur’s first experiences in France were not pleasant. His machine, to
begin with, made an unfavourable impression. In comparison with the
ingenious, scrupulously-neat construction of the French engineers, it
appeared clumsy and amateurish. The brothers had not, in fact, wasted
any time upon the finish of their machines. They were sufficiently
strong, and they knew that they would fly. Beyond this they did not
concern themselves, disdaining all perfections of woodwork or of detail.
The Wright engine, when contrasted with the specially-lighted,
beautifully-constructed French motors, was a heavy piece of machinery
which could have been rendered more efficient in several ways. But the
Wrights understood their motor, and would use no other.
Wilbur Wright said little; made no boasts or idle claims. Putting his
machine together at Le Mans, where he had come to make his trials, he
flew on 8th August 1908 for 1 minute 45 seconds, during which he rose
about 40 feet high and made two circles in the air. He would have flown
longer, but his motor was not working well. On 13th August he was in the
air for 8 minutes 13 seconds. This he improved upon by a flight, on 5th
September, of 19 minutes 48 seconds; and on 21st September, feeling
greater confidence in his machine, he flew for 1 hour 31 minutes 25
seconds.
[Illustration: _Photo, “Daily Mirror.”_
PLATE V.--BLERIOT LEAVING THE FRENCH COAST.
Rising from Les Baraques, near Calais, on the memorable flight to Dover,
Bleriot passed over the sand-hills at the brink of the Channel, and
steered out boldly across the water, his monoplane receding quickly
until it was a speck in the sky.]
He had now rendered of small account the successes of his rivals. But it
was not so much the length of time he remained in the air, as the
control he had over his machine, which impressed those who saw his
tests. The French aeroplanes had, up to this time, flown sluggishly and
with no certainty in their movement. They rose, and that was all; they
were barely controllable; they flew falteringly, and caused anxiety in
the minds of those who saw them aloft. But with Wilbur Wright there was
none of this. His biplane rose smoothly from its rail and soared here
and there, absolutely under control, and responsive instantly to its
pilot’s levers--climbing, sinking, wheeling, and diving, with a swift
ease and precision that won the admiration of all.
After his hour’s flight in September, Wilbur undertook the teaching of
two pupils to fly--the Comte de Lambert and M. Tissandier. With the
former as a passenger he flew for seven minutes, and then took up M.
Tissandier for eleven minutes. These flights, however, he eclipsed on
3rd October, when he flew with a newspaper correspondent for fifty-five
minutes; and on the next day, seeking to improve upon this, he remained
in the air with another passenger for 1 hour 4 minutes 26 seconds.
Such flights were, at the time, quite beyond the capacity of French
machines, and Wilbur Wright--appearing so unassumingly upon the
scene--had everything in his hands. Farman, however, was not inactive
Practising now at Chalons, and having his motor well in tune, he
decided to attempt a cross-country flight--the first in aerial history.
Rising from his test-ground at Chalons, he attained a height of 130
feet, and flew a distance of 17 miles to Rheims, passing above rows of
poplar trees and being twenty minutes on his journey. This feat, as
showing the reliability of the aeroplane, was greeted with acclamation.
A point against the Wright machine--which was criticised by experts in
spite of its success--was the fact that it could ascend only from its
starting-rail. This, it was said, made it less practicable than the
machines of the French builders--which were, as explained, constructed
so that they would run on wheels. Point was lent to this criticism on
31st October 1908, by a feat of M. Bleriot. Using a new monoplane--the
eighth he had built--he said he would fly from Toury to Arteney and
back, a distance of about 19 miles, alighting when he reached Arteney
and then ascending again. This programme he carried out. Eleven minutes
after leaving Toury he reached Arteney, and then had to descend rather
hurriedly owing to a defect in his magneto. This took an hour and a half
to repair; then the airman set off on his return flight to Toury. But he
had flown only 3 miles when his magneto again gave trouble, and he had
to glide to the ground, alighting safely upon an open stretch of land.
After a few minutes delay he rose again, and this time reached his
starting-point without mishap. Such a cross-country journey as this,
with two halts, would not have been practicable with the Wright machine;
that is to say, had it descended in a field owing to engine trouble, and
at some distance from its starting-point, it would have been necessary
either to take it back by road to its launching apparatus or bring this
gear to the field in which it lay. The starting system of the Wrights,
although excellent in its way, and making for efficiency and low
engine-power, had the drawback of limiting the use of the machine to an
aerodrome; or, should the pilot attempt a cross-country flight, he knew
he must return to his starting-point without alighting, or run the risk
of being stranded at some distant point, and having to dismantle his
machine. It is not surprising, therefore, that the launching rail fell
into disfavour. No one used it except the Wrights, and in later models
of their machine even they abandoned the system, and fitted craft with
running wheels and more powerful motors.
Wilbur Wright, although he made no effort to compete with Farman or
Bleriot in cross-country flying, achieved remarkable flights in the last
month of 1908. Two prizes were on offer--one for the longest flight of
the year, the other for the greatest height attained. Making an attempt
to win the former on 18th December, he flew for 99 kilometres (61 miles)
round a triangular course, his time in the air being 1 hour 53 minutes
59 seconds. This feat dwarfed all those of his rivals; and, in another
flight on the same day, he showed still further the superiority of his
machine. Ascending in an attempt for the height prize, he reached an
altitude of 377 feet.
Not content with these flights, and fearing some opponent might beat him
at the eleventh hour, Wilbur ascended again on 31st December. Flying
steadily round a course marked by flags, he remained in the air from
early in the afternoon until sunset, having covered a distance of
76-1/2 miles and being aloft for 2 hours 20 minutes 23 seconds.
So the year ended. The Wrights, coming late upon the scene, had proved
that their machine, save for the limitation of its starting rail, was
the most efficient in existence, and far ahead of those of the
Frenchmen. One serious accident, however, marred the Wrights’ triumph.
Orville, after excellent flights in America, was carrying a military
officer as passenger when a chain driving a propeller broke in mid-air.
The biplane passed beyond control and fell, and the officer, Lieutenant
Selfridge, was killed--the first victim of an aeroplane disaster.
Orville sustained a broken thigh.