This section provides against the adulteration of milk in any way.
Penalty, twenty-five dollars to one hundred dollars, and makes the
offender liable in double that amount to the party injured.
“An Act to protect the dairy interests and for the punishment of fraud
connected therewith.”
This law requires that “oleo” and kindred products shall be branded
with the word “oleomargarine.”
Penalty, from twenty dollars to one hundred dollars or imprisonment
from ten to ninety days.
“An Act to prevent and punish the adulteration of articles of food,
drink, and medicine, and the sale thereof when adulterated.”
This law provides that skimmed milk cheese shall be so branded, and
when oleomargarine is mixed with any other substance for sale it shall
be distinctly branded with the true and appropriate name.
Penalty, first offence, from ten dollars to fifty dollars; second,
from twenty-five dollars to one hundred dollars, or confined in the
county jail not more than thirty days; third, from five hundred
dollars to one thousand dollars and imprisonment not less than one
year nor more than five years.
_Maryland._
“An Act to repeal the Act of 1883, chapter 493, entitled ‘An Act for
the protection of dairymen, and to prevent deception in the sale of
butter and cheese, and to re-enact new sections in lieu thereof.’”
This law requires that substances made in semblance of butter and
cheese not the true product of the dairy shall be branded with the
word “oleomargarine” so as to be conspicuous, and that the buyer shall
be apprised of the nature of the article that he has bought.
Penalty, one hundred dollars, or imprisonment not less than thirty or
more than ninety days for the second offence, and not less than three
months nor more than one year for the third offence.
Approved, April 8, 1884.
_Maine._
“An Act to amend chapter 128 of the Revised Statutes, relating to the
sale of unwholesome food.”
This law is prohibitive as to oleomargarine and kindred products.
Penalty, for the first offence one hundred dollars, and for each
subsequent offence two hundred dollars, to be recovered with costs.
_Massachusetts._
This State has a law against selling adulterated milk.
Penalty, for first offence, fifty dollars to one hundred dollars; for
the second offence, one hundred dollars to three hundred dollars, or
by imprisonment for thirty to sixty days; and for each subsequent
offence, fifty dollars and imprisonment from sixty to ninety days.
_Michigan._
“An Act to prevent deception in the manufacture and sale of dairy
products and to preserve the public health.”
This law prohibits the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine and
kindred products.
Penalty, two hundred dollars to five hundred dollars or not less than
six months’ nor more than one year’s imprisonment, or both, for the
first offence, and by imprisonment for one year for each subsequent
offence.
Approved, June 12, 1885.
_Minnesota._
“An Act to prohibit and prevent the sale or manufacture of unhealthy
or adulterated dairy products.”
This law prohibits the sale of impure or adulterated milk.
Penalty, twenty-five dollars to two hundred dollars, or imprisonment
from one to six months, or both for the first offence, and six months’
imprisonment for each subsequent offence.
This law also prohibits the manufacture and sale of oleaginous
substances or compounds of the same.
Penalty, from one hundred dollars to five hundred dollars, or from
six months’ to one year’s imprisonment, or both, such fine and
imprisonment for the first offence, and by imprisonment one year for
each subsequent offence.
Approved, March 5, 1885.
_Missouri._
This State passed the first prohibitory law.
Penalty, confinement in the county jail not to exceed one year, or
fine not to exceed one thousand dollars, or both.
_Nebraska._
Section 2345, “Skimmed milk or adulterated milk.”
This section provides against the sale of adulterated milk, and makes
a penalty of from twenty-five dollars to one hundred dollars and be
liable to double the amount to the person or persons upon whom the
fraud is perpetrated.
_New Hampshire._
“An Act relating to the sale of imitation butter.”
This law provides that no artificial butter shall be sold unless it is
coloured pink.
Penalty, for the first offence, fifty dollars, and for a second
offence a fine of one hundred dollars. “A certificate of the analysis
sworn to by the analyser shall be admitted in evidence in all
prosecutions.”
“The expense of the analysis, not exceeding twenty dollars, included
in the costs.”
_New Jersey._
Law similar to the New York law.
_Ohio._
This State has a law that is prohibitory except as to oleomargarine
made of beef suet and milk.
Penalty, one hundred dollars to five hundred dollars, or from three to
six months’ imprisonment, or both, for the first offence; and by such
fine and imprisonment for one year for each subsequent offence.
Passed, April 27, 1885.
_Oregon._
The law in this State provides against adulterated and unwholesome
milk, against keeping cows in an unhealthy condition, and against
feeding them upon unhealthful food.
It also provides that oleaginous substances sold upon the market shall
be so branded as to distinguish them from the true dairy product;
and that in hotels, boarding-houses, restaurants, etc., where such
substances are used as an article of food, the bill of fare shall
state the fact, and that the name of the said substance shall be
posted up in the dining-room in a conspicuous place.
Passed, February 20, 1885.
_Pennsylvania._
“An Act to protect dairymen, and to prevent deception in sales of
butter and cheese.”
This act requires the branding of imitation butter and cheese.
Penalty, one hundred dollars. Violations of this Act by exportation
to a foreign country are punished by a fine of from five dollars to
two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment from ten to thirty days, or by
both such fine and imprisonment.
Approved, May 24, 1883.
“An Act for the protection of the public health and to prevent
adulteration of dairy products and fraud in the sale thereof.”
This law prohibits the sale of oleomargarine and kindred products.
Penalty, one hundred dollars to three hundred dollars, or by
imprisonment from ten to thirty days for the first offence, and by
imprisonment for one year for each subsequent offence.
Approved, May 21, 1885.
_Rhode Island._
“Of the sale of butter, potatoes, onions, berries, nuts, and shelled
beans.”
This law provides that artificial butter shall be stamped
“Oleomargarine,” and that the retailer shall deliver to the purchaser
a label upon which shall be the word “Oleomargarine.”
Penalty, one hundred dollars.
_Tennessee._
Code of 1884, chapter 14, sections 2682, 2683, 2684.
This law requires that the substance shall be manufactured under its
true and appropriate name, and that it shall be distinctly branded
with the true and appropriate name.
Penalty, from ten dollars to three hundred dollars, or imprisonment
from ten to ninety days.
_Vermont._
“An Act to prevent fraud in the sale of oleomargarine and other
substances as butter.”
This law provides that oleomargarine and kindred products shall not be
sold as butter.
Penalty, five hundred dollars.
Approved, November 1884.
Chapters 192, Laws of 1874, 76 of 1870, 51 of 1855, provide against
the adulteration of milk.
_Virginia._
Code of Virginia, 1873, chapter 865, title 26, section 56.
“Provision against adulterating milk intended for the manufacture of
cheese.”
This law provides against the adulteration of milk carried to cheese
manufactories, etc.
Penalty, from twenty-five dollars to one hundred dollars, with costs
of suit.
_West Virginia._
Chapter 41, Acts of West Virginia, 1885.
“An Act to prevent the manufacture and sale of mixed and impure butter
and cheese and imitations thereof.”
This law requires that the true and appropriate name of the substance
shall be printed thereon, etc.
Penalty, from ten dollars to one hundred dollars, or imprisonment.
_Wisconsin._
Section 1494, chapter 61, Revised Statutes.
This Act provides that no cream shall be taken from the manufactory
where it is being worked up, also that the persons manufacturing
cheese at factories shall keep certain records.
Chapter 361, R. S.
“An Act to prevent the manufacture and sale of oleaginous substances
or compounds of the same in imitation of the pure dairy products, and
to repeal sections 1 and 3 of chapter 49 of the laws of 1881.”
This law prohibits the manufacture and sale of oleomargarine and
kindred products.
Penalty, not to exceed one thousand dollars, or imprisonment not to
exceed one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment.
Published, April 13, 1885.
TERRITORIES.
_Arizona._
“An Act to regulate the sale and manufacture of oleomargarine or other
substitutes for butter in the Territory of Arizona.”
This law requires that oleomargarine and kindred substances sold
in the territory shall be appropriately branded with the word
“oleomargarine.” And that the seller shall deliver to the purchaser
a printed label on which is the word “oleomargarine.” Also that
dealers shall keep posted up in their places of business this sign,
“Oleomargarine sold here.”
Penalty for the first offence not less than five dollars, for the
second offence not less than one hundred dollars or imprisonment for
sixty days, and for each succeeding offence five hundred dollars and
imprisonment for ninety days.
Approved, March 8, 1883.
_Dakota._
“An Act to secure the public health and safety against unwholesome
provisions.”
This law requires that all oleaginous substances shall be branded with
their true and proper names. Costs of analyses, not exceeding twenty
dollars, shall or may be included in the costs of prosecutions.
Penalty, first offence, one hundred dollars, and every subsequent
offence, two hundred dollars.
Passed at the session of 1883.
The following States and Territories have no law on the subject:--
STATES.--Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas.
TERRITORIES.--Alaska, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, Washington,
Wyoming.
The complete text of the United States Oleomargarine Tax Law is as
follows:--
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America, in Congress assembled. That for the
purposes of this Act the word “butter” shall be understood to mean the
food product usually known as butter, and which is made exclusively
from milk or cream, or both, with or without common salt, and with or
without additional colouring matter.
2. That for the purposes of this Act certain manufactured substances
certain extracts, and certain mixtures and compounds, including such
mixtures and compounds with butter, shall be known and designated
as “oleomargarine,” namely: All substances heretofore known as
oleomargarine, oleo, oleomargarine oil, butterine, lardine, suine,
and neutral; all mixtures and compounds of oleomargarine, oleo,
oleomargarine oil, butterine, lardine, suine, and neutral; all
lard extracts and tallow extracts; and all mixtures and compounds
of tallow, beef fat, suet, lard, lard oil, vegetable oil, annatto
and other colouring matter, intestinal fat, and offal fat made in
imitation or semblance of butter, or when so made, calculated or
intended to be sold as butter or for butter.
3. That special taxes are imposed as follows:--Manufacturers of
oleomargarine shall pay six hundred dollars. Every person who
manufactures oleomargarine for sale shall be deemed a manufacturer of
oleomargarine.
4. Wholesale dealers in oleomargarine shall pay four hundred
and eighty dollars. Every person who sells or offers for sale
oleomargarine in the original manufacturer’s packages shall be
deemed a wholesale dealer in oleomargarine. But any manufacturer of
oleomargarine who has given the required bond and paid the required
special tax, and who sells only oleomargarine of his own production,
at the place of manufacture, in the original packages to which the
tax-paid stamps are affixed, shall not be required to pay the special
tax of a wholesale dealer in oleomargarine on account of such sale.
Retail dealers in oleomargarine shall pay forty-eight dollars. Every
person who sells oleomargarine in less quantities than ten pounds at
one time shall be regarded as a retail dealer in oleomargarine. And
Sections 3232, 3233, 3234, 3235, 3236, 3237, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3241,
and 3243 of the Revised Statutes of the United States are, so far as
applicable, made to extend to and include and apply to the special
taxes imposed by this section, and to the persons upon whom they are
imposed. (See page 10 for Revised Statutes.) Provided, That in case
any manufacturer of oleomargarine commences business subsequent to the
thirtieth day of June in any year, the special tax shall be reckoned
from the first day of July in that year, and shall be five hundred
dollars.
4. That every person who carries on the business of a manufacturer
of oleomargarine without having paid the special tax therefor, as
required by law, shall, besides being liable to the payment of the
tax, be fined not less than one thousand dollars and not more than
five thousand dollars; and every person who carries on the business of
a wholesale dealer in oleomargarine without having paid the special
tax therefor, as required by law, shall, besides being liable to the
payment of the tax, be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor
more than two thousand dollars, and every person who carries on the
business of a retail dealer in oleomargarine without having paid the
special tax therefor, as required by law, shall, besides being liable
to the payment of the tax, be fined not less than fifty dollars nor
more than five hundred dollars for each and every offence.
5. That every manufacturer of oleomargarine shall file with the
Collector of Internal Revenue of the district in which his manufactory
is located, such notices, inventories, and bonds, shall keep such
books and render such returns of materials and products, shall put
up such signs and affix such number to his factory, and conduct
his business under such surveillance of officers and agents as the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the approval of the Secretary
of the Treasury may, by regulation, require. But the bond required of
such manufacturer shall be with sureties satisfactory to the Collector
of Internal Revenue, and in a penal sum of not less than five thousand
dollars, and the sum of said bond may be increased from time to time,
and additional sureties required at the discretion of the Collector,
or under instructions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
6. That all oleomargarine shall be packed by the manufacturer thereof
in firkins, tubs, or other wooden packages not before used for that
purpose, each containing not less than ten pounds, and marked,
stamped and branded as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe; and all
sales made by manufacturers of oleomargarine and wholesale dealers in
oleomargarine shall be in original stamped packages. Retail dealers
in oleomargarine must sell only from original stamped packages, in
quantities not exceeding ten pounds, and shall pack the oleomargarine
sold by them in suitable wooden or paper packages, which shall be
marked and branded as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue with the
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, shall prescribe. Every
person who knowingly sells or offers for sale, or delivers or offers
to deliver, any oleomargarine in any other form than in new wooden or
paper packages as above described, or who packs in any package any
oleomargarine in any manner contrary to law, or who falsely brands
any package or affixes a stamp on any package denoting a less amount
of tax than that required by law, shall be fined for each offence not
more than one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not less than six
months nor more than two years.
7. That every manufacturer of oleomargarine shall securely affix,
by pasting, on each package containing oleomargarine manufactured
by him, a label on which shall be printed, besides the number of
the manufactory and the district and State in which it is situated,
these words:--“Notice.--The manufacturer of the oleomargarine herein
contained has complied with all the requirements of law. Every person
is cautioned not to use this package again or the stamp thereon
again nor to remove the contents of this package without destroying
said stamp, under the penalty provided by law in such cases.” Every
manufacturer of oleomargarine who neglects to affix such label to any
package containing oleomargarine made by him, or sold or offered for
sale by or for him, and every person who removes any such label so
affixed from any such package, shall be fined fifty dollars for each
package in respect to which such offence is committed.
8. That upon oleomargarine which shall be manufactured and sold, or
removed for consumption or use, there shall be assessed and collected
a tax of two cents per pound, to be paid by the manufacturer thereof;
and any fractional part of a pound in a package shall be taxed as a
pound. The tax levied by this section shall be represented by coupon
stamps; and the provisions of existing laws governing the engraving,
issue, sale, accountability, effacement and destruction of stamps
relating to tobacco and snuff, as far as applicable, are hereby made
to apply to stamps provided for by this section.
9. That whenever any manufacturer of oleomargarine sells, or removes
for sale or consumption, any oleomargarine upon which the tax is
required to be paid by stamps, without the use of the proper stamps,
it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, within
a period of not more than two years after such sale or removal, upon
satisfactory proof, to estimate the amount of tax which has been
omitted to be paid, and to make an assessment therefor and certify the
same to the collector. The tax so assessed shall be in addition to the
penalties imposed by law for such sale or removal.
10. That all oleomargarine imported from foreign countries shall,
in addition to any import duty imposed on the same, pay an internal
revenue tax of 15 cents per pound, such tax to be represented by
coupon stamps as in the case of oleomargarine manufactured in the
United States. The stamps shall be affixed and cancelled by the owner
or importer of the oleomargarine while it is in the custody of the
proper custom-house officers; and the oleomargarine shall not pass out
of the custody of said officers until the stamps have been so affixed
and cancelled, but shall be put up in wooden packages, each containing
not less than ten pounds; as prescribed in this Act for oleomargarine
manufactured in the United States, before the stamps are affixed;
and the owner or importer of such oleomargarine shall be liable to
all the penal provisions of this Act prescribed for manufacturers
of oleomargarine manufactured in the United States. Whenever it is
necessary to take any oleomargarine so imported to any place other
than the public stores of the United States for the purpose of
affixing and cancelling such stamps, the Collector of Customs of the
port where such oleomargarine is entered, shall designate a bonded
warehouse to which it shall be taken, under the control of such
customs officer as such collector shall direct; and every officer of
customs who permits such oleomargarine to pass out of his custody or
control without compliance by the owner or importer thereof with the
provisions of this section relating thereto, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanour, and shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars
nor more than five thousand dollars, and imprisoned not less than six
months nor more than three years. Every person who sells or offers
for sale any imported oleomargarine, or oleomargarine purporting or
claimed to have been imported, not put up in packages and stamped
as provided by this Act, shall be fined not less than five hundred
dollars nor more than five thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not
less than six months nor more than two years.
11. That every person who knowingly purchases or receives for sale any
oleomargarine which has not been branded or stamped according to law,
shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars for each such offence.
12. That every person who knowingly purchases or receives for sale any
oleomargarine from any manufacturer who has not paid the special tax
shall be liable for each offence to a penalty of one hundred dollars,
and to forfeiture of all articles so purchased or received, or of the
full value thereof.
13. That whenever any stamped package containing oleomargarine is
emptied, it shall be the duty of the person in whose hands the
same is to destroy utterly the stamps thereon, and any person who
wilfully neglects or refuses so to do shall for each such offence
be fined not exceeding fifty dollars, and imprisoned not less than
ten days nor more than six months. And any person who fraudulently
gives away or accepts from another, or who sells, buys, or uses for
packing oleomargarine, any such stamped package, shall for each such
offence be fined not exceeding one hundred dollars and be imprisoned
not more than one year. Any revenue officer may destroy any emptied
oleomargarine package upon which the tax-paid stamp is found.
14. That there shall be in the office of the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue an analytical chemist and a microscopist, who shall each be
appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and shall each receive
a salary of two thousand five hundred dollars per annum; and the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue may, whenever in his judgment
the necessities of the service so require, employ chemists and
microscopists, to be paid such compensation as he may deem proper, not
exceeding in the aggregate any appropriation made for that purpose.
And such commissioner is authorised to decide what substances,
extracts, mixtures or compounds which may be submitted for his
inspection in contested cases are to be taxed under this Act; and his
decision in matters of taxation under this Act shall be final. The
commissioner may also decide whether any substances made in imitation
or semblance of butter, and intended for human consumption, contains
ingredients deleterious to the public health; but in case of doubt
or contest his decisions in this class of cases may be appealed from
to a board hereby constituted for the purpose, and composed of the
Surgeon-General of the Army, the Surgeon-General of the Navy, and the
Commissioner of Agriculture, and the decisions of this body shall be
final in the premises.
15. That all packages of oleomargarine subject to tax under this
Act that shall be found without stamps or marks as herein provided,
and all oleomargarine intended for human consumption which contains
ingredients adjudged, as hereinbefore provided, to be deleterious to
the public health, shall be forfeited to the United States. Any person
who shall wilfully remove or deface the stamps, marks or brands on the
package containing oleomargarine taxed as provided herein shall be
guilty of a misdemeanour, and shall be punished by a fine of not less
than one hundred dollars nor more than two thousand dollars, and by
imprisonment for not less than thirty days nor more than six months.
16. That oleomargarine may be removed from the place of manufacture
for export to a foreign country without payment of tax or affixing
stamps thereto, under such regulations and the filing of such bonds
and other security as the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the
approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, may prescribe. Every person
who shall export oleomargarine shall brand upon every tub, firkin,
or other package containing such article the word “oleomargarine” in
plain Roman letters not less than one-half inch square.
17. That whenever any person engaged in carrying on the business of
manufacturing oleomargarine defrauds, or attempts to defraud, the
United States of the tax on the oleomargarine produced by him, or any
part thereof, he shall forfeit the factory and manufacturing apparatus
used by him, and all oleomargarine and all raw material for the
production of oleomargarine found in the factory and on the factory
premises, and shall be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor
more than five thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not less than six
months nor more than three years.
18. That if any manufacturer of oleomargarine, any dealer therein, or
any importer or exporter thereof shall knowingly or wilfully omit,
neglect, or refuse to do, or cause to be done, any of the things
required by law in the carrying on or conducting of his business, or
shall do anything by this Act prohibited, if there be no specific
penalty or punishment imposed by any other section of this Act for
the neglecting, omitting, or refusing to do, or for the doing or
causing to be done, the thing required or prohibited, he shall pay a
penalty of one thousand dollars; and if the person so offending be
the manufacturer of or a wholesale dealer in oleomargarine, all the
oleomargarine owned by him, or in which he has any interest as owner,
shall be forfeited to the United States.
19. That all fines, penalties and forfeitures imposed by this Act may
be recovered in any court of competent jurisdiction.
20. That the Commissioner of Internal Revenue with the approval of the
Secretary of the Treasury, may make all needful regulations for the
carrying into effect of this Act.
21. That this Act shall go into effect on the ninetieth day after
its passage; and all wooden packages containing ten or more pounds
of oleomargarine found on the premises of any dealer on or after the
ninetieth day succeeding the date of the passage of this Act shall be
deemed to be taxable under section eight of this Act, and shall be
taxed, and shall have affixed thereto the stamps, marks, and brands
required by this Act or by regulations made pursuant to this Act; and
for the purposes of securing the affixing of the stamps, marks and
brands required by this Act, the oleomargarine shall be regarded as
having been manufactured and sold, or removed from the manufactory
for consumption or use, on or after the day this Act takes effect;
and such stock on hand at the time of the taking effect of this Act
may be stamped, marked and branded under special regulations of the
Commissioner of Internal Revenue, approved by the Secretary of the
Treasury; and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue may authorise
the holder of such packages to mark and brand the same and to affix
thereto the proper tax-paid stamps.
The following is the United States’ Tea Adulteration Law:--
SECTION 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives
of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and
after the passage of this Act it shall be unlawful for any person or
persons or corporation to import or bring into the United States any
merchandise for sale as tea, adulterated with spurious leaf or with
exhausted leaves, or which contains so great an admixture of chemicals
or other deleterious substances as to make it unfit for use; and the
importation of all such merchandise is hereby prohibited.
2. That on making entry at the custom house of all tea or merchandise
described as tea imported into the United States, the importer or
consignee shall give a bond to the collector of the port that such
merchandise shall not be removed from warehouse until released by the
custom house authorities, who shall examine it with reference to its
purity and fitness for consumption; and that for the purpose of such
examination samples of each line in every invoice shall be submitted
by the importer or consignee to the examiner, with his written
statement that such samples represent the true quality of each and
every part of the invoice, and accord with the specification therein
contained; and in case the examiner has reason to believe that such
samples do not represent the true quality of the invoice, he shall
make such further examination of the tea represented by the invoice,
or any part thereof, as shall be necessary: Provided, That such
further examination of such tea shall be made within three days after
entry thereof has been made at the custom house: And provided further,
That the bond above required shall also be conditioned for the payment
of all custom house charges which may attach to such merchandise
prior to being released or destroyed (as the case may be) under the
provisions of this Act.
3. That if, after an examination, as provided in section two, the tea
is found by the examiner not to come within the prohibition of this
Act, a permit shall at once be granted to the importer or consignee
declaring the tea free from the control of the custom authorities;
but if on examination such tea, or merchandise described as tea, is
found, in the opinion of the examiner, to come within the prohibitions
of this Act, the importer or consignee shall be immediately notified,
and the tea, or merchandise described as tea, so returned shall not be
released by the custom house, unless on a re-examination called for by
the importer or consignee, the return of the examiner shall be found
erroneous: Provided, That should a portion of the invoice be passed
by the examiner, a permit shall be granted for that portion, and the
remainder held for further examination, as provided in section four.
4. That in case of any dispute between the importer or consignee and
the examiner, the matter in dispute shall be referred for arbitration
to a committee of three experts, one to be appointed by the collector,
one by the importer, and the two to choose a third, and their decision
shall be final; and if upon such final re-examination the tea shall
be found to come within the prohibitions of this Act, the importer
or consignee shall give a bond, with securities satisfactory to the
collector, to export such tea, or merchandise described as tea, out
of the limits of the United States, within a period of six months
after such final re-examination; but if the same shall not have been
exported within the time specified, the collector, at the expiration
of that time shall cause the same to be destroyed.
5. That the examination and appraisement herein provided for shall be
made by a duly qualified appraiser of the port at which said tea is
entered, and when entered at ports where there are no appraisers, such
examination and appraisement shall be made by the revenue officers to
whom is committed the collection of duties, unless the Secretary of
the Treasury shall otherwise direct.
6. That leaves to which the term “exhausted” is applied in this Act
shall mean and include any tea which has been deprived of its proper
quality, strength, or virtue by steeping, infusion, decoction, or
other means.
7. That teas actually on shipboard for shipment to the United States
at the time of the passage of this Act shall not be subject to the
prohibition thereof.
8. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall have the power to enforce
the provisions of this Act by appropriate regulations.
Approved, March 2, 1883.
The following is the text of the California Wine Adulteration Law,
passed Feb. 17th, 1887:--
_The People of the State of California, represented in Senate and
Assembly, do enact as follows_:--
SECTION 1. For the purposes of this Act, pure wine shall be defined
as follows: The juice of grapes fermented, preserved, or fortified
for use as a beverage, or as a medicine, by methods recognised as
legitimate according to the provisions of this Act; unfermented grape
juice, containing no addition of distilled spirits, may be denominated
according to popular custom and demand as wine only when described as
“unfermented wine,” and shall be deemed pure only when preserved for
use as a beverage or medicine, in accordance with the provisions of
this Act. Pure grape must shall be deemed to be the juice of grapes,
only, in its natural condition, whether expressed or mingled with the
pure skins, seeds, or stems of grapes. Pure condensed grape must shall
be deemed to be pure grape must from which water has been extracted
by evaporation for purposes of preservation or increase of saccharine
strength. Dry wine is that produced by complete fermentation of
saccharine contained in must. Sweet wine is that which contains more
or less saccharine appreciable to the taste. Fortified wine is that
wine to which distilled spirits have been added to increase alcoholic
strength, for purposes of preservation only, and shall be held to be
pure, when the spirits so used are the product of the grape only. Pure
champagne or sparkling wine is that which contains carbonic acid gas
or effervescence produced only by natural fermentation of saccharine
matter of musts, or partially fermented wine in bottle.
2. In the fermentation, preservation, and fortification of pure
wine, it shall be specifically understood that no materials shall
be used intended as substitutes for grapes, or any part of grapes;
no colouring matters shall be added which are not the pure products
of grapes during fermentation, or by extraction from grapes with the
aid of pure grape spirits; no foreign fruit juices, and no spirits
imported from foreign countries, whether pure or compounded with fruit
juices, or other material not the pure product of grapes, shall be
used for any purpose; no aniline dyes, salicylic acid, glycerine,
alum, or other chemical antiseptics, or ingredients recognised as
deleterious to the health of consumers, or as injurious to the
reputation of wine as pure, shall be permitted; and no distilled
spirits shall be added except for the sole purpose of preservation,
and without the intention of enabling trade to lengthen the volume of
fortified dry wine by the addition of water, or other wine weaker in
alcoholic strength.
3. In the fermentation and preservation of pure wine, and during
the operations of fining or clarifying, removing defects, improving
qualities, blending and maturing, no methods shall be employed which
essentially conflict with the provisions of the preceding sections
of this Act, and no materials shall be used for the promotion of
fermentation, or the assistance of any of the operations of wine
treatment which are injurious to the consumer or the reputation of
wine as pure; _provided_, that it shall be expressly understood
that the practices of using pure tannin in small quantities, leaven
to excite fermentation only, and not to increase the material for
the production of alcohol; water before or during, but not after
fermentation, for the purpose of decreasing the saccharine strength
of musts to enable perfect fermentation; and the natural products of
grapes in the pure forms as they exist in pure grape musts, skins,
and seeds; sulphur fumes, to disinfect cooperage and prevent disease
in wine; and pure gelatinous and albuminous substances, for the sole
purpose of assisting fining or clarification, shall be specifically
permitted in the operations hereinbefore mentioned, in accordance with
recognised legitimate custom.
4. It shall be unlawful to sell, or expose, or offer to sell under
the name of wine, or grape musts, or condensed musts, or under any
names designating pure wines, or pure musts as hereinbefore classified
and defined, or branded, labelled, or designated in any way as
wine or musts, or by any name popularly and commercially used as a
designation of wine produced from grapes, such as claret, burgundy,
hock, sauterne, port, sherry, madeira, and angelica, any substance,
or compound, except pure wine, or pure grape must, or pure grape
condensed must, as defined by this Act, and produced in accordance
with and subject to restrictions herein set forth; _provided_,
that this Act shall not apply to liquors imported from any foreign
country, which are taxed upon entry by custom laws in accordance
with a specific duty and contained in original packages or vessels
and prominently branded, labelled, or marked so as to be known
to all persons as foreign products, excepting, however, when such
liquors shall contain adulterations of artificial colouring matters,
antiseptic chemicals, or other ingredients known to be deleterious to
the health of consumers; _and provided further_, that this Act shall
not apply to currant wine, gooseberry wine, or wines made from other
fruits than the grape, which are labelled or branded and designated
and sold, or offered or exposed for sale under names, including the
word wine, but also expressing distinctly the fruit from which they
are made, as gooseberry wine, elderberry wine, or the like. Any
violation of any of the provisions of any of the preceding sections
shall be a misdemeanour.
5. Exceptions from the provisions of this Act shall be made in the
case of pure champagne, or sparkling wine, so far as to permit the
use of crystallised sugar in sweetening the same according to usual
custom, but in no other respect.
6. In all sales and contracts for sale, production, or delivery of
products defined in this Act, such products, in the absence of a
written agreement to the contrary, shall be presumed to be pure as
herein defined, and such sale or contracts shall, in the absence of
such an agreement, be void, if it be established that the products so
sold or contracted for were not pure as herein defined. And in such
case the concealment of the true character of such products shall
constitute actual fraud for which damages may be recovered, and in
a judgment for damages, reasonable attorney fees to be fixed by the
Court, shall be taxed as costs.
7. The Controller of the State shall cause to have engraved plates,
from which shall be printed labels which shall set forth that the wine
covered by such labels is pure California wine in accordance with
this Act, and leaving blanks for the name of the particular kind of
wine, and the name or names of the seller of the wine and place of
business. These labels shall be of two forms or shapes, one a narrow
strip to cap over the corks of bottles, the other, round or square,
and sufficiently large, say three inches square, to cover the bungs of
packages in which wine is sold. Such labels shall be furnished upon
proper application to actual residents, and to be used in this State
only, and only to those who are known to be growers, manufacturers,
traders, or handlers, or bottlers of California wine, and such parties
will be required to file a sworn statement with said Controller,
setting forth that his or their written application for such labels is
and will be for his or their sole use and benefit, and that he or they
will not give, sell, or loan such label to any other person or persons
whomsoever. Such labels shall be paid for at the same rate and price
as shall be found to be the actual cost price to the State, and shall
be supplied from time to time as needed upon the written application
of such parties as are before mentioned. Such label when affixed to
bottle or wine package shall be so affixed, that by drawing the
cork from bottle or opening the bung of package, such label shall be
destroyed by such opening; and before affixing such labels all blanks
shall be filled out by stating the variety or kind of wine that is
contained in such bottle or package, and also by the name or names and
Post Office address of such grower, manufacturer, trader, handler, or
bottler of such wine.
8. It is desired and required that all and every grower, manufacturer,
trader, handler, or bottler of California wine, when selling or
putting up for sale any California wine, or when shipping California
wine to parties to whom sold, shall plainly stencil, brand, or have
printed where it will be easily seen, first, “Pure California Wine,”
and secondly his name, or the firm’s name, as the case may be, both on
label of bottle or package in which wine is sold and sent, or he may,
in lieu thereof, if he so prefers and elects, affix the label which
has been provided for in section seven. It shall be unlawful to affix
any such stamp or label as above provided to any vessel containing any
substance other than pure wine, as herein defined, or to prepare or
use on any vessel containing any liquid any imitation or counterfeit
of such stamp, or any paper in the similitude or resemblance thereof,
or any paper of such form and appearance as to be calculated to
mislead or deceive any unwary person, or cause him to suppose the
contents of such vessel to be pure wine. It shall be unlawful for
any person or persons, other than the ones for whom such stamps were
procured, to in any way use such stamps, or to have possession of the
same. A violation of any of the provisions of this section shall be a
misdemeanour, and punishable by fine of not less than fifty dollars
and not more than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the
county jail for a term of not exceeding ninety days, or by both such
fine and imprisonment. All moneys collected by virtue of prosecutions
had against persons violating any provisions of this or any preceding
sections shall go one half to the informer and one half to the
District Attorney prosecuting the same.
9. It shall be the duty of the Controller to keep an account, in a
book to be kept for that purpose, of all stamps, the number, design,
time when, and to whom furnished. The parties procuring the same are
hereby required to return to the Controller semi-annual statements
under oath, setting forth the number used, and how many remain on
hand. Any violation of this section, by the person receiving such
stamps, is a misdemeanour.
10. It shall be the duty of any and all persons receiving such stamps
to use the same only in their business, in no manner or in nowise to
allow the same to be disposed of except in the manner authorised by
this Act; to not allow the same to be used by any other person or
persons. It shall be their duty to become satisfied that the wine
contained in the barrels or bottles is all that said label imports as
defined by this Act. That they will use the said stamps only in this
State, and shall not permit the same to part from their possession,
except with the barrels, packages, or bottles upon which they are
placed as provided by this Act. A violation of any of the provisions
of this section is hereby made a felony.
12. This Act shall take effect and be in force ninety days after its
passage.
FOOTNOTE:
[148] Second Report of the New York State Dairy Commissioner.
INDEX.
A.
Acetous fermentation, 225
Acids, acetic, 146
---- butyric, 63
---- malic, 173
---- nitrous, 210
---- phosphoric, 147
---- picric, 153
---- salicylic, 149, 177
---- succinic, 174
---- sulphuric, 176, 227
---- tannic, 22, 174
---- tartaric, 102, 173
---- in beer, 146
---- ---- butter, 63, 71
---- ---- wine, 172
Adams’ test for milk, 59
Adulteration, excuses for, 1
---- extent of, 5, 7
---- varieties of, 9, 10
Albuminoid ammonia, 207
Albuminoids in beer, 145
---- ---- flour, 89
---- ---- water, 207
Alcohol in beer, 143
---- ---- bread, 94
---- ---- liquors, 195
Alcoholometric tables, 144, 196
Alkaloids in beer, 150
---- ---- flour, 91
---- ---- milk, 62
Allspice, 253
Aloes, 152
Alum in baking powders, 102
---- ---- bread, 98
---- ---- flour, 92
American adulteration, 8
---- cheese, 85
---- wine, 158
Ammonia in water, 207
Amylic alcohol, 197
Annato in butter, 77
---- ---- cheese, 86
Aniline dyes in wine, 178-183
Artesian wells in New York, 257
Artificial bitters in beer, 141
---- butter, 66
---- cheese, 85
---- coffee, 31-40
---- honey, 122
---- jelly, 256
---- liquors, 193
---- spices, 245
---- sugar, 105
---- tea, 19, 28
---- wine, 167
Ash of beer, 136
---- ---- bread, 96
---- ---- chicory, 35
---- ---- cocoa, 44
---- ---- coffee, 31, 35
---- ---- flour, 89
---- ---- milk, 52
---- ---- mustard, 242
---- ---- pepper, 244
---- ---- pickles, 232
---- ---- sugar, 110
Ash of tea, 16, 22
---- ---- wine, 175
Asparagus, 254
B.
Bacteria in water, 220
Bakers’ chemicals, 101
Baking powders, 102
Banana essence, 129
Barley malt, 132
Beans in coffee, 31
Beech leaves in tea, 18
Beer, 132
---- adulteration of, 137
---- acids in, 146
---- alcohol in, 142
---- albuminoids in, 145
---- alkaloids in, 150
---- American, 134
---- analysis of, 142
---- ash of, 136, 147
---- bitters in, 137, 141
---- carbonic acid in, 143
---- composition of, 135
---- extract of, 134, 144
---- flavourings for, 137
---- glucose in, 138
---- glycerine in, 150
---- lager, 134
---- malt substitutes in, 138
---- manufacture of, 133
---- phosphates in, 147
---- picric acid in, 153
---- picrotoxine in, 153
---- production of, 134
---- salicylic acid in, 149
---- salt in, 147
---- soda in, 140
---- standards for, 148
---- sugar in, 144
---- sulphites in, 156
---- Wittstein’s test for, 151
---- varieties of, 133
Bees’ wax, 128
Bibliography, 258
Biological examination of water, 216
Bitters in beer, 141
Bleaching of flour, 90
---- ---- sugar, 108
Blending of beer, 140
---- ---- liquors, 185
---- ---- wine, 164
Blue pigments, 14, 107
Boards of Health, 6
Borax in milk, 61
Bouquet of liquors, 187
---- ---- wine, 164
Brandy, 186
Bread, 94
---- aerated, 95
---- alcohol in, 94
---- alum in, 98
---- analysis of, 97
---- ash of, 96
---- composition of, 96
---- salt in, 96
---- soda in, 95
---- starch in, 96
---- water in, 96
Brewing in the United States, 134
Butter, 63
---- acids in, 71
---- adulteration of, 66
---- analysis of, 65
---- Angell & Hehner’s test, 72
---- annato in, 77
---- artificial, 66
---- ash of, 65
---- carotin in, 77
---- colouring of, 77
---- composition of, 63
---- examination of, 65, 68
---- fat crystals in, 79
---- fusing point of, 63, 69
---- gelatine in, 76
---- Hübl’s process for, 75
---- Koettstorfer’s process for, 71
---- microscopic appearance of, 78
---- oleomargarine in, 66
---- photomicrographs of, 78
Butter, Reichert’s process for, 73
---- saffron in, 77
---- salt in, 65
---- soluble acids in, 71
---- specific gravity of, 67
---- tests for purity of, 70
---- volatile acids in, 71
---- water in, 65
Butterine, 66, 67
Butter fat, melting point, 69
---- ---- specific gravity, 68
Butyric acid, 63
---- alcohol, 188
---- ether, 187
C.
Caffeine, 21, 39
California wine, 158, 160
Cane sugar, 104
Canned vegetables, 254
Capsicum, 229
Carbohydrates, 99
Carbonic acid, 95, 143
Carotine, 77
Caseine, 50, 85
Cassia, 252
Cayenne pepper, 247
Cereals in coffee, 31, 34
Cheese, 83
---- adulteration of, 85
---- American, 84
---- analysis, 86
---- artificial, 85
---- composition of, 83
---- fats in, 84
---- lard, 85
---- varieties of, 83, 84
Chicory, 31
---- ash, 35
---- colouring power of, 34
---- extract, 38
---- in coffee, 32, 34
---- sugar in, 37
---- tests for, 32
Chlorine in water, 206
Chocolate, 42
---- ash of, 45
---- fats in, 45
---- flavourings for, 42
---- flour in, 42
---- sugar in, 45
Chrome yellow in coffee, 40
---- ---- ---- candy, 131
Cider vinegar, 230
Cinnamon, 253
Cloves, 252
Coal-tar colours in candy, 130
---- ---- ---- mustard, 240
---- ---- ---- wine, 178, 183
Cocoa, 42
---- adulteration of, 42, 45
---- analysis of, 45
---- composition of, 43
---- starch in, 42
---- theobromine in, 44
Cocoa-nut oil in butter, 73
Coffee, 29
---- adulteration of, 31
---- analysis of, 30
---- artificial, 31, 40
---- ash of, 31, 35
---- caffeine in, 39
---- cereals in, 31, 34
---- chicory in, 31, 32
---- colouring of, 40
---- composition of, 30
---- density of infusion, 33
---- examination of, 32
---- extract of, 31
---- facing of, 40
---- fat in, 30
---- sugar in, 37, 38
---- tests for purity of, 32, 33
Cognac essence, 193
---- oil, 193
Colouring agents, 15, 77, 130
---- ---- aniline, 130
---- ---- annato, 77
---- ---- carotin, 77
---- ---- gypsum, 14
Colouring agents, indigo, 14
---- ---- lead, 131
---- ---- logwood, 178
---- ---- Martius’ yellow, 77
---- ---- mineral, 15
---- ---- Prussian blue, 15
---- ---- saffron, 77
---- ---- turmeric, 15, 77
---- ---- vegetable, 130
---- ---- Venetian red, 40
Cocculus indicus, 153
Condensed milk, 53
Confectionery, 129
Copper in grains, 255
---- ---- pickles, 232
D.
Dairy Commissioner, 50
Darnel in flour, 90
Dextrine, 24, 146
Dextrose, 105
Dialysis, 180, 183
Diastase, 132
Digestion of alumed bread, 98
---- ---- butter, 82
---- ---- oleomargarine, 82
E.
Elaidin test, 234
Elm leaves, 18
Ergot in flour, 90
Essences, artificial, 129
Ethers, 129, 174
F.
Facing of coffee, 40
---- ---- tea, 15
Fats in butter, 63, 71
---- ---- chocolate, 46
---- ---- crystals, 79
---- fixed, 73
---- insoluble, 71
---- milk, 57
---- soluble, 71, 73
Fats, volatile, 73
Fehling’s test, 37, 111
Feser’s lactoscope, 57
Flavourings for beer, 137
---- ---- candy, 129
---- ---- chocolate, 42
---- ---- liquors, 194
---- ---- wine, 165
Flour, 88
---- adulteration of, 90
---- albuminoids in, 89
---- alkaloids in, 91
---- alum in, 90, 92
---- analysis of, 89
---- ash of, 89
---- composition of, 87
---- fungi in, 91
---- gluten in, 89
---- phosphates in, starch in, 89
---- tests for, 92
---- water in, 89
Forchammer’s test, 203
Frankland’s method, 211
Fruit, canned, 254
---- essences, 129
---- wine, 168
Fusel oil in candy, 129
---- ---- liquors, 197
G.
Gall’s method for wine, 162
Gelatine in butter, 76
Gentian in beer, 150
Gin, 191
Ginger, 253
Glucose, commercial, 105
---- estimation of, 111
---- in beer, 138
---- in honey, 124
---- in wine, 171
---- manufacture of, 105
---- tests for, 110, 124
Gluten in flour, 89
Glycerine in beer, 150
---- ---- wine, 171
Granules of starch, 100
Gypsum in sugar, 110
---- ---- tea, 14
---- ---- wine, 163, 176
H.
Honey, 121
---- adulteration of, 122
---- analysis of, 124
---- artificial, 122
---- ash of, 123
---- comb, 122, 128
---- glucose in, 123
---- sugar in, 123
---- water in, 123
Hop-substitutes, 137, 150
Hordeine, 133
Hawthorn leaves, 18
Hubl’s test, 75
I.
Ice, impure, 224
Indigo, 14, 19, 40, 129
Iodine test, 99
J.
Jellies, 256
K.
Kœttstorfer’s test, 71
L.
Lactometer, 53, 54
Lactoscope, 57
Levulose, 107
Lard cheese, 85
Leaves in tea, 17, 18
Legislation, 268
Liquors, 186
---- adulteration of, 192
Logwood test, 92
M.
Mace, 253
Malic acid, 173
Malt, 132, 137
Maltose, 107
Malt substitutes in beer, 137, 148
Maple sugar, 109
Marble dust, 131
Marc of wines, 157
Martius’ yellow, 77, 240
Meat extracts, 255
Micro-organisms in water, 214
Microscopic examination of butter, 78
---- ---- coffee, 40
---- ---- fats, 78, 79
---- ---- milk, 61
---- ---- spices, 246
---- ---- starches, 100
---- ---- tea, 17
---- ---- water, 216
Milk, 49
---- Adam’s method for, 59
---- adulteration of, 49
---- analysis of, 53
---- ash of, 52
---- caseine in, 59
---- composition of, 51
---- condensed, 53
---- cream in, 57
---- fats in, 57
---- globules, 61
---- nitrites in, 62
---- photo-micrographs of, 61
---- ptomaines in, 62
---- skimmed, 50
---- specific gravity of, 53, 55
---- standards for, 59-60
---- sugar of, 59
---- total solids, 58
---- water in, 56
Miscellaneous adulteration, 254
Molasses, 105
Moore’s test for carotine, 77
Mustard, 239
---- adulteration of, 240
---- analysis of, 241
---- ash of, 242
---- colouring of, 240
Mustard, composition of, 239
---- flour in, 240
---- oil of, 241
---- sulphur in, 241
N.
Nessler’s solution, 208
Nitrates in water, 210
Nitrites in milk, 62
---- ---- vinegar, 231
---- ---- water, 210
Nitrogen in flour, 89
---- ---- tea, 21
---- ---- water, 210
O.
Oenanthic ether, 158
Oils, bitter almond, 129
---- cocoanut, 73
---- cognac, 193
---- cotton seed, 234, 236
---- fusel, 197
---- lard, 68
----- mustard, 241
---- nut, 235
---- olive, 233
---- poppy, 235
---- rape seed, 236
---- sesamé, 236
---- turpentine, 191
Oleic acid, 63
Oleomargarine, 66
---- composition of, 67
---- digestion of, 82
---- effects of, 80, 81
---- exportation of, 66
---- manufacture of, 66
---- photo-micrographs of, 79
---- tests for, 70
Olive oil, 233
---- ---- adulteration of, 233
---- ---- American, 233
---- ---- cotton seed oil in, 236
---- ---- examination of, 234
Olive oil, specific gravity of, 234
---- ---- standard for, 237
Organisms in ice, 219
---- ---- water, 217
P.
Pepper, 243
---- adulteration of, 244
---- analysis of, 245
---- ash of, 244
---- cayenne, 247
---- composition of, 243
---- starch in, 246
Pepperette, 248
Phosphates in beer, 147
---- ---- bread, 89
---- ---- wine, 176
Photogravures of leaves, 18
---- ---- water, 217
---- ---- polariscope, 112
---- ---- tea, 17
---- ---- tea plant, _Frontispiece_.
Photo-micrographs of butter, 79
---- ---- cream, 61
---- ---- digestion of fats, 82
---- ---- fats, 79
---- ---- milk, 61
---- ---- oleomargarine, 79
---- ---- spices, 252
---- ---- starches, 100
Pickles, 232
Picric acid, 153
Polariscope, 112
Polarisation of beer, 148
---- ---- honey, 123
---- ---- glucose, 118
---- ---- lactose, 59
---- ---- sugar, 112
---- ---- wine, 171
Poplar leaves, 18
Preservatives in beer, 149, 156
---- ---- butter, 77
---- ---- milk, 61
---- ---- wine, 177
Preserved milk, 53
Prussian blue in candy, 131
---- ---- coffee, 40
---- ---- tea, 14
Ptomaines in ice cream, 62
---- ---- milk, 62
Q.
Quassia in beer, 152
R.
Raisin wine, 168
Reichert’s test, 73
“Rock and rye” drops, 129
Rose leaves, 18
Rum, 190
S.
St. Andrew’s cross in fats, 79
Sal aeratus, 101
Salicine in beer, 137
Salt in beer, 147
---- ---- butter, 65
Salicylic acid in beer, 149
---- ---- wine, 175
Sand in tea, 14
Soda water syrups, 257
Specific gravity of beer, 142
---- ---- butter, 63, 68
---- ---- fats, 68
---- ---- milk, 50, 53
---- ---- oils, 232
---- ---- spirits, 185-189
---- ---- tables, 55, 144, 145, 196
---- ---- vinegar, 226
---- ---- wine, 159
Spices, 249
---- microscopic examination of, 249
Standards for beer, 148
---- ---- butter, 72, 74, 75
---- ---- cocoa, 46
---- ---- milk, 59, 60
---- ---- tea, 25
---- ---- water, 213, 214
Standards for wine, 184
Starch, 99
---- estimation of, 99
---- granules, 100
---- in mustard, 240
---- in pepper, 246
---- photo-micrographs of, 100
---- in spices, 252
Strychnine in beer, 151
Sugar, 104
---- adulteration of, 107
---- analysis of, 109
---- ash of, 110
---- cane, 104
---- fruit, 105
---- grape, 105, 119
---- invert, 104
---- malt, 107
---- maple, 109
---- milk, 59, 107
---- tin salts in, 107
Sulphates in wine, 176
Sulphuric acid in vinegar, 228
---- ---- wine, 176
Syrups, adulteration of, 108
---- glucose, 108
T.
Tables, of adulteration, 10
---- alcoholometric, 144
---- coffee infusion, 33
---- lactometric, 55
---- malt extract, 145
---- specific gravity, 55, 143, 196
Tannic acid in tea, 22
---- ---- in wine, 174
Tartar, cream of, 101
---- ---- in wine, 173
Tartaric acid in baking powder, 103
---- ---- in wine, 173
Tea, 12
---- adulteration of, 14
---- analysis of, 21, 26, 27
---- ash of, 16, 17, 22
Tea, Ching Suey, 28
---- colouring of, 14
---- composition of, 15
---- dust, 16
---- examination of, 21
---- extract of, 23
---- facing of, 15
---- factitious, 19, 28
---- foreign leaves in, 14, 18
---- gypsum in, 14
---- gum in, 24
---- indigo in, 19
---- insoluble ash in, 23
---- ---- leaf in, 28
---- leaves, 7, 17, 18
---- lie, 19
---- microscopic examination of, 18
---- Ping Suey, 8
---- sand in, 14
---- soapstone in, 19
---- soluble ash, 23
---- South American, 26
---- spent, 15
---- standards for, 25
---- tannin in, 22
---- theine in, 21
---- volatile oil in, 22
Te-mo-ki leaves, 18
Theine in tea, 21
Tin in canned fruits, 254
Tin salts in sugar, 107
U.
Ultramarine in sugar, 107
V.
Vanilla in chocolate, 42
Vegetables, canned, 254
Vinegar, 225
---- adulteration of, 229
---- analysis of, 227
---- cider, 230
---- extract of, 227
---- malt, 226
Vinegar, standards for, 227
---- sulphuric acid in, 228
---- whisky, 230
---- wine, 226
Volatile acids in butter, 73
---- ethers in wine, 174
W.
Water, 200
---- albuminoid ammonia in, 207
---- American supply, 220
---- bacteria in, 216
---- biological examination of, 216
---- carbon in, 212
---- chlorine in, 206
---- croton, 219
---- examination of, 201
---- Forchammer’s process, 203
---- Frankland’s process, 211
---- free ammonia in, 207
---- Hudson river, 222
---- microscopic examination of, 216
---- nitrates in, 210
---- nitrites in, 210
---- nitrogen in, 210
---- organic matter in, 203
---- organisms in, 219
---- sewage in, 207, 210
---- standards for, 213
---- total solids in, 202
---- urea in, 207
---- Wanklyn’s process, 207
Wheat, 87
Wheaten flour, 87
---- starch, 88, 100
Whey, 50
Whisky, 188
---- vinegar, 230
Willow leaves, 18
Wine, 157
---- acids in, 172
---- adulteration of, 163
---- alcohol in, 169
---- American, 158
Wine, ash of, 175
---- blending of, 164
---- California, 160
---- colouring of, 166, 178
---- ethers in, 174
---- examination of, 169
---- extract of, 170
---- fruit, 168
---- glycerine in, 170
---- imitation, 167
---- improving, 161
---- malic acid in, 173
---- natural, 160
---- Pasteuring, 161
---- Petiot’s process, 161
---- phosphoric acid in, 176
---- plastering of, 163
---- polarisation of, 171
---- raisin, 168
---- salicylic acid in, 177
---- Scheele’s process for, 162
---- standards for, 184
---- succinic acid in, 174
---- sulphates in, 176
---- sulphurous acid in, 177
---- sugar in, 170
---- table of, 159
---- tannin in, 174
---- tartrates in, 178
---- tartaric acid in, 173
---- varieties of, 159
Willow leaves, 18
Wisteria ----, 18
PRINTED BY E. AND F. N. SPON, NEW YORK AND LONDON.
_RELIABLE FOOD PRODUCTS._
As the largest Manufacturers and Dealers in the world in this line,
we consider it to our interest to manufacture only PURE and WHOLESOME
goods, and pack them in a tidy and attractive manner. We import,
manufacture, or deal in nearly everything eaten or drank. _All goods
bearing our name are guaranteed to be of superior quality, and dealers
are authorized to refund the purchase price in any case where consumers
have cause for dissatisfaction._ It is, therefore, to the interest of
both dealers and consumers to use THURBER’S BRANDS.
THURBER, WHYLAND & CO.,
_West Broadway, Reade and Hudson Streets, New York._
_9 and 11 Fenchurch Avenue, London, E. C., England._
_17 Rue Lagrange, Bordeaux, France._
_NOTICE._
Our Canned Goods are put up with a special quality of tin, and most of
them, being hermetically sealed while fresh at the sources of supply,
preserve the fresh natural flavors, and are REALLY FRESHER, MORE
WHOLESOME AND PALATABLE than many so-called “fresh” articles which are
exposed for sale during considerable periods of time in city markets.
When the very delicate article of =CORN STARCH=, which is so largely
used in the family for food, and especially for children and invalids,
is adulterated with poisonous and unhealthy substances, it becomes very
important that every housekeeper should be cautious and know what kind
they use.
The evidence of such adulteration is most signally shown in the
following proof, which is by one of the most eminent food analysts of
Great Britain, viz.:
“I recently purchased, on the same day and in the same neighborhood,
a series of eight samples of starch, paying for them three different
prices. On subjecting them to analysis, I found the whole of them to
be adulterated with 20, 30, and even nearly 40 per cent. of earthy or
mineral matter. This I found to consist of mineral white, terra alba,
or sulphate of lime.”--Letter in the London _Times_, October 5th, 1878.
(Signed) ARTHUR H. HASSALL, M.D.
Only a careful chemical analysis will show the pure article from the
adulterated.
KINGSFORD’S OSWEGO STARCH
has been thus analyzed and proved to be perfectly pure and free from
any foreign substance, as is proved by the following report:
THE ANALYTICAL SANITARY INSTITUTION.
LONDON, January 1, 1879.
We have obtained in different parts of the metropolis samples of both
the qualities of Starch manufactured by Messrs. T. KINGSFORD & SON.
We have examined them carefully, both with the microscope and by
chemical analysis, and found the samples without exception to be of
good color, of excellent quality, perfectly genuine, and of great
strength.
THEY WERE QUITE FREE FROM ANY ADDED MINERAL MATTER.
(Signed) ARTHUR HILL HASSALL, M.D.
(Signed) OTTO HEHNER, F.C.S.
In order to secure the genuine and unadulterated article, see that the
name T. KINGSFORD & SON is on every box and package.
ANTI-ADULTERATION BAKING POWDERS.
[Illustration: Count Rumford]
THE BAKING PREPARATIONS
OF
PROFESSOR HORSFORD
[Namely, Professor Horsford’s Self-Raising Bread Preparation, put up
in paper packages; Rumford Yeast Powder, in bottles; and Professor
Horsford’s Phosphatic Baking Powder, in bottles with wide mouths to
admit a spoon],
are made of Horsford’s Acid Phosphate, in powdered form, and are
HEALTHFUL AND NUTRITIOUS,
because they restore to the flour the nourishing phosphates lost with
the bran in the process of bolting.
These Baking Preparations have received the endorsement of, and are
UNIVERSALLY USED AND RECOMMENDED BY PROMINENT PHYSICIANS AND CHEMISTS,
and are for sale by all dealers.
THEY INCREASE THE NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF FLOUR.
BARON LIEBIG, the world-renowned German chemist, said: “I consider this
invention as one of the most useful gifts which science has made to
mankind! It is certain that the nutritive value of flour is increased
ten per cent. by your phosphatic Baking Preparations, and the result
is precisely the same as if the fertility of our wheat fields had been
increased by that amount. What a wonderful result is this!”
THE HORSFORD ALMANAC AND COOK BOOK SENT FREE.
RUMFORD CHEMICAL WORKS, PROVIDENCE, R. I.
SPONS’ ENCYCLOPÆDIA
OF THE
INDUSTRIAL ARTS, MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.
Edited by C. G. WARNFORD LOCK, F.L.S., &c., &c.
In Super-royal 8vo, containing 2,100 pp., and illustrated by nearly
1,500 Engravings.
Can be had in the following bindings:
In 2 vols., cloth $27.00
In 5 divisions, cloth 27.00
In 2 vols. half-morocco, top edge gilt,
bound in a superior manner 35.00
In 33 monthly parts, at 75c. each.
_Any Part can be had separate, price 75c._
COMPLETE LIST OF ALL THE SUBJECTS.
PART
Acids 1, 2, 3
Alcohol 3, 4
Alkalies 4, 5
Alloys 5, 6
Arsenic 6
Asphalte 6
Aerated Waters 6
Beer and Wine 6, 7
Beverages 7, 8
Bleaching Powder 8
Bleaching 8, 9
Borax 9
Brushes 9
Buttons 9
Camphor 9, 10
Candles 10
Carbon 10
Celluloid 10
Clays 10
Carbolic Acid 11
Coal-tar Products 11
Cocoa 11
Coffee 11, 12
Cork 12
Cotton Manufactures 12, 13
Drugs 13
Dyeing and Calico
Printing 13, 14
Dyestuffs 14
Electro-Metallurgy 14
Explosives 14, 15
Feathers 15
Fibrous Substances 15, 16
Floor-cloth 16
Food Preservation 16
Fruit 16, 17
Fur 17
Gas, Coal 17
Gems 17
Glass 17
Graphite 18
Hair Manufactures 18
Hats 18
Ice, Artificial 18
Indiarubber
Manufactures 18, 19
Ink 19
Jute Manufactures 19
Knitted Fabrics
(Hosiery) 19
Lace 19
Leather 19, 20
Linen Manufactures 20
Manures 20
Matches 20, 21
Mordants 21
Narcotics 21, 22
Oils and Fatty
Substances 22, 23, 24
Paper 24
Paraffin 24
Pearl and Coral 24
Perfumes 24
Photography 24, 25
Pigments and Paints 25
Pottery 25, 26
Printing and Engraving 26
Resinous and Gummy
Substances 26, 27
Rope 27
Salt 27, 28
Silk 28
Skins 28
Soap, Railway Grease
and Glycerine 28, 29
Spices 29
Starch 29
Sugar 29, 30, 31
Tannin 31, 32
Tea 32
Timber 32
Varnish 32
Wool and Woollen
Manufactures 22, 33
_Descriptive Catalogue of Books relating to Civil and Mechanical
Engineering, Arts, Trades and Manufactures sent on application. We can
supply any book in print at published price._
E. & F. N. SPON, 35 Murray Street, New York.
* * * * *
Transcriber’s Notes
Minor punctuation errors (i.e. missing periods) have been silently
corrected. Inconsistencies in hyphenation and accented letters have
been retained. The use of both c.c. and cc. has also been retained.
Discrepancies between the names in the Table of Contents and List of
Plates and on the Chapters and Plates themselves has been retained.
Inconsistencies in spelling have been retained except in the following
apparent typographical errors:
Page 34, “wurtzel” changed to “wurzel.” (Mangold wurzel)
Page 62, “demonstated” changed to “demonstrated.” (It was demonstrated
that warm milk)
Page 80, “excell” changed to “excel.” (with butter, excel in efficiency)
Page 136, “10·000” changed to “100·00.” (the total of the analysis of
American lager beer)
Page 162, “proprotion” changed to “proportion.” (in a maximum
proportion of 3 per cent.)
Page 169, “calulated” changed to “calculated.” (calculated by aid of
the usual alcohol-metric)
Page 190, “·0012” changed to “0·0012.” (acetic acid, 0·0012 to 0·002)
Page 196, “9·9538” changed to “0·9538.” (in Specific Gravity column of
table)
Page 200, “degeee” changed to “degree.” (with a fair degree of accuracy)
Page 211, “presenee” changed to “presence.” (In the presence of
nitrites)
Page 275, “years’” changed to “year’s.” (more than one year’s
imprisonment)
Page 316, “accordanee” changed to “accordance.” (and produced in
accordance with)
Page 321, “carrotin” changed to “carotin.” (butter ... carotin in)
Page 322, “Cocoanut” changed to “Cocoa-nut.” (Cocoa-nut oil in butter)
Page 322, “carrotin” changed to “carotin.” (Colouring agents ... carotin)
Second end paper, “analysists” changed to “analysts.” (one of the most
eminent food analysts)
Second end paper, “ANYLITICAL” changed to “ANALYTICAL.” (THE ANALYTICAL
SANITARY INSTITUTION.)