THE FEAST OF THE NEW MOON.
Elisama and Helon, as they drew near the gates of Jerusalem, soon
perceived from the commotion among the people, from the triumphal
preparations, some wholly, some only partially finished, and from the
influx of strangers, that a public rejoicing was at hand. It resembled
the preparation for the Passover, but there was more of mirth, and
altogether a more worldly character in it. The acclamations of joy which
had been heard on the first intelligence of the victory were now
renewed, on the evening before the victors were to make their solemn
entry into Jerusalem.
Iddo was standing at the gate of his house, a place in which, according
to the custom of the Jews, the father of the family was seldom seen, not
even Iddo, lively and active as he was. On this occasion, however, he
had stationed himself there, in order to lose none of the animating
sights which the busy and crowded streets exhibited. Beside him stood
the Nazarite, who had already arrived, in his coarse garments and
unshorn locks.
The feet of the guests were washed and the supper served up. The
conversation turned on what the travellers had seen during their
journey, and what had passed in Jerusalem during their absence. All were
in eager expectation of the spectacle of to-morrow, and as Elisama was
weary, they speedily separated and retired to rest. On the following
day, as early as the commencement of the morning-sacrifice, the
multitude streamed towards the gate of Ephraim, by which the victorious
army was to enter. The streets of the New City and the Lower City, as
far as the castle Baris, were strewed with fragrant flowers; tapestry of
various colours hung from the parapets of the roofs, and banners were
displayed from the Alijahs, while on the pinnacles of the temple were
hung the curtains which in former years had closed the entrance of the
sanctuary. A chorus of virgins passed out at the gate of Ephraim, under
a splendid triumphal arch, to meet the victorious army. Messengers were
hastening to and fro, the crowd increased, and every one was
endeavouring to find himself a commodious place. The music of the temple
was heard between. Sallu had secured one of the highest places for his
masters, from which the whole scene lay before their eyes. In this way
several hours had passed; the messengers, mounted on horseback, went and
returned more frequently—at length, from thousands of voices was heard
the exclamation, “They come!”
The chorus of virgins arose with their psalteries and tabrets, and sung
in bold strains the valour of the conquerors, the fall of Samaria, and
the mercy of Jehovah to his people. When they reached the advanced guard
of the army, way was made for them, till they reached the car on which
the youthful Maccabees were seated. Standing before it they began an
ode, the burthen of which recalled the immortal song of Miriam, the
sister of Moses, the first of the female singers of Israel.
Sing unto Jehovah, for he has triumphed gloriously:
He hath filled Samaria with trenches of water!
Then the hymn took up the praises of the princes and the warriors and
the whole people, and the defeat of Samaria; and at the close of every
strophe, all with united voice and instruments, raised the chorus of
Miriam.
The victorious princes thanked the virgins, who advanced before them to
the triumphal arch at the gate of Ephraim. Here stood the high-priest
with the whole of the Sanhedrim, and a great multitude of the priests
and Levites. To the sound of the temple music they sang the following
psalm:
I will praise thee, O Lord, with my whole heart,
I will show forth all thy marvellous works.
I will be glad and rejoice in thee,
I will sing praise to thy name, O thou Most High!
My enemies were turned back,
They sunk and perished at thy presence.
For thou maintainest my right and my cause,
Thou sittest on thy throne judging rightly.
Thou hast rebuked, thou hast destroyed the wicked,
Thou hast blotted out their name far evermore.
The swords of the enemy are come to an end,
Their cities are destroyed, their remembrance is perished with them.
Jehovah shall endure for ever,
He hath prepared his throne for judgment;
He judges the world in righteousness,
He administers judgment in uprightness to the nations.
Jehovah is the refuge of the oppressed,
A refuge in time of trouble.
They that know thy name put their trust in thee:
For thou, Lord, forsakest not those that seek thee.
Sing praises to the Lord who dwelleth in Zion!
Declare among the people his doings.
As the avenger of blood he remembereth them,
He forgetteth not the cry of the humble.
Have mercy upon me, O Jehovah!
Consider my trouble among my enemies;
Lift me up from the gates of death
That I may show forth thy praise,
That in the gates of the daughter of Zion I may rejoice in thy
salvation.
The heathen are sunk into the pit which they made,
In the net which they hid is their own foot taken.
Thus it is known that Jehovah executeth judgment.
The wicked are snared in the work of their own hands,
The wicked are cast into hell,
And all the nations that forget God.
The needy shall not always be forgotten,
The hope of the poor shall not perish for ever.
Arise, O Lord, let not man prevail,
Let the heathen be judged by thee.
Set a ruler over them, O Lord,
Let the nations know that they are but men!—Ps. ix.
Priests, warriors, and citizens listened to the psalm in silent
veneration. The aged man who wore the insignia of the high-priest’s
office looked at times with moistened eyes upon the car in which his
sons were seated, as if the remembrance of his own youthful heroism
revived in his mind, and as if he would have said, “My Aristobulus, my
Antigonus, sons of Mattathias, noble Maccabees, perform deeds in Israel,
like those of the brethren Judas and Jonathan!”
When the psalm was ended, he approached his sons: they descended from
their chariot and hastened to throw themselves into the arms of their
father, who embraced and blessed them. The music began again; the
triumphal procession arranged itself and advanced through the city,
which resounded on every side with songs of congratulation. The maidens
with their tabrets and psalteries headed the procession: they were
followed by a multitude of victims for the sacrifice, adorned with
flowers, branches and fillets, designed to be offered as a
thank-offering on the morrow. Then came the prisoners in fetters, and
the huge elephants which had been taken from the Syrians. Each of these
animals bore a wooden tower upon his shoulders, in which were thirty-two
warriors, besides the Ethiopian who guided him.[40]
-----
Footnote 40:
1 Maccab. vi. 37.
-----
After these came the high-priest with the Sanhedrim, the priests, the
Levites, and the temple-music. The two sons of Hyrcanus, on their car,
formed the centre of the procession, and after them came the military
music of flutes, horns, aduffes, and trumpets. The army itself followed,
adorned with branches of laurel and palm. First came the heavy-armed
infantry with shields and lances, in companies of hundreds and
thousands. They had no upper garment, and their under garment, which was
girt up short, was of various form and colour, as the fancy of each
individual dictated; but all had a sword hanging at their girdle; their
feet and arms were protected by metal greaves and arm-pieces, the body
was covered with a coat of mail, the head with a helmet, and over the
back hung the large shield. The light-armed infantry followed in like
manner, but with less cumbrous defensive weapons, and slings, bows, and
darts for offence. The cavalry were few in number and lightly armed: the
Jewish state had never maintained any large force of this description.
The military engines followed, of which the Israelites had learnt the
use from the Phœnicians and Syrians; catapults, bows which were bent
by machinery and threw beams of wood to a great distance; balistæ,
levers with one arm which hurled masses of stone of many hundred weight
into a fortress; battering rams, consisting of the trunks of trees,
armed at the extremity with an iron head of a ram, swung in chains,
which were set in motion by warriors who stood beneath a moveable
pent-house, and thus driven with great force against the walls. The
people, crowding behind, closed the whole procession. When they arrived
at the castle of Baris, the youthful warriors entered their father’s
palace, and the army dispersed itself through the city.
Helon had beheld with pride this display of the martial power of his
nation. War and its pomp and circumstance had hitherto possessed little
interest for him, who, from his youth, had been devoted to the peaceful
pursuits of science, and had now turned all his desires to the
priesthood; yet, on this occasion, an ardour was excited in him which he
had never felt before. These troops were the conquerors of the
Samaritans, that apostate people, who had opposed the rebuilding of
Jerusalem with such bitter hostility, and been a thorn in the side of
the people of Israel. At the same time memory recurred to the
manifestations of God’s power in behalf of his people in earlier times,
to the triumphs of Uzziah and David, to the songs of the virgins in
honour of him and of Saul, of the daughter of Jeptha, of Deborah, and
Miriam. What youth is there whose bosom does not glow at the sight of a
victorious army of his countrymen?
While the city was filled with tumultuous rejoicings, Helon drew aside a
relation of Iddo, who had served in the war, and led him home,
questioning him respecting all the events of the campaign. The
rejoicings of the inhabitants continued till the evening. But suddenly
the trumpets were heard to sound, to announce the appearance of the new
moon. The high-priest and the Sanhedrim had scarcely attended the
warriors home, when they had to assemble in their hall in the temple,
and fix the commencement of the festival. They were accustomed always to
meet here on the evening of the new moon. Men were stationed on all the
heights and watch-towers, who, as soon as they perceived the new moon,
hastened to announce it to the Sanhedrim; on this the high-priest said,
“The new moon is hallowed,” and the Sanhedrim replied, “It is hallowed.”
Fires were then kindled upon all the hills, or messengers sent to
different parts, and on the following day the people celebrated the
feast of the new moon.
For the first time for many years past, the fire was lighted on this
occasion on the mount of Olives. For several years, it had been the
practice of the Samaritans, always watching to do injury to Israel, to
light the fire on the wrong evening, and thus to mislead the people in
the distant towns. The custom of making the fire therefore had been
discontinued, and messengers sent through the country instead. Now,
however, that Samaria was destroyed, no deception was feared, and the
fires could be lighted as in old times; the citizens of Jerusalem
hastened to the roofs of their houses, to watch the blaze on the mount
of Olives, to which others soon answered on the more distant hills.
This new moon introduced the second month of the ecclesiastical year,
Sid or Ijar. The civil year began with the new moon of October, as the
natural commencement of the annual circle of agricultural operations.
When the morning came, the people crowded to the sacrifice through the
gate of Nicanor into the temple. All the courts were filled, and the
warriors supplied in some measure the place of the pilgrims. Elisama and
Helon remembered, that if they wished not to defile the temple, and
bring on themselves the punishment denounced by the law, of being cut
off from the people, they had a special duty to perform.[41] Before
their journey they had touched the grave of Helon’s father, in the
valley of Jehoshaphat, and had thus become unclean. This did not prevent
them from appearing before the high-priest, or from entering on their
journey, or from performing their morning and evening prayer; but they
were not allowed to go further into the temple than the court of the
Gentiles, and had they knowingly ventured even to enter the court of
Israel, they would have made themselves obnoxious to this terrible
punishment. Levitical uncleanness had reference exclusively to appearing
before Jehovah, in the place where his honour dwelt. The rigid demand of
the performance of a purifying ceremony conveyed this intimation, that
what is deemed pure by men, is not so regarded by Him, whose eyes are as
a flame of fire, until it has been again made holy by the rite which he
has ordained. After both had bathed themselves and washed their clothes,
they presented themselves, as they had already done the preceding day,
on the steps which lead from the court of the Gentiles into that of the
women; and underwent a sprinkling. This was performed by one, who was
himself clean, on those who were unclean, and with a bunch of hyssop
dipped in the water, mixed with the ashes of the red heifer.[42] Helon
thought of the words of David,
“Purify me with hyssop, that I may be clean;
Wash me, that I may be whiter than snow.”—Ps. li. 7.
-----
Footnote 41:
Numb. xix. 20.
Footnote 42:
Numb. xix. 17.
-----
On this day, as on every other day of the year, the daily service before
the altar of Jehovah began by the sacrifice of a lamb, with the meat and
drink offerings which belonged to it.[43] When this had been done, the
burnt-offering and the sin-offering which Moses had appointed on the new
moon, for the whole people, were offered up,[44] and finally the
thank-offering for individuals. The burnt-offering consisted of two
young bullocks, a ram, and seven lambs of the first year, with their
meat and drink offerings. The meat-offering to each bullock was three
ephas, to the ram two ephas, to each of the sheep a tenth of an epha of
flour, (the epha was equal to forty-three and a half egg-shells.) The
drink-offering to each bullock was half a hin of wine, to the ram a
third, and to the sheep a fourth of a hin. (The hin contained as much as
seventy-two egg-shells.) Besides this was added, to each meat-offering,
the same quantity of oil as there was of wine in the drink-offering, and
also a handful of incense. The sin-offering consisted in a goat. While
the burnt-offering was presented, the great Hallel was sung, and the
priests on the pillars blew the trumpets.[45]
-----
Footnote 43:
Exod. xxix. 38.
Footnote 44:
Numb. xxviii. 11-15.
-----
After this the high-priest presented his thank-offering for the victory,
consisting of a vast multitude of bullocks, rams, and sheep, with the
appropriate meat and drink offerings; his sons also testified their
gratitude by considerable sacrifices, and some of the principal officers
of the army took the same method of expressing their gratitude or
discharging their vows. The victims which had been seen in the
procession of the day before, adorned with flowers and fillets, were
brought to the altar; their blood was sprinkled upon it, the entrails
with the fat waved to the Lord, towards the four winds of heaven, and
then burnt upon the altar. The breast, the right shoulder, the jawbones,
the tongue, and the stomach came to the share of the priests, the rest
was prepared as a feast for the person who offered the sacrifice. During
the sacrifice the priests blew their silver trumpets, and the Levites on
the fifteen steps sung the following psalm of David:
Blessed be the Lord, my strength,
Who teacheth my hands to war
And my fingers to fight.
He is my friend and my fortress,
My protector and my deliverer,
My shield in whom I trust,
Who made the nations subject to me.
Lord! what is man, that thou carest for him,
Or the son of man, that thou makest account of him?
Man is like vanity;
His days are a shadow that passeth away.
Bow the heavens, O Jehovah, and come down!
Touch the mountains and they shall smoke.
Cast forth lightnings and scatter them,
Shoot thine arrows and destroy them.
Stretch thine hand from above,
Save me, deliver me from great waters,
From the hand of the sons of foreigners,
Whose mouth speaketh falsely;
Perjury is their right hand.
I will sing a new song unto thee, O God,
Upon a psaltery and an instrument of ten strings I will sing praises
unto thee.
Thou givest victory to kings,
And deliverest David thy servant from the sword of the enemy.
Save me, deliver me from the hand of the sons of foreigners,
Whose mouth speaketh falsely;
Perjury is their right hand.
Our sons grow up in their youth as plants,
Our daughters, as polished columns, after the fashion of a palace.
Our granaries are full, affording all manner of store.
Our sheep bring forth thousands,
And ten thousands in our streets:
Our oxen are strong to labour.
There is no breaking in, no robbery,
No complaining in our streets.
Happy is the people that is in such case!
Happy is that people whose God is Jehovah!—Ps. cxliv.
-----
Footnote 45:
Numb. x. 10.
-----
Towards the end of all these offerings, which were so numerous that it
would not have been possible to have accomplished them all in so short a
time, but for the practised dexterity and systematic procedure of the
priests, the Nazarite made his appearance: he had already laid aside his
coarse garment, and he was now to be solemnly absolved from his vow. It
was necessary for him to present all the three principal kinds of
offerings, a lamb for a burnt-offering, a yearling sheep for a
sin-offering, and a ram for a thank-offering.[46] To these was added,
besides the drink-offering, a basket full of unleavened cakes, of the
finest meal, of which a part were kneaded with oil, a part had only had
oil poured upon them. The burnt-offering was wholly consumed on the
altar; the sin-offering was the portion of the priests; the
thank-offering served in a great measure to furnish a festive meal,
which was prepared for the Nazarite and his friends, in a small court in
the south-east corner of the court of Israel, called the court of the
Nazarites.
-----
Footnote 46:
Numb. vi. 13.
-----
Helon, Elisama, Iddo, the relation of Iddo, who had returned from the
war, and many others were invited to partake of this meal, and
accompanied him to the court of the Nazarites. The excavation in which
the fire was burning was cleared, and fresh coals heaped upon it. Then
the Nazarite, returning thanks in a prayer to God, took the knife, and
cutting off the hair from his head, threw it on the coals to be
consumed. The flesh of the thank-offering was then roasted, and when it
was ready, a priest took the shoulder, together with a cake mixed with
oil, and another on which oil had been poured, and placed them in the
hands of the Nazarite. They went together to the front of the sanctuary:
the priest placed his own hands beneath those of the Nazarite and waved
what he held in them before Jehovah, towards the four winds of heaven,
and then received it for his own portion.
His vow was thus completely ended, and all the prescribed solemnities
had been observed. But not contented with this he offered several
special thank-offerings, which were sacrificed in the usual manner, and
the flesh prepared for the feast. The table was spread in one of the
galleries over the porticoes in the court. Iddo and Helon were made to
take the seats of honour, one on each side of the Nazarite. He, relieved
from the cumbrous and unseemly load which he had borne for a year, had
anointed his head, and was clad in a splendid caftan. The servants of
the temple waited on them during the whole of the meal.
The Nazarite spread his hands over the bread, and as a blessing ascribed
praise to Jehovah. Then, with more than ordinary solemnity, he took the
cup with both his hands, lifted it high above the table with his right,
and said, “Blessed be thou, O Lord our God, thou King of the world, who
hast given us the fruit of the vine.” The company said Amen! He then, in
a long draught, drank the first wine which he had tasted for a year, and
as the guests followed his example, he exclaimed, “It is time that wine
maketh glad the heart of man, as the Psalmist teaches us; but he who
would feel the full force of the saying, must have drank it for the
first time at the close of a Nazarite’s vow, before the face of Jehovah,
after the destruction of Samaria. This is the time to enter into the
full force of what the Preacher says, 'Eat thy bread with joy and drink
thy wine with a merry heart: for thy work is pleasing to God. Let thy
garments be always white and thy head lack no oil.'”[47]
-----
Footnote 47:
Eccle. ix. 7.
-----
“I perceive,” said Iddo, “that you and I have reason to congratulate
ourselves, that we are children of Israel and not Rechabites, who after
the example and command of their ancestor Jonadab, refused to drink
wine, when it was set before them by the prophet Jeremiah.”[48]
-----
Footnote 48:
Jer. xxxv.
-----
“I have found by experience,” said the Nazarite, “that zeal for Jehovah
makes abstinence easy, and burdensome observances light.”
“That may be seen,” said one of the company, “in the case of the
high-priest, who leads in some respects the life of a Nazarite
perpetually. He is not allowed to drink wine, or any strong drink in the
temple;[49] for the spirit of the Lord, and not intoxicating liquors,
must gladden his heart. He must not touch a corpse; for he must have no
communion with sin, or death which is its punishment. He must not make
his head bald; for that which in ordinary life might be a burden must be
an ornament of his head.”[50]
-----
Footnote 49:
Lev. x. 9.
Footnote 50:
Lev. xxi. 10-12.
-----
“This motive,” said Iddo, “makes many things light, that would otherwise
be grievous,” casting his eyes towards his young relative, who had just
returned from the war. “It is true,” said the youth, “I declined to
avail myself of the indulgence which the law would have granted me, I
had been just betrothed, when the war broke out. The keeper of the
genealogical register assembled our youth and read to us the law, as
spoken by the Lord our God to Moses. ‘When thou goest out to battle
against thine enemies, and seest horses and chariots and a people more
than thou, be not afraid of them: for the Lord thy God is with thee, who
brought thee out of the land of Egypt. And it shall be when ye are come
nigh unto the battle, that the priest shall approach and speak unto the
people, and shall say unto them; Hear, O Israel: ye approach this day
unto battle against your enemies: let not your hearts faint: fear not
and do not tremble, neither be ye terrified because of them. For Jehovah
your God goeth with you, to fight for you against your enemies, to give
you victory. And the officers shall speak unto the people, saying, Who
is there that hath built a new house, and hath not dedicated it? Let him
return to his house, lest he die in the battle and another man dedicate
it. And who is there that has planted a vineyard, and hath not yet eaten
of it? Let him also go and return unto his house, lest he die in the
battle and another man eat of it. And who is there that hath betrothed a
wife, and that hath not taken her? Let him go and return unto his house,
lest he die in the battle and another man take her. And the officers
shall speak further unto the people, and shall say unto them, Who is
fearful and fainthearted? Let him go and return unto his house, lest his
brethren’s heart faint, as well as his. And when the officers have made
an end of speaking unto the people, then shall captains place themselves
at the head of the people.’[51] On this proclamation being made, a
multitude of persons withdrew, who had built houses, or planted
vineyards, or been betrothed to wives. I however refused to avail myself
of this privilege, nor would my bride allow me to claim it. My father
had served when, twenty years before, our prince, John Hyrcanus, had
conquered Sichem and destroyed the temple on Gerizim, and he had talked
to me a thousand times of his campaigns and his victories. So I thought
it became his son to be with the sons of Hyrcanus, when they marched for
the destruction of Samaria, and I went therefore joyfully to the field.”
-----
Footnote 51:
Deut. xx. 1-9.
-----
“And are you not now in haste to return home?” asked Iddo.
“I shall remain here till the fourteenth of this month Ijar, and then
with my comrades celebrate the latter Passover, not having been able to
keep the feast at the proper time.[52] Then I will return home and
relate to my bride the valiant deeds of Aristobulus and Antigonus, how
we defeated Antiochus Cyzicenus, who came to raise the siege of Samaria;
and how Jehovah strengthened my arm, so that I smote his general
Callimander in battle, whom he had left to command his army, when he
himself retired to Tripolis. She will laugh the Syrians to scorn, and
become my faithful wife.”
-----
Footnote 52:
Numb. ix. 6.
-----
When he had said these words, the whole company were loud in his praise.
“Never,” exclaimed Iddo, “may the altar of Jehovah be without an
Hyrcanus; never may the chief of Israel when he goes to battle be
without such soldiers!”
The conversation respecting the events of the war continued during the
rest of the meal. The young soldier related to them the particulars of
the defeat of Antiochus and his generals, and the ravages which he had
committed upon the country when he dared not, even with the six thousand
Egyptian auxiliaries, attack the Jewish army. At length the last cup was
blessed, and they left the temple full of joy and gratitude. As they
descended, they heard the shouts of joy from the castle Baris, where the
high-priest had made a great banquet for his sons.