BOOK VI._Of the Buildings of Justinian

I. The above were the works of Justinian in those regions. What he did

at Alexandria was as follows. The river Nile does not flow as far as

Alexandria, but, after reaching the city which is named Chæreum,[113]

proceeds to the left, leaving the country about Alexandria. In

consequence this the ancients, in order that the city might not be

entirely cut off from the river, dug a deep channel from Chæreum, and

succeeded in making a small part of the stream of the river Nile run

through it, by which, as by other channels, it discharges its waters

into the lake Maria. This channel was nowhere navigable for large

ships, but men at Chæreum transfer Egyptian corn from them to boats

named _diaremata_, and so bring it to the city, which they can reach

by the river which flows through this channel. They store up the

corn in the place which the Alexandrians call Phiale. Since it often

happened that when the populace rose in revolt, the corn in this place

was destroyed, the Emperor Justinian enclosed it with a wall, and

prevented any attacks being made upon the corn. These were the works

of the Emperor Justinian in this place. However, since the course of

our narrative has brought us into Egypt, a country which borders upon

Libya, let us describe his works in that country also, since this

Emperor found the whole of Libya in the possession of barbarians, and

annexed it to the Roman Empire.

The river Nile, which flows from the Indies into Egypt, divides that

land into two portions down to the sea. The land, which is divided by

the river, is divided also in name; for the country on the right bank

of the river is named Asia, as far as the river Phasìs in Colchis,

which divides the land of Asia from that of Europe, or indeed to the

Cimmerian straits and the river Tanais; for geographers are at issue

upon this point, which I have mentioned in the description of the

Euxine Sea in my ‘History of the Wars.’ The country on the left bank

of the Nile is called Libya as far as the main ocean, which divides

the two continents in the West by interposing an arm between them,

which forms our (Mediterranean) Sea. The whole of Libya is divided

into various provinces, called, probably, after the name of their

inhabitants; but the name of Libya at the present day is applied only

to the territory of Pentapolis,[114] which extends from the frontier

at Alexandria as far as the city of Cyrene. In it there is a city,

situated at a distance of two days’ journey from Alexandria, named

Taphosiris,[115] in which it is said that the Egyptian god Osiris is

buried. In this city the Emperor Justinian constructed magistrates’

houses, public baths, and other buildings.

II. The greater part of this country of Libya is desert, and was

almost entirely neglected: yet our Emperor in his watchful care took

measures to prevent its incurring any damage from invasion by the

neighbouring Moors, for he built two forts and established garrisons in

them. One of these forts is named Paratonium, and the other Antipyrgum,

which stands near Pentapolis. Pentapolis is distant from Alexandria

eight days’ journey for a lightly-equipped traveller. In this country

of Pentapolis the Emperor Justinian likewise very strongly fortified

the city Teuchria,[116] and rebuilt from its foundations the wall[117]

of Berenice,[118] where he also built a public bath for the use of

the citizens; moreover, on the southern frontier of Pentapolis he

fortified two monasteries, named Agriolodes and Dinarthion, by which

he restrained the barbarians in that quarter from making sudden and

unexpected inroads on the Roman territory.

There is in this country a city, named Ptolemaïs,[119] which in former

times was flourishing and populous, but in process of time became

almost deserted through want of water; for the greater part of the

inhabitants long ago suffered from drought so much that they left it

and dispersed in various directions. Now, however, our Emperor has

rebuilt the aqueduct which supplied the city with water, and restored

it to its former appearance of prosperity.[120] The furthest city of

Pentapolis upon the western frontier is that of Borium,[121] where

mountains, standing close together, seem to form a barrier which shuts

out the enemy from invading the country. The Emperor, finding this city

unwalled, enclosed it with a very strong rampart, thus rendering it and

the whole of the country round it quite secure for the future.

There are two cities, both of which pass under the same name, being

both called Augila.[122] They stand at a distance of about four days’

journey from Borium for a lightly equipped traveller, on the southern

side of it. They are old cities, and the habits of their citizens are

old-fashioned: for all of them, even in my own time, practised the

rites of polytheism. Here in ancient times were temples dedicated to

Ammon, and to Alexander of Macedon, to whom the inhabitants used to

offer sacrifice down to the reign of Justinian, and there was in them a

large number of persons called Slaves of the Temple: now, however, our

Emperor, who not only provides for the security of the bodies of his

subjects, but is also careful to save their souls, took all necessary

measures for the benefit of those who dwelt here, making liberal

provisions for them in all respects, and above all teaching them the

true religion, so that he made them all Christians in a body, and

turned them from their pagan ancestral customs. He also built for them

a temple of the Virgin, to serve as a fortress for the safety of the

city and of the true religion. These were his works in this quarter.

The city of Borium, lying near the Moorish barbarians, has remained

free from imposts down to this time, nor have any gatherers of tribute

or taxes visited it since the creation. From ancient times Jews dwelt

close to it, and had an ancient temple which they greatly respected and

reverenced, as it had, according to tradition, been built by Solomon

the King of the Hebrew nation. However, the Emperor Justinian compelled

them all to desert their ancestral religion and become Christians,

while he turned this temple into a church.

III. Beyond this lie what are called the Great Syrtes. I will explain

what their appearance is, and why they have received this name. The

shore in this quarter, divided by the inroads of the sea, and washed

away by the beating of the waves, seems to retire and to withdraw

itself inland, so as to form an immense crescent-shaped gulf. The

distance across the mouth of this gulf is forty stadia, while the

perimeter of the crescent extends to a distance of six days’ journey.

The sea forms this gulf by pressing against the mainland; and when a

ship is once forced by the wind or the waves within the horns of the

crescent, it is thenceforth impossible for it to retrace its course,

but it seems dragged along, and always forced further forward. It was,

I imagine, from this destruction of ships that the ancients called the

place Syrtes. Nor can ships float as far as the shore, for the greater

part of the gulf is full of sunken rocks, which make it impossible

for ships to float there, so that they are wrecked in the shallows.

The crews of these ships can only escape, if they escape at all, in

small boats, and reach the land with very great danger. Here is the

frontier of the region named Tripolis. In it dwell Moorish barbarians

of Phœnician origin. Here is also a city named Cidama, inhabited by

Moors who have long been on terms of friendship with the Romans, and

all of whom, by the persuasion of the Emperor Justinian, voluntarily

adopted the Christian faith. These Moors are now called Pacati, because

they always are at peace with the Romans; for the Romans in the Latin

language call peace _pacem_. Tripolis is distant from Pentapolis a

journey of twenty days’ journey for a lightly equipped traveller.

IV. Beyond this is the city of Leptis Magna,[123] which in ancient

times was great and populous, but since has become almost entirely

deserted, having through neglect been mostly buried with sand. Our

Emperor rebuilt its walls from the foundation, not, however, enclosing

so great an extent as formerly, but much less, in order that the city

might not again be exposed to danger, either from human enemies or

from the sand, by its great size. He left the buried part of the city

as it was, covered with heaps of sand, and fortified the rest in the

strongest manner. Here he built an admirable church, dedicated to the

Virgin, besides four others. In addition to this, he also rebuilt the

ruinous palace which formerly existed here, the work of the Emperor

Severus the elder, who was born in this place, and left this palace as

a memorial of his good fortune.

Having arrived at this part of my narrative, I cannot pass over

the great event which took place at Leptis Magna in our time. When

Justinian had already come to the throne, and before he had begun

the war against the Vandals, the Moorish barbarians called Leucathæ

overpowered the Vandals, who were then masters of Libya, and reduced

Leptis Magna to an utter desert. Being encamped with their generals

upon some hilly ground not far from Leptis Magna, they suddenly beheld

a flame of fire in the midst of the city. Supposing that the enemy

had entered it, they rushed hurriedly to attack them; but finding

no one there, they laid the matter before their prophets, who,

interpreting what had taken place, foretold that at no distant time

Leptis Magna would be inhabited. Not long afterwards the army of the

Emperor arrived, conquered the Vandals and Moors in battle, and gained

possession of Tripolis and the rest of Libya. I now return from this

digression to my narrative.

In this city the Emperor Justinian built public baths, rebuilt the

walls from their foundations, and gave both the baths and all other

public buildings an appearance worthy of a city. Moreover, he induced

the neighbouring barbarians, named Gadabitani, who up to this time were

entirely given up to the Greek form of paganism, to become zealous

Christians, as they are at this day. He also fortified the city of

Sabaratha, in which he built a most notable church.

In the further part of this country there are two cities, named

Tacapa[124] and Girgis, between which lies the lesser Syrtis. Here

every day a wonderful phenomenon takes place. The sea, pent up in a

narrow place, forms there a crescent-shaped gulf, such as I described

in the other Syrtis. Here the sea flows into the mainland for a

distance of more than eight days’ journey for a lightly equipped

traveller, and towards evening retires again, leaving the shore there

dry, like any other sea-beach. Sailors bound for this land, which at

times becomes sea, sail in the ordinary manner as far as they are able

in the day-time, but towards nightfall prepare to pass the night on dry

land. They carry long poles on purpose, and as soon as they suspect

that the waters are about to ebb, they take these poles in their hands,

and without any hesitation leap out of the ship. At first they swim,

but afterwards, when the water does not reach above their faces, they

stand on their feet, and sticking the points of their poles into the

ground, which by this time is, or shortly will be, dry, they fix them

upright underneath their ship, supporting it on either side, that it

may not be damaged by falling to one side or the other. Early on the

following morning the land is again covered by the waves of the sea,

which raises the ships and causes them to float; then the sailors take

up their poles and sail on again. This proceeding never varies, but

this interchange of the elements takes place every day.

V. After Tripolis and the Syrtis, let us proceed to the rest of Libya.

We must begin with Carthage, which is the largest and most important

of the cities in this country, prefacing our description by observing

that when Genseric and the Vandals possessed Africa, there occurred to

them a destructive idea worthy of barbarians; for they imagined that

they would be better off if all the towns in this country had no walls,

so that the Romans might not occupy any of them to their disadvantage.

They accordingly at once pulled down all the walls to their very

foundation; for all barbarians, as a rule, most quickly devise and

most promptly execute any plans which they form for the injury of the

Romans. The walls of Carthage and some few other places alone were

left, which they did not care to keep in repair, but allowed to be

ruined by age. However, the Emperor Justinian, against the advice of

all men, who shrank in terror from the enterprise, and only led on and

assisted by God, sent Belisarius with an army to Libya, took Gelimer,

and destroyed the power of the Vandals, killing many of them and making

the rest prisoners of war, as I have recounted in my ‘History of the

Wars.’ He rebuilt all the ruined fortifications in Libya, and himself

built many new ones.

First of all, he gave his attention to Carthage,[125] which now, as is

right, is named Justiniana. He rebuilt the whole of its ruined walls,

and dug a trench encircling it, which did not previously exist; he also

built churches, one dedicated to the Virgin, which is in the palace,

and one outside the palace dedicated to St. Prima, one of the local

saints. He built porticos on both sides of what is called the Maritime

market-place, and a noble public bath, which he named the Baths of

Theodora, after the name of the Empress. He also built a monastery on

the sea-shore within the walls, close to the harbour, named Mandracium,

which he enclosed with a strong wall and formed into an impregnable

fort.

These were the works of Justinian at New Carthage. In the country near

it, which is called the Proconsulate, there was an unwalled city named

Baga,[126] which was liable to be taken by barbarians, not only if they

marched especially to attack it, but even if they passed near it. This

place the Emperor Justinian enclosed with a strong wall, thus raising

it to the rank of a city, and one, too, which was capable of affording

security to its citizens, who, having met with such favour, named the

city Theodorias, in honour of the Empress. He also built a fort in this

country, named Tucca.

VI. In Byzacium is a city by the sea side, named Adrumetus,[127] which

in ancient times was great and populous, so that it had the name and

repute of being the chief city in this country, because it was the

first in size and in prosperity. The Vandals demolished the walls of

this city, that the Romans might not be able, to hold it against them,

so that it was exposed to the attacks of the Moors, who ravage that

country; however, the Libyan inhabitants provided for their own safety

as far as they were able, by piling up the ruins of their walls and

joining their houses to one another, by which means they were able

to offer a precarious resistance to their assailants. Their safety,

however, hung by a thread, and was very uncertain, as they were at

war with the Moors and neglected by the Vandals. When, however, the

Emperor Justinian, in the course of the war, became master of Libya, he

built a wall of considerable size round this city, established in it

a sufficient garrison of soldiers, and enabled the inhabitants to be

confident of safety and to disregard all their foes. For this reason

they call it Justiniana to the present day, thus repaying their debt

of gratitude to the Emperor, and showing their loyalty towards him by

the adoption of his name, for they had no other means of repaying the

kindness of the Emperor, as he wished for no other return than this.

On the shore of Byzacium there is another place named Caputvada[128]

by its inhabitants. It was at this place that the Emperor’s army

first landed when it proceeded against Gelimer and the Vandals. Here,

also, that marvellous and ineffable gift was bestowed by God upon

the Emperor, which I have described in my ‘History of the Wars.’ The

country being altogether waterless, the Roman army suffered greatly

from thirst, whereupon the earth, which formerly had always been dry,

sent forth a fountain at the place where the soldiers had formed their

camp. For when they dug, the water burst forth, and the land, divesting

itself of its natural barrenness, changed its nature and became moist

with sweet water. Here, therefore, they encamped and passed the night,

and marching forth in battle array the next day, to cut the matter

short, gained possession of Libya. The Emperor Justinian therefore, in

order to erect a perpetual memorial of this gift of God, who when He

pleases can make the most difficult things easy, at once determined

to form this place into a city, with a strong wall, and adorned with

everything else worthy of a city. The Emperor’s wish was fulfilled.

The wall and city were built, and the fortunes of this open field were

suddenly altered. The rustics, throwing away the plough, dwell as

citizens, and no longer live a country, but a town life; for they meet

together there daily, deliberate upon their own affairs, buy and sell

in the market with one another, and perform all the other functions

which distinguish the inhabitants of a city.

These were his works on the seashore of Byzacium. In the interior,

on the frontier which borders on the barbarian Moors, very strong

fortresses are built to hold them in check, in consequence of which

they are no longer able to overrun the empire, for he enclosed each

of the cities upon that frontier, which are named Mamma, Telepta, and

Cululius, with very strong walls, built a fort which the inhabitants

name Aumetera, and established in them trustworthy garrisons of

soldiers.

VII. In the same manner he ensured the safety of the country of Numidia

by fortifications and garrisons of soldiers. I shall now enumerate

each of these in detail. There is a mountain in Numidia called

Aurasius,[129] the like of which does not exist anywhere else in the

world. In the first place, it is lofty and precipitous, and extends

for a distance of about three days’ journey; it is also inaccessible,

all the ascents to it being barred by precipices. When, however, one

has reached the top, the ground is a rich soil, smooth, and with easy

roads, fair pastures, parks planted with trees and all kinds of herbs.

Fountains spring out from the crags; there are quiet pools, rushing

rivers with masses of broken water, and, what is strangest of all,

the crops and fruit-trees on this mountain produce twice as much as

any other part of Libya. Such is the mountain of Aurasium, which was

originally held by the Vandals, whom the Moors dispossessed, and

dwelt there until the Emperor Justinian drove them out and annexed

it to the Roman Empire. To prevent the barbarians returning thither

and doing mischief, he fortified the cities in the neighbourhood of

this mountain, which he found deserted and without walls; and having,

besides them, built two forts, and established there a sufficient

garrison of soldiers, he left the barbarians of that country no hope

of making a successful attack upon Aurasius. He also built impregnable

fortifications in the remainder of Numidia. These were his works in

this country.

There is a city in the island of Sardo, which is now called Sardinia,

which the Romans call the Fort of Trajan; this Justinian enclosed with

a wall, which it did not formerly possess.

Near Gades, by one of the pillars of Hercules, on the right hand, on

the shore of Libya, was once a fort named Septon,[130] which had been

built by the Romans in ancient times, but had been neglected by the

Vandals and had perished through age. This place our Emperor Justinian

made strong by a wall and a garrison. In it also he built a noble

church dedicated to the Virgin, thus dedicating to her the beginning of

the empire, and rendering this fort impregnable to all mankind in that

quarter.

So much for this. No one can any longer doubt, but it is now clear to

all mankind that the Emperor Justinian strengthened the empire, not

only with fortifications, but also with garrisons, from the eastern

frontier to the setting sun, which are the limits of the Roman

dominion. Such of the buildings of Justinian as I have been able

to discover, either by having seen them myself, or by hearing them

described by those who have seen them, I have as far as I am able

described in this work; but I am well aware that I have omitted to

speak of many others, which have either escaped my notice by their

great number or remain altogether unknown to me; so that anyone who

turns his attention to searching them all out and describing them in

a book will have the advantage of having performed a useful work, and

will gain for himself the reputation of a man of taste.

APPENDIX I.

Procopius’s description of Justinian’s work at Constantinople is so

full and detailed that it would appear to be complete. But it omits one

church built by the Emperor, viz., that of the Saviour, to which was

attached the Monastery of the Chora, now known as the Mosque Kahireh,

or Kahriyeh.

The history of this church is thus given in Ducange:

‘Chora seu Χώρα monasterium ita appellatum, condiderat

Justinianus et cum præ vetustate concidisset aliud a fundamentis

extruxit Alexii Imperatoris socrus Andronici Ducæ conjux.

‘Denique cum ruinam rursum minaretur, illud reædificavit Theodorus

Metochita Magnus Logotheta, imperante Andronico Palæologo Seniore.

‘Hæc omnia sic narrat Nicephorus Gregoras, lib. ix.: “Divertit e

regione et in vicinia (domus suæ) in sacro scilicet Choræ Monasterio,

quod ipse magnis ante sumptibus vetustate ruinosum instauravat.

Exstructum enim olim fuerat a Justiniano Imperatore forma oblonga:

deinde cum vetustate usque ad ima concidisset, aliud a fundamentis

templum, ea qua nunc forma cernitur, Alexii Comneni Imperatoris socrus

condidit sed cum rursus ruinam minitaretur, hic medio templo excepto,

omnia liberali manu pene instauravit. Metochitam hujus monasterii

instauratorem rursus prædicat, lib. viii.”’—Ducange, iv., p. 126.

An inscription over the south door of the church states that the

monastery was outside the walls of Constantine; that the church was

rebuilt by Justinian; again, from its foundations, in the time of

Alexis Komnenos; and again rebuilt by Theodore the Metochite.

[Illustration: SKETCH PLAN]

The well-known antiquary, Mons. Texier, describes it thus in a detailed

MS. account of ‘Constantinople,’ fol. _n. d._, in the library of the R.

Institute of Architects:

‘Kahrije, corruption du Grec της χωρας.

‘Le premier fondateur de cette église fut Justinian; et Theodore

Metochite, grand chancelier des Autels d’Andronice Paléologue n’en

fut que le rénovateur. Le cloître est souvent cité dans les auteurs

Byzantines comme lieu d’exil pour les religieux, et au dernier temps

de l’empire on conserva dans l’église le portrait célèbre de la Madone

qui avait été peint par St. Luke.’ A description of it is also given in

Salzenberg’s ‘Alt-Christliche Baudenkmale von Constantinopel’ (Berlin,

1854), p. 36.

The latest account is given by the Rev. Charles G. Curtis, in the

‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ 9th edition, _s.v._ ‘Constantinople:’

‘The monastery to which this church of the Saviour belonged was

Μονὴ τῆς χώρας, or, as we say, “in the fields.” This was an ancient

establishment, and its church, the oldest church in the city, dates

from the third century.

‘A gem of beauty still, even in its decay, rich with mosaic of the

fourteenth century, of a style purer and more refined than that

which is more often seen and admired at Ravenna and Palermo. In this

church alternately with the Hodegetria was kept the Holy Robe of the

Virgin, which was wont to be carried in procession when the walls were

threatened.’ The sketch-plan engraved was made by T. H. L. in 1884. An

elevation of the exterior is given in C. Daly’s ‘Revue’ (1840), p. 13.

(L.)

APPENDIX II.

Church of the Virgin, Jerusalem:

The description by Procopius of this church is very detailed; but the

great alterations and destruction of buildings throughout the Harem

area since his time make it extremely difficult to arrive at a correct

understanding of his account, or to identify any portion of the church

with existing buildings. It is usually supposed to have occupied the

site of the present Mosque El Aksa, the entrances to which the Duc de

Vogüé believes to be remains of Justinian’s church.

The questions as to the church are involved, to a considerable extent,

with those relating to the date and authorship of the Dome of the Rock,

which has usually been assigned to the Caleph Abd-el-Melek; but the

late Mr. Fergusson, whose great architectural knowledge is undisputed,

maintained that it was no other than Constantine’s Church of the Holy

Sepulchre, and that the church described by Procopius was not on the

site of El Aksa, but at the eastern angle of the temple area, and now

utterly destroyed.

The subject, already sufficiently complicated, has been rendered

still more so by a theory brought forward in 1882, by the well-known

Professor Sepp, to the effect that the Dome of the Rock was not

constructed by Constantine nor by Abd-el-Melek, but by Justinian.

The question is much more difficult to decide than may at first

sight appear; and I confess that after having, for some years past,

carefully collected the various documents on the subject, including

the valuable translations published by my friend the late Professor

Palmer, of Arabic historians, and having subsequently visited Jerusalem

and studied the subject on the spot, with the kind assistance of

Dr. Chaplin and others, I find that there are so many points to be

cleared up, that I should not like to offer a definite opinion on the

several disputed points until after another visit, which I hope to

make shortly, to Jerusalem. My present views, so far as I may venture

to put them forward, are in accordance with those of De Vogüé, Sir C.

Warren and Captain Conder, viz., that the Dome of the Rock was built by

Abd-el-Melek. (L.)

INDEX.

Abbot Romanus, Church of the, 147

Abbot Joannes, Church of the, 148

Abbot Zacharia, Monastery of, 148

Aborrhas, River, 54, 55, 57

Abydos, 121, 128

Acacius, Church of, 22

Acarnania, 93

Ad Aquas, 111

Adana, 137

Adina, 113

Adriatic Sea, 90

Adrianopolis, 93

Adrumetus, 163

Aëdabe, 112

Ægean Sea, 24

Ægistum, 114

Ænus, 121, 122

Ætolia, 93

Agriolodes, Monastery of, 155

El Aksa, 140

Alexandria, 128, 152, 153

Almus, 111

Almyris, 114

Albinum, 113

Alustus, 88

Amasea, 86

Amida, 40, 51, 53, 73, 75, 77, 78, 79, 82

Ammodius, 45

Anaplus, 24, 29, 30, 31

Anastasiopolis, 122

Anchialus, 89

Annucas, 57

Antiphorus, 59

Antipyrgum, 154

Antiochia, 68, 69, 70, 71, 136

Ant, the, 116

Antoninus, Baths of, 131, 132

Apadnæ, Monastery of, 151

Apadnæ, 53

Apamea, 151

Aphelius, Monastery of, 148

Apostles, Church of, 20

Artaleson, 80

Archangel, Temple of the, 33

Arcadius, 15

Arcadius, Baths of, 36

Arcon, 81

Argyronium, 33

Armenia, Lesser, 81

Armenia, 28, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 89

Armenia, Greater, 74, 75, 79, 82

Armata, 111

Arxanes, 77

Asia, 25

Asthianene, 79

Atachæ, 53

Athyra, 116

Athens, 96, 98

Augusta, 112

Augila, 156

Augustæum, 13, 34

Aumetera, 165

Aurasius, Mount, 165

Baga, 162

Baiberdon, 81

Baleæ, 96

Banasymeon, 53

Bara, 53

Barchon, 86

Barbalissus, 65

Batnæ, 61

Bederiana, 91, 92

Begadacum, Monastery of, 151

Belabitis, 76

Bellurus, 122

Bergonovore, 111

Bergus Altus, 111

Berenice, 154

Bethlehem, 148

Bidamas, 57

Bigrane, 111

Bismideon, 57

Bithynia, 129, 133, 134

Bizana, 81, 83, 84

Blachernæ, 16, 26

Black Gulf, 119

Bœotia, 96

Bononia, 111

Borium, 156, 157

Bosporus, 88

Bostra, in Phœnicia, 150

Brochi, 29

Byrthum, 53

Byzantium, 15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 38, 114, 117,

123, 129, 134, 145

Byzacium, 163, 164

Cæsarea, 98, 135

Callipolis, 121

Callinicum, 57, 61, 64

Campses, 109

Candidiana, 113

Cantabazates, 109

Cappadocia, 135, 136

Caputvada, 164

Caput-bovis, 109

Carrhæ, 57, 61

Carthage, 161

Cassandria, 99

Castoria, Lake, 97

Castramartis, 112

Cebres, 111

Centauropolis, 98

Cena, 86

Ceras, Gulf of, 24

Chæreum, 152

Chalcis, 71, 72, 98

Chalce, The Palace of, 34, 35

Cherson, 88

Chora, Church of, 40

Chersonesus, 119, 120, 121

Ciberis, 121

Cidama, 158

Cilicia, 136, 138

Cimmerian Straits, 153

Ciphæ, Fort, 53

Circesium, 55, 57

Citharizon, 77, 79

Clisuræ, 79, 87, 96

Colonia, 81

Commagene, 61

Constantinople, 13, 34, 37, 40, 115, 118, 128

Constantina, 54

Corinth, 96

Coracii, 96

Corzane, 79

Corde, 45

Couriers’ Lodgings, 131

Cratiscara, 92

Crissæan Gulf, 93

Crispas, 111

Cucarizon, 81

Cululius, 165

Cupus, 109

Cydnus, River, 137, 138

Cyntodemus, 113

Cynton, 113

Cyprus, 151

Cyricum, 151

Cyrene, Monastery of, 151

Cyrus, 71, 72

Cyrene, City of, 153

Dabanæ, 53

Dacia, 108, 109

Damascus, 110

Danube, River, 89, 91, 92, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114

Daphne, 113, 151

Dardani, 92

Daras, a village, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 83

Dausaron, 57

Demetrias, 97

Deuteron, 17

Dimarthion, Monastery of, 155

Diocletianopolis, 97

Ditch of Germanus, 81

Ditch of Longinus, 86

Dorostolus, 113

Doru, 88

Dorticum, 111

Draco, River, 130

Ducepratum, 109

Echinæum, 97

Edessa, 57, 58, 59, 60, 145

Elæus, 119, 121

Ephesus, 127, 128

Epirus, 93

Epidamnus, 91

Episcopia, 116

Eryma, 112

Eubœa, Island, 98

Euphratesia, 65, 67

Euphrates, River, 53, 56, 61, 63, 64, 65, 75, 81, 82

Euripus, Strait of, 99

Europus, 65

Eurœa, 93

Eutropius, 39

Euxine Sea, 24, 29, 32, 86, 89, 153

Forum of Constantine, 34, 35

Forty Martyrs, 81

Fort of the Emperors, 53

Fountain, The, 16

Forts, Lists of, 100-107, 123-126

Gabula, 65

Gades, 166

Galatia, 134

Gerizim, 143, 144, 145, 146

Germana, 92

Girgis, 160

Golden Gate, 17, 33

Gomphi, 97

Gombes, 111

Greece, 93, 96, 98

Great Syrtes, 157

Halicaniburgus, 111

Hebdomon, 23, 31

Hellespont, 119, 128, 133

Helena, 129

Hemerius, 65

Hera, Temple of, 17

Heraclea, 96, 118, 119

Hieriphthon, Fort, 53

Hieron, 33

Hiereum, } 17

or }

Heræum, } 38, 39

Hierapolis, 66

Horn, The, 29

Hormisdas, 18, 34

House of Ares, 35

Huns, Fort of the, 112

Hypata, 96

Iatron, 113

Iberians, Church of, 147

Ibida, 114

Illyria, 96, 110, 112, 113

Illyrisis, 79

Ionian Gulf, 90

Irene, Church of, 14, 27

Isauria, 151

Iscum, 112

Isidorus, 15

Isthmus of Corinth, 93

Ister, River, 108, 114

Italy, 36, 67, 88

Jecundiana, 38

Jerusalem, 147

Jericho, Hospice at, 147

Joannes, Monastery of, 151

Jordan, Desert of, 147

Judæus, 111

Julian, Port, 23

Juliopolis, 134

Justinopolis, 92, 93

Justiniana Prima, 91

Justiniana Secunda, 92

Justiniana (Carthage), 162, 163

King’s Palace, 18

Laccobergus, 111

Laodicea, 151

Lapidaria, 112

Larissa, 98

Lazi, Church of the, 147

Lazica, 87

Lebanon, 73

Lederata, 109

Leontarium, 96

Leptis Magna, 158, 159

Libya, 36, 67, 127, 152, 153, 159, 161, 166

Litorata, 109

Longiniana, 111

Losorium, 87

Lucernariaburgum, 112

Lutararizon, 81

Lurnes, 53

Lysiormum, 81

Macedon, 74, 99, 102

Mæotic Lake, 87, 88

Magne Kahireh, Church of, 168, 169

Magdalathum, Fort, 57

Mamma, 165

Mandracium (Harbour), 162

Marathon, 98

Mareburgus, 111

Maria, Lake, 152

Martyr Anthimus, Church of, 27

Martyr Eugenius (Aqueduct), 86

Martyr Menas, Church of, 33

Martyr Menæus, Church of, 33

Martyr Mocius, Church of, 23

Martyropolis, 51, 77, 78, 79

Martyr St. Pantelëemon, Church, 32

Martyr Thecla, Church of, 23

Martyr Thyssus, Church of, 23

Maxentius, 113

Maximianopolis, 122

Melitene, 28, 82

Mesopotamia, 53, 57, 61, 76

Metropolis, 97

Mocesus, 135

Mochadius, 33

Mocatiana, 111

Mopsuestia, 136

Mount Hæmus, 123

Mount Pelion, 98

Myropole, 96

Mysia, 114

Naïsopolis, 92

Neapolis, 143, 144

Neocæsarea, 65, 67

New Epirus, 93, 100

Nicæa in Bithynia, 130

Nicomedia, 131

Nicopolis, 81, 93

Nile, River, 152, 153

Novæ, 109

Novum, 111

Numidia, 165

Nymphius, River, 77

Octavum, 108

Old Epirus, 23

Onopnictes, 70

Onos, 111

Orocassias, 69, 70

Oronon, 85

Orontes, River, 68, 69

Osrhoëne, 61, 80

Palmyra, 127

Pallene, Peninsula of, 99

Palestine, 72, 143, 147

Palmatis, 113

Palatiolum, 112

Pamphylia, 152

Pantalia, 92

Paratonium, 154

Peloponnesus, 97

Pentacomia, 65

Pentapolis, 153, 154, 155, 156

Peneus, River, 98

Persian Armenia, 85

Perga, 152

Persia, 51, 52

Perinthus, 118

Petra, 87

Petrius, 81

Pharsalus, 97

Phœnice, 93

Phœnicia, 73

Phasis in Colchis, River, 153

Phison, 79

Phiale, 152

Philippopolis, 123

Philæ, 57

Photica, 93

Phrygia, 133

Phthia, 98

Picnus, 109

Pityous, 87

Platanon, 136

Platæa, 96

Plotinopolis, 123

Pontem, 110

Pontes, 109, 110

Ponteserium, 111

Potidæa, 99

Ptolemais, 155

Proochthus, 29

Propontis, 36

Putedin, 111

Pyramus, River, 136

Pyramids, the, 40

Pythia, 134

Quesoris, 113

Quimedaba, 92

Ratiaria, 111

Rhabdium, 51, 52

Rhœdestus, 119

Rhasis, 53

Rhegium, 115

Rhesias, 23

Rhecius, River, 99, 100

Rhipalthæ, 53

Rhizeum, 87

Rhodope Mountains, 122, 123

Ripensis, 109

Roman Empire, 29, 43, 54, 56, 85, 88, 94, 117, 146, 152

Rumisiana, 92

Sabaratha, 160

Saccus, 96

Sakhra, es (Dome of the Rock), 139

Saltopyrgus, Fort, 11

Sangaris, River, 133

Saphchæ, 79

Sarmathe, Monastery of, 151

Sardica, 92

Sardo, Island (Sardinia), 166

Sarus, River, 137

Satala, 80

Sauræ, 53

Schamalinichon, 85, 86

Scirtus, River, 58

Scythia, 114

Sebastia, 81

Sebastopolis, 87, 88

Securisca, 113

Selybria, 118

Semiramis at Babylon, 10

Sergius and Bacchus, SS., 14, 18, 19

Sergiopolis, 65

Sergius, 65

Sestos, 121, 128

Siberis, River, 134

Sicibida, 112

Siletheus, Church of, 147

Sinæ, 53

Singedon, 109

Sinai, Mount (close to Red Sea), 146

Siphris, 53

Sisilisson, 86

Sisauranum, Fort, 52

Smargdis, 53

Smornes, 109

Sophanene, 77, 78, 79

St. Agathonicus, Church of, 23

Stauris, 70

St. Anne, Church of, 17

Stadium, 40

St. Bartholomew, Church of, 45, 51

SS. Cosmas and Damianus in Pamphylia, House of, 151

SS. Cosmas and Damianus, Church of, 26

St. Conon, Poor-house of, 151

St. Cyrillus, 114

St. Elisæus, Church of the Well of, 147

St. George the Martyr, Church of, 81

St. Gregorius, 147

Stiliburgus, 111

St. John, Church of, 151

St. John, Monastery of, 149, 151

St. John the Baptist, Church of, 30

St. James, Church of, 33

St. John the Apostle, Church of, 127

St. Laurentius the Martyr, Church of, 26

St. Leontius, House of, 150

St. Marox, 151

St. Michael the Archangel, Church to (Antioch), 71

St. Michael, Poor-house of, 152

St. Michael the Archangel, at Byzantium, Church of, 17, 29, 31, 134

St. Mary, Church of, 147

Stork, the, 33

St. Phoca, Monastery of, 150

St. Plato the Martyr, Church of, 23

SS. Priscus and Nicolaus, Church of, 26

SS. Peter and Paul, 18

St. Pantelëemon, 147

St. Romanus, Poor-house of, 151

St. Sergius, Monastery of, 149

St. Samuel, Monastery of, 148

St. Sophia, Church of, 4, 11, 14, 15, 21, 34, 51

St. Theodorus, Church of, 23

St. Theodota, 23

St. Tryphon, Church of, 33

St. Thalelæus, 147

Suri, 64

Susanna, Monastery of, 148

Susiana, 111

Sycæ, 25, 134

Sycidaba, 113

Syria, 71, 72, 73

Syrtis the Lesser, 160, 161

Tacapa, 160

Tanatas, 109

Tanaïs, River, 153

Taphosiris, 153

Tarsus, 137

Tauri, 88

Tauroscythi, 88

Tauresium, 91

Telepta, 165

Tenedos, Island of, 128, 129

Tetrapyrgia, or the Four Towers, 91

Teuchria, 154

Thannurium, 57

Theodotus, Monastery of, 151

Thelphrache, Monastery of, 151

Thescus, 121

Theopolis, 68, 136, 151

Theodosiopolis, 47, 79, 81, 82, 83

Thermopylæ, 94, 95, 96, 97

Thessalonica, 99

Thebes, 97

Theodosiopolis, 47, 54, 57

Themeres, 57

Theodora, 110

Theodora, Baths of, 162

Theodoropolis, City, 113

Theodoropolis, Fort, 111

Thiolla, 57

Thrace, 89, 112, 114, 117, 119, 120

Tigas, 113

Tigris, River, 74

Tilicion, 114

Timena, 111

Toperus, 123

Trajanopolis, 122

Transmarisca, 113

Trapezus, 86, 87

Tripolis, 157, 159, 161

Tricattus, 97

Tricesa, Fort, 111

Tucca, 163

Tzanzakon, 86

Tzumina, 84

Ulmiton, 114

Ulpiana, 92

Unnum, 96

Utos, 112

Valeriana, 112

Variana, 112

Vernes, 109

Viminacium, 109

Virgin, at Porphyreon, House of the, 150

Virgin, at Jericho, Church of the, 147

Virgin, Church of the, 143

Virgin Mary, Church of, 15, 16, 26, 31

Watchtower, 44

Zamarthas, 57

Zanes, 109

Zebinus, Monastery of, 151

Zenobia, 62, 63, 64

Zetnocortum, 112

Zeugma, 67

Zeuxippus, Baths of, 34

THE END.

BILLING & SONS, PRINTERS, GUILDFORD.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] ‘A new era for Christian architecture commenced with his reign.

The historian Procopius has simplified, in the different provinces of

his Eastern empire, the task to those who would search for vestiges

of buildings erected by this Prince. Anthemius was selected by him as

his architect, and the Church of St. Sophia became the type of all the

Greek churches from the sixth century. The basilica was, until his

time, the type of the Christian church. Anthemius abandoned this form.

The chief feature of the church was the dome, the form of the oblong

nave being abandoned.’—Texier and Pullan, ‘Byzantine Architecture’

(fol., London, 1864), p. 20. (L.)

[2] There is a pun in the original upon παιδιά and παιδέια. Cf. Gibbon,

ch. xl. (S.)

[3] ‘Taken altogether, there is no building erected during the

first thirteen centuries after the Christian era which, as an

interior, is either so beautiful or so worthy of attentive study as

this.’—Fergusson, ‘Handbook of Architecture’ (8vo., London, 1855), p.

951. (L.)

In addition to Procopius, the erection of St. Sophia has been described

by Agathias, and at much greater length by Paulus Silentiarius, and

the three descriptions have been compared and analyzed in the ‘Corpus

Historiæ Byzantinæ,’ _s.v._ Paulus Silentiarius. (L.)

A full description of St. Sophia with plans, sections, and detailed

drawings of the mosaics, sculpture, etc., is given by Salzenburg in his

splendid work ‘Alt Christliche von Constantinopel’ (Berlin, 1854). (L.)

[4] ‘The solid piles which sustained the cupola were composed of

huge blocks of freestone, hewn into squares and triangles, fortified

by circles of iron, and firmly cemented by the infusion of lead and

quicklime.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[5] ‘Nine western doors open into the vestibule, and from thence

into the _narthex_ or exterior portico. That portico was the humble

station of the penitents. The nave, or body of the church, was filled

by the congregation of the faithful; but the two sexes were prudently

distinguished, and the upper and lower galleries were allotted for the

more private devotion of the women.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[6] Λώρους. I am unacquainted with the precise meaning of this word.

Ducange, in his ‘Glossary,’ describes ΛΩΡΟΣ as ‘Fornix,’ ‘arcus,’ Ἁψίς,

quoting Procopius. But this gives no definite information; nor, after

consulting with several well-known authorities on this subject, can I

find that the application of the term is now known. It is not alluded

to either in Britton’s ‘Dictionary,’ or Willis’s ‘Nomenclature of the

Middle Ages.’ From the context and Ducange’s use of the word ἅψις, I

presume that λῶρος is applied to the great arch forming the opening of

an apse. (L.)

[7] Hom. Il., xxii. 27. (S.)

[8] ‘St. Irene templum a Constantino M. extructum—tres sacras ædes.

Deiparæ scilicet, St. Theodori et St. Irenes, eidem magnæ ecclesiæ

unitas fuisse, neque proprium clerum habuisse, qui in iis sacra

ministeria perageret.‘ ‘Unde cum Sophianæ ædis appendix fuerit, intra

ejusdem septa ædificata dicitur.’ ‘Denique concussa est ipsa ædes eo

terræ motu qui accidit Leone Isauro regnante. Hodie intra septum regium

includi.’—Ducange, ‘Byzantinæ Historiæ Scriptoribus Constantinopolis

Christiana’ (Venice, fol., 1729), lib. iv., p. 102.

Rebuilt, in part at all events, by Justinian late in his reign, but

in a style entirely different from that of St. Sophia or SS. Sergius

and Bacchus, being oblong on plan, with aisles and an apse at the east

end. This apse was cleared in 1881. Mr. Edwin Freshfield, who visited

the church at that time, states that he ‘found that it was filled with

marble benches, or steps, somewhat similar to the Church of Torcello,

near Venice. There is no doubt that they formed part of the original

arrangement of the church, and that this was due to its being the

Patriarchal church.’—_Athenæum_, 15th August, 1885. (L.)

[9] _Ædes sacræ Deiparæ dicatæ. Deiparæ Blachernarum._ Ædem vero

Deiparæ Blachernianam a Pulcheria Augusta primum ædificatam scribunt

passim scriptores Byzantini. Hanc postmodum de novo instauravit

Justinus senior (V. Procopius de Ædifs., lib. i., c. iii.). Denique

solo tenus incensum fuisse sub Romano Diogene, restauratum postmodum,

novis ornamentis et nova ædificiorum accessione auxit mire Andronicus

senior.—Ducange, lib. iv., pp, 55, 56. (L.)

[10] ‘Deuterum, Δεύτερον, locus et tractus urbis ita

appellatus occurrit sæpe apud scriptores Byzantinos qui in eo ædes

sacras Stæ. Annas, Sti. Georgii, St. Pauli et SS. Notariorum extitisse

narrant.—Procopius scribens haud procul a St. Annæ æde in Deutero aliam

ædificasse Justinianum Zoæ Martyri, ad ultimam urbis plateam.—Porro

Deuterum dictum fuisse, quod secundo milliari a vetere Byzantio

dissitum esset.’—Ducange, lib. ii., p. 133. (L.)

[11] ‘Templum quod Αρχαγγέδον et τὰ Στείρου appellatum fuit, id nominis

sortitum eit, a Patricia quadam sterili, Leone M. Impr. Quum autem

esset parvum oratorium ampliorem ædem ibi excitavit Judinianus M. quam

terræ motu collapsam instauravit Basilius Macedo, qui insuper ablatam

ex Strategio Phialam æream illuc transposuit. Observat porro Maltratus

in margine Procopii περὶ τοῦ ναοῦ τοῦ αὐτομάτου ἐν τῷ Σενατορίῳ—unde

colligitur regionem in qua hæc ædes extructa fuit senatorii nomine

donatam.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 66. (S.)

[12] ‘Assumptus ille in Hormisdas SS. Sergii et Bacchi Monasterio quod

Palatio adjacet.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 93.

[13] ‘Juxta Hormisdæ palatium, ubi priusquam imperium adeptus esset

habitabat Justinianus. Hormisdæ monasterium nuncupatur. Quippe ad

Hormisdæ palatium, quod Imperator factus magno Palatio adjunxit, bina

excitavit templa, quæ a latere cohærebant, et vestibulorum porticus,

atria et propylea communia habebant. Cumque pari invicem decore ac

magnitudine essent, in hoc tamen differebant, quod hujus directa esset

longitudo, illius vero columnæ in semicirculum dispositæ essent fere

omnes, priorem ædem SS. Petro et SS. Paulo, alteram SS. Sergio et

Baccho dicavit.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 93. (L.)

One of the most interesting buildings in Constantinople. It is rightly

called the Little Agia Sofia, as it was the first essay of Justinian,

before he became Emperor, in the style of which the Great Church was

to be the glory. I make no doubt that Anthemius of Tralles was the

architect, and the building has in it many of the peculiarities of the

Church Agia Sofia. It is further interesting as having furnished the

model for the Church of St. Vitale at Ravenna, some of the details in

the latter church being also copied from the Kutchuk Agia Sofia. This

church was dedicated to SS. Sergius and Bacchus.—Mr. Edwin Freshfield,

in _Athenæum_, August 15, 1885, p. 217. (L.)

[14] νἁρθηξ = a reed. (S.)

[15] ‘Sanctorum apostolorum templum, omnium quæ in urbe extiterunt,

post Sophianum celeberrimum et pulcherrimum extruxit Constantinus

Magnus, ut in eo Imperatores Christiani post obitum humarentur.’—V.

Eusebius, lib. iv., de Vita Consti., c. 58; Ducange, lib. iv., p. 71.

Constantine erected it. The walls were covered with marble from

pavement to roof; the nave was ceiled, and the dome, as well as the

roof, was covered with plates of brass. Constantine caused his tomb to

be erected in the centre of the church. It was damaged by an earthquake

soon after its erection, but was repaired by Justinian.—Texier and

Pullan, p. 12.

In 1038 A.D., the Church of the Apostles suffered terribly in an

earthquake, and was pulled down by Mohammed II.—Texier and Pullan,

‘Byzantine Architecture,’ fol. 1864, p. 161. (L.)

[16] ‘S. Acacii qui martyrium passus est Byzantii sub Diocletiano,

ædem ædificavit in Heptascalo Constantinus Magnus. Ædis situm eundem

designant Menæa, ad 4 Junii. Ecclesiam S. Acacii conditam quidem a

Constantino Magno, sed illius nomen ædi primum imposuisse Justinianum.

Justinianus autem hanc a fundamentis instauravit, disjecta priore æde.

Denique cum rursum ruinam minaretur de novo instauratum est a Basilio

Macedone.’—Ducange, lib. iv., pp. 80, 81. (L.)

[17] ‘S. Platonis ædes ab Anastasio Dicoro primum ædificata est, qui

in eam decem columnas sculptas ex Thessalonica intulit, quarum duæ

in Chalceno a Lacapeno postea translatæ sunt. De novo instauratam

a Justiniano. At cum postmodum illius tectum laboraret, novum

confecit, murosque quibus incumbebat, firmiores reddidit Basilius

Macedo.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 92.

[18] ‘S. Mocii Martyris templum, a Constantino Magno ædificatum.

Codinus ait non de novo ædificatam fuisse a Constantino sed cum

fanum esset deorum, illud expurgasse, dejectes simulacris ac

idolis.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 89.

[19] This church is on the same plan as that of Myra.—V. Fergusson, p.

966. (L.)

[20] ‘S. Agathonici templum forma dromica ædificatum a Constantino

Magno. Deinde in Angustiorem formam excitatum a Justiniano. Patriarches

sedisse, coronatosque Imperatores quatuor, tandemque in Magno Palatio,

cui adjacebat, inclusum sub Tiberio Mauricii socero.’—Ducange, lib.

iv., p. 81. (L.)

[21] Κέρας = horn. (S.)

[22] Συκαί = fig-trees. (S.)

[23] The very ancient church at Ratisbon, known as the ‘Alter Dom,’

or ‘Stephan’s Kirchlein,’ is believed to have been originally built

without windows. (S.)

[24] ‘St. Irene Martyris templum, ultra ædem S. Anthimi, ad ipsum Sinus

Ostium ædificavit Justinianus. Verum S. Irenes ædis Sycænæ, seu Sycis

proximæ, non fuit conditor Justinianus sed instaurator.’—Ducange, lib.

iv., p. 103. (L.)

[25] Near the village of Kourou, Cheshmeh.—Murray’s ‘Guide to Turkey

and Asia Minor,’ etc., 1878, p. 106. (L.)

[26] ‘S. Michaelis templum in Anaplo ædificavit Constantinus Magnus.

Cum vero Anaplus proprie dicatur littus Bospori Europæanum, ut alibi

indicatum, locum distinctius designat Cedrenus, ἐν τῷ Ἀναπλῳ καὶ

Σωσθενίῳ. Ædem S. Michaelis Sosthenianam de novo et a fundamentis

instauravit Justinianus Magnus ut et alteram quam in opposito

littore Asiatico ab eodem Constantino Magno ædificatam narrat

Nicephorus.’—Ducange, lib. iv., pp. 130, 131. (L.)

[27] ‘Joannis Baptistæ in Hebdomo templum excitavit Theodosius Magnus

et in eo nuper inventum, et in urbem allatum caput sancti Præcursoris

reposuit rotundo tecto Theodosius Magnus condidit. A Justiniano

excitatam, seu potius instauratam prodit Procopius. Denique hanc rursum

instauravit Basilius Macedo. Ea in latere ad solis ortum pertinente

sita est, a Turcis maxima ex parte diruta, ubi aliquot columnæ marmoreæ

extremam rapinam metuentes supersunt, sed paucæ ex multis ablatis.

Quam, autem illa sumptuosa fuisset cum alia vestigia indicant, tum

cisterna Boni paulò supra eam sita, longa 300 passus, columnis et

concameratione spoliata, in qua nunc horti virent.’—Ducange, lib. iv.,

pp. 68, 69. Cisternam Boni. Cameris cylindricis tectam, extruxit Bonus

Patricius et Magister cui Heraclius Imp., contra Persas profecturus,

urbis custodiam commisit.’—Ducange, lib. i., p. 80. (L.)

[28] ‘Some ruins of this still remain near Fort Yousha, on the Asiatic

shore of the Bosphorus.’—Murray’s ‘Guide,’ p. 118. (L.)

[29] ‘SS. Menæ et Menæi Martyrum ædem excitavit in Hebdomo

Justinianus.’—Ducange, lib. iv., p. 88. (S.)

[30] ‘The finest marbles were taken from the Baths of Zeuxippus, and

used by Mahomet II. for building his Mosque, etc.’—V. Texier and

Pullan, p. 161. (L.)

[31] ‘The dome of a spacious quadrangle was supported on massy pillars;

the pavement and walls encrusted with many coloured marbles—the

emerald green of Laconia, the fiery red, and the white Phrygian stone,

intersected with veins of a sea-green hue: the Mosaic paintings of

the dome and sides represented the glories of the African and Italian

triumphs.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[32] ‘On the Asiatic shore of the Propontis, at a small distance to

the east of Chalcedon, the costly palace and gardens of Heræum were

prepared for the summer residence of Justinian, and more especially of

Theodora.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[33] Now Diarbekr, on the Tigris, about twelve miles from Nisebin.

[34] ‘Military architecture had a special character during the reign of

Justinian, and his successors departed but little from the principles

laid down by the engineers of his time. The walls were flanked with

towers, usually round. The most commanding part was occupied by a

square redoubt defended at the angles by towers. The gates were

protected by an advanced work. The fortifications of many towns in

Mesopotamia, _e.g_. Edessa, date from the time of Justinian, and are

constructed on the same principle.’—Abridged from Texier and Pullan,

pp. 23, 24. (L.)

[35] ‘The fortifications of Dara were almost entirely rebuilt by the

Emperor Anastasius, A.D. 503. Hastily constructed, they fell into ruins

in a few years. Justinian rebuilt the town, A.D. 537. The line of its

ramparts, which were built of large blocks of limestone, can be traced

throughout, certain portions being still 30 feet high.’—Abridged from

Texier and Pullan, p. 53. (L.)

[36] ‘The fortifications of Dara,’ says Gibbon, ‘may represent the

military architecture of the age. The city was surrounded by two walls,

and the interval between them, of fifty paces, afforded a retreat to

the cattle of the besieged. The inner wall was a monument of strength

and beauty: it measured sixty feet from the ground, and the height of

the towers was one hundred feet; the loopholes, from whence an enemy

might be annoyed with missile weapons, were small, but numerous; the

soldiers were placed along the rampart, under the shelter of double

galleries, and a third platform, spacious and secure, was raised on

the summit of the towers. The exterior wall seems to have been less

lofty, but more solid; and each tower was protected by a quadrangular

bulwark. A hard rocky soil resisted the tools of the miners, and on the

south-east, where the ground was more tractable, their approach was

retarded by a new work, which advanced in the shape of a half-moon. The

double and treble ditches were filled with a stream of water; and in

the management of the river, the most skilful labour was employed to

supply the inhabitants, to distress the besiegers, and to prevent the

mischiefs of a natural or artificial inundation.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

See Note, page 58.

[37] ‘The Church of Dara is in a perfect state of preservation owing to

the extreme solidity of its construction—a parallelogram 97·6 by 68·3.

In the interior, the nave, with the adjoining chapels, forms a perfect

square. A building adjoining, supposed to have been the baptistry, is

ruined. Mr. Ainsworth says there are seven or eight churches in the

town.’—Texier and Pullan, p. 52.

[38] Rabdium, near Jezireh-ibn-Omar. A fine old castle. ‘This appears

to be the Rabdium of the Byzantines. The remains of an ancient

bridge are seen crossing the Tigris at a short distance.’—Chesney’s

‘Euphrates.’ (L.)

[39] Mejafarkîn, north-east of Diarbekr. (W.)

[40] Founded by Theodosius II. V. ‘De Bello Persico,’ i. 10.—Gibbon.

(S.) Now probably Ras el ‘Ain on the Khabûr. (W.)

[41] River Aborrhas. The Chaboras at the juncture of the Khabûr and the

Euphrates: the Chaboras of Ptolemy and Pliny and probably the Araxes of

Xenophon; now the Khabûr. (W.)

[42] ‘Circesium, the last Roman station on the Euphrates.’—Gibbon, ch.

xl. (S.) Now Kirkisiah at the juncture of the Khabûr and the Euphrates.

(W.)

[43] ‘La fortification byzantine se composait de plusieurs parties qui

correspondent du _vallum_, _agger_, et _mænium_ des fortifications

Romaines. C’est le τεῖχος, le mur ou la courtine, sur la face

de laquelle s’élèvent les tours; en avant de ce mur s’élève le mur du

parapet, première defense de la courtine, προτείχισμα. Ce mur

est espacé (du τεῖχος) de la courtine d’un quart environ de la

hauteur totale. L’espace compris entre ces deux murs est le péribole

(περίβολος), le chemin couvert. Ce mot est appliqué aussi

au chemin interieur de l’agger qui longe le fossé (τάφρος).

L’agger, qui se compose des terres du fossé, est soutenu par un mur,

quelquefois flanqué de tours, qui est le ἀντιτείχισμα, mur de

l’avant rempart. Les tours (πύργοι), sont appliquées a l’une

et l’autre murailles. La courtine est surmontée d’un parapet. C’est la

partie du remparts qui porte le nom de ἐπιτείχισμα, muraille

supérieure: sur cette muraille sont placés les creneaux,

ἐπάλζεις, qui sont quelquefois réunis par un mur dans la partie

supérieure, et forment des espèces de barbacanes, θυρίδαι,

pour lancer les traits. Le creneau etait quelquefois surmonté d’un

pyramidion, d’autres fois il etait fendu par un encoche pour appuyer le

trait.

‘On ne saurait doubter que la ville d’Edesse n’eut été munie d’un

double rempart; car ces deux parties, προτείχισμα et περίβολος,

sont specialement mentionnées par Procope dans la relation du

siège d’Edesse. C’est la muraille extérieure, ἑκτὸς τεῖχος, qui

soutient l’agger, et par conséquent forme le chemin couvert, ὁ μέγας

περίβολος.’—Texier, ‘Monographe sur l’Edesse.’ (S.) It is now Urfa. (W.)

[44] ‘The text (Procopius) is so conformable to the topography of the

town, that it would appear to have been written on the spot.

‘We do not find, near the banks of the river, any vestige of the

hippodrome mentioned by Procopius in “De Bello Persico,” book i., ch.

xii. (L.) ‘A stranger is struck by the imposing aspect of the ancient

castle; the same which was constructed by Justinian. Its form is that

of a parallelogram, 400 by 200 yards, defended by several square and

two large semi-octagonal towers. The capitals of the two Corinthian

columns are surmounted by blocks of stone which show that they were

intended to have some further decoration—probably the statues of

Justinian and Theodora.—The diameter of each column is nearly two

yards.’—Texier and Pullan, pp. 181-184.

‘In Smith’s “Dict. of Geog.,” it is stated that as late as 1184, there

were fifteen large churches, which fell into the hands of the Saracens.

It was deserted in 1285.

[45] Carrhæ (now Harran), a few miles south of Edessa.

[46] Callinicum, on the Euphrates, and marked on the map as ‘or

Nicephorium,’ at the junction with the river Bilecha (Bilek). (L.)

[47] ‘On voit que l’historien Grec donne indistinctement à cette

place les noms de Βάτνη au singulier, et Βάτναι au pluriel ... La

table de Peutinger donne le nom Batna. Ce qui m’a surtout frappé dans

cette localité, ce sont les vastes carrières qui ont dû fournir à une

exploitation considerable. Une grande partie des materiaux qui ont

servi aux constructions d’Edesse en à sans doubte été tirée.’—‘Edesse

et ses Monuments,’ par Ch. Texier, Membre de l’Institut, Paris, 1859.

(S.)

[48] ‘The ruins present the form of an acute triangle, having its base

resting on the river, whilst its sides climb the acclivity of a conical

hill, and terminate at its summit in a small Acropolis. It was defended

by walls flanked by strong towers, which, as well as the public and

private buildings, were all constructed of fine gypsum (which abounds

along the Euphrates), and are as sharp and fresh as if they had

recently been built.’—‘Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition,’ p. 247,

by F. R. Chesney, London, 1868. 8vo. (L.)

[49] Suri (now Surieh), a few miles west of Callinicum. (W.)

[50] Is this the same as Tetrapyrgia, where St. Sergius was buried? (W.)

[51] Barbalissus (now Kala), at Balis, on the Euphrates. See Ant.

Mart., ‘Itin.,’ xlvii. (W.)

[52] On the Euphrates, now probably Jerablûs, supposed by some to be

the site of Carchemish. (W.)

[53] Hierapolis (Bambych), formerly the capital of Euphratesia, on

west of Euphrates, between Antioch and Edessa. ‘Has no records of its

ancient greatness but its walls, which may be traced all round; cannot

be less than three miles in compass ... with towers of large square

stone, extremely well built. A deep pit of about 100 yards diameter

seemed to have had great buildings all round it, with the pillars and

ruins of which it is now in part filled up, but not so much but that

there was still water in it. Here are a multitude of subterraneous

aqueducts brought to this city. You can ride nowhere about the city

without seeing them.’—Maundrell’s ‘Journey from Aleppo to Euphrates,’

Bohn’s edition, 8vo., p. 507, 1848. (L.)

Hierapolis (Bambij, or Membij). The whole place is now a mass of ruin,

but the outlines of a theatre and stadium can be traced. The lake is

now represented by a deep circular pool, said to be always full of

water. There are several springs in the ruins, and water was also

supplied by ‘Kariz,’ or underground channels. Formerly a centre of

great commercial importance; our word ‘bombazine’ comes from Bambya.

(W. MS. notes, 1881.)

[54] Zeugma, on the right bank of the Euphrates, opposite Biredjik. (W.)

[55] Antiochia, now Antâkieh, founded by Seleucus Nicator. Having been

nearly ruined by an earthquake it was almost rebuilt by Justinian, and

called by him Theodopolis. In A.D. 1163, it is described by Benjamin of

Tudela as a large city very strongly fortified, ‘overlooked by a very

high mountain; a wall surrounds this height, on the summit of which is

situated a well. The inspector of the well distributes the water by

subterranean aqueducts, and thus provides the houses of the principal

inhabitants of the city. The other side of the city is surrounded by

the river.’ A plan of the city is given under ‘Antioch’ in Smith’s

‘Dict. of Antiquities.’

‘The city (the modern Antakieh) covers but a small part of the ground

occupied by the ancient city, though it still contains fourteen mosques.

‘The population in 1836 was under 6,000.

‘The walls of the ancient city are comparatively perfect.

‘From the Acropolis the wall has been carried down the almost vertical

face of the cliff, and after crossing the valley, is made to ascend the

opposite steep hill in a zigzag and extraordinary manner.

‘At the steepest part of the hills these walls necessarily become a

succession of gigantic steps between the towers, which, at some places,

are close to one another.’—‘Narrative of the Euphrates Expedition,’ p.

189, by J. R. Chesney, London, 1868. (L.)

[56] ‘Cyrus, dans la Syrie. Procope rapporte que celle ville fut

fondée par les Juifs. C’est la ville Cyrrhus de Ptolemée dont il fait

la capitale de la Cyrrhestique. Elle était à 2 journées d’Antioche.

Ou la nomine aussi Cyrrhus.’—‘Encyclopédie Méthodique,’ ‘Géographie

Ancienne,’ Paris, 1787. (L.) It is now Chorres, north-west of Aleppo.

(W.)

[57] ‘Chalcis, between Beyrout and Damascus, where there are ruins of

the old city, surrounded by a prostrate wall. Two or three miserable

hovels are now the only representatives of a royal city.’—Porter’s

(Murray’s) ‘Syria and Palestine,’ 1875, p. 515. (L.) Is not the

Northern Chalcis (now Kinnesrin), south-west of Aleppo, intended? It is

mentioned in ‘Itin.,’ Ant., also in Ant. Mart., ‘Itin.’ (W.)

[58] ‘Martyropolis, near the River Nymphæus. Tradition says that it

was founded towards the end of the fifth century by Bishop Maroutha,

who there collected the relics of all the martyrs which could be found

in Armenia, Persia and Syria. It was the capital of Roman Armenia, now

Miafarékyn.’ —Smith’s ‘Dict. of Geography.’ (L.)

[59] Citharizon, now probably Pâlû on the Murad Chai. (W.)

[60] Q.y. Autararizon.

[61] ‘Sebastia (Sivas) regarded by Pliny as not belonging to Pontus,

but to Cappadocia. Its ancient name is unknown. Pompey increased it,

and called it Megalopolis. Its walls were restored by Justinian:

(Procopius). There are ruins of two castles of different epochs. One

appears to have belonged to the kings of Pontus, strengthened by Romans

and rebuilt by Mohammedans.’—Ainsworth’s ‘Journey’ in Chesney, p. 529.

(L.)

[62] Nicopolis now Shabhin Kara Hissar. (W.)

[63] Melitene now Malatia. (W.)

[64] Trapezus now Trebizond. (W.)

[65] Amasea (Amasia). ‘Hamilton found two Hellenic towers of beautiful

construction on the heights. But the greater part of the walls now

standing are Byzantine or Turkish. (See “Researches in Assyria,” vol.

ii., p. 16.) Hamilton explored a passage cut in the rock, about 300

feet, to a small pool of clear cold water.’—Chesney, p. 535. The tombs

described by Strabo remain. They are supposed to have been built by

Mithridates.

[66] Rhizeum now Rizeh, to the east of Trebizond. (W.)

[67] This country was known to the Greeks and Romans as Colchis.

[68] A town of the Lazi or Colchis, founded by a general of Justinian

to keep the Lazi in subjection. Taken by Chosroes, 541; retaken, 551,

by Romans and destroyed. See Procopius, B. Per. and Bel. Got., and

Gibbon. Its ruins are now called Oudjenar. (L.)

‘The sole vestige of Petra subsists in the writings of Procopius and

Agathias.’—Gibbon, ch. xiii. (S.)

[69] Sea of Azof. (W.)

[70] Formerly Dioscurias, on eastern shore of Black Sea. (W.)

[71] Now Anchialo in Eastern Roumelia. (W.)

[72] ‘Under the name of Justiniana Prima, the obscure village of

Tauresium became the seat of an archbishop and a præfect, whose

jurisdiction extended over seven warlike provinces of Illyricum; and

the corrupt appellation of _Giustendil_ still indicates, about twenty

miles south of Sophia, the residence of a Turkish sanjak.’—Gibbon, ch.

xl. (S.)

[73] ‘From the edge of the seashore, through the forests and valleys,

and as far as the summit of the Thessalian Mountains, a strong wall was

continued, which occupied every practical entrance. Instead of a hasty

crowd of peasants, a garrison of 2,000 soldiers was stationed along the

rampart; granaries of corn and reservoirs of water were provided for

their use; and by a precaution that inspired the cowardice which it

foresaw, convenient fortresses were erected for their retreat.’—Gibbon,

ch. xl. (S.)

[74] ‘Six hundred of these forts were built or repaired by the Emperor;

but it seems reasonable to believe, that the far greater part of them

consisted only of a brick or stone tower, in the midst of a square or

circular area, which was surrounded by a wall and ditch, and afforded

in a moment of danger some protection to the peasants and cattle of its

neighbouring villages.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[75] Singidonum, now Belgrade. (W.)

[76] ‘Strabo speaks of the “Iron Gate” as the place where the Danube

ends and the Ister begins. Trajan’s bridge, of twenty or twenty-two

stone piers with wooden arches, was built, A.D. 103, just below the

rapids of the “Iron Gate,” which grind to powder the ice-blocks of

winter, and save the piers from the shock which might otherwise destroy

them.’—Murray’s ‘Handbook of Southern Germany.’ (S.)

[77] Procopius here confounds the Mœsians of Europe with the Mysians of

Asia Minor. The passage alluded to is in Homer’s ‘Iliad,’ ii. 604. (S.)

[78] Mœsia.

[79] ‘The “long wall,” as it was emphatically styled, was a work as

disgraceful in the object, as it was respectable in the execution....

At the distance of only forty miles from the capital, Anastasius was

constrained to establish a last frontier; his long wall of sixty miles,

from the Propontis to the Euxine, proclaimed the impotence of his arms;

and as the danger became more imminent, new fortifications were added

by the indefatigable prudence of Justinian.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[80] Selybria, now Silibri, on Sea of Marmora. (W.)

[81] Heraclea, now Eregli, on Sea of Marmora. (W.)

[82] Rhædestus, now Rodosto, on Sea of Marmora. (W.)

[83] Elæus, near the south-east extremity of the Gallipoli promontory,

opposite the plain of Troy. (W.)

[84] Callipolis, now Gallipoli. The wall was about on the line of the

Gallipoli lines so well known during the Crimean War. (W.)

[85] ‘In an age of freedom and valour, the slightest rampart may

prevent a surprise; and Procopius appears insensible of the superiority

of ancient times, while he praises the solid construction and double

parapet of a wall, whose long arms stretched on either side into

the sea; but whose strength was deemed insufficient to guard the

Chersonesus, if each city, and particularly Gallipoli and Sestus, had

not been secured by their peculiar fortifications.’—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[86] Ænus, now Enos, at the mouth of the Maritza. (W.)

[87] ‘Considerable remains of a church were found on the hill at

Ayasalouk. This was perhaps St. John’s Church, and was in existence

when the Council was held in 431. The Greeks have built for themselves

a small church over the site of an ancient Greek church, which was

possibly the Church of St. John, as that was known to have been

built on a hill.’—‘Ephesus,’ by J. T. Wood, and Society of Biblical

Archæology (London, 1878), p. 332 and ‘Discoveries,’ p. 164.

‘St. John’s, at Ephesus, has been destroyed to its foundation. It was

in the form of a cross, with a dome at the intersection.’—Texier and

Pullan, p. 22. (L.)

[88] Leake, ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ p. 10.

[89] See Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ p. 10.

[90] See Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 8, 10. (S.)

At the south end of the lake (Arcania), beautifully situated, stood the

ruined towers of the famous Nicæa. Seldom have I had a harder day’s

work than in attempting to see and comprehend this ruin of ruins.

‘The grandeur and peculiar beauty of the arts amongst the earlier

Greeks cannot be concealed even in the broken materials.

‘Some parts of the walls are entirely Roman; in others the Cross,

etc., give the date of the earlier Christians. On three of the towers

in the walls of the city are three similar inscriptions. The sign of

the Cross is prefixed to all three: “The Tower of Michael, the Great

King, Emperor in CHRIST.”’—‘Travels in Asia Minor,’ by Sir C. Fellows

(London, 1852), pp. 83, 85.

‘A very small church still stands within the present town, which, from

its mosaic floor and ceiling, may probably be of the date of St. Mark’s

at Venice, or rather of the Byzantine age.

‘Without the walls is a Roman aqueduct, which still supplies the town

with water from the neighbouring mountain.’—Ibid., p. 87. (L.)

[91] Nicomedia, now Ismid. (W.)

[92] Sangaris, now Sakarieh River. The bridge is now some distance from

the river, which has changed its course. (W.)

[93] Leake’s ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 79, 80. (S.)

[94] Leake’s, ‘Tour in Asia Minor,’ pp. 180, 217. (S.)

[95] Leake, p. 215. (S.)

[96] Ibid., p. 214.

[97] ‘The Virgin of Jerusalem might exult in the temple erected by

her imperial votary on a most ungrateful spot, which afforded neither

ground nor materials to the architect,’ etc., etc.—Gibbon, ch. xl. (S.)

[98] See Appendix II.

[99] The church is octagonal. On the east side is an apse; on the

north the main entrance. On five sides there are small chapels, and on

the eighth probably a sixth. There is an inner octagon, which gives

the place some resemblance to that of the Dome of the Rock. The only

capital uncovered was of a debased Corinthian order. The church is

believed to have been built by Justinian _circa_ 533.

Plans by Sir C. W. Wilson are given in the _Quarterly Statement_ of the

Palestine Exploration Fund, 1873, p. 68.

The church is 70·0 inside east and west (inscribed circle of internal

octagon). East apse, 15·0 diameter; side chapels, 27·0 long inside,

with apses 9·0 diameter.

Said by Procopius to have been erected by the Emperor Zeno, not

earlier than 474, to the Blessed Virgin. He says also that Justinian,

after 529, built the external wall (9·0 thick) of the court, forming

a fortress 180 by 230, with chambers built against the wall inside.

One is 11·9 by 14·4 internally (_vide_ Plan).—‘Palestine Exploration

Memoirs,’ vol. ii., p. 189, 190. (L.)

[100] ‘The Vale of Palms by the shore of the Red Sea,’ Gibbon, ch.

xlii.; Stanley, ‘Sinai and Palestine,’ ed. 12, pp. 20, 85, 519. (S.)

[101] Full plans, details and descriptions of the fort and church built

by Justinian at the foot of J. Mûsa are given in the Ordnance Survey of

Sinai. (W.)

[102] Tell es Sultân and Tellûl Abu el ‘Aleik (Roman). Many traces

of ruins. The buildings do not appear to have been large or of fine

masonry. A pillar-shaft nine inches in diameter, of marble, and

fragments of cornices were found; also a capital of the rude Ionic

style common in Byzantine buildings, cut in limestone and much

weathered.

East and south-east there are extensive ruins on the way to

Erîha—mounds, small foundations, and portions of an aqueduct. They do

not appear to be of any great antiquity.

Jericho was inhabited in the fourth and fifth centuries, to which date

the buildings near the Tell are most probably to be ascribed.—See

‘Memoirs, Survey of Western Palestine,’ vol. iii., pp. 173, 223. (L.)

[103] Well of St. Elisæus. May this be Elisha’s spring at ‘Ain es

Sultan? (W.)

[104] The church is interesting as being the only basilica of

Constantine left standing in Palestine.

The atrium is destroyed, but the basilica, consisting of a nave and

four aisles, is almost intact, the original columns and the clerestory

walls, with fragments of glass mosaic (of twelfth century), remaining.

The basilica measures 87 feet east and west by 75 feet north and south.

At the east end is a transept with north and south apses and an east

apse of equal size. The floor of the transept is raised for a width

equal to that of the basilica nave (35 feet). The basilica is separated

by a wall, erected by the Greeks in 1842, from the transept.—‘Palestine

Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. iii., pp. 83-85.

Notwithstanding the slight notice of this city taken by Procopius, the

part taken by Justinian in its adornment is otherwise spoken of in a

very striking manner, and its celebrated basilica, usually stated,

as above, to have been the work of Constantine, has been assigned in

part to Justinian. The eastern part is almost certainly later than

Constantine.

‘The choir, with its three apses, does not seem to be part of the

original arrangement, but to have been added by Justinian when he

renovated—Eutychius says rebuilt—the church.’—Fergusson’s ‘History’

(1867), vol. ii., p. 290.

Eutychius’ account is thus:

‘Jussit etiam Imperator legatum Ecclesiam Bethleemiticam quæ parva fuit

diruere, aliamq, amplam, magnam et pulchram fabricare, adeo ut non

esset Hierosolymis templum ipsâ pulchrius.

‘Perveniens ergo Legatus Hierosolyma, Nosocomium peregrinis condidit,

et Ecclesiam Elenæ perfecit, templaque quæ incenderant Samaritani

instauravit, nec non Monasteria quam plurima extruxit, dirutâque

Ecclesiâ Bethleemiticâ eaudem eo quo jam se habet modo ædificavit.

‘Cumque his omnibus absolutis ad Imperatorem reversus esset, ille,

describe mihi (inquit) quomodo Ecclesiam Bethleemiticam extruxisti.

Quam cum ipsi descripsisset, haud probavit Imperator descriptionem

estam nec ullatinus ipsi placuit, quaré valde ipsi iratus. Acceptos

(inquit) nummos tibi ipsi congessisti, ædificium autem extruxisti

male compactum et Ecclesiam tenebrosam confecisti nullatenus ex mente

mea fabricatam, nec consilium meum secutus es. Capiteque ipsum plecti

jussit.’

Eutychius adds after Omar’s conquest:

‘Deinde Bethleem ad eam visendam prefectus cum adesset orationis tempus

intra Ecclesiam oravit ad arcum Australem.

‘Erat autem arcus totus opere tessellate variegatus. Scripsitque Omar

Patriarchæ syngrapham;—neque mutaretur in eo quiequam.’—Eutychius,

‘Pocock’s Translation’ (Oxford, 1658), vol. ii., pp. 159, 288.

[105] The splendid cistern of St. John on Jordan, mentioned by

Procopius as the work of Justinian, is still visible in an almost

perfect condition. It is 30 feet deep, supported on rows of

piers.—‘Memoirs,’ vol. iii., p. 177.

[106] Tŭbariya (Tiberias). ‘There are the remains of a sea-wall,

and of some portions of a city-wall 12·0 thick; many traces of old

buildings—at one place foundations which appear to belong to a church.

‘Epiphanius, in the fourth century, says that it had long been

inhabited, exclusively by Jews. The Sanhedrim came to Tiberias in the

middle of the second century. Thence it became the central point of

Jewish learning for several centuries. (L.)

‘Justinian rebuilt the walls. These were thrown down by an earthquake

in 1837.’—‘Palestine Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. i., p. 419.

‘The ruins of the ancient town of Tiberias. A great number of fine

granite columns are lying about; also remains of the sea-wall, with

towers. Behind the ruins the cliffs rise steeply, with traces of

fortifications upon them.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly Statement_,

1877, p. 121.

[107] ‘Le Khan dit de Nebi-Younés a été depuis longtemps identifié avec

Porphyreon.

‘Les dunes paraissent cacher des constructions antiques.

‘Quand je passai à Neby-Younés on venait d’ouvrir une de ces dunes,

pour en tirer des pierres de construction. On voyait éventrées de

jolies chambres, peintes présentant des animaux, des paons affrontés,

sous de petits arceaux peints très ornés rappelant la disposition des

canons qu’on trouve en tête des beaux évangeliaires Byzantins.

‘Il est évident qu’il y eut vers cet endroit une ville assez

importante dont la floraison paraît avoir eu lieu surtout à l’époque

Chrétienne.’—‘Mission de Phénicie dirigée,’ par M. Ernest Renan (Paris,

Imprimerie Impériale, 1854), p. 510.

Khaifa, a small town at the foot of Mount Carmel. ‘Some have held

Khaifa to be Sycaminos, and others Porphyreon. There seems to be

some grounds for its identity with Sycaminos, but none for its being

Porphyreon, nor Gath Hefer (Josh. xix. 13), as Benjamin of Tudela has

tried to prove.’—‘Journey in Syria and Palestine in 1851-2,’ by C. W.

M. Van de Velde (8vo., 1854), vol. i., p. 289.

‘All that is left of the ancient town of Porphyreon is a single granite

column, with a sarcophagus. A Phœnician site has been replaced by a

few tamarisks beside a Moslem well.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly

Statement_, 1874, p. 199.

‘The Crusaders called Haifa (at the foot of Carmel) Porphyreon. The

real town of this name, which was derived from the purple of the Murex

there caught, was eight Roman miles from Sidon towards the north, and

just south of the river Tamyras (Nahr Damûr).’—Palestine Exploration

_Quarterly Statement_, 1876, p. 188.

[108] Acre (Ptolemais). ‘There are many fragments of Crusading masonry

in the town. A small chapel near the sea, of this nature, has been

identified with the Church of St. Andrew. There are also remains

of the Hospital of the Knights of St. John and Church of St. John.

Apian (given p. 163 of the ‘Memoirs’) dated 1291 contains notes of

many churches and monasteries, but nothing referring to St. Sergius’

house.’—‘Palestine Exploration Memoirs,’ vol. i., pp. 160-167.

[109] ‘A large city of Syria, on the Orontes, called Pella by Seleucus

Nicator, who fortified and enlarged it. In the Crusading times it bore

the name of Tamieh—now Kŭlat el Medîk. There are large remains of

ancient ruins.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography.’ (L.)

[110] This is the celebrated Daphne (now Beit El Ma), near Antioch

(Theopolia). (W.)

[111] ‘Dr. Robinson identifies the site of Tell Neby Mendeh with the

Laodicea of Lebanon (also called Laodicea Cabiosa, Καβιώσα),

mentioned by Ptolemy and Polybius—one of six towns founded _circa_

300 B.C. by Seleucus Nicator, in honour of his mother Laodice. It was

eighteen M. P. from Emesa (Homs) on the road to Heliopolis (Baalbeck).

(W.)

‘It is a great mound.

‘The principal ruins are on the flat ground east of the mill—the

foundations of a building called El Kamû’a, about 50 by 50 feet,

with remains of a doorway in the south-east corner. Some broken

pillar-shafts lie near, and the walls appear to have been ornamented

with pilasters in low relief. The details appear to belong to a late

period of classic art.

‘These probably are the remains of the Laodicea of later times. This

city was the see of a bishop.’—Palestine Exploration _Quarterly

Statement_, 1881, pp. 162, 167. (L.)

[112] Isauria. A district in Asia Minor to the south of Iconium. (W.)

[113] Now probably Karioon, about 15 miles from Alexandria. (L.)

[114] ‘Discoveries at Cyrene,’ by Capt. R. M. Smith, R.E., and

Commander E. A. Porcher, R.N. (fol., London, 1864). At page 6 a map of

the coast is given, and also a plan, to a small scale, of Ptolemeta,

Apollonia, Teuchira and Ben Ghazi (Berenice). The five cities

(Pentapolis) of Cyrenaica were Apollonia, Barca, Berenice or Hesperis,

Cyrene and Teuchira.

[115] ‘A town in the Libyan Nome, west of the Delta, and about 25 miles

from Alexandria. There were probably several places of this name in

Egypt, but this appears to have been the most considerable, inasmuch as

it was the place where the prefect of Alexandria held the periodical

census of the Libyan Nome.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography,’ 1857.

(L.)

[116] ‘Tocra, the ancient Teuchria, afterwards called Arsinöe, which,

although totally deserted, is still completely enclosed, except on

the sea or north side, by walls of uncommon solidity and thickness,

strengthened at intervals by quadrangular towers, twenty-six in number,

and is entered by two strong-built gateways.... The walls were repaired

by Justinian, in doing which blocks of stone and marble have been

introduced, many bearing Greek inscriptions, which evidently formed

part of much older buildings.’—Eng. Cycl., _s.v._ ‘Cyrene.’ (S.)

A plan of the remains of Taucra or Teuchira is given in Capt. Beechey’s

‘North Coast of Africa,’ p. 388 (4to., 1828). He states, p. 353, that

the walls repaired under the Emperor Justinian still remain in a state

of perfection which sufficiently proves the solidity of the work. A

long account of the city and its walls is given at p. 375, etc. Also

in Smith and Porcher’s ‘Discoveries at Cyrene’ (1864), p. 64, where

Justinian’s walls are particularly mentioned.

[117] ‘Scarcely a vestige of the wall remains.’—Eng. Cycl. _s.v._

‘Bengazi.’

[118] Berenice, about 40 miles to south-west of Barca. Here the

ancients placed the gardens of the Hesperides—now Ben Ghazi. (Beechey,

p. 314.) Bengazi may be considered as occupying the site of the

Berenice of the Ptolemies and of the Hesperis of earlier times; but

very few remains now appear above ground to interest the sculptor, the

architect or the antiquary.—J. Pennell’s ‘Herodotus’ (4to., London,

1800), p. 154.

Of the ancient city very few remains are now visible. ‘At the back of

the castle, some foundations may be seen cropping out, but the tomb

of a saint prevents any excavations being made.’—Smith and Porcher’s

‘Discoveries at Cyrene’ (1864), p. 13.

‘Bengazi, the ancient Berenice, built by Ptolemy Philadelphus.

Nothing now remains but its port, which is certainly the best on the

coast of Tripoli.’ ‘On the north there are still to be seen, beyond

seamark, the foundations of several large buildings, of stones 8 or

10 feet long and 3 broad, which, by their own weight and being bound

by strong cement, have preserved their places.’—Lieut.-Col. Playfair,

‘Travels in the Footsteps of Bruce’ (4to., London, 1877.)

[119] Ptolemaïs (Ptolemeta), now Dolmeita. V. Beechey, p. 376. He

gives, at p. 338, etc., a plan of the city and environs, and also

drawings of some of the ruins. The city was something less than a

mile in length from north to south, and its breadth from east to west

something more than three-quarters. Captain Beechey describes the

remains of the walls to the city and harbour, of two theatres, an

amphitheatre, and various buildings of more than ordinary consequence.

‘Some of the shafts of small columns are spiral and formed of coloured

marbles, and may probably be attributed to the time of Justinian, when

the city revived under his politic munificence.’

Lieut.-Col. Playfair, ‘Footsteps of Bruce’ (1877), pp. 288, 289, gives

a good account also.

Smith and Porcher, pp. 64, 66, give drawings of ruins. ‘At a point

nearly opposite the centre of the east wall, the ravine is spanned by

the arch of a bridge still standing, which appears to have been built

for an aqueduct which we could trace distinctly for some distance

from the city. Within the walls the aqueduct led in the direction of

enormous reservoirs near the centre of the city.’ Messrs. Smith and

Porcher describe them as consisting of six chambers, each chamber too

feet long and 20 broad, arched over. The repairs to the aqueduct and

cisterns are ascribed by Procopius to Justinian. (L.)

[120] ‘Several of the buildings are partly standing, such as a lofty

gateway, an amphitheatre, two theatres, a palace or large building, the

inner court of which still retains its tesselated pavement.’—Eng. Cycl.

_s.v._ ‘Cyrene.’ (S.)

[121] ‘The exact position of this S. Borium it is difficult to

determine.’—Smith’s ‘Dictionary of Geography.’

[122] Augila (now Aujilah). ‘Its historical importance is considerable,

and it is one of those few places whose name has not undergone change

since Herodotus wrote.’—Rennell’s ‘Herodotus,’ pp. 568-613 (4to.,

1800). (L.)

[123] Leptis Magna. ‘The city appears to have been comprehended within

little more than a square half-mile of ground. The actual remains are

still sufficient to be somewhat imposing; but they are for the most

part so deeply buried under the sand which ten centuries of neglect

have allowed to accumulate over them, that plans of them could not be

obtained without very extensive excavations. The style of the buildings

is universally Roman.’ The walls and fortifications, probably restored

by Justinian, were finally demolished by the Saracens. From that time

the city appears to have been wholly abandoned and its remains employed

in the construction of Modern Tripoli.—‘North Coast of Africa,’ by

Beechey (4to., London, 1828), pp. 52, 54.

Lieut.-Col. Playfair, p. 283, describes the remains thus: ‘Libidah, the

ancient town of Leptis Magna, three days’ journey from Tripoli where

there are a great extent of ruins, but all in bad taste—chiefly done in

the lime of Aurelian—indeed very bad. It is said that in the time of

Louis XIV. seven monstrous columns of granite or marble were carried

from this place into France.’ Bruce also states that he saw several

statues of good taste which had been deprived of their heads. (L.)

[124] Tacape. ‘Gabes: this was the Epichus of Sylax and the Tacape of

other ancient geographers; where we have a heap of ruins with some

beautiful granite pillars still standing. These are all square and

about 12 feet long, and such as I have not met with in any other part

of Africa.’—Shaw’s ‘Travels in Barbary,’ p. 113. (L.)

[125] Carthage. Shaw, p. 81, etc., of his ‘Travels in Barbary,’

describes the remains of Carthage existing in his time (_circa_ 1750),

in particular the great cistern (of which he gives a plan at p. 75),

‘which had very little suffered,’ and ‘the famous aqueduct, a great

part whereof is still standing:’—‘We see—a long range of its arches,

all of them intact, 70 feet high, supported by columns 16 feet

square ... the channel being high and broad enough for an ordinary

person to walk in.’

Bruce says, ‘We passed ancient Carthage, of which little remains but

the cisterns, the aqueduct, and a magnificent flight of steps leading

up to the Temple of Esculapius.’ He gives (p. 130) a drawing of the

aqueduct, which Col. Playfair describes ‘as one of the greatest works

the Romans ever executed in North Africa.’ ‘It was destroyed by the

Vandals, restored by Belisarius, the general of Justinian. On the

expulsion of the Byzantines it was once more cut off, restored by the

Arabs, again destroyed by the Spaniards, and finally restored by the

present Bey, Sidi Saduk, at a cost of 13,000,000 francs.’—Lieut.-Col.

Playfair in ‘Footsteps of Bruce,’ p. 128.

[126] Baga. ‘The city of Beja or Bay-jah, which by the name and

situation should be the Vacca of Sallust, the Oppidum Vagense of Pliny,

the ΒΑΓΑ of Plutarch, and the Vaccensium ordo Splendissimus,

as the title runs in an imperfect inscription.’ ‘Bay-jah keeps up the

character that Sallust gives his Vacca of being a town of great trade.’

‘The walls are raised out of the ancient materials.’—Shaw’s ‘Travels in

Barbary,’ p. 92.

‘The ancient city was surrounded by a wall, flanked by square towers—no

doubt this was originally constructed by the Byzantines—but were

allowed by the Arabs to fall into decay. The only part in a relative

state of preservation is the Kasba, a great part of which seems to me

the original construction of Belisarius or Solomon.’ It contains ‘a

large and lofty hall, about 15 paces long and 10 wide, with a vaulted

roof supported on two square pillars.’—Lieut.-Col. Playfair, p. 234.

(L.)

[127] Adrumetus. ‘Herkla—the Heraclea of the lower empire, the

Justiniana of the middle, and the Adrumetum of the earlier ages.‘ ‘It

appears to have been little more than a mile in circuit.’ ‘That part of

the promontory which formed the port seems to have been walled in quite

down to the seashore; but the rest of it, to a distance of a furlong

from thence, does not discover the least traces of ruins.’—Shaw’s

‘Travels in Barbary,’ pp. 105, 106. (L.)

[128] Ca-poudia, the Caput Veda of Procopius, the Ammonis Promontorium

of Strabo, and the Promontorium Brachodes of Ptolemy—a low narrow strip

of land which stretches itself a great way into the sea. Upon the very

point of it we have the ruins of the city that was built there by

Justinian, where there is likewise a high round watch-tower.’—Shaw’s

‘Travels in Barbary,’ p. 111. (L.)

[129] ‘Of the Vandals chosen by Belisarius, the far greater part, in

the honours of the Eastern service, forgot their country and religion.

But a generous band of four hundred obliged the mariners, when they

were within sight of the Isle of Lesbos, to alter their course: they

touched at Peloponnesus, ran ashore on a desert coast of Africa, and

boldly erected on mount Aurasius the standard of independence and

revolt.’—Gibbon, ch. xliii. (S.)

Aurasius. The Auris Mountains. The inhabitants still retain some marked

peculiarities which distinguish them from the surrounding people. (W.)

[130] Septem or Ceuta.