59. Q. Where are many of these one-celled plants found? A. In the green
slime which grows on stones and on boards in damp places.
60. Q. What is one of the simplest forms, often found in rain-water
casks, called? A. The protococcus.
61. Q. What are the unicellular plants most interesting to those who
study with the microscope? A. Diatoms.
62. Q. In the living state where are diatoms found abundantly? A. In
every pond, rivulet, ocean and rock-pool.
63. Q. What do they form in a fossil state? A. Large strata of rock
material.
64. Q. What are thallogens? A. Plants composed of a tissue of cells, or
bioplasts, but with no clear distinction of stem, root and leaves.
65. Q. What three classes are included under this type? A. Algæ, or
sea-weeds; Lichens, or the dry, leafy, or mossy patches on trees, stones,
etc.; and Fungi, or mushrooms, molds, and their allies.
66. Q. Into what three orders have Algæ, or sea-weeds, been divided? A.
The red, the olive and the green sea-weeds.
67. Q. How are Fungi regarded by some scientists? A. As neither animal
nor vegetable, but forming a sort of third kingdom.
68. Q. What seems to be the principal business of the Fungi? A. The
removal of the waste material of both animal and vegetable life.
69. Q. What are Acrogens? A. Plants which grow at the summit only, and
not in diameter.
70. Q. What plants do we find in fresh-water ponds and rivers, growing in
tangled masses of dull green color that illustrate the manner of growth
in the type of Acrogens? A. Stone-worts, consisting of two genera, Chara
and Nitella.
71. Q. What are the nodes, and what the internodes in the stone-worts? A.
The points on the axis, or stem, from which the branchlets spring, are
called nodes, and the intervening parts are internodes.
72. Q. How is each internode formed? A. By the growth and elongation of
single cells.
73. Q. How are the branchlets produced? A. By the sub-division of single
cells.
74. Q. What other families of plants are examples of Acrogens? A. Ferns
and Mosses.
75. Q. What are Endogens? A. Plants whose vessels and woody fibers first
grow within the stem. The seed has but a single lobe, or cotyledon.
76. Q. What families of plants are found in the type of Endogens? A.
Grasses, Rushes, Lilies, and Palms, with similar families.
77. Q. In the growing plant what part grows from the axis upward, and
what part from the axis downward? A. The stem grows from the axis upward,
and the root downward.
78. Q. What is the root formed by the downward elongation of the axis
called? A. It is called the primary root.
79. Q. What is the stem of a plant? A. That part which bears the leaves,
flowers, and fruit.
80. Q. What is the length of life of the stem and roots? A. It may be
only a single year, or annual; two years, or biennial; or a number of
years, or perennial.
81. Q. What are thorns? A. Undeveloped branches, and many plants which
are thorny when wild are not so under cultivation.
82. Q. Of what are leaves constituted? A. Cells, with cavities,
fibro-vascular bundles and epidermis.
83. Q. How do the veins in the leaves of Endogens differ from those in
the leaves of Exogens? A. They are generally parallel or straight in
Endogens, and do not form a network as in Exogens.
84. Q. What are five of the names given to leaves according to their
shapes? A. Lanceolate, or narrow and tapering; oblong, or narrow and
not tapering; cordate, or heart-shaped; sagittate, or arrow-shaped; and
ovate, or egg-shaped.
85. Q. What is the function or use of leaves? A. To expose the juices of
the plant to light and air, and thus aid in forming the woody matter of
the stem and the various secretions.
86. Q. What constitute a plant’s organs of nutrition? A. The root, stem
and leaves.
87. Q. What is the flower of a plant? A. It is the organ, or assemblage
of organs, for the production of the seed.
88. Q. What are the four whorls in which the parts of a flower are
usually arranged called? A. The outer whorl is the calyx, the next the
corolla, the third the stamens, and the innermost the pistil.
89. Q. To what is the term fruit applied in botanical language? A. To the
mature, perfect pistil, whether dry or succulent.
90. Q. What nutritious grains are classed among the family of Endogens
called grasses? A. Wheat, barley, oats, rice and Indian corn.
91. Q. What other families are noted members of the type of Endogens? A.
Palms and bananas.
92. Q. What are some of the other families of the type of Endogens? A.
The orchid, the lily and the bulrushes.
93. Q. What are Exogens? A. Plants whose woody fibres grow in outer
layers. The seed has two lobes, or cotyledons.
94. Q. How many different species are included in this type? A. About
seventy thousand.
95. Q. What are Incomplete Exogens? A. Those whose flowers have no
corolla. They are of two kinds.
96. Q. What are the first kind? A. Those whose seeds are naked, as in the
cone-bearing family, consisting of the fir and spruce tribe, the cypress
tribe, and similar plants.
97. Q. What are the second kind? A. Those whose seeds are contained in
the ovary, as the amaranth, buckwheat, laurel, nettle, fig, and the
catkin-bearing family.
98. Q. What are some of the plants in the next sub-division of the type
of Endogens, those whose flowers have both calyx and corolla? A. The
honeysuckle, teasel, lobelia, convolvulus, primrose, and labiate and
composite families.
99. Q. What are some of the families of plants found in another class of
Exogens that also have calyx and corolla, but the corolla has distinct
petals, and the stamens are attached to the calyx? A. The umbelliferous,
the leguminous, and the cactus families.
100. Q. What are the distinguishing characteristics of the highest class,
or the most perfect Exogens? A. The calyx and the corolla are present,
the petals are distinct and inserted into the receptacle, and the stamens
grow from beneath the ovary.