Take half an ounce of samphire, dissolve it in two ounces of
aquaevitae, add to it one ounce of quicksilver, one ounce of liquid
storax, which is the droppings of Myrrh and hinders the camphire from
firing; take also two ounces of hematitus, a red stone to be had at the
druggist's, and when you buy it let them beat it to powder in their
great mortar, for it is so very hard that it cannot be done in a small
one; put this to the afore-mentioned composition, and when you intend
to walk on the bar you must annoint your feet well therewith, and you
may walk over without danger: by this you may wash your hands in
boiling lead.
This was the secret modus operandi made use of by Richardson, the first
notably successful fire artist to appear in Europe, and it was
disclosed by his servant.[1]
Hone's Table Book, London, 1827, page 315, gives Richardson's method as
follows:
It consisted only in rubbing the hands and thoroughly washing the
mouth, lips, tongue, teeth and other parts which were to touch the
fire, with pure spirits of sulphur. This burns and cauterizes the
epidermis or upper skin, till it becomes as hard and thick as leather,
and each time the experiment is tried it becomes still easier. But if,
after it has been very often repeated the upper skin should grow so
callous and hard as to become troublesome, washing the parts affected
with very warm water, or hot wine, will bring away all the shrivelled
or parched epidermis. The flesh, however, will continue tender and
unfit for such business till it has been frequently rubbed over with
the same spirit.
This preparation may be rendered much stronger and more efficacious by
mixing equal quantities of spirit of sulphur, sal ammoniac, essence of
rosemary and juice of onions. The bad effects which frequently
swallowing red-hot coals, melted sealing wax, rosin, brimstone and
other calcined and inflammable matter, might have had upon his stomach
were prevented by drinking plentifully of warm water and oil, as soon
as he left the company, till he had vomited it all up again.
This anecdote was communicated to the author of the Journal des Savants
by Mr. Panthot, Doctor of Physics and Member of the College at Lyons.
It appeared at the time Powell was showing his fire-eating stunts in
London, and the correspondent naively added:
Whether Mr. Powell will take it kindly of me thus to have published his
secret I cannot tell; but as he now begins to drop into years, has no
children that I know of and may die suddenly, or without making a will,
I think it a great pity so genteel an occupation should become one of
the artes perditae, as possibly it may, if proper care is not taken,
and therefore hope, after this information, some true-hearted
ENGLISHMAN will take it up again, for the honor of his country, when he
reads in the newspapers, "Yesterday, died, much lamented, the famous
Mr. Powell. He was the best, if not the only, fire-eater in the world,
and it is greatly to be feared that his art is dead with him."
After a couple of columns more in a similar strain, the correspondent
signs himself Philopyraphagus Ashburniensis. In his History of
Inventions, Vol. III, page 272, 1817 edition, Beckmann thus describes
the process:
The deception of breathing out flames, which at present excites, in a
particular manner, the astonishment of the ignorant, is very ancient.
When the slaves in Sicily, about a century and a half before our era,
made a formidable insurrection, and avenged themselves in a cruel
manner, for the severities which they had suffered, there was amongst
them a Syrian named Eunus--a man of great craft and courage; who having
passed through many scenes of life, had become acquainted with a
variety of arts. He pretended to have immediate communication with the
gods; was the oracle and leader of his fellow-slaves; and, as is usual
on such occasions confirmed his divine mission by miracles. When heated
by enthusiasm and desirous of inspiring his followers with courage, he
breathed flames or sparks among them from his mouth while he was
addressing them. We are told by historians that for this purpose he
pierced a nut shell at both ends, and, having filled it with some
burning substance, put it into his mouth and breathed through it. This
deception, at present, is performed much better. The juggler rolls
together some flax or hemp, so as to form a ball about the size of a
walnut; sets it on fire; and suffers it to burn until it is nearly
consumed; he then rolls round it, while burning, some more flax; and by
these means the fire may be retained in it for a long time. When he
wishes to exhibit he slips the ball unperceived into his mouth, and
breathes through it; which again revives the fire, so that a number of
weak sparks proceed from it; and the performer sustains no hurt,
provided he inspire the air not through the mouth, but the nostrils.
By this art the Rabbi Bar-Cocheba, in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian,
made the credulous Jews believe that he was the hoped-for Messiah; and
two centuries after, the Emperor Constantius was thrown into great
terror when Valentinian informed him that he had seen one of the
body-guards breathing out fire and flames in the evening.
Since Beckmann wrote, the method of producing smoke and sparks from the
mouth has been still further improved. The fire can now be produced in
various ways. One way is by the use of a piece of thick cotton string
which has been soaked in a solution of nitre and then thoroughly dried.
This string, when once lighted, burns very slowly and a piece one inch
long is sufficient for the purpose. Some performers prefer a small
piece of punk, as it requires no preparation. Still others use tinder
made by burning linen rags, as our forefathers used to do. This will
not flame, but merely smoulders until the breath blows it into a glow.
The tinder is made by charring linen rags, that is, burning them to a
crisp, but stopping the combustion before they are reduced to ashes.
Flames from the lips may be produced by holding in the mouth a sponge
saturated with the purest gasoline. When the breath is exhaled sharply
it can be lighted from a torch or a candle. Closing the lips firmly
will extinguish the flame. A wad of oakum will give better results
than the sponge.
Natural gas is produced as simply. A T-shaped gas pipe has three or
four gas tips on the cross-piece. The long end is placed in the mouth,
which already holds concealed a sponge, or preferably a ball of oakum,
saturated with pure gasoline. Blowing through the pipe will force the
gas through the tips, where it can be ignited with a match. It will
burn as long as the breath lasts.
In a London periodical, The Terrific Record, appears a reprint from the
Mercure de France, giving an account of experiments in Naples which led
to the discovery of the means by which jugglers have appeared to be
incombustible. They first gradually habituate the skin, the mouth,
throat and stomach to great degrees of heat, then they rub the skin
with hard soap. The tongue is also covered with hard soap and over that
a layer of powdered sugar. By this means an investigating professor
was enabled to reproduce the wonders which had puzzled many scientists.
The investigating professor in all probability, was Professor
Sementini, who experimented with Lionetto. I find an account of
Sementini's discoveries in an old newspaper clipping, the name and date
of which have unfortunately been lost:
Sementini's efforts, after performing several experiments upon himself,
were finally crowned with success. He found that by friction with
sulphuric acid deluted with water, the skin might be made insensible to
the action of the heat of red-hot iron; a solution of alum, evaporated
till it became spongy, appeared to be more effectual in these
frictions. After having rubbed the parts which were thus rendered in
some degree insensible, with hard soap, he discovered, on the
application of hot iron, that their insensibility was increased. He
then determined on again rubbing the parts with soap, and after that
found that the hot iron not only occasioned no pain but that it
actually did not burn the hair.
Being thus far satisfied, the Professor applied hard soap to his tongue
until it became insensible to the heat of the iron; and having placed
an ointment composed of soap mixed with a solution of alum upon it,
burning oil did not burn it; while the oil remained on the tongue a
slight hissing was heard, similar to that of hot iron when thrust into
water; the oil soon cooled and might then be swallowed without danger.
Several scientific men have since repeated the experiments of Professor
Sementini, but we would not recommend any except professionals to try
the experiments.
Liquid storax is now used to anoint the tongue when red-hot irons are
to be placed in the mouth. It is claimed that with this alone a
red-hot poker can be licked until it is cold.
Another formula is given by Griffin, as follows: 1 bar ivory soap, cut
fine, 1 pound of brown sugar, 2 ounces liquid storax (not the gum).
Dissolve in hot water and add a wine-glassful of carbolic acid. This
is rubbed on all parts liable to come in contact with the hot articles.
After anointing the mouth with this solution rinse with strong vinegar.
No performer should attempt to bite off red-hot iron unless he has a
good set of teeth. A piece of hoop iron may be prepared by bending it
back and forth at a point about one inch from the end, until the
fragment is nearly broken off, or by cutting nearly through it with a
cold chisel. When the iron has been heated red-hot, the prepared end
is taken between the teeth, a couple of bends will complete the break.
The piece which drops from the teeth into a dish of water will make a
puff of steam and a hissing sound, which will demonstrate that it is
still very hot.
The mystery of the burning cage, in which the Fire King remains while a
steak is thoroughly cooked, is explained by Barnello as follows:
Have a large iron cage constructed about 4 x 6 feet, the bottom made of
heavy sheet iron. The cage should stand on iron legs or horses. Wrap
each of the bars of the cage with cotton batting saturated with oil.
Now take a raw beefsteak in your hand and enter the cage, which is now
set on fire. Remain in the cage until the fire has burned out, then
issue from the cage with the steak burned to a crisp.
Explanation: On entering the cage the performer places the steak on a
large iron hook which is fastened in one of the upper corners. The
dress worn is of asbestos cloth with a hood that completely covers the
head and neck. There is a small hole over the mouth through which he
breathes.
As soon as the fire starts the smoke and flames completely hide the
performer from the spectators, and he immediately lies down on the
bottom of the cage, placing the mouth over one of the small air holes
in the floor of the same.
Heat always goes up and will soon cook the steak.
I deduce from the above that the performer arises and recovers the
steak when the fire slackens but while there is still sufficient flame
and smoke to mask his action.
It is obvious that the above explanation covers the baker's oven
mystery as well. In the case of the oven, however, the inmate is
concealed from start to finish, and this gives him much greater
latitude for his actions. M. Chabert made the oven the big feature of
his programme and succeeded in puzzling many of the best informed
scientists of his day.
Eating coals of fire has always been one of the sensational feats of
the Fire Kings, as it is quite generally known that charcoal burns with
an extremely intense heat. This fervent lunch, however, like many of
the feasts of the Fire Kings, is produced by trick methods. Mixed with
the charcoal in the brazier are a few coals of soft white pine, which
when burnt look exactly like charcoal. These will not burn the mouth
as charcoal will. They should be picked up with a fork which will
penetrate the pine coals, but not the charcoal, the latter being
brittle.
Another method of eating burning coals employs small balls of burned
cotton in a dish of burning alcohol. When lifted on the fork these
have the appearance of charcoal, but are harmless if the mouth be
immediately closed, so that the flame is extinguished.
In all feats of fire-eating it should be noted that the head is thrown
well back, so that the flame may pass out of the open mouth instead of
up into the roof, as it would if the head were held naturally.
To drink burning oil set fire to a small quantity of kerosene in a
ladle. Into this dip an iron spoon and bring it up to all appearance,
filled with burning oil, though in reality the spoon is merely wet with
the oil. It is carried blazing to the mouth, where it is tipped, as if
to pour the oil into the mouth, just as a puff of breath blows out all
the flame. The process is continued until all the oil in the ladle has
been consumed; then the ladle is turned bottom up, in order to show
that all the oil has been drunk. A method of drinking what seems to be
molten lead is given in the Chambers' Book of Days, 1863, Vol. II, page
278:
The performer taking an iron spoon, holds it up to the spectators, to
show that it is empty; then, dipping it into a pot containing melted
lead, he again shows it to the spectators full of the molten metal;
then, after putting the spoon in his mouth, he once more shows it to be
empty; and after compressing his lips, with a look expressive of pain,
he, in a few moments, ejects from his mouth a piece of lead impressed
with the exact form of his teeth. Ask a spectator what he saw, and he
will say that the performer took a spoonful of molten lead, placed it
in his mouth, and soon afterwards showed it in a solid state, bearing
the exact form and impression of his teeth. If deception be
insinuated, the spectator will say. "No! Having the evidence of my
senses, I cannot be deceived; if it had been a matter of opinion I
might, but seeing, you know, is believing." Now the piece of lead, cast
from a plaster mould of the performer's teeth, has probably officiated
in a thousand previous performances, and is placed in the mouth between
the gum and the cheek, just before the trick commences. The spoon is
made with a hollow handle containing quicksilver, which, by a simple
motion, can be let run into the bowl, or back again into the handle at
will.
The spoon is first shown with the quicksilver concealed in the handle,
the bowl is then dipped just within the rim of the pot containing the
molten lead, but not into the lead itself, and, at the same instant the
quicksilver is allowed to run into the bowl. The spoon is then shown
with the quicksilver (which the audience takes to be the melted lead)
in the bowl, and when placed in the mouth, the quicksilver is again
allowed to run into the handle.
The performer, in fact, takes a spoonful of nothing, and soon after
exhibits the lead bearing the impression of the teeth.
Molten lead, for fire-eating purposes, is made as follows:
Bismuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 oz.
Lead. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 oz.
Block tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 oz.
Melt these together. When the metal has cooled, a piece the size of a
silver quarter can be melted and taken into the mouth and held there
until it hardens. This alloy will melt in boiling water.
Robert-Houdin calls it Arcet's metal, but I cannot find the name
elsewhere.
The eating of burning brimstone is an entirely fake performance. A
number of small pieces of brimstone are shown, and then wrapped in
cotton which has been saturated with a half-and-half mixture of
kerosene and gasoline, the surplus oil having been squeezed out so
there shall be NO DRIP. When these are lighted they may be held in the
palm of any hand which has been anointed with one of the fire mixtures
described in this chapter. Then throw back the head, place the burning
ball in the mouth, and a freshly extinguished candle can be lighted
from the flame. Close the lips firmly, which will extinguish the
flame, then chew and pretend to swallow the brimstone, which can
afterwards be removed under cover of a handkerchief.
Observe that the brimstone has not been burned at all, and that the
cotton protects the teeth. To add to the effect, a small piece of
brimstone may be dropped into the furnace, a very small piece will
suffice to convince all that it is the genuine article that is being
eaten.
To cause the face to appear in a mass of flame make use of the
following: mix together thoroughly petroleum, lard, mutton tallow and
quick lime. Distill this over a charcoal fire, and the liquid which
results can be burned on the face without harm.[2]
To set paper on fire by blowing upon it, small pieces of wet phosphorus
are taken into the mouth, and a sheet of tissue paper is held about a
foot from the lips. While the paper is being blown upon the phosphorus
is ejected on it, although this passes unnoticed by the spectators, and
as soon as the continued blowing has dried the phosphorus it will
ignite the paper.
Drinking boiling liquor is accomplished by using a cup with a false
bottom, under which the liquor is retained.
A solution of spermaceti in sulphuric ether tinged with alkanet root,
which solidifies at 50 degrees F., and melts and boils with the heat of
the hand, is described in Beckmann's History of Inventions, Vol. II.,
page 121.
Dennison's No. 2 sealing wax may be melted in the flame of a candle
and, while still blazing, dropped upon the tongue without causing a
burn, as the moisture of the tongue instantly cools it. Care must be
used, however, that none touches the hands or lips. It can be chewed,
and apparently swallowed, but removed in the handkerchief while wiping
the lips.
The above is the method practiced by all the Fire-Eaters, and
absolutely no preparation is necessary except that the tongue must be
well moistened with saliva.
Barnello once said, "A person wishing to become a Fire-Eater must make
up his or her mind to suffer a little at first from burns, as there is
no one who works at the business but that gets burns either from
carelessness or from accident."
This is verified by the following, which I clip from the London Globe
of August 11th, 1880:
Accident to a Fire-Eater. A correspondent telegraphs: A terrible
scene was witnessed in the market place, Leighton Buzzard, yesterday.
A travelling Negro fire eater was performing on a stand, licking
red-hot iron, bending heated pokers with his naked foot, burning tow in
his mouth, and the like. At last he filled his mouth with benzolene,
saying that he would burn it as he allowed it to escape. He had no
sooner applied a lighted match to his lips than the whole mouthful of
spirit took fire and before it was consumed the man was burned in a
frightful manner, the blazing spirit running all over his face, neck
and chest as he dashed from his stand and raced about like a madman
among the assembled crowd, tearing his clothing from him and howling in
most intense agony. A portion of the spirit was swallowed and the
inside of his mouth was also terribly burnt. He was taken into a
chemist's shop and oils were administered and applied, but afterwards
in agonizing frenzy he escaped in a state almost of nudity from a
lodging house and was captured by the police and taken to the
work-house infirmary, where he remains in a dreadful condition.
REMEMBER! Always have a large blanket at hand to smother flames in
burning clothing--also a bucket of water and a quantity of sand. A
siphon of carbonic water is an excellent fire extinguisher.
The gas of gasoline is heavier than air, so a container should never be
held ABOVE a flame. Keep kerosene and gasoline containers well corked
and at a distance from fire.
Never inhale breath while performing with fire. FLAME DRAWN INTO THE
LUNGS IS FATAL TO LIFE.
So much for the entertaining side of the art. There are, however, some
further scientific principles so interesting that I reserve them for
another chapter.
[1] Such disloyalty in trusted servants is one of the most
disheartening things that can happen to a public performer. But it must
not be thought that I say this out of personal experience: for in the
many years that I have been before the public my secret methods have
been steadily shielded by the strict integrity of my assistants, most
of whom have been with me for years. Only one man ever betrayed my
confidence, and that only in a minor matter. But then, so far as I
know, I am the only performer who ever pledged his assistants to
secrecy, honor and allegiance under a notarial oath.
[3] Barnello's Red Demon.