CHAPTER XIII.

SCRIPTURE AND GEOLOGY; OR, APPARENT CONTRADICTIONS RECONCILED.

“By Him were all things created, that are in heaven, and that are in

earth, visible and invisible, whether they be thrones, or dominions,

or principalities, or powers; all things were created by Him, and for

Him; and He is before all things, and by Him all things

consist.”—PAUL.

We have in the course of the previous volume alluded to certain

discrepancies, supposed to exist between the statements of Scripture,

and the teachings of Geology. We have more than once intimated our

intention of discussing at some length these questions, that have so

long been tabooed by truly religious people, and often needlessly

exaggerated by those who have possessed a “microscopic eye,” in the

discovery of the weak points of Christian faith or opinion. Dropping the

convenient and euphonious form of egotism, which allows sovereigns and

authors to adopt the plural, we shall crave to stand before our readers

in our personal and singular, rather than in our impersonal and plural,

form of speech.

* * * * *

To the reader let me first say, that while I do not wish to appear

before him as an advocate, as if I held a brief or had a retaining fee

on behalf of Moses, I nevertheless feel rather keenly that the

“reverend” put before my name may give something like this aspect to all

my remarks. It may be thought, and that honestly enough, that because

mine is the clerical profession, I am bound, _per fas aut nefas_, to

contend for the authority of Scripture. It may be thought—in fact, it is

daily alleged against us—that the particular “stand-point” we occupy is

an unfair one, inasmuch as a preacher is bound to “_stick to the

Bible_;” and indeed that he always comes to it with certain _à priori_

conclusions, that to a great extent invalidate his reasonings, and

destroy the morality of his arguments.

Possibly there may be more truth in this than any of us dream of: _fas

est ab hoste doceri_. I therefore make no professions of honesty, and

appeal to no one’s feelings; let us go and look at the Bible, and at the

earth’s crust, and be guided by our independent researches. Should this

happen to be read by any one whose mind is out of joint with Scripture;

who no longer reposes with satisfaction on the old book of his childhood

and his youth; who has begun to fear,—perhaps to think that it is only a

collection of “cunningly devised” fables; and who is on the verge of

giving up Christianity and all “that sort of thing;” to such an one I

shall speak, supposing him to be as honest in his doubts as I am in my

convictions. I cannot deal with man as if he had no right to doubt; I

have never yet “pooh-poohed” any one’s unbelief; but I have always

striven to regard all doubts expressed in courteous phrase, as the

result of investigation, even though it may be partial, as the fruit of

study, although it may have been misguided, and as the painful

conclusions of a thinking mind, and not cherished for the sake of

“having a fling” at moral truth or a righteous life, or at the mothers

and sisters whose life “remote from public haunt” has saved them from

ever doubting the truth of revelation.

Doubting and scorning are very opposite phases of mind: we here address

the _doubter_; with the _scorner_ we have nothing to do; if _ridicule_

is his substitute for argument, by all means let him enjoy it; and if

_calling names_ is his substitute for patient investigation, let him

enjoy that pastime also—hard words break no bones; but for the

_doubter_, for the man who has his honest difficulties, and finds large

stumbling-blocks in the path of unresisting acquiescence in household

faiths, for such an one I have much to say in this chapter, if he will

read it,—to him I stretch forth my hand in cordial greeting, and invite

him to examine evidence, and consider facts; and then, whatever may be

the result, whether I shake _his doubts_ or he shake _my faith_, we

shall at least have acted a manly and a straightforward part. At any

rate, we ought ever to meet as friends, and to be candid and forbearing,

as men liable to err through manifold besetments and biasses.

Having thus thrown myself upon my reader’s candour, by a clear avowal of

the spirit in which such controversies ought to be conducted, let us

together proceed to the purpose of this chapter. Between Geology and

Scripture interpretation there _are_ apparent and great

contradictions—that all admit: on the very threshold of our future

remarks, let us allow most readily that between the usually recognised

interpretations of Scripture and the well-ascertained facts of

Geological science, there are most appalling contradictions; and the

questions arising thence are very important, both in a scientific and in

a theological point of view. Is there any method of reconciliation, by

which the harmony of the facts of science with the statements of the

Bible can be shown? Where is the real solution to be found? Are we

mistaken in our interpretations, or are we mistaken in our discoveries?

Have we to begin religion again _de novo_, or may the Bible and the Book

of Nature remain just as we have been accustomed to regard them; both as

equally inspired books of God, waiting only the service and worship of

man, their priest and interpreter?

These are questions surely of no common importance. Neither the

Christian nor the doubter act a consistent part in ignoring them. Should

the Christian say, “I want no teachings of science: I want no learned

phrases and learned researches to assist me in understanding my Bible:

for aught I care, all the ‘ologies’ in the world may perish as carnal

literature: I know the Book is true, and decline any controversy with

the mere intellectual disputant;” and if the Christian should go on to

add, as probably he would in such a state of mind, and as, alas! too

many have done to the lasting disgust and alienation of the thoughtful

and intelligent: “These are the doubts of a ‘philosophy falsely so

called:’ science has nothing to do with Revelation: they have separate

paths to pursue; let them each go their own way: and should there come a

collision between the two, we are prepared to give up all science once

and for ever, whatever it may teach, rather than have our views upon

Revelation disturbed:”—now, if the Christian talks like that, he is

acting a most unwise part. He is doing in his limited sphere of

influence what the Prussian Government intended to have done when

Strauss’ “Life of Christ” appeared. It was the heaviest blow that

unbelief had ever struck against Christianity, and the Government of

Prussia with several theological professors were disposed to prosecute

its author, and forbid the sale of the book. But the great Neander

deprecated this course, as calculated to give the work a spurious

celebrity, and as wearing the aspect of a confession that the book was

unanswerable. He advised that it should be met, not by _authority_, but

by _argument_, believing that the truth had nothing to fear in such a

conflict. His counsel prevailed, and the event has shown that he was

right.

If, on the other hand, the doubter should say, “The intelligence of the

day has outgrown our household faiths; men are no longer to be held in

trammels of weakness and superstition, or to be dragooned into

Religion;—the old story about the Bible, why, you know we can’t receive

that, and look upon those compilations that pass by that name as

divinely inspired Books; we have long since been compelled to abandon

the thought that Christianity has any historic basis, or that its Books

have any claim upon the reverence or faith of the nineteenth century, as

of supernatural origin.”

To such an one I should say, that this begging of the question, this

_petitio principii_, is no argument; these are statements that require

every one of them a thorough demonstration before they are admitted; you

deny the Christian one single postulate: you deny him the liberty of

taking _anything_ for granted; and then begin yourself with demanding

his assent unquestioned to so large a postulate as your very first

utterance involves, “that the intelligence of the age has outgrown our

household faiths.” Before you proceed you must prove that; and we must

know what is meant by those terms, before we can stand upon common

ground, and hold anything like argument upon these debated points.

From such general observations let us come to the precise objects before

us: Geology and Scripture are supposed to be at variance specially on

three points. _The age of the earth_: _the introduction of death_: and

_the Noachian Deluge_. These apparent contradictions are the most

prominent difficulties, and cause the most startling doubts among those

who imagine Science to be antagonistic to Christian revelation. I

propose to devote a little attention to each of these questions, while I

endeavour honestly to show how, in my opinion, apparent contradictions

may be reconciled. The questions are these, to state them in a popular

form: 1. _Is the world more than 6,000 years old?_ and if it is, how are

the statements of Scripture and Geology to be reconciled? 2. _Was death

introduced into the world before the fall of man?_ and if it was, how

are the truths of Scripture on this question to be explained? and, 3.

What was the character of the _Noachian Deluge_? was it partial or

universal? and what are the apparent discrepancies in this case, between

science and the Bible?

Perhaps before I proceed a step further I ought to add that, in my

belief, the age of the earth, so far as its material fabric, _i.e._ its

crust, is concerned, dates back to a period so remote, and so

incalculable, that the epoch of the earth’s creation is wholly

unascertained and unascertainable by our human arithmetic; whether this

is contradicted in the Scripture, is another question.

With regard to the introduction of death, I believe that death upon a

most extensive scale prevailed upon the earth, and in the waters that

are under the earth, ages, yea countless ages, before the creation of

man—before the sin of any human being had been witnessed; that is what

Geology teaches most indisputably: whether the Scriptures contradict

this statement, is another question.

With regard to the Noachian Deluge, I believe that it was quite partial

in its character, and very temporary in its duration; that it destroyed

only those animals that were found in those parts of the earth then

inhabited by man; and that it has not left one single shell, or fossil,

or any drift or other remains that can be traced to its action. Whether

the Scriptures teach any other doctrine, is another question.

By this time the ground between us is narrowed, and I may probably

anticipate that I shall have objections to answer, or misapprehensions

to remove, quite as much on the part of those who _devoutly believe_, as

on the part of those who _honestly doubt_ the Christian Scriptures.

First then,

I. _How old is the world?_ How many years is it since it was called into

being, as one of the planets? How many centuries have elapsed since its

first particle of matter was created?

The answer comes from a thousand voices, “How old? why, 6,000 years, and

no more, or closely thereabouts! Every child knows that;—talk about the

age of the world at this time of day, when the Bible clearly reveals

it!”

Now I ask, Where does the Bible reveal it? Where is the chapter and the

verse in which its age is recorded? I have read my Bible somewhat, and

feel a deepening reverence for it, but as yet I have never read that. I

see the age of man recorded there; I see the revelation that says the

_human_ species is not much more than 6,000 years old; and geology says

this testimony is true, for no remains of man have been found even in

the tertiary system, the latest of all the geological formations. “_The

Bible, the writings of Moses_,” says Dr. Chalmers, “_do not fix the

antiquity of the globe; if they fix any thing at all, it is only the

antiquity of the species._”

It may be said that the Bible does not dogmatically teach this doctrine

of the antiquity of the globe; and we reply, Very true; but how have we

got the idea that the Bible was to teach us all physical science, as

well as theology. Turretin went to the Bible for _Astronomy_: Turretin

was a distinguished professor of theology in his day, and has left

behind him large proofs of scholarship and piety. Well, Turretin went to

the Bible, determined to find _his system_ of astronomy in it; and of

course he found it. “The sun,” he says, “is not fixed in the heavens,

but moves through the heavens, and is said in Scripture to rise and to

set, and by a miracle to have stood still in the time of Joshua; if _the

sun did not move, how could birds, which often fly off through an hour’s

circuit, be able to return to their nests, for in the mean time the

earth would move 450 miles_?” And if it be said in reply, that Scripture

speaks according to common opinion, then says Turretin, “We answer, that

the Spirit of God best understands natural things, and is not the author

of any error.”

We smile at such “ecclesiastical drum” noise now, and we can well afford

to do so: but when people go to the Bible, determined to find there, not

a _central truth_, but the truths of physics, in every department of

natural science, are we to be surprised that they come away disappointed

and angry? As Michaelis says, (quoted by Dr. Harris, in his “Man

Primeval,” p. 12,) “Should a stickler for Copernicus and the true system

of the world carry his zeal so far as to say, that _the city of Berlin

sets at such an hour_, instead of making use of the common expression,

that the sun sets at Berlin at such an hour, he speaks the truth, to be

sure, but his manner of speaking it is pedantry.”

Now, this is just the way to make thoughtful men unbelievers: and we

will not adopt that plan, because it is not honest, neither is it

clever; the Gordian knot of every question might easily be solved in

this way.

Bearing in mind that the question we are now trying to solve is this,

“What is the evidence afforded by Geology, as to the history of

creation, and in what way does the geological age of the world affect

the supposed statement of Scripture, that the world is only 6,000 years

old?” I reply thus, and I prefer to use the words of others rather than

my own, lest it should be supposed that I am introducing mere novelties

of opinion on this subject:—“That the first sentence in Genesis is a

simple, independent, all-comprehending axiom to this effect; that

matter, elementary or combined, aggregated only or organized, and

dependent, sentient and intellectual beings have not existed from

eternity, either in self-continuity or in succession: but had a

beginning; that their beginning took place by the all-powerful will of

One Being, the self-existent, independent and infinite in all

perfection, and that the date of that beginning is not made known.”

These are the words of Dr. Pye Smith,[123] of whose name as an

authority, both in matters of science and philology, no one need be

ashamed.

Dr. Redford says, “We ought to understand Moses as saying, indefinitely,

far back, and concealed from us in the mystery of eternal ages, prior to

the first moment of mundane time, ‘God created the heavens and the

earth.’”

“My firm persuasion is,” says Dr. Harris, “that the first verse of

Genesis was designed by the Divine Spirit to announce the absolute

origination of the material universe by the Almighty Creator, and that

it is so understood in the other parts of Holy Writ; that, passing by an

indefinite interval, the second verse describes the state of our planet

immediately prior to the Adamic creation; and that the third verse

begins the account of the six days’ work.”

Dr. Davidson, in his “Sacred Hermeneutics,” says,—“If I am reminded, in

a tone of animadversion, that I am making science, in this instance, the

interpreter of Scripture, my reply is, that I am simply making the works

of God illustrate His word in a department in which they speak with a

distinct and authoritative voice; that it is all the same whether our

geological or theological investigations have been prior, if we have not

forced the one into accordance with the other. And it may be deserving

consideration whether or not the conduct of those is not open to just

animadversion who first undertake to pronounce on the meaning of a

passage of Scripture, irrespective of all appropriate evidence, and who

then, when that evidence is explored and produced, insist on their _à

priori_ interpretation as the only true one.”

But I quote no more: such are some of the eminent theological

contributions to this department of science:—satisfactory in this

respect, that a fair interpretation of Scripture does not require us to

fix any precise date, much less the inconsiderable one of six thousand

years, as the period of the earth’s formation.

Geology teaches the same thing.—Of the various formations that compose

the earth’s trust, to the ascertained extent of ten miles, suppose we

select two,—the Old Red Sandstone and the Chalk formations. Laborious

and scientific men have been at the pains to calculate the gradual

increase of some of these _now proceeding deposits_,—such as the Deltas,

in course of formation at the mouth of the Nile, and at the gorges of

the Ganges; and they find that the progress of the depth of increase is

exceedingly small,—probably not more than a foot in many years. Mr.

Maculloch, a name standing very high for accurate investigation, states,

from his own observation, that a particular Scottish lake does not form

its deposit at the bottom, and hence raise its level, at the rate of

more than half-a-foot in a century; and he observes, that the country

surrounding that lake presents a vertical depth of far more than 3,000

feet, in the single series of the Old Red Sandstone formation; and no

sound geologist, he hence concludes, will, therefore, accuse the

computer of exceeding, if, upon the same ratio as the contiguous lake,

he allows 600,000 years for the production of this series of rock alone.

A last instance which may here be adduced, of the apparent length of

time required for the construction of a particular rock, offers itself

in the Chalk formation. The enormous masses of this rock, presenting

their tall white precipices in such simple grandeur to our view, might

well excite our astonishment at the periods which would seem needful for

their collection and deposition, even if they were mere _inorganic_

concretions of calcareous matter. But what shall we say when the

investigations of the microscope have lately revealed to us that these

mountains of chalk, instead of being formed of mere inert matter, are,

on the contrary, mighty congeries of decayed animal life,—the white

apparent particles, of which the chalk masses are composed, being each

grain a well-defined organized being, in form still so perfect, their

shells so entire, and all their characteristics so discoverable, as to

cause no doubt to naturalists as to the species in the animal economy to

which they belonged. How justly does Sir Charles Lyell, who in his

“Elements” records at length this surprising discovery, exclaim,—

“The dust we tread upon was once alive!”

“Look at the lofty precipices which lay naked a slight section of the

Chalk at the Culvers, or the Needles in the Isle of Wight, or the still

loftier Shakspeare Cliff at Dover, and let the mind form a conception,

if it can, of the countless generations of these minutest of living

creatures it must have required to build up, from their decayed bodies

and their shelly exuviæ, layer on layer, those towering masses thus

brought to our view. Who shall dare to compute the time for this entire

elaboration? The contemplation almost advances us a step towards forming

a conception of infinitude.”[124]

I need not dwell longer on the antiquity of the globe:—Geology and

Scripture present no conflicting testimonies on this subject. Our

_interpretation_ of Scripture has, undoubtedly, been modified; but the

living Word itself abideth, in all its grandeur and purity, for ever.

And “the time is not far distant when the high antiquity of the globe

will be regarded as no more opposed to the Bible than the earth’s

revolution round the sun and on its axis. Soon shall the horizon, where

geology and revelation meet, be cleared of every cloud, and present only

an unbroken and magnificent circle of truth.”[125]

The reader shall not be detained so long on the second point of inquiry,

which is

II. “Was death introduced into the world before the fall of man? and if

it was, how are the statements of Scripture, on this question, to be

explained?” To this I have replied by anticipation, that, in my opinion,

death, upon a most extensive scale, prevailed upon the earth, and in the

waters that are under the earth, countless ages before the creation of

man. Into the proof of this position allow me to go very briefly,

although I am well aware that I run the risk of incurring the charge of

heterodoxy, when I state my full conviction, that _death_, as well as

the _world_, was _pre-Adamite_. The general impression is the contrary;

but general impressions are not always right:—“general impression” is a

very unsubstantial ghost to deal with, very like that cant phrase we

spoke of at the beginning of this lecture,—“the intelligence of the

age.” “General impression” has it, that death was _not_ pre-Adamite;

that there was _no_ death before the fall; and that, to _say_ the

contrary, is, at least, to tread on very dangerous ground. In vain does

Geology—“now happily a true science, founded on facts, and reduced to

the dominion of definite laws”—lay bare the Silurian rocks, and discover

even _there_ extinct forms of life in exquisitely beautiful

preservation. In vain does Geology, after showing us the fossil

trilobite and coral, unfold the volume of the Old Red Sandstone, and

show us _there_ the fossil remains of fish—so perfect that we might

imagine them casts rather than fossils. In vain does Geology open its

vast Oolitic system, and show us _there_ other forms of extinct life in

fossil insects, tortoises, mighty saurians, and huge iguanodons. In vain

does Geology lay bare the Chalk, with its marine deposits; and the

Tertiary formation, with its enormous theroid mammalia, far surpassing

in size the largest animals we are acquainted with. In vain are all

these fossil remains exhibited imbedded in the earth; and in vain do we

search, amidst all these, for one fossil remain of man, or one fossil

vestige of man’s works. The easy, the cheap, the unreflective answer is,

“Oh! these things were created there, or else Noah’s flood left them

there.”

Of course, we can fall back upon a miracle as having done all this; but

to have recourse to miracles when no miracle is recorded, is just to

shake our faith in that all-inspired testimony, that supernatural Book,

the existence of which is the great miracle of time. But there are the

fossils! How did they come there if the forms of animal life, once

inhabiting those remains, had not previously lived and died? Created!

What? Created fossils? Then why not, when the Almighty created man, did

he not create, at the same time, some skeletons of _man_, and place them

in the earth, as he put skeletons of trilobites, fishes, reptiles, and

mammals there? Our common sense and reverence both reject the idea. As

to the puerile notion that Noah’s flood put them there, did not Noah’s

flood overwhelm man as well as animals? and as the bones of man are as

durable as the bones of animals, how is it that we never meet with a

fossil human skull or thigh bone, or house?

We believe that death was a part of the divine plan of God’s creation;

that death is a law of all organic life—a necessary law and a most

benevolent provision; that the living structure of all animals derives

its substance from dead organic matter. We believe that, altogether

apart from human sin, preceding and successive generations must be the

order of being; for if there were no death, animals would soon pass

beyond the limit of provision sufficient for nutritive support, or of

localities for suitable habitations. We believe that if there had been

no death prior to man’s sin, it would involve the supposition that all

animals were herbivorous; whereas, even the little _ladybird_ cannot

live without its meal of _aphides_; and, so believing, we find our faith

in Scripture deepened when, seeing on every hand the extensive proofs of

death, we find man, the moment he lost his lordship and proud eminence,

and reduced himself voluntarily to the condition of animalism,

immediately brought _penally_ within the influence of that law of death,

whose existence he must have recognised in the death of animals from the

first day of his creation.

Does any one reply, “This is contrary to Scripture?” I ask them what

Scripture teaches that the death of _animals_ is the result of man’s

sin?—rather would not Scripture sanction the thought that death was a

part of the divine plan of God’s creation, and that the certainty of

man’s transgression was the reason for giving this constitution to

nature? True, Milton sings, in his noble poem, that will live as long as

the English language lives—

“Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste

Brought death into the world, and all our woe:”

but we are not obliged to call the Paradise Lost our Bible; or to quote

Milton as a physiological authority, although the prevalence of the

opinion that death was not pre-Adamite, and a good deal of theology

besides, is more of Miltonic than of Scripture teaching.

I leave this branch of my subject far before it is exhausted: so far

from that, each of the three points enumerated might easily be expanded

into a lecture; and I can only hope that my brevity in treating these

topics will not be misconstrued into a desire to shirk any of the

difficulties with which their investigation is surrounded.

III. I come, lastly, to the question of the _Noachian Deluge_, and shall

again repeat my own words: “What was the character of the Noachian

Deluge?—was it partial or universal? and what are the apparent

discrepancies, in this case, between science and the Bible?” And I have

added to this my belief that the Noachian Deluge was quite partial in

its character, and very temporary in its duration: that it destroyed

only those animals that were found in those parts of the earth habitable

by man, and that it has not left a single shell or fossil, or any drift

boulders or pebbles, or any other remains that may be traced to its

action.

Very briefly we shall try and prove this; and perhaps the most popular

way will be the best remembered,—only that the reader will bear in mind

that this little book does not pretend to exhaust the subject, but only

to realize the idea expressed at the beginning of this chapter.

Presuming, that all have in their recollection the Scriptural account of

the Noachian Deluge, instead of quoting words with which all are

familiar, I will only remark, as the basis of my illustrations, that

rain descended, and probably the ocean overflowed, for forty days; that

the waters lay upon the land, and covered them one hundred and fifty

days; that at the end of that time they began to subside, and that in

twelve months and twenty-seven days they were gone from the face of the

earth, and the Noachian family liberated from the ark.

The question is, was this flood universal, and were all kinds of animals

preserved in the ark? To which my answer, as involving my belief, is

this, that the flood was _local_, and that only the animals peculiar to

Armenia were provided for in Noah’s ark.

“_Oh! but the Bible says it was universal_,” says everybody. Yes; but

that, you know, is just the question between us. The terms “all the

earth” _seem_ to imply universality, but they do not necessarily involve

this. “_All_ countries came to Egypt to buy corn;” certainly not all the

world literally, but all the surrounding countries. So there were once

dwelling at Jerusalem devout Jews “from out of _every nation_ under

heaven;” but not _literally_ out of every nation, for the names of the

nations are immediately given, and we find the nations to have been a

few between Egypt and the Black Sea, and between Italy and Palestine.

There are many other illustrations of a similar character: these will

suffice: I only adduce these to show that at the beginning Scripture

does not oblige us to consider “all” as meaning “every one;” or to

understand literally “all the inhabitants of the earth” as meaning every

creature.

Now, looking at the structure and composition of the earth’s crust,

especially its fossiliferous rocks, I am driven to one of three

conclusions, each of them involving difficulty, I acknowledge, but the

one that involves the least is, of course, the most preferable. Either I

must admit—

1. That the fossils in these rocks were all deposited in order and in

succession, without injury, through a crust of rocks ten miles in

thickness, during twelve months’ violent diluvial action:

2. Or that they were all deposited there during the 15,000 or 16,000

years that had elapsed since the creation of man prior to the Deluge;

that is, supposing the creation of man and the creation of the earth to

have been synchronous. Or, lastly, which theory I accept—

3. That the date of the earth’s physical being is unknown to us, and

that the fossiliferous rocks were deposited in decades of ages before

the creation of man.

For, on the other hand, let us suppose the flood to have been universal,

in the strict and literal sense of the term; then let me suggest some of

the consequences and difficulties of such a theory.

1. One consequence would be that some remains of man or of his works

would have been found; but nothing of this kind has occurred. Even

Armenia has been geologically examined, and no human remains have been

found; and surely man’s bones would last as long as the shells of a

trilobite or terebratula?

2. And, secondly, the organic remains, the fossils themselves, would

have been found confusedly heaped together; whereas, the remains in the

crust of the earth are as carefully arranged as the contents of a

well-ordered cabinet. We know always to a certainty what fossils will be

found in any rock before we examine that rock.

3. Besides which, some, at least, of the organic remains found ought to

correspond with existing beings and species: yet the contrary is the

case, except only a few fossils found near the surface of the earth, in

that portion of the earth’s crust occupied by the tertiary system.

Nor is this all. Consider the _vast difficulties_ the universal flood

theory has to contend with, all of which are removed by the theory we

have adopted.

1. _There is the quantity of water required._ If all over the earth the

water rose twenty-two feet six inches above the tops of the highest

mountains, the quantity of water required would be eight times the whole

quantity of water now existing. Where all this could have come from

first and gone to afterwards, are prodigious stumbling-blocks. Of course

we can resort to miracle; but this is not the way to get rid of

difficulty in a manly and honest spirit.

2. _Then consider the number of animals the ark must have contained._

There are 1,000 species of mammalia, 5,000 species of birds, 2,000

species of reptiles, and 120,000 well-ascertained and distinct species

of insects. Do we pretend that all these were housed and fed for nearly

thirteen months in a vessel that was only 450 feet long, 75 feet broad,

and 45 feet high; and that such a vessel contained room for them, and

their food, besides that of man, for such a long period. The little toys

of Noah’s ark are certainly pretty, but very mischievous, and most of

the popular notions of the flood have grown up from our nurseries as

much from the use of this toy in this case, as from the reading of

Paradise Lost in the other: and the result is, the Bible is made

responsible for it all.

3. Then consider the subsequent distribution of animals: the polar bear

and the tropical elephant, the ferocious tiger and a young fawn, going

out together in order, and without violence: of course we can suppose

another miracle to repress passions and violence. Besides which, in

addition to the fauna, the animal kingdom, we must ask what became of

the flora or vegetable kingdom during this period, if the flood were

universal? We have at least twenty-five botanical provinces, with their

peculiar and numberless farms of vegetable life; what became of them?

Were they preserved in the ark, or under the water?—for such questions

must be answered by those who charge us with inconsistency in attempting

to reconcile the facts of science with the words of Scripture. And as a

last difficulty, (suggested first, I believe, by Dr. Pye Smith, and

which I shall therefore state in _his_ words, lest it should seem that I

use “plainness of speech,”) let us look at the descent from Ararat out

of the ark, into Armenia, with all these animals, birds, insects, plants

and trees. “That mountain is 17,000 feet high, and perpetual snow covers

about 5,000 feet from its summit. If the water rose, at its liquid

temperature, so as to overflow that summit, the snows and icy masses

would be melted; and on the retiring of the flood, the exposed mountain

would present its pinnacles and ridges, dreadful precipices of naked

rock, adown which the four men and the four women, and with hardly any

exception the quadrupeds, would have found it utterly impossible to

descend. To provide against this difficulty, to prevent them from being

dashed to pieces, must we again suppose a miracle? Must we conceive of

the human beings and the animals as transported through the air to the

more level regions below; or that, by a miracle equally grand, they were

enabled to glide unhurt adown the wet and slippery faces of the rock?”

Such are some of the difficulties and some of the consequences that must

flow from an acceptance of any other theory than the one I have

proposed: that the flood was partial in its character, extending only

over the habitable parts of the earth; and that it was so temporary in

its character as not to have left a single trace of its influence

visible on rock or fossil.

I have thus endeavoured to suggest points of reconciliation between the

accepted facts of Geology and the recorded statements of Scripture; and

if this slight contribution be accepted as an aid to faith, and a proof

of candour on my part to meet those who linger on the border land of

doubt, my purpose will be fully answered.

Let me add, in the words of Chenevix Trench—words uttered in the

University of Cambridge not long since: “May we in a troubled time be

helped to feel something of the grandeur of the Scriptures, and so of

the manifold wisdom of that Eternal Spirit by whom it came; and then

petty objections and isolated difficulties, though they were multiplied

as the sands of the sea, will not harass us. For what are they all to

the fact, that for more than 1,000 years the Bible collectively taken,

has gone hand in hand with civilization, science, law—in short, with the

moral and intellectual cultivation of the species, always supporting and

often leading the way? Its very presence as a believed book, has

rendered the nations emphatically a chosen race; and this, too, in exact

proportion as it is more or less generally studied. Of those nations

which in the highest degree enjoy its influences, it is not too much to

affirm that the differences, public and private, physical, moral, and

intellectual, are only less than what might be expected from a diversity

in species. Good and holy men, and the best and wisest of mankind, the

kingly spirits of history enthroned in the hearts of mighty nations,

have borne witness to its influence, and have declared it to be beyond

compare the most perfect instrument and the only adequate organ of

humanity: the organ and instrument of all the gifts, powers, and

tendencies, by which the individual is privileged to rise beyond

himself, to leave behind and lose his dividual phantom self, in order to

find his true self in that distinctness where no division can be,—in the

Eternal I AM, the ever-living WORD, of whom all the elect, from the

archangel before the throne to the poor wrestler with the Spirit until

the breaking of day, are but the fainter and still fainter echoes.”

[Illustration: Logo]

M. CLAY, PRINTER HEAD STREET HILL.

-----

Footnote 1:

Whewell’s Astronomy and Physics, p. 48.

Footnote 2:

From παλαιός, _ancient_, and ζωόν, _life_; ancient-life period.

Footnote 3:

Hughes, Physical Geography. 3d ed. p. 21.

Footnote 4:

Hughes, Physical Geog. p. 22.

Footnote 5:

Dr. Pye Smith.

Footnote 6:

As Chimborazo in South America, 21,414; Ararat, 16,000; Dhawalagiri,

in the Himalayas, 28,000 feet above the level of the sea; compared

with which what a mole-hill is Vesuvius, only 8,947 feet; or Blue

Mountain Peak, 8,600, or even Mont Blanc, that monarch of mountains,

which is 15,816 feet above the sea!

Footnote 7:

Hughes, p. 16.

Footnote 8:

Chambers’ Rudiments of Geology, p. 71.

Footnote 9:

These wells are so frequently spoken of as to need no explanation,

further than to remind the reader that they are so called from having

been first introduced in the province of Artois, the ancient Artesium

in France.

Footnote 10:

The deepest Artesian well is the famous one in the Plaine de Grenelle,

Paris. This well yields 516 gallons a minute; its temperature is 81°

Fahr.; and its depth is nearly 1,800 feet.

Footnote 11:

How truly hieroglyphics—sacred carvings; (_ieros_, sacred, _glupho_, I

carve;) and in this sense there is a holier meaning than Shakspeare

could have dreamt of in his well-known lines, when applied by the

geologist to his researches:—

“And this our life, exempt from public haunt,

Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,

_Sermons in stones_, and good in everything.”

Footnote 12:

And I may say, _my friend_ also, to whom, during my residence in

Jamaica, I was frequently indebted for contributions on natural

history to the _Jamaica Friendly Instructor_, of which I was Editor.

Footnote 13:

A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica, by P. H. Gosse, Esq. pp. 496–7.

Footnote 14:

So called because of its _grained_ or _granular_ appearance.

Footnote 15:

First brought from Syene, in Egypt.

Footnote 16:

Feld-spar, written also felspar, a compound of _feld_, field, and

spar.

Footnote 17:

See Ansted’s Ancient World, p. 21.

Footnote 18:

Memnon, or Ramesis. This famous head is in the British Museum; the

body is of greenstone, the head of syenite, and the bust one

continuous mass.

Footnote 19:

From _dis_ and _integer_. The separation of the whole parts of a rock,

without chemical action, by means of the light, the air, or the rain,

is called disintegration.

Footnote 20:

Lieut. Portlock on Geology, p. 93.

Footnote 21:

Ansted’s Geology, Descriptive and Practical, vol. ii. pp. 290, 291.

Footnote 22:

Ansted’s Geology, p. 291.

Footnote 23:

As the ancients did not know or use the compound metal brass, though

bronze was common amongst them, we must in this verse, and all others

in which the word “brass” is used, understand it to mean

copper.—Hughes’ Scripture Geography, Art. Geology of Palestine, p.

133.

Footnote 24:

Murray’s Hand-book for Cornwall, p. 199.

Footnote 25:

Ansted, vol. ii. p. 418.

Footnote 26:

Whewell, Anniversary Address to Geol. Society, 1839.

Footnote 27:

In Memoriam.

Footnote 28:

Dr. Pye Smith says 140,000 feet.

Footnote 29:

See a valuable map of fossils published by the Christian Knowledge

Society.

Footnote 30:

Trilobite: _treis_, three, and _lobos_, a lobe; having three lobes.

Footnote 31:

Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i. p. 396.

Footnote 32:

A fossil shell allied to the Argonauta and Carinaria.

Footnote 33:

“Man has no tail, _quantum mutatus_; but the notion of a

much-ridiculed philosopher of the last century is not altogether

without foundation; for the bones of a caudal extremity exist in an

undeveloped state in the os coccygis of the human subject.” Poor

_man_!—Vestiges of Creation, p. 71.

Footnote 34:

Sedgwick, p. 216, “On the Studies of the University of Cambridge.”

Footnote 35:

“My School and Schoolmasters,” by Hugh Miller.

Footnote 36:

“Old Red Sandstone; or, New Walks in an Old Field;” by Hugh Miller, p.

48.

Footnote 37:

“By mind, by hand, and by hammer.”

Footnote 38:

“Old Red Sandstone,” p. 66.

Footnote 39:

Ichthyolite: _ichthus_, a fish, _lithos_, a stone: fossil fish, or the

figure or impression of a fish in the rock.

Footnote 40:

“Old Red Sandstone,” pp. 41, 42.

Footnote 41:

“Old Red Sandstone,” p. 69.

Footnote 42:

From _akanthos_, a thorn, and _pterugion_, the fin.

Footnote 43:

From _malakos_, soft, and _pterugion_, the fin.

Footnote 44:

1. Ganoid, from _ganos_, splendour, because the scales are coated with

a bright enamel.

Footnote 45:

2. Placoid, from _plax_, a plate; sometimes large, sometimes reduced

to a point; _e.g._ shark.

Footnote 46:

3. Ctenoid, from _kteis_ (gen. _ktenos_, a comb); scales jagged like a

comb.

Footnote 47:

4. Cycloid, from _kuklos_, a circle; scales smooth and simple: _e.g._

salmon, &c.

Footnote 48:

From _kephalē_, the head; _aspis_, a buckler.

Footnote 49:

Coccosteus, from _kokkos_, a berry, and _osteon_, a bone.

Footnote 50:

“Old Red Sandstone,” p. 86.

Footnote 51:

Pterichthys: _pteron_, a wing, and _ichthus_, a fish.

Footnote 52:

“Old Red Sandstone,” pp. 80, 81.

Footnote 53:

Osteolepis: _osteon_, a bone, and _lepis_, a scale.

Footnote 54:

Operculum, the flap which covers the gill.

Footnote 55:

“Old Red Sandstone,” p. 111.

Footnote 56:

“Vast quantities:” let any reader go and turn over the non-bituminous

shale lying on the waste heaps of every coalpit, and he will see that

this is no exaggeration.

Footnote 57:

Capillus Veneris.

Footnote 58:

Corruption of _arrière-dos_, a fire-place. See a view and description

of one in “A Visit to Penshurst,” in Howitt’s “Visits to Remarkable

Places,” Second Series.

Footnote 59:

Juicy and soft, as peas, beans, plantains, bananas, &c.

Footnote 60:

“Ancient World,” pp. 76, 77.

Footnote 61:

This may seem strange at first; but I have journeyed through tropical

forests that realized completely this sketch, so far as stillness and

silence are concerned. A modern and most accomplished naturalist says

of a Jamaica virgin forest, “Animal life is almost unseen; the

solitude is scarcely broken by the voices of birds, except that now

and then the rain-bird or the hunter (large cat-tailed cuckoos that

love the shade) sound their startling rattle, or the mountain

partridge utters those mournful cooings which are like the moans of a

dying man.”—Gosse’s Jamaica, p. 198.

Footnote 62:

From κάλαμος (_calamus_), a reed.

Footnote 63:

Ansted’s “Ancient World,” p. 82.

Footnote 64:

Mesozoic: _i.e._ middle life period; _mesos_, middle, _zoos_, life.

Footnote 65:

The Religious Tract Society.

Footnote 66:

Lyell’s “Manual of Elementary Geology.” Postscript, p. 13.

Footnote 67:

Ansted’s Geology, vol i. p. 306.

Footnote 68:

Ichnites; from _ichnon_, a footstep, and _eidos_, like.

Footnote 69:

_Ornithos_, a bird, and _ichnon_.

Footnote 70:

Marsupial, from _marsupium_, a pouch; animals of the fourth order of

Cuvier, that have a pouch in which the young are carried.

Footnote 71:

Batrachian, from _batrachos_, a frog; animals in Cuvier’s fourth class

of reptiles.

Footnote 72:

_Cheir_, the hand, _therion_, a wild beast; a wild beast with a foot

like a hand.

Footnote 73:

From _labyrinthus_, a labyrinth, and _odous_, a tooth; so called from

the labyrinthine structure of the tooth.

Footnote 74:

In some cases we find, corresponding to a set of footmarks, a

continuous furrow, presumed to be the impression of a tail dragged

along the sand by the animal while walking.

Footnote 75:

Ansted’s Ancient World, pp. 125–127.

Footnote 76:

Knight’s Cyclopædia of Arts, &c.

Footnote 77:

Quarterly Review, May, 1852. Article on Roger de Coverley.

Footnote 78:

This is a corruption, we are inclined to think, of the word “layers;”

one of those provincial corruptions of the Queen’s English that get

stereotyped.

Footnote 79:

Buckland’s Bridgewater Treatise. pp. 351, 352.

Footnote 80:

A fossil bivalve, allied to the oyster, and very abundant in the

secondary strata.

Footnote 81:

Belemnite, from _belemnos_, a dart, and so called from its

arrow-headed shape.

Footnote 82:

Saurian, from _sauros_, a lizard, the name by which the great family

of lizards is designated.

Footnote 83:

From _ichthus_, a fish, and _sauros_, a lizard; so called from its

resemblance to both.

Footnote 84:

Heteroclite; _heteros_, another, and _klitos_, inclining; a word

applied to any thing or person deviating from common forms.

Footnote 85:

Very unlike the alligator, whose eyes are placed at a considerable

distance behind the nose.

Footnote 86:

From _pleiōn_, more, and _sauros_, a lizard; because it is more like a

lizard than the Ichthyosaurus.

Footnote 87:

Mantel’s Fossils of the British Museum, p. 341.

Footnote 88:

This formation is sometimes called the Jurassic system.

Footnote 89:

Lyell’s Manual of Elementary Geology, p. 12, ed. 1852.

Footnote 90:

“So vast an expanse!” Mr. Darwin traced coral reefs in the Pacific,

4,000 miles long and 600 broad. Between the coasts of Malabar and

Madagascar there is a chain of coral reefs, called the Maldives and

Laccadives, 480 miles long and 50 miles wide. On the east coast of

Australia there is an unbroken reef of 350 miles long; and between

Australia and Guinea, coral reefs extend 700 miles in length. Truly

the coral animals, like the “conies,” are a “feeble folk,” but their

habitations survive our proudest monuments.

Footnote 91:

Hugh Miller’s First Impressions, pp. 203, 204.

Footnote 92:

Brash is s Wiltshire word for short or brittle; and thus a

quick-tempered, irritable person, is said to have a _brashy_ temper.

Footnote 93:

Geology for Beginners (Weale’s Series), p. 147.

Footnote 94:

Juke’s Popular Geology, pp. 42–44.

Footnote 95:

From _krinos_, a lily, and _eidos_, like; lily-shaped animals of the

Radiated division, forming a link between the animal and vegetable

world.

Footnote 96:

From _trochos_, a wheel; wheel-shaped crinoideans.

Footnote 97:

From _pteron_, a wing, and _dactulos_, a finger; the wing-fingered

animal.

Footnote 98:

The term _Weald_ or _Wold_ is the old Saxon for our present _Wood_;

and now, altered by pronunciation, is found in connexion with many

words and names of places: _e.g. Waltham_ (Weald-ham), the wood house

or home; Walthamstow, the wood house store, and so on. Thus it is that

words are “fossil poetry.”

Footnote 99:

Alison’s description of South America, in History of Europe (Article,

South American Revolution); vol. viii.

Footnote 100:

“Our disposition is, and has been, not to multiply miracles after the

sort in which this has been done by many more _zealous_ than _wise_

friends of revelation. In all cases we allow the miracle without

question, which is distinctly claimed to be such in the Scriptures,

and where the circumstances clearly indicate that a miracle was

necessary,—we say ‘necessary,’ because we are persuaded that the

Almighty has almost invariably chosen to act through natural agencies,

and under the laws which he has imposed on nature, whenever they are

adequate to produce the required result. We believe it is one of the

beautiful peculiarities of the Bible, that it has none of those

gratuitous and barren wonders, which form the mass of the pretended

miracles which the various systems of false religion produce.... For

our own part, we do not wish to hear of small miracles, which leave us

doubtful whether there be any miracle at all. If we are to have

miracles, let them be decidedly miraculous, and let not our veneration

for the Divine character be offended by exhibitions of the Almighty,

as laying bare his holy arm to remove the small remaining difficulty

which theorists leave him to execute.”—_Dr. Kitto’s Biblical History

of Palestine._

Footnote 101:

We have a fine specimen before us which we brought from Demerara,

answering well to Gosse’s description of the iguana found in Jamaica.

“In the eastern parts of the island the great iguana (_Cyclura

lophoma_), with its _dorsal crest, like the teeth of a saw, running

all down its back_, may be seen lying out on the branches of the

trees, or playing bo-peep from a hole in the trunk.” It is considered

a great delicacy by many, but it never seemed Christian food to us,

and we never ventured to provoke our palate with a taste.

Footnote 102:

_Enaliosaurians_ are _sea_ lizards, such as those found in the Lias;

and _deinosaurians_ are _terrible_ lizards, such as those found in the

Wealden.

Footnote 103:

Ansted’s Ancient World, pp. 164–168.

Footnote 104:

Just published by Bohn, in his valuable “Scientific Library;” a marvel

of cheapness and value.

Footnote 105:

Since writing the above we have met with the following, which proves

that this origin of chalk is not so fabulous as some think it:—“Lieut.

Nelson, Mr. Dance, and others have shown, that the waste and débris

derived from coral reefs produces a substance exactly resembling

chalk. I can corroborate this assertion from my own observations, both

on some very white chalky limestones in Java and the neighbouring

islands, which I believe to be nothing else than raised fringing coral

reefs, and on the substance brought up by the lead over some hundreds

of miles in the Indian Archipelago, and along the north-east coast of

Australia, and the coral sea of Flinders,”—_Juke’s Physical Geology_,

p. 263.

Footnote 106:

We take the origin of the word Folkstone to mean, that that old town

was once built of the brick that may be made of the galt: it was the

folk’s-stone.

Footnote 107:

“The Religion of Geology,” &c., by E. Hitchcock, LL.D. &c. p. 70.

Footnote 108:

Mantell’s “Geological Excursions,” p. 145.

Footnote 109:

Richardson, p. 391.

Footnote 110:

_Under-borne_ rocks; _upo_, below, and _ginomai_, to be formed.

Footnote 111:

_Middle life_ period: _mesos_, middle, and _zoos_, life.

Footnote 112:

Recent-life period: _kainŏs_, recent, and _zoos_, life.

Footnote 113:

Juke’s Practical Geology, p. 265.

Footnote 114:

Lyell’s Manual of Geology, pp. 97, 98.

Footnote 115:

Ansted’s Geology, vol. ii. p. 14.

Footnote 116:

Even Hitchcock’s good book is sadly disfigured and damaged, by trying

to make geology prove too much. How can geology teach or suggest sin

and the resurrection?

Footnote 117:

British Quarterly, Feb. 1852.

Footnote 118:

Owen’s British Fossil Mammals and Birds, p. 255.

Footnote 119:

Mantell, pp. 477–479.

Footnote 120:

Mantell, p. 471.

Footnote 121:

The skeleton is not more than 150 years old, and is probably one of an

Indian who fell in war; and has been covered with carbonate of lime,

held in solution in some spring.

Footnote 122:

Hugh Miller’s “First Impressions of England and its People,” p. 362.

Footnote 123:

No sooner did geology give signs of being able to speak from her

subterranean abode, and say something new about the history of this

old world, than Dr. Smith was among the foremost of the geologists,

intent upon the interpretation of these mysterious, and at first

incoherent sounds. At times the sounds seemed unscriptural, but his

faith never failed; at other times it seemed in confirmation of

Scripture, and he was filled with delight. There were sepulchres older

than what he had accounted the era of death, and he must solve the

mystery. Mineralogy, to which from his youth he had given considerable

attention, became to him history more ancient than that of Moses, and

poetry more fascinating than that of Homer. His minerals became books

of wonderful tales; his fossils, before riddles of nature, the

pictures of things in ancient worlds. The earth was a land of

monuments, and the rock which before seemed nothing more than the

solid masonry of the foundation on which men might build their

dwellings, became the enduring chronicle of the millions of years in

which extinct ages had risen, flourished and decayed. From that time

he suffered no discovery of the geologists to escape his attention;

and every valuable book upon the subject in English, German, or

French, contributed its supplies to mitigate his insatiate craving

after further information.

Dr. Smith had another reason for devoting a large proportion of his

time to geological studies. The new science had something to say about

Holy Scripture. It threatened, as many understood its first ambiguous

words, to contradict the book of Genesis.

Whatever affected theology was of supreme importance in the estimation

of the Homerton professor. Having full confidence in the truth of

God’s word, he was sure that nature and revelation, however they

appeared to superficial observers, could not be really at variance. In

that confidence he patiently listened to every word the new science

had to say about the creation of the world. To him belongs the honour,

in the opinion of the most eminent geologists, of having relieved

their science of every appearance of hostility to Scripture. Of his

book on this subject, Dr. Mantell said, “It is, indeed, the dove sent

out from the ark of modern geology; and it has returned with the olive

branch in its mouth.”—_British Quarterly, Jan. 1854. Art._ DR. PYE

SMITH.

Footnote 124:

Gray’s Antiquity of the Globe, pp. 57–59.

Footnote 125:

Hitchcock, p. 70.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

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------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in

spelling.

2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.

4. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript

character, e.g. M^r.