We have spoken of the heat of the sun, how hot he is; of the distance
of the sun, how far he is; and now we must say a little about the size
of the sun; and also about his shape. It is plain that the sun is
round, that it has the shape of a ball. We are sure of this because,
though a plate is circular, yet, if it were placed so that we only
saw it edgeways from a distance, it would not appear to be round. The
sun is always rotating, and as it always seems to be a circle, we are
therefore certain that the true shape of the sun must be globular, and
not merely circular like a flat plate.
In the middle of the day, when the sun is high in the heavens, it is
impossible for us to form a notion of the size of the sun. People
will form very different estimates as to his apparent bigness. Some
will say he looks as large as a dinner plate, but such statements are
meaningless, unless we say where the plate is to be held. If it be near
the eye, of course the plate may hide the sun, and, for that matter,
everything else also. If the plate were about a hundred feet away, then
it would often hide the sun. If the plate were more than a hundred feet
distant, then it could not hide the sun entirely, and the further the
plate, the smaller it would seem.
No means of estimating the sun’s size are available when his orb stands
high in the heavens. But when he is rising or setting, we see that he
passes behind trees or mountains, so that there are intervening objects
with which we can compare him; then we have actual proof that the sun
must be a very large body indeed.
[Illustration: FIG. 10.--A Sunset viewed from Marseilles (_Marcus
Codde_).]
I give here a picture, by Marcus Codde, taken from a French journal,
_l’Astronomie_, which gives a charming illustration of a sunset at
Marseilles (Fig. 10). If you wish to see that the sun is bigger than
a mountain, you may go to the top of Notre Dame de la Garde, but you
must choose either the 10th of February or the 31st of October for your
visit, because it is only on the evenings of those days that the sun
sets in the right position.
On both these evenings the sun sinks directly behind Mount Carigou in
the Pyrenees; this mountain is a long way from Marseilles--no less,
indeed, than one hundred and fifty-eight miles. But the mountain is so
lofty, that when the sky is clear, the summit can be distinctly seen
upon the sun as a background, in the way shown in the picture. This
must be a very pretty sight, and it teaches us an important lesson.
The sun is further away than the mountain, and yet you see the sun on
both sides of the mountain, and above it. Here, then, we learn without
any calculations, that the sun must be bigger than the upper part of a
great mountain in the Pyrenees.
When we calculate the size of the sun from the measurements made by
astronomers, we discover that it is much bigger than Mount Carigou; we
see that even the entire range of the Pyrenees, the whole of Europe,
and even our whole globe, are insignificant by comparison.
[Illustration: FIG. 11.--How we compare the Earth and the Sun.]
There is a football on the table, shown in Fig. 11. We shall suppose it
to represent the sun; we shall now choose something else to represent
the earth. We must, however, exhibit the proportions accurately. A
tennis ball will not do; it is far too large. The fact is, the width
of the earth is less than the one-hundredth part of the width of the
sun. The tennis ball is, however, only a quarter the width of the
football, so we must choose something a good deal smaller. I try with
a marble, even with the smallest marble I can find, but when I measure
it, I find that one hundred such marbles, placed side by side, would
be far longer than the width of the football; I must therefore look
for something still smaller. A grain of small-sized shot will give
the right size for the model of our earth. About one hundred of these
grains placed side by side will extend to a length equal to the width
of the football. Now you will be able to form some conception of how
enormous the sun really is. Think of this earth, how big we find it
when we begin to travel. What a tremendous voyage we have to take to
get to New Zealand, and even then we have only got halfway round the
globe. Then think that the sun is in the same proportion bigger than
the earth as that football is bigger than that grain of shot. If a
million of such grains of shot were melted and cast into one globe,
it would not be so large as that football. If a million globes, as
large as our earth, could be united together, no doubt a vast globe
would be produced, but it would not be so large as the sun. Think of a
single house, with three or four people living in it, and then think of
this mighty London, with its millions of inhabitants. The house will
represent our earth, while great London represents the sun!