=A. Andreanum= (André's).* _fl._, spadix about 3in. long,
yellowish, with a broad central band of white; spathe open,
cordate-ovate, orange red, leathery, 3in. to 4in. across,
and 6in. to 9in. long; surface irregularly corrugated. _l._
ovate-lanceolate, deeply cordate, green. Columbia, 1876. A very
beautiful species. See Fig. 108.
=A. Bakeri= (Baker's).* _fl._, spathe small, green, reflexed; the
spadix, wherein lies the plant's principal beauty, exhibits a
lovely combination of pink and bright scarlet; the fleshy rachis
being pink, and the pea-sized fruits bright scarlet. July. _l._
linear, leathery, green, with stout midribs. Costa Rica, 1872.
=A. cordifolium= (cordate-leaved).* _l._ 3ft. long and 20in. broad,
heart-shaped, deep shining green on the upper surface, and paler
below. _h._ 4ft. New Grenada. One of the best, and may be grown in
a greenhouse or even in a sheltered spot of the sub-tropical garden
during July and August. _A. Browni_, although quite distinct, comes
close to this species.
=A. coriaceum= (leathery).* _l._ very thick, leathery, ovate,
about 2ft. long; petioles stout, about the same length. Brazil. An
admirable sub-tropical species.
[Illustration: FIG. 109. ANTHURIUM CRYSTALLINUM.]
=A. crystallinum= (crystalline).* _l._ large, ovate-cordate,
acuminate, bright rich velvety green, principal veins elegantly
banded with pure crystal white; when young, the leaves are violet
colour; petioles terete. _h._ 2ft. Columbia. See Fig. 109.
=A. cuspidatum= (cuspidate). _fl._, spathe crimson, reflexed,
shorter than the purplish spadix. _l._ ovate-oblong, acuminate,
10in. to 20in. long, green. _h._ 2ft. to 3ft. Columbia.
_A. ferrierense_ (Ferrières).* _fl._, spathe cordate, about 5in.
long, and 4in. wide, bright red; spadix erect, about 4in. long,
ivory white. _l._ large, cordate. A handsome hybrid between _A.
ornatum_ and _A. Andreanum_.
=A. fissum= (cut-leaved). _fl._, spathe green, erect, narrowly
lanceolate-acuminate. _l._ cut into four to seven elliptic
oblong-acuminate segments, green; petioles longish, terete. _h._
2ft. Columbia, 1868.
=A. Harrisii pulchrum= (beautiful).* _fl._, spathe
linear-lanceolate, creamy white, deflexed, and pinkish at top;
spadix erect, deep crimson; scape about 1ft. long, pale green. _l._
lanceolate, rounded at the base, pale green, with confluent white
markings intermixed with dark green. Stem short. Brazil, 1882. A
beautiful variegated plant. The typical _A. Harrisii_ is extremely
rare.
=A. Hookeri= (Hooker's). _fl._, spathe green; spadix green or
violet. _l._ obovate-spathulate, narrowed to a wedge-shaped base,
and shortly stalked, shining, about 30in. long and 8in. broad. _h._
3ft. Tropical America, 1840. SYNS. _A. Huegelii_, _Pothos acaulis_.
=A. Huegelii= (Huegel's). A synonym of _A. Hookeri_.
=A. insigne= (showy).* _l._ three-lobed, middle lobe lanceolate,
the two lateral ones are nearly ovate, and have from three to five
longitudinal ribs; when young, the leaves have a bronzy tinge;
petioles terete, slightly sheathing at the base. Columbia, 1881. A
very handsome species.
=A. Kalbreyeri= (Kalbreyer's).* _l._ palmate, about 2-1/2ft.
across; leaflets nine, obovate-oblong, acuminate, sinuate, thick,
glabrous, rich deep green, those furthest from the stem are much
larger than those next the axis; petiole cylindrical, thickened at
the top. New Grenada, 1881. A very handsome climbing species.
=A. lanceolatum= (lanceolate). _fl._, spathe lanceolate, deflexed,
yellowish green; spadix dark brown. _l._ lanceolate, stalked,
green, 1ft. long, narrowed to the base. There appears to be much
confusion as regards this and many varieties of _A. Harrisii_;
and the specific designation is indiscriminately applied to
lanceolate-leaved forms generally. The true species was introduced
to Kew from the West Indies. SYN. _A. Wildenowii_.
=A. leuconeurum= (white-nerved). Green. Mexico, 1862.
=A. Lindenianum= (Linden's).* _fl._ fragrant, spathe very pretty,
white, not reflexed, but the pointed apex slightly arches over
and shelters the white or purplish spadix. October. _l._ deeply
cordate, of a roundish outline; petioles long. _h._ 3ft. Columbia,
1866. SYN. _A. Lindigi_ (of gardens).
=A. Lindigi= (Lindig's). A garden synonym of _A. Lindenianum_.
=A. macrolobum= (large-lobed).* _l._ large, deflexed, cordate,
acuminate, with an open sinus at the base, and about three acute
marginal lobes, dark green, marked with about five pale green ribs;
petioles green, terete. Stem erect, short. A fine hybrid.
=A. nymphæifolium= (Nymphæa-leaved). _fl._, spathe white; spadix
purplish. Venezuela, 1854.
=A. ornatum= (adorned).* _fl._, spathe linear-oblong, white,
5in. to 6in. long, on terete green scapes, enclosing cylindrical
purplish spadices of about the same length as the spathes, and
studded with white points arranged spirally. Spring. _l._ ovate
or oblong-cordate, on slender terete petioles. _h._ 2-1/2ft.
Venezuela, 1869.
=A. regale= (royal).* _l._ large, cordate-acuminate, 1ft. to 3ft.
long, dull metallic green, with white veins; young leaves tinged
with rose, on long smooth footstalks. East Peru, 1866. An excellent
species for conservatory or window decoration during summer.
[Illustration: FIG. 110. ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM.]
=A. Scherzerianum= (Scherzer's).* _fl._ on bright red peduncles,
which spring from among the base of the leafstalks; spathe
ovate-oblong, 3in. long and nearly 2in. broad, intense and
brilliant scarlet; spadix orange coloured. _l._ oblong-lanceolate,
12in. to 18in. long, and 2in. or more broad, deep rich green,
leathery. Costa Rica. A very compact dwarf-growing evergreen about
1ft. high. It continues in beauty about four months. See Fig. 110.
=A. S. album= (white). A synonym of _A. Scherzerianum Williamsii_.
[Illustration: FIG. 111. ANTHURIUM SCHERZERIANUM MAXIMUM.]
=A. S. maximum= (greater).* A very fine variety, with "gigantic
flower spathes, which measure about 9in. in length by 4in. in
breadth, and are of the most brilliant scarlet colour." See Fig.
111.
=A. S. pygmæum= (small).* Altogether smaller than the type, with
narrow leaves, which are from 4in. to 6in. long, and about 1/2in.
broad. It is one of the best varieties, and produces flowers very
freely. 1880.
=A. S. Rothschildianum= (Rothschild's). _fl._, spathe creamy white,
spotted with crimson; spadix yellow. 1880. Exactly intermediate
between its parent plants--the typical species and the following
variety.
=A. S. Wardii= (Ward's).* _fl._, spathe 6in. long, 4in. broad, very
brilliant. _l._ broader and more robust than those of the typical
species. A splendid variety.
=A. S. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _fl._, spathe white; spadix
yellowish. May. _l._ lanceolate-acuminate. Costa Rica, 1874. SYN.
_A. Scherzerianum album_.
=A. signatum= (well-marked). _l._ apparently three-lobed; front
lobe about 1ft. long and 4in. wide; the two side ones 4in. long,
and about 6in. from the midrib to the extremity, dark green;
petioles about 1ft. long. Venezuela, 1858.
=A. spathiphyllum= (Spathiphyllum). _fl._, spathe about 1-3/4in.
long, and nearly as much broad, erect, boat-shaped, broadly ovate,
white; spadix nearly 1in. long, very obtuse, pale yellow. _l._
narrow lanceolate, 16in. to 24in. long, and about 2in. wide, bright
green above, pale greyish green beneath; midrib prominent; petiole
3in. to 6in. long, trigonous. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Tropical America, 1875.
=A. splendidum= (splendid).* _l._ cordate, with an open sinus,
the lobes meeting behind; "the course of the nerves is marked by
a broadish band of deep lustrous velvety green, the intervening
spaces of about equal width being in striking contrast, of a pale
yellowish green; the leaf surface is scabrous, and the portions
between the ribs strongly bullate, as if raised in papillose
blisters; the veins on the under surface are angular, with
tooth-like projections at intervals, while the whole under surface
is punctuated with small pallid dots" (W. Bull). Stem short, thick.
South America, 1882. A very beautiful species, quite distinct from
any others of the genus. See Fig. 112.
[Illustration: FIG. 112. ANTHURIUM SPLENDIDUM.]
=A. subsignatum= (nearly allied to Signatum).* _l._ thick and
fleshy, hastate, with blunt points, 12in. to 18in. long, and as
much in breadth at the widest part; dark shining green above, paler
beneath; petioles about 1ft. long. _h._ 1-1/2ft. Costa Rica, 1861.
An excellent species.
=A. tetragonum= (four-angled). _l._ erect, commences very
narrow, 1ft. wide at its broadest part; margins undulate, deep
shining green on the upper surface, paler below; petioles short,
quadrangular. Tropical America, 1860. An excellent sub-tropical
species.
=A. triumphans= (superior). _fl._, spathe narrow, green; spadix
stout, greenish-white; peduncle quadrangular. _l._ alternate,
elongately cordate, bright green; ribs prominent, and of a paler
hue. Stem erect. Brazil, 1882. A handsome plant.
=A. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _l._ ovate-oblong, greatly elongated,
2ft. to 3ft. long, with a breadth of less than one-third of these
dimensions, leathery, deep green, with a glossy metallic surface
when first expanded that becomes paler with age; the principal
nerves are arched and deeply sunk, imparting a curiously waved
appearance to the surface. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Columbia, 1877. Rare but
very handsome.
=A. Waluiewi= (Walujew's).* _l._ broadly cordate, 12in. to 14in.
long, 8in. to 10in. broad, olive metallic green, when young, bright
reddish crimson; petioles four to five-angled. _h._ 2ft. Venezuela,
1880. A very distinct and noble species.
=A. Waroqueanum= (Waroque's).* _l._ elongated, from 24in. to
sometimes 36in. long, and 8in. to 11in. broad, very rich deep
green, of a velvety lustre; midribs and veins light, forming a very
pleasing contrast. Columbia, 1878. A very free grower.
=A. Wildenowii= (Wildenow's). A synonym of _A. lanceolatum_.
It may be here remarked that by far the majority of species
enumerated in the _Supplement_ of Johnson's Dictionary are
chiefly of botanical interest, and will, therefore, never become
extensively cultivated.
=ANTHYLLIS= (from _anthos_, a flower, and _ioulos_, down; flowers
usually downy). Kidney Vetch. ORD. _Leguminosæ_. Herbaceous or
sub-shrubby plants, of variable habit. Flowers in spikes or heads;
calyx tubular, five toothed, permanent after flowering, more or less
inflated. Petals nearly equal. Although not extensively grown, all
the species are very beautiful when in flower, the hardy sorts being
admirably adapted for rockwork. The herbaceous perennials may be easily
propagated by seed or division. The seeds of the annual kinds should be
sown in a rather dry, warm situation in the open ground. The shrubby
evergreens will need the protection of a frame or cool greenhouse in
cold northern climates, and are best grown in a mixture of loam, sand,
and peat. Young cuttings of most species will root in a pot of sandy
soil, with a bell glass placed over them, in a cool house or frame.
=A. Barba-Jovis= (Jupiter's beard).* _fl._ pale yellow, numerous,
in globose, bracteate heads. March. _l._ pinnate, and are as well
as the branches, clothed with silky tomentum; leaflets nine to
thirteen, oblong-linear. _h._ 4ft. to 8ft. Spain, 1640. Shrub.
=A. erinacea= (prickly).* _fl._ bluish-purple; heads few flowered,
on short peduncles, bracteate. April. _l._ very few, oval, or
oblong. _h._ 6in. to 12in. Spain, 1759. A much branched, spiny,
almost leafless, and slow-growing species; hardy in a dry sunny
position on the rockery. SYN. _Erinacea hispanica_.
=A. Hermanniæ= (Hermann's). _fl._ yellow; heads few flowered,
nearly sessile in the axils of the upper leaves. April. _l._ almost
sessile, simple, or trifoliate; leaflets oblong-cuneated, glabrous
or clothed with adpressed pubescence. _h._ 2ft. to 4ft. Corsica,
1739. Shrubby, much branched.
=A. montana= (mountain).* _fl._ pink or purplish, in dense heads,
on peduncles, with a leafy involucre. June. _l._ pinnate, and
are as well as the branches, silky and hoary; leaflets numerous,
oval-oblong, acute, small, entire. _h._ 3in. to 6in. Alps of
Europe, 1769. A very handsome little rock plant, with a dwarf and
tufted habit.
=A. tetraphylla= (four-leaved). _fl._ white; heads axillary,
sessile, few flowered. July. _l._ pinnate, the terminal leaflets
ovate and large, the other three small and acute. South Europe,
1640. A procumbent annual.
=A. Vulneraria= (Common Woundwort).* _fl._ generally yellow,
sometimes white, red, or pinkish, in crowded twin heads. Summer.
_l._ pinnate, with five or more unequal leaflets; the lower ones
smallest. An elegant native herbaceous, perennial, admirably
adapted for rockwork. It is plentiful in most dry pastures. There
are several varieties, the best of which is _alba_.
=ANTIARIS TOXICARIA.= This is the famous Upas tree of Java, from which
is obtained poison of a most deadly nature. It belongs to the NAT. ORD.
_Urticaceæ_.
=ANTIGONON= (from _anti_, against, or opposite, and _gonia_, an
angle). ORD. _Polygonaceæ_. Elegant stove climbers. Flowers racemose,
cirrhose at the apex of the rachides; petals five, three outer ones
broadly cordate, two inner oblong. Leaves alternate, cordate. Although
extremely handsome plants, they are difficult to flower. They seem to
succeed best when planted out in a very thoroughly drained border over
hot-water pipes or flues, the long climbing stems being trained near
the glass in full light.
=A. amabile= (lovely).* _fl._ bright rose, profusely borne
in axillary and terminal racemes. _l._ 3in. to 5in. long,
ovate-cordate, and deeply lobed at the base. It is of free slender
growth, the young shoots are pubescent, and having a slight reddish
tinge. An exceedingly attractive and effective species.
=A. guatemalensis= (Guatemala). Probably the same as _A. insigne_.
=A. insigne= (remarkable).* _fl._ very numerous, borne in tufts
along the sides of long racemes or panicles, which terminate in
branched tendrils; the calyx, which is the showy part of the
flower, has five membranous sepals, the three outer are of a
beautiful rosy pink colour, about 1in. in length by rather less in
breadth, cordate at the base, oblong, rounded towards the apex; the
two inner sepals about the same length as the outer ones, but much
narrower, falcate, lanceolate; pedicels 3/4in. long. _l._ broadly
ovate oblong, deeply cordate at the base, with two rounded lobes;
4in. by 3in., the upper ones smaller, supported on short terete
downy stalks. Stems slender, angular, pubescent. Columbia, 1876.
_A. leptopus_ (slender-stemmed). _fl._ numerous; the outer three
sepals of a beautiful rose colour, the centre of a much deeper
tint; racemes secund, bearing several coloured bracts as well as
flowers, and end in a branched tendril. _l._ alternate, cordate,
petiolate. Stem slender, sub-pubescent. Mexico, 1868.
=ANTIGRAMME.= _See_ =Scolopendrium=.
[Illustration: FIG. 113. ANTIRRHINUM CAPSULE, with Persistent Style.]
[Illustration: FIG. 114. ANTIRRHINUM ASARINA, showing Habit and Flower.]
=ANTIRRHINUM= (from _anti_, like, and _rhin_, a nose or snout; alluding
to the shape of the corolla). Snapdragon. ORD. _Scrophulariaceæ_.
Hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers in terminal racemes, or solitary and
axillary; corolla personate; tube ample, saccate at the base; lobes
of the upper lip erect; lower lip spreading, having the middle lobes
smaller than the lateral ones, with an ample bearded palate, which
closes the throat. Seed pod or capsule two-celled, upper cell bursting
by one pore, lower by two many-toothed pores. See Fig. 113. Leaves
entire, rarely lobed. The genus contains several very handsome species,
suitable for borders and the rockery, while innumerable varieties have
originated from _A. majus_, which are very popular, and extremely
useful for bedding purposes; these may be increased by cuttings or
seeds; if it is desired to increase certain colours or varieties,
the former is the only sure method to adopt. They should be taken in
September, when they will readily root in a cold frame, or under a
hand glass, or they may be rapidly propagated in gentle heat in spring.
Seeds should be sown in July or August, when they will produce good
plants by the following season; or if sown in March in warmth, the
plants will bloom late in the same year. The "Tom Thumb" strain is
especially desirable for bedding, being very dwarf and free. All the
other species may be increased by cuttings and seeds treated in the
same way. Light soil, well enriched with manure, is most suitable for
all of them, especially for the varieties of _A. majus_.
[Illustration: FIG. 115. FLOWER-SPIKE OF ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS.]
=A. angustifolium= (narrow-leaved). Synonymous with _A. siculum_.
=A. Asarina= (Asarina).* _fl._ axillary, solitary; corolla
1-1/2in. long, white, sometimes tinged with red; palate yellow;
tube glabrous, compressed on the back, marked by purple spots,
and bearded by yellow hairs inside. June. _l._ opposite, on long
petioles, five-nerved, five-lobed, cordate, and crenated. South
France, &c., 1699. A greyish clammy procumbent plant, requiring a
warm position on the rockery. See Fig. 114.
=A. hispanicum= (Spanish). _fl._ in loose spikes; corolla hardly
an inch long, purple, with a golden yellow palate; tube villous.
Summer. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, contracted at the base, bluntish;
lower ones opposite; superior ones alternate, narrower. _h._ 1ft.
Spain, 1878. SYN. _A. latifolium_.
=A. latifolium= (broad-leaved). Synonymous with _A. hispanicum_.
=A. majus= (large).* Greater, or Common Snapdragon. _fl._ racemose,
approximate; corolla 1in. to 2in. long, shades infinite; palate
yellow at top, very prominent; tube downy outside. Spring,
summer, and autumn. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, 1in. to 3in. long;
upper ones narrower, attenuated at both ends, glabrous. Branches
erect, usually branched again. _h._ 2ft. Europe (naturalised in
Britain). The named varieties are numerous, but it is unnecessary
to enumerate any, as an equal amount of variation can be obtained
from seed. See Fig. 115.
=A. molle= (soft).* _fl._ few, at the tops of the branchlets;
corolla 1in. long, whitish, with a yellow palate; upper lip striped
with purple. July. _l._ opposite, petiolate, clothed with glandular
and clammy hairs, about 1/2in. long, and little more than 1/4in.
broad; branches procumbent, slender, clothed with woolly hairs.
Pyrenees, 1752. A very pretty plant, which should have a warm
position on the rockery. _A. sempervirens_ comes close to this
species.
=A. Orontium= (Orontium). _fl._ axillary, distant; corolla
rose-coloured or white, striped with purple; tube furnished
with a few glandular hairs; palate veined with purple; sepals
linear-lanceolate, large. June. _l._ oblong-lanceolate, acutish,
attenuated at both ends, glabrous, 2in. long. _h._ 6in. to 12in.
Europe (British cornfields). Annual. See Fig. 116.
[Illustration: FIG. 116. ANTIRRHINUM ORONTIUM.]
=A. O. grandiflorum= (large-flowered). A variety with larger,
paler, and more approximate flowers, and with broader leaves, than
the type. Europe (British cornfields).
=A. siculum= (Sicilian). _fl._ in loose racemes; corolla hardly
1in. long, white or yellowish, rarely purple; tube rather hairy;
lobes of the upper lip and the middle lobe of the lower lip
emarginate. July. _l._ 1in. to 1-1/2in. long, linear-lanceolate,
opposite, alternate or three in a whorl, narrowed into petioles at
the base. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 2ft. Sicily, 1804. SYN. _A.
angustifolium_.
=A. tortuosum= (twisted).* _fl._ disposed in spiked racemes,
approximating by threes and fours; corolla (the largest of the
genus) purple; tube short; upper lip large. June. _l._ linear,
acute, opposite or three in a whorl, 2in. long, attenuated at both
ends; upper ones very narrow. Branches erect. _h._ 1ft. to 1-1/2ft.
Italy.
=ANTONIA.= A synonym of =Rhynchoglossum= (which _see_).
=ANTROPHYUM= (from _antron_, a cavern, and _phuo_, to grow; referring
to its place of growth). Including _Polytænium_. ORD. _Filices_.
A small genus of stove ferns, very rarely seen in cultivation,
all with simple fronds, of firm but fleshy texture, and copious,
uniform, hexagonal areolæ. Sori carried along the veins, imperfectly
reticulated. For culture, &c., _see_ =Ferns=.
=A. cayennense= (Cayenne). _sti._ 1in. to 4in. long. _fronds_ 6in.
to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed
at both ends; edge thickened, entire; areolæ half as broad as long.
_sori_ sub-superficial, often forked. Guiana, &c.
=A. coriaceum= (leathery). _fronds_ 6in. to 8in. long, about
1/2in. broad, narrowed very gradually from the centre to the base,
very acute at the apex, very thick; areolæ very long and narrow,
distinctly raised on the upper surface. _sori_ quite immersed,
sometimes confluent. Himalayas, &c.
=A. lanceolatum= (lance-leaved).* _fronds_ 1ft. or more long,
1/4in. to 1/2in. broad, point acute, edge entire, the lower half
narrowed very gradually to the base; areolæ two or three times as
long as broad, about three rows between the midrib and the edge.
_sori_ slender, superficial, often joining. West Indies, southwards
to New Grenada, 1793.
=ANTS= (_Formicidæ_). Well-known pests, easily distinguished from
all other insects. There are a great number of species, differing
more or less in habits; but, as a rule, they dwell underground in
communities, and construct extensive ant-cities, which are occupied
by three classes--the neuters or workers (by far the most numerous),
the males, and the females. There are often, in addition to these,
larger and stronger neuters, known as the "soldiers," or defenders
of the community. Ants have a long, slender body, supported on long
and slender legs. The head bears a pair of elbowed horns or antennæ,
constantly waving about and touching everything the insect comes
across. They have powerful mandibles for cutting, sawing, and biting,
and it is with these instruments that Ants do mischief in gardens. The
winged males and females become mature in summer, and on a warm day
they ascend in a body into the air; after a short time, they fall to
the ground, the females at once free themselves from the henceforth
useless wings, and begin to form new colonies. Vast numbers of eggs
are laid, from which issue larvæ, and these soon become pupæ, and
then perfect Ants. Some kinds are injurious from their habit (in some
species) of collecting aphides together, and farming them for the
sake of the honey secreted by the aphides, and that passes out from
their honey-tubes (thus helping to perpetuate the stock of these most
injurious insects); and also from the mechanical damage they do in
pots, and other receptacles for plants. They likewise cause unsightly
hills on lawns and paths, and the large black species that live in
decayed wood often injure the framing of greenhouses, &c., when the
woodwork has become somewhat decayed. Where fruit, such as peaches
or wall pears, are grown, Ants will at times inflict damage, and,
therefore, they should be kept away; but this is a comparatively easy
matter, as the placing of an obnoxious substance along the base of
the walls and around the stems of the trees will deter them. For the
extirpation of Ants from indoors, the Arsenical solution described
below is most efficacious, but it is extremely dangerous.
* * * * *
_Lime._ Air-slaked lime plentifully dusted, in warm, dry, weather, over
and around the hills and other places infested, will cause the Ants to
vacate them in a short time. A thick chalk line drawn round a smooth
tree, or across an upright board or post, will render it impassable.