_fronds_ simple, orbicular, reniform, of a deep green colour,
1-1/2in. to 2-1/2in. across, with usually a broad, open sinus.
_sori_ all around the edge, one and a half to three lines broad.
Madeira, &c., 1699. Greenhouse species.
=A. r. asarifolium= (asarum-leaved). A rather larger growing
variety of above species.
=A. rhomboideum= (rhomboid). S. America, 1820. Probably identical
with _A. villosum_.
=A. rubellum= (reddish).* _sti._ 4in. to 6in. long. _fronds_ 4in.
to 6in. long, deltoid, bipinnate; uppermost side of the pinnules
cuneate, flabellate, nearly sessile, entire; lower rhomboid 1/2in.
long, with lower border in a line with petiole, or rather decurved,
inner produced over rachis, outer deeply lobed and finely toothed;
end and lowest pinnules deltoid, 1/2in. broad. _sori_ round, placed
in the tips of the lobes. This pretty species is purplish crimson
when in a young state, changing to light green with age, but even
then tinged with pink. Allied to _A. tinctum_ and _A. decorum_.
Bolivia, 1868. Greenhouse species.
=A. scutum= (shield). Synonymous with _A. Ghiesbreghti_.
=A. Seemanni= (Seemann's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect.
_fronds_ 9in. to 20in. long, simply pinnate or the lower pinnæ
compound; pinnæ 3in. to 4in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad, ovate,
acuminate; but rather unequally sided, the barren ones finely
serrated, one side usually cordate at the base, the other obliquely
truncate, petioles of the lowest, nearly an inch long. _sori_ in
long continuous marginal lines. This is a very fine and distinct
stove species. Central America, 1868. SYNS. _A. populifolium_, _A.
Zahnii_ (of gardens).
=A. sessilifolium= (sessile-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
Henslovianum_.
=A. setulosum= (bristly). Synonymous with _A. diaphanum_.
=A. speciosum= (showy). Synonymous with _A. digitatum_.
=A. subvolubile= (somewhat twining). _fronds_ subscandent, 2ft.
to 4ft. long, oblong, tripinnate, 6in. to 8in. broad, with naked
glossy castaneous stipes and zigzag rachises; central pinnæ
lanceolate, with a few short spreading pinnules; side pinnules
rhomboidal, about 1/4in. long, lower edge in a line with petiole,
or deflexed, inner end touching or wrapped over rachis, outer
shallowly lobed; lowest pinnules equilateral, much wrapped over
rachis. _sori_ minute, round, six to twelve to a segment. E. Peru.
Stove species.
=A. tenerum= (tender).* _sti._ 1ft. or more high, erect. _fronds_
1ft. to 3ft. long, 9in. to 18in. broad, deltoid, tri- or
quadripinnate; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, cuneate or tending
towards rhomboidal, dimidiate in shape, the upper edge rounder or
somewhat angular, broadly and deeply lobed, all stalked. _sori_
placed in numerous roundish patches in the lobes of the upper half.
Mexico, &c., widely distributed. Stove species.
=A. t. Farleyense= (Farley's).* A subfertile, subcristate
variety of the foregoing; but, is, nevertheless, one of the most
magnificent of Adiantums. It is nearly always known under the name
of _A. Farleyense_. Barbados, 1865. Stove variety.
=A. tetraphyllum= (four-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long,
strong, erect. _fronds_ nearly as broad as long, with a terminal
pinna 6in. to 9in. long, 1in. to 1-1/2in. broad, and numerous
spreading lateral ones; segments 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, 1/4in.
deep, subdimidiate, the lower line straight or somewhat decurved,
the upper nearly parallel, finely toothed, the outer oblique.
_sori_ interrupted, marginal. Tropical America. Stove species. SYN.
_A. prionophyllum_.
=A. t. Hendersoni= (Henderson's). A stove variety with small blunt
pinnules.
=A. tinctum= (tinted).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_ 6in.
to 12in. long, deltoid, bipinnate; side pinnules rhomboid, three
to four lines long, lower edge straight, inner parallel with
rachis, or just wrapped over it, outer shallowly, bluntly lobed;
lower pinnules equilateral, imbricated over main rachis; surfaces
glabrous, when young of a delicate rose red colour, changing to
a bright green. _sori_ round, placed in final lobes. Tropical
America. Stove or greenhouse species.
=A. trapeziforme= (rhomb-leaved).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, firm,
erect. _fronds_ 12in. to 24in. long, with a central pinna 4in. to
8in. long, 2in. to 3in. broad, and two to four large spreading
ones on each side, the lowest of which are often branched again;
segments 1-1/2in. to 2in. long, 1/2in. to 3/4in. broad, dimidiate,
the sides nearly parallel, the outer edge oblique, both it and the
upper one bluntly lobed, the lowest on stalks 1/4in. to 1/2in.
long. _sori_ numerous, contiguous, placed round the upper and outer
edge. West Indies, 1793. Stove species.
=A. t. cultratum= (sharpened).* Outer edge of the segment bluntly
rounded.
=A. t. pentadactylon= (five-fingered). Lower margin of the segments
somewhat decurved obliquely from the petiole.
=A. t. Sanctæ Catherinæ= (of gardens).* This is a deeply cut,
rather copiously divided variety of _A. trapeziforme_.
=A. t. S. C. Funcki= (Funck's).* A deeply lobed, drooping variety,
of garden origin.
=A. triangulatum= (triangle-leaved). Synonymous with _A.
intermedium_.
=A. varium= (various). Probably identical with _A. villosum_.
=A. Veitchianum= (Veitch's).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long. _fronds_
9in. to 18in. long, deltoid, bipinnate in lower half, reddish when
young; side pinnules rhomboid, about 1/2in. long, lower border
straight, more or less deflexed from tip of pedicel, inner distant
from rachis, upper and outer shallowly lobed; end segments 1/2in.
to 3/4in. broad, equilateral, rounded in upper, deltoid in lower
half. _sori_ eight to ten to a segment, round, minute. Peruvian
Andes, 1868. A very elegant and distinct stove species.
=A. velutinum= (velvety).* _sti._ as long as fronds, slightly
velvety. _fronds_ deltoid, 1-1/2ft. to 2ft. long, three to four
pinnate; rachises densely pubescent on both sides; pinnæ 6in.
to 9in. long; segments twenty to thirty-jugate, sub-sessile,
sub-rhomboidal, 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, lower border decurved,
outer blunt or sub-acute, upper straight, shallowly, bluntly lobed.
_sori_ straight, one to one and a half lines long at tips of
lobes of upper edge, four to six to a segment. Columbia, 1866. A
magnificent stove species.
=A. venustum= (charming).* _sti._ 6in. to 9in. long, wiry, erect,
glossy. _fronds_ 6in. to 12in. long, 4in. to 8in. broad, deltoid,
tri-quadripinnate; ultimate segments about 1/4in. across, cuneate
at the base, the upper edge rounded, and usually finely toothed,
of a light green colour, with a firm texture. _sori_ one to three,
roundish; in hollows of the upper edge. Himalayas, up to 8000ft.
Greenhouse or frame, nearly hardy in sheltered places. SYN. _A.
microphyllum_.
=A. villosum= (hairy stalked).* _sti._ 9in. to 12in. long, strong,
erect. _fronds_ with a terminal central and several spreading pinnæ
on each side, 6in. to 12in. long, 1-1/2in. to 2in. broad; pinnules
dimidiate, about 1in. long, 1/2in. broad, the lower line nearly
straight, the upper edge nearly parallel with it, but considerably
larger, slightly toothed, and the outer edge auriculed at the base.
_sori_ in a continuous line round the upper and outer edge. West
Indies, &c., 1775. Stove species.
=A. Wagneri= (Wagner's). Synonymous with _A. decorum_.
=A. Wilesianum= (Wiles's). Synonymous with _A. crenatum_.
=A. Williamsii= (Williams's).* _sti._ 6in. to 8in. long. _fronds_
9in. to 18in. long, tripinnate, triangular; pinnæ ovate, distant,
pinnules sub-rotund, slightly trapeziform, the basal line rather
concave, the margin entire or slightly undulated, or divided into
three to four lobes, crenately notched between the _sori_, the
sterile portions with an erose diaphanous margin. _sori_ eight
to ten, elongate reniform or lunate, occupying the whole of the
semicircular outer edge. Mountains of Peru, 1877. In a young state,
the stipes and fronds are dusted with a yellow powder. This is one
of the most beautiful of the Maidenhair ferns. Greenhouse species.
=A. Wilsoni= (Wilson's).* _sti._ 6in. to 12in. long, erect.
_fronds_ 9in. to 12in. long, 6in. to 12in. broad, simply pinnate,
with a large terminal pinna and two to six sub-sessile lateral ones
on each side, which are 4in. to 6in. long, 1in. to 2in. broad,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, nearly entire. _sori_ in
continuous lines along both edges. Jamaica. Stove species. SYNS.
_A. dolosum_, _A. macropterum_.
=A. Zahnii= (Zahn's). Synonymous with _A. Seemanni_.
=ADIKE.= A synonym of =Pilea= (which _see_).
=ADINA= (from _adinos_, crowded; in reference to the flowers being
disposed in heads). ORD. _Rubiaceæ_. A very pretty evergreen cool
stove shrub, with opposite terete branches, and solitary, axillary
peduncles. It thrives in a mixture of loam, sand, and peat. Propagated
by cuttings, inserted in a rich, loamy soil, under a hand glass, in
heat.
=A. globifera= (globe-bearing).* _fl._ yellowish, sessile, crowded,
collected into globose heads; corolla funnel-shaped; peduncles
axillary, rarely terminal, solitary. July. _l._ lanceolate,
glabrous, longer than the peduncles. _h._ 3ft. to 4ft. China, 1804.
=ADLUMIA= (from _adlumino_, to fringe with purple; flowers bordered
with purple). ORD. _Fumariaceæ_. An interesting, delicate, and nearly
hardy climber from North America. Flowers with four spongy, cohering
petals. A warm, good soil is most suitable; sow seeds about May in a
shady spot. It is a biennial, but in favourable spots is self-sowing,
and thus may be treated as a perennial. If placed either against a wall
or in the open it is a pretty subject for trailing over a shrub or
twiggy branch. From its fragile character, it can only be seen to the
best advantage under glass.
=A. cirrhosa= (tendrilled).* _fl._ pale rose-coloured, about
1/2in. long; peduncles axillary, generally four-flowered. June.
_l._ triply pinnate, pale green. _h._ 15ft. 1788. The Maidenhair
fern-like leaves are borne in profusion on the slender twining
stems. SYN. _Corydalis fungosa_.
=ADNATE.= Grown to anything by the whole surface; anthers are said to
be Adnate when they are attached to the filaments by their whole length.
=ADONIS= (name of classical derivation). ORD. _Ranunculaceæ_. Handsome
hardy herbaceous plants. Flowers solitary, terminal; petals five to
fifteen. Leaves divided into numerous linear segments. Some of the
annuals are much inferior to the perennial species. The latter section
constitute very ornamental subjects for rockwork, borders, margins of
shrubberies, &c. All the species will grow freely in common soil, and
are propagated by seeds. The perennials may be divided at the root.
=A. æstivalis= (summer).* Pheasant's Eye. _fl._ deep crimson;
petals flat, oblong, obtuse, one-half longer than the calyx. June.
Stem almost simple, elongated. _h._ 1ft. South Europe, 1629.
Annual. See Figs. 31 and 32.
=A. autumnalis= (autumnal).* Pheasant's Eye; Red Morocco. _fl._ of
an intense blood-red, with a black centre, rarely pale, globose
from the six to eight concave conniving petals, which are scarcely
larger than the calyx. May. Stems branched. _h._ 1ft. Britain.
Annual.
=A. pyrenaica= (Pyrenean).* _fl._ almost sessile, yellow; petals
eight to ten, smaller and more obtuse than in _A. vernalis_.
July. _l._, lower ones on long stalks, with trifid petioles and
many-parted segments; upper ones sessile, multifid, with linear
very entire lobules. Stem 1ft. or more high, and usually much
branched. Pyrenees, 1817. Perennial.
[Illustration: FIG. 31. FLOWER OF ADONIS ÆSTIVALIS.]
=A. vernalis= (spring).* _fl._ yellow, large; petals, ten to
twelve, oblong, rather denticulated. March. _l._ lower ones
abortive, or reduced to somewhat sheathing scales, the middle and
upper ones sessile and multifid, with very entire lobes. _h._ 9in.
to 1ft. Europe, 1629. Charming rock plant. This handsome species
requires a rich moist sandy loam, and should not be disturbed for
years. Perennial.
[Illustration: FIG. 32. ADONIS ÆSTIVALIS, showing Habit and Flowers.]
=A. v. sibirica= (Siberian) differs only in having larger flowers.
=A. volgensis= (Volga). An intermediate species between _A.
vernalis_ and _A. pyrenaica_, differing from the first in the stems
being branched, leaves more distant; from the last by the lower
leaves being abortive, and formed like scales; and from both in the
sepals being pubescent on the outside, not smooth. _fl._ yellow.
_h._ 1ft. Russia, 1818.
=ADPRESSED.= Brought into close contact with anything without adhering.
=ADULT.= The full grown of anything. Full grown leaves are termed adult.
=ADVENTITIOUS.= Developed in an unusual position. Applied to buds,
roots, &c.
=ADVENTURE BAY PINE.= _See_ _Phyllocladus rhomboidalis_.
=ADVERSE.= Opposite.
=ÆCHMEA= (from _aichme_, a point; in reference to the rigid points
on the calyces, or flower-envelopes). Including _Pironneaua_. ORD.
_Bromeliaceæ_. Very handsome stove plants. Flowers scapose, panicled;
perianth six-cleft, three outer segments sepaloid, longer than the
three inner or petaloid ones. Leaves ligulate or sword-shaped,
sometimes with marginal spines. The species thrive best in a
well-drained compost of rich fibrous loam and leaf mould. They like
plenty of light, which may be afforded by standing them on inverted
pots, so as to raise their heads well up above the surrounding plants.
Propagation: When the flower-spikes, which are sent up from the heart
or crown of the plant, die away, suckers or offsets are produced near
the base, and from these other flowers appear the year after. If large
plants are desired, these suckers should be left to grow and spread
around; but to produce single plants, the suckers must be taken off
and potted singly, in sharp soil, and then stood where they can get
a moist heat till rooted. To enable them to do this it is necessary
to strip off a few of the lower leaves, and trim the bottom with a
sharp knife, in order that it may heal over and callus more readily
than it otherwise would. When rooted, the plants may be shifted into
larger-sized pots; but for single crowns 32-sized pots are large
enough, as the plants, being epiphytal in their nature, do not require
much soil or any great supply of water, except when growing freely or
sending up their flower-spikes. In winter, they should be kept rather
on the dry side, to induce partial rest; and an important point is to
see that water is not allowed to lie for any length of time in the
crown of the plant, as when that is the case it is likely to cause them
to rot.
[Illustration: FIG. 33. ÆCHMEA FULGENS.]
=Æ. calyculata= (calycled).* _fl._ bright yellow, tubular, with red
bracts, borne in close roundish heads at the top of an erect scape.
_l._ strap-shaped, with the ends having the appearance of being cut
off, but armed with a sharp spine. _h._ 9in. Brazil, 1862. SYN.
_Hoplophytum calyculatum_.
=Æ. cœlestis= (heavenly blue).* _fl._ sky-blue, in close pyramidal
panicles, on erect snipes. Winter. _l._ ligulate, concave,
spiny-edged, scaly beneath. Brazil, 1874. SYN. _Hoplophytum
cœleste_.
=Æ. cœrulescens= (bluish). _fl._ bluish. _h._ 1ft. South America,
1870. This pretty species is very attractive on account of the
large dense head of deep blue and pure white berries which are
produced in October. SYN. _Lamprococcus cœrulescens_.
=Æ. discolor= (two-coloured-leaved).* _fl._ scarlet, borne on a
loose, branched panicle. June. _l._ broad, minutely toothed on the
margin, deep green above, and rather purplish beneath. _h._ 2ft.
Brazil, 1844.
=Æ. distichantha= (two-ranked-flowered).* _fl._ sepals
rose-coloured; petals bright purple; spikes densely clothed with
bright red bracts. _l._ long, glaucous, linear-oblong, tapering to
a sharp point, and distinctly armed with reddish brown spines. _h._
1ft. South Brazil, 1852. SYN. _Billbergia polystachya_.
=Æ. exudans= (exuding). _fl._ orange-coloured (exuding a white
greasy substance, whence the specific name) interspersed with
green bracts; scape erect, with scattered crimson lanceolate
bracts, terminating in a dense head. _l._ oblong, spine-margined,
grey-coated. _h._ 2ft. West Indies, 1824. SYN. _Hohenbergia
capitata_.
=Æ. fasciata= (banded).* _fl._ scape upright, clothed with leafy
bracts of a rosy-pink colour; each of the pink blossoms in
the dense conical head is subtended by a narrow, spiny-edged,
similarly-coloured bract, longer than its own. _l._ broad,
recurved, banded with white. Rio Janeiro, 1826. SYN. _Billbergia
fasciata_. Lasts in perfection for a considerable length of time.
=Æ. fulgens= (glowing).* _fl._ deep rich red, with a bluish tip,
fifty or more in a large branching panicle; scape stout, erect,
scarlet. August, September. _l._ somewhat sword-shaped, terminating
rather abruptly. Cayenne, 1842. See Fig. 33.
=Æ. Furstenbergi= (Furstenberg's). _fl._ rose; flower spike dense,
with overlapping showy pink bracts. _l._ tufted, linear, spinous at
the edge, recurved. _h._ 1ft. Bahia, 1879.
=Æ. glomerata= (glomerate).* _fl._ violet; scape erect, stout, 8in.
to 10in. high, with glomerate branches of crowded blood-red bracts.
_l._ oblong-ligulate, cuspidate, about 18in. long, dull green;
margin with short wide-set spines. Bahia, 1868. SYN. _Hohenbergia
erythrostachys_.
=Æ. hystrix= (bristly).* _fl._ in very dense, oblong spikes;
floral leaves and bracts scarlet. February. _l._ densely crowded,
ascending, linear lanceolate, saw-toothed. _h._ 2-1/2ft. Cayenne,
1880.
=Æ. Legrelliana= (Legrell's). A synonym of _Portea Legrelliana_.
=Æ. Lindeni= (Linden's). _fl._ yellow, in dense terminal heads,
with lanceolate red bracts, shorter than the flowers. _l._
linear-oblong, rounded, apiculate; margins saw-toothed; habit
tufted. _h._ 1ft. South Brazil, 1864.
=Æ. Mariæ Reginæ= (Queen Maria's).* _fl._ tipped with blue,
changing to salmon colour with age, arranged compactly upon the
upper portion of the spike; scape erect, about 2ft. high; half the
length is clothed with large boat-shaped bracts, some 4in. long,
intensely rich rose-pink. June, July. _l._ 18in. long, with a
tufted habit. Costa Rica, 1873. This is perhaps the best species.
=Æ. Melinoni= (Melinon's). _fl._ bright scarlet, tipped with pink,
cylindric; panicle dense, terminal. _l._ oblong, leathery, about
18in. in length, dark green; margin spiny. South America.
=Æ. Ortgiesii= (Ortgies'). _fl._ red, on short spikes. _l._
numerous, channelled, recurved, spongy, broad at the base, and
tapering to a point; stem short, gouty. Tropical America, 1860.
SYN. _Ortgiesia tillandsioides_.
=Æ. paniculigera= (panicled). _fl._ rose-coloured; petals
projecting beyond the sepals, deep bright purple; panicle large,
compound, 1ft. to 2ft. long; scape reddish, downy; rachides and
bracts rose-coloured. _l._ ligulate, shortly acuminate. West
Indies, 1881.
=Æ. spectabilis= (showy).* _fl._ rosy; calyx fleshy, ovate; corolla
1in. long, rosy crimson. _l._ spreading, channelled, ligulate,
2-1/2ft. long, 3in. to 4in. broad. Guatemala, 1875.
=Æ. Veitchii= (Veitch's).* _fl._ scarlet; spike densely clothed
with scarlet toothed bracts, closely investing flowers. _l._
tufted, leathery in texture, broadly strap-shaped, spotted, and
minutely serrulate. _h._ 1ft. Columbia, 1877. SYN. _Chevalliera
Veitchii_.
=ÆGICERAS= (from _aix_, a goat, and _keras_, a horn; alluding to the
shape of its fruit). ORD. _Myrsineæ_. Small trees, with obovate entire
leaves. Flowers white, fragrant, in terminal or axillary umbels. For
culture, _see_ =Jacquinia=.
=Æ. fragrans= (fragrant). _fl._ white, fragrant; umbels
pedunculate, axillary, terminal. April. _l._ obovate, margin
undulated, and unequally dilated, veiny; upper surface covered with
saline excrescence. _h._ 6ft. New Holland, 1824.
=ÆGILOPS.= _See_ =Quercus Ægilops=.
=ÆGIPHILA= (from _aix_, a goat, and _philos_, dear; a favourite
with goats). ORD. _Verbenaceæ_. Stove ornamental evergreen shrubs,
generally with ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth leaves; and flowers
in axillary and terminal panicles. They require a rich sandy loam.
Propagated from cuttings, which will root in sand, under a glass, with
bottom heat.
=Æ. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ yellow, terminal,
corymbose; corolla downy. November. Berry compressed, blue.
_l._ verticillate oblong, entire, sub-cordate at base. _h._
3ft. Havannah, 1843. The other species are probably not now in
cultivation, and this one is not generally so.
=ÆGLE= (from Ægle, one of the Hesperides). Bengal Quince. ORD.
_Rutaceæ_. A stove evergreen tree, producing very large fruit, which
much resembles an orange in general appearance, very delicious to the
taste, and exquisitely fragrant. This genus differs principally from
_Citrus_ by its numerous disunited stamens. The pulp of the fruit is
an aperient, and a valuable remedy in dysentery, the thick rind and
the dried unripe fruit are astringent. It thrives best in a rich loamy
soil. Propagated by ripe cuttings, which, if not deprived of any of
their leaves, will root in sand under a hand glass, in heat.
=Æ. Marmelos= (Marmelos). _fl._ white, very fragrant; panicles
axillary, terminal. April. _fr._ fifteen-celled. _l._ trifoliate;
leaflets toothletted. _h._ 10ft. India, 1759.
=ÆOLANTHUS= (from _aiollo_, to vary, and _anthos_, a flower; referring
to the variableness of the flowers). ORD. _Labiatæ_. A genus of few
herbs, with thickish leaves. Flowers loosely panicled. They thrive in
sandy loam, and increase freely from seeds sown in a similar compost.
=Æ. Livingstonii= (Livingstone's). _fl._ brown. East Africa, 1859.
=Æ. suaveolens= (sweet-scented). _fl._ lilac, secund; cymes
axillary and terminal, erect, usually trifid, with floral leaves
under the divisions. July. _l._ nearly sessile, obovate, obsoletely
denticulated, thickish, pale green. _h._ 1ft. Brazil, 1859. A
pretty stove annual, with a sweet odour.
=AERANTHUS= (from _aer_, air, and _anthos_, a flower; referring to the
habit). ORD. _Orchideæ_. A genus of a couple of species of remarkable
stove orchids, requiring treatment similar to =Anguloa=, to which they
are allied.
=Æ. arachnitis= (spider-like). _fl._ green. _l._ linear. _h._ 4in.
Madagascar, 1850.
=Æ. grandiflora= (large-flowered).* _fl._ yellowish-green, large,
solitary, terminal. _h._ 8in. Madagascar, 1823.
=AERATION.= The exposure of the soil to the free action of the air, as
essential to the growth of plants.