========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+========
| No. | S.1 | S.2 | S.3 | S.4 | S.5 | S.6 | S.7 | S.8 | S.9 | S.10 | | | | | Ratio
Date | of | | | | | | | | 1.2.3.4.5 | | | R | W | R | W | of
| trials | 7.8.9 | 1.2.3.4 | 2.3.4.5.6.7 | 1.2.3.4.5.6 | 4.5.6.7.8 | 1.2.3 | 2.3.4.5 | 6.7.8.9 | 1.2.3.4 | 3.4.5.6.7.8 | | | | | R to W
--------+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---+---+---+---+--------
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
May | | {7.7.9.7.7 | {1.2.4.1 | {3.2.7.2 | {4.6.1.6 | | {3.1.3.3 | | | {4.1.4.1 | {3.8.3.3 | | | | |
3 | 1-10 | {9.7.9.7.9 | {1.4.1.1 | {7.7.7.5 | {1.6.1.1 | 5.8.6.7 | {3.3.1.1 | 3.5.4 | 9.1.8 | {4.1.4.2 | {3.8.6.3 | 0 |10 | 0 |10 | 0:10.00
| | {7.9.9.7.8* | {4.3* | {2.7.6* | {1.3.5* | | {1.1.2* | | | {1.4.3* | {8.3.7* | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | {4.7.2.7 | | (8.8.4.8 | | {5.5.5.5 | {9.5.5.9 | | | | | | |
4 and 5 | 11-20 | (7.9.7.9.9 | 1.4.1.3 | {2.7.3.2 | 1.6.5 | {8.8.4.8 | {3.3.1.1.3 | {5.5.5.3 | {7.1.6.6 | {4.4.4.4 | {8.8.6.8 | 0 |10 | 0 |10 | 0:10.00
| | {9.7.7.9.8 | | {7.2.6* | | {4.8.7* | {3.3.1.2 | {5.5.4* | {6.5.8* | {4.4.4.3 | {8.7 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
6 | 21-30 | 9.7.9.7.8 | 4.3 | 7.2.3.7.6 | {6.3.1.6 | 6.8.7 | 3.1.2 | {5.3.5.3 | {6.9.4.6.1 | {4.1.2.4 | {3.4.5.3 | 0 |10 | 0 |10 | 0:10.00
| | | | | {6.2.6.5 | | | {2.4 | {7.9.7.8 | {4.2.3 | {8.6.7 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
7 | 31-40 | 7.9.7.8 | 1.4.3 | 2.7.6 | 3.5 | 4.8.7 | 3.1.2 | 3.2.3.5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 5.8.3.4.8.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00
8 | 41-50 | 7.9.7.8 | (4.2.4.1.4 | 6 | 5 | 6.5.4.8.7 | {3.1.3.1 | 5.3.5.4 | {7.4.2.1 | {4.2.4.1 | 5.3.8.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00
| | | {4.2.2.4.3 | | | | {3.1.3.2 | | {9.8 | {4.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | {5.3.5.3 | | | | | | | |
10 | 51-60 | 7.7.8 | 3 | 7.3.2.7.6 | 6.4.6.5 | (6.4.8.5 | 3.1.3.2 | {2.5.3.5 | 5.9.8 | 4.2.4.3 | {6.5.4 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00
| | | | | | {4.8.7 | | {2.5.4 | | | {3.8.7 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
11 | 61-70 | 7.9.7.8 | 1.4.3 | 4.3.2.7.6 | 6.5 | {5.4.8.6 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 6.5.2.3.1.8 | 3 | 6.5.3.8.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00
| | | | | | {5.4.8.7 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
12 | 71-80 | 7.9.8 | 3 | 7.3.2.7.6 | 6.5 | 5.4.8.7 | 1.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 5.4.3.8.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00
13 | 81-90 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 3.7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 1.3.2 | 2.5.2.5.4 | 7.6.5.9.8 | 3 | 8.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | {1.2.1.2.2 | | | | | |
14 | 91-100 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 6.5.4.7 | 1.3.2 | 5.4 | 9.8 | {1.4.2.2.1 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
| | | | | | | | | | {4.1.4.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
15 | 101-110 | 7.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 5.4.5.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 2.1.3 | 8.8.7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1: 2.33
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
17 | 111-120 | 7.8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | {2.1.2.1.2 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.5.1.8 | 3 | 8.7 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1: 9.00
| | | | | {1.3.2.6.5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
18 | 121-130 | 8 | 4.3 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.5.2.8 | 3 | 8.7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1: 2.33
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | {5.3.2.5.3 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | {2.5.2.5.3 | | | | | | | |
19 | 131-140 | 8 | 3 | 3.2.6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | {5.5.2.5.5 | 7.6.9.8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 1: 0.67
| | | | | | | | {3.2.5.5.3 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | {2.5.5.4 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
20 | 141-150 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.2.7.6 | 6.5 | 5.4.7 | 3.2 | 3.2.5.4 | 6.5.4.3.8 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 1: 2.33
21 | 151-160 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.7.5.3.7.6 | 5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.3.5.2.5.4 | 7.6.5.9.8 | 3 | 6.4.3.8.7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
22 | 161-170 | 7.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 3.2.6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | {5.2.5.3 | 7.6.5.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
| | | | | | | | {2.5.4 | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | {3.1.3 | | | | | | | | |
24 | 171-180 | 8 | 3 | {3.2.7.5 | {3.6.4 | 8.7 | {1.3.3 | {3.5.4 | 8 | {4.4.2.1 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
| | | | {7.3.6 | {3.6.5 | | {3.2 | | | {4.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
25 | 181-190 | 7.9.7.9.8 | 3 | 3.7.6 | 5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 4.3.8 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00
26 | 191-200 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 8.7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1: 1.00
27 | 201-210 | 7.9.8 | 3 | 3.2.7.6 | 5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 3 | 8.7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
28 | 211-220 | 8 | 3 | 3.7.6 | 4.3.2.6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.5.9.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
29 | 221-230 | 7.8 | 3 | 5.4.3.7.6 | 6.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.2.5.4 | 7.6.5.8 | 3 | 3.8.7 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 1: 1.50
31 | 231-240 | 7.7.8 | 3 | 3.7.6 | 6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 9.8 | 3 | 3.7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 1: 4.00
June | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1 | 241-250 | 8 | 3 | 5.4.7.6 | 3.2.6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 8 | 3 | 8.7 | 4 | 6 | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
" | 251-260 | 7.9.8 | 3 | 3.7.6 | 5 | 6.5.4.8.7 | 3.2 | 4 | 5.4.3.8 | {4.2.1.4 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 8 |12 | 1: 1.50
| | | | | | | | | | {2.4.4.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
2 | 261-270 | 7.8 | 3 | 6 | 3.2.6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 8 | 3 | 6.5.3.8.7 | 5 | 5 | | |
" | 271-280 | 7.8 | 3 | 3.7.6 | 3.6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 5.4 | 7.6.5.4.3.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 9 |11 | 1: 1.22
3 | 281-290 | 7.8 | 3 | 7.6 | 3.6.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 4 | 7.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | |
" | 291-300 | 9.8 | 3 | 3.6 | 4.3.6.5 | 8.7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 7.6.5.9.8 | 3 | 8.7 | 3 | 7 | 7 |13 | 1: 1.86
4 | 301-310 | 8 | 3 | 7.6 | 3.4.3.6.5 | 8.7 | 2 | 3.2.5.4 | 7.6.5.8 | 3 | 3.8.7 | 4 | 6 | | |
" | 311-320 | 8 | 3 | 5.4.7.6 | 3.2.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.2.5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 3 |11 | 9 | 1: 0.82
5 | 321-330 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 4.6.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 7 | 7 | 3 | | |
" | 331-340 | 8 | 3 | 7.4.7.6 | 3.2.4.6.5 | 7 | 3.2 | 3.5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 |13 | 7 | 1: 0.54
7 | 341-350 | 8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 8.7 | 1.3.1.2 | 3.5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 6 | 4 | | |
" | 351-360 | 8 | 3 | 7.6 | 5 | 8.7 | 2 | 3.5.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 3 |13 | 7 | 1: 0.54
8 | 361-370 | 7.8 | 3 | 4.7.6 | 3.5 | 8.7 | 2 | 3.4 | 9.8 | 3 | 7 | 4 | 6 | | |
| 371-380 | 8 | 3 | 7.6 | 3.4.4.3.5 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 9 |11 | 1: 1.22
9 | 381-390 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 4.2.1.5 | 7 | 2 | 3.4 | 8 | 3 | 8.7 | 7 | 3 | | |
" | 391-400 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 3.4 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 1 |16 | 4 | 1: 0.25
10 | 401-410 | 8 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 7 |10 | 0 |10 | 0 | 1: 0.00
--------+-----------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---+---+---+---+--------
| | | | 1.2.3.4.5 | | | | | | 1.2.3.4 | 2.3.4.5 | | | | |
| | 5.6.7.8 | 2.3.4.5.6 | 6.7.8.9 | 5.6.7 | 1.2.3.4 | 4.5.6 | 2.3.4.5 | 1.2.3 | 5.6.7 | 6.7.8.9 | | | | |
| +--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+--------------+---+---+---+---+--------
11 | 1-10 | 6.7 | 3.5 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 7.7.2.6 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 1: 1.00
12 | 11-20 | 7 | 3.6.6.2.5 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 4.5 | 4 | 2 | 7.6 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 1: 0.43
========+===========+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+==============+===+===+===+===+========
[Footnote *: Aided by experimenter.]
Examination of table 5 indicates that some of the settings proved very
easy for Sobke; others, extremely difficult. Consequently, the number of
methods which were tried and rejected for a given setting varies from
two to five. Setting 2 proved a fairly simple one, and after the
inhibition of the tendency to choose the first box at the left, the only
definite tendency to appear was that of choosing the first box at the
right, and then the one next to it. After one hundred and thirty trials,
this method suddenly gave place to direct choice of the right box, and
during the following twenty-eight series, no error occurred for this
setting. Setting 4, on the contrary, proved extremely difficult, and a
variety of methods is more or less definitely indicated by the records.
It is needless to lengthen the description by analyzing the data for
each setting, since the reader by carefully scanning the columns of data
in table 5 may observe for himself the various tendencies and their
mutual relations.
Sobke's curve of learning (figure 19) in problem 2, is extremely
irregular, as was that of Skirrl. Similar irregularities appear in the
daily ratios of right to wrong first choices presented in the last
column of table 5. Most of these irregularities were due, I have
discovered, to unfavorable external conditions. Thus, dark rainy days
and disturbing noises outside the laboratory were obviously conditions
of poor work.
On the day following the final and correct series for problem 2, a
control series was given. In this Sobke seemed greatly surprised by the
new situations which presented themselves. Repeatedly he exhibited
impulses to enter the box which would have been the correct one in the
regular series of settings. He frequently inhibited such impulses and
chose correctly, but at other times he reacted quickly and made
mistakes. It was evident from his behavior that he was not guided by
anything like a definite idea of the relation of the right box to the
other members of the group.
In a second control series given on the following day, June 12,
confusion appeared, but less markedly. For the first setting, a correct
choice was made with deliberation. For the second setting, box 3 was
immediately chosen, as should have been the case in the regular series
of settings. Sobke seemed confused when he emerged from this box and had
difficulty in locating the right one. Then followed direct correct
choices for settings 3, 4, and 5. For setting 6, there is recorded a
deliberately made wrong choice, and so on throughout the series, the
choices being characterized by deliberateness and definite search for
the right box. Uncertainty was plainly indicated, and in this the
behavior of the animal differed markedly from that in the concluding
series of the regular experiment.
It seems safe to conclude from the results of these control series that
Sobke has no free idea of the relation of secondness from the right and
is chiefly dependent upon memory of the particular settings for cues
which lead to correct choice.
_Problem 3. Alternately First at Left and First at Right_
For four successive days after the last control series in connection
with problem 2, Sobke was merely fed in the apparatus according to
previous description (p. 43). He exhibited a wonderfully keen appetite
and was well fed during this interval between problems.
The method of experimentation chosen for problem 3 in the light of
previous experience was that of confining the monkey for a short time,
ten to fifteen seconds, in the wrong box, in each of the first ten
mistakes for a given trial, and of then aiding him to find the right box
by the slight and momentary raising of the exit door. Aid proved
necessary in a few of the trials during the first four days. Then he
worked independently. As work progressed it was found possible and also
desirable to increase the period of confinement, and in the end, sixty
seconds proved satisfactory. It was also thought desirable to increase
the number of trials per day from a single series during the early days
to two or even three series from June 29 on. Often three series could be
given in succession without difficulty. During the early trials on this
problem Sobke worked remarkably well, but later his willingness
diminished, evidently because of his failure readily to solve the
problem, and it became extremely difficult to coax him into the
apparatus. On days when he entered only reluctantly and as it seemed
against his will, he was likely to be nervous, erratic, and often slow
in making his choices, but above all he tended to waste time by not
returning to the starting point, preferring rather to loiter in the
alleyways or run back and forth.