Elections:

President:

last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA June 1997); results - Saparmurad

NIYAZOV 99.5% (ran unopposed)

Majlis:

last held 7 January 1990 (next to be held NA 1995); results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) elections not officially by party, but

Communist Party members won nearly 90% of seats; note - seats to be reduced

to 50 at next election

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, nine deputy prime ministers, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

under 1992 constitution there are two parliamentary bodies, a unicameral

People's Council (Halk Maslahaty - having more than 100 members and meeting

infrequently) and a 50-member unicameral Assembly (Majlis)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Saparmurad NIYAZOV (since NA October 1990)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister (vacant); Deputy Prime Ministers Valery G. OCHERTSOV,

Orazgeldi AYDOGDYEV, Yagmur OVEZOV, Jourakuli BABAKULIYEV, Matkarim RAJAPOV,

Rejep SAPAROV, Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA); Chairman of the People's

Council Sakhat MURADOV (since NA)

Member of:

CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

NA

chancery:

NA

telephone:

NA

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph S. HULINGS III

embassy:

Yubilenaya Hotel, Ashgabat (Ashkhabad)

mailing address:

APO AE 09862

telephone:

[7] 36320 24-49-08

Flag:

green field, including a vertical stripe on the hoist side, with a claret

veritcal stripe in between containing five white, black, and orange carpet

guls (an assymetrical design used in producing rugs) associated with five

different tribes; a white crescent and five white stars in the upper left

corner to the right of the carpet guls

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Overview:

Like the other 15 former Soviet republics, Turkmenistan faces enormous

problems of economic adjustment - to move away from Moscow-based central

planning toward a system of decisionmaking by private entrepreneurs, local

government authorities, and, hopefully, foreign investors. This process

requires wholesale changes in supply sources, markets, property rights, and

monetary arrangements. Industry - with 10% of the labor force - is heavily

weighted toward the energy sector, which produced 11% of the ex-USSR's gas

and 1% of its oil. Turkmenistan ranked second among the former Soviet

republics in cotton production, mainly in the irrigated western region,

where the huge Karakumskiy Canal taps the Amu Darya. The general decline in

national product accelerated in 1992, principally because of inability to

obtain spare parts and disputes with customers over the price of natural

gas.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

-10% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

53% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

15%-20% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$100 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

natural gas, oil, chemicals, cotton, textiles, carpets

partners:

Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Imports:

$100 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

machinery and parts, plastics and rubber, consumer durables, textiles

partners:

mostly other than former Soviet Union

External debt:

$650 million (end 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -17% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

2,920,000 kW capacity; 13,100 million kWh produced, 3,079 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

oil and gas, petrochemicals, fertilizers, food processing, textiles

Agriculture:

cotton, fruits, vegetables

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit

drugs from Southwest Asia to Western Europe

Economic aid:

$280 million offical aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)

Currency:

retaining Russian ruble as currency; planning to establish own currency, the

manat, but no date set (May 1993)

*Turkmenistan, Economy

Exchange rates:

rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Turkmenistan, Communications

Railroads:

2,120 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

23,000 km total; 18,300 km hard surfaced, 4,700 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

crude oil 250 km, natural gas 4,400 km

Ports:

inland - Krasnovodsk (Caspian Sea)

Airports:

total:

7

useable:

7

with permanent-surface runways:

4

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

4

Telecommunications:

poorly developed; only 65 telephones per 1000 persons (1991); linked by

cable and microwave to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased

connections to the Moscow international gateway switch; a new direct

telephone link from Ashgabat (Ashkhabad) to Iran has been established;

satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 INTELSAT for TV receive-only

service; a newly installed satellite earth station provides TV receiver-only

capability for Turkish broadcasts

*Turkmenistan, Defense Forces

Branches:

National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), Joint

Command Turkmenistan/Russia (Ground, Navy or Caspian Sea Flotilla, Air, and

Air Defense)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 933,285; fit for military service 765,824; reach military

age (18) annually 39,254 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Header

Affiliation:

(dependent territory of the UK)

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Geography

Location:

in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 190 km north of the Dominican Republic

and southeast of The Bahamas

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

total area:

430 km2

land area:

430 km2

comparative area:

slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

389 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Terrain:

low, flat limestone; extensive marshes and mangrove swamps

Natural resources:

spiny lobster, conch

Land use:

arable land:

2%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

98%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

30 islands (eight inhabited); subject to frequent hurricanes

*Turks and Caicos Islands, People

Population:

13,137 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.97% (1993 est.)

Birth rate: 14.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

5.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

20.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

75.34 years

male:

73.41 years

female:

77.02 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.17 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

none

adjective:

none

Ethnic divisions:

African

Religions:

Baptist 41.2%, Methodist 18.9%, Anglican 18.3%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.7%,

other 19.9% (1980)

Languages:

English (official)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

total population:

98%

male:

99%

female:

98%

Labor force:

NA

by occupation:

majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence

agriculture

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Turks and Caicos Islands

Digraph:

TK

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital: Grand Turk

Administrative divisions:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

introduced 30 August 1976, suspended in 1986, and a Constitutional

Commission is currently reviewing its contents

Legal system:

based on laws of England and Wales with a small number adopted from Jamaica

and The Bahamas

National holiday:

Constitution Day, 30 August (1976)

Political parties and leaders:

Progressive National Party (PNP), Washington MISSIC; People's Democratic

Movement (PDM), Oswald SKIPPINGS; National Democratic Alliance (NDA), Ariel

MISSICK

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

Legislative Council:

last held on 3 April 1991 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

party NA; seats - (20 total, 13 elected) PNP 8, PDM 5

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor, Executive Council, chief minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral Legislative Council

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1953), represented by Governor Michael

J. BRADLEY (since NA 1987)

Head of Government:

Chief Minister Washington MISSIC (since NA 1991)

Member of:

CARICOM (associate), CDB

Diplomatic representation in US:

as a dependent territory of the UK, the interests of the Turks and Caicos

Islands are represented in the US by the UK

US diplomatic representation:

none

Flag:

blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

colonial shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield is yellow

and contains a conch shell, lobster, and cactus

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Economy

Overview:

The economy is based on fishing, tourism, and offshore banking. Only

subsistence farming - corn, cassava, citrus, and beans - exists on the

Caicos Islands, so that most foods, as well as nonfood products, must be

imported.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $68.5 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$5,000 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

12% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $20.3 million; expenditures $44.0 million, including capital

expenditures of $23.9 million (1989)

Exports:

$4.1 million (f.o.b., 1987)

commodities:

lobster, dried and fresh conch, conch shells

partners:

US, UK

Imports:

$33.2 million (c.i.f., FY84)

commodities:

foodstuffs, drink, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials

partners:

US, UK

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

9,050 kW capacity; 11.1 million kWh produced, 860 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

fishing, tourism, offshore financial services

Agriculture:

subsistence farming prevails, based on corn and beans; fishing more

important than farming; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$110 million

Currency:

US currency is used

Exchange rates:

US currency is used

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Communications

Highways:

121 km, including 24 km tarmac

Ports:

Grand Turk, Salt Cay, Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour

Airports:

total: 7

usable:

7

with permanent-surface runways:

4

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

4

Telecommunications:

fair cable and radio services; 1,446 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,

no FM, several TV; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

station

*Turks and Caicos Islands, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Tuvalu, Geography

Location:

Oceania, 3,000 km east of Papua New Guinea in the South Pacific Ocean

Map references:

Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

26 km2

land area:

26 km2

comparative area:

about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

24 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly

gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Terrain:

very low-lying and narrow coral atolls

Natural resources:

fish

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

severe tropical storms are rare

*Tuvalu, People

Population:

9,666 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.74% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

26.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

9.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

26.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

62.64 years

male:

61.27 years

female:

63.82 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Tuvaluans(s)

adjective:

Tuvaluan

Ethnic divisions:

Polynesian 96%

Religions:

Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%, Baha'i

1%, other 0.6%

Languages:

Tuvaluan, English

Literacy: total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

NA

by occupation:

NA

*Tuvalu, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Tuvalu

former:

Ellice Islands

Digraph:

TV

Type:

democracy; began debating republic status in 1992; referendum expected in

1993

Capital:

Funafuti

Administrative divisions:

none

Independence:

1 October 1978 (from UK)

Constitution:

1 October 1978

Legal system:

NA

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

none

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

Parliament:

last held 28 September 1989 (next to be held by NA September 1993); results

- percent of vote NA; seats - (12 total)

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament (Palamene)

Judicial branch:

High Court

Leaders:

Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

Toaripi LAUTI (since NA 1992)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Bikenibeu PAENIU (since 16 October 1989); Deputy Prime

Minister Dr. Alesana SELUKA (since October 1989)

Member of:

ACP, C (special), ESCAP, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

(vacant)

US diplomatic representation:

none

Flag:

light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the

outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow

five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

*Tuvalu, Economy

Overview:

Tuvalu consists of a scattered group of nine coral atolls with poor soil.

The country has no known mineral resources and few exports. Subsistence

farming and fishing are the primary economic activities. The islands are too

small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Government

revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and coins and worker

remittances. Substantial income is received annually from an international

trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, New Zealand, and the UK and

supported also by Japan and South Korea.

National product:

GNP - exchange rate conversion - $4.6 million (1989 est.)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$530 (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3.9% (1984)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $4.3 million; expenditures $4.3 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1989)

Exports:

$1.0 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.)

commodities:

copra

partners:

Fiji, Australia, NZ

Imports:

$2.8 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.)

commodities:

food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

partners:

Fiji, Australia, NZ

External debt: $NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

2,600 kW capacity; 3 million kWh produced, 330 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

fishing, tourism, copra

Agriculture:

coconuts

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $1 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $101 million

Currency:

1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January

1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752

(1988)

Fiscal year:

NA

*Tuvalu, Communications

Highways:

8 km gravel

Ports:

Funafuti, Nukufetau

Merchant marine:

6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 33,220 GRT/58,518 DWT; includes 1

passenger-cargo, 1 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker

Airports:

total:

1

useable:

1

with permanent-surface runways:

0

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

1

Telecommunications:

broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 300 radiotelephones; 4,000 radios;

108 telephones

*Tuvalu, Defense Forces

Branches:

Police Force

Manpower availability: NA

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GNP

*Uganda, Geography

Location:

Eastern Africa, between Kenya and Zaire

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

236,040 km2

land area:

199,710 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:

total 2,698 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km,

Zaire 765 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June

to August); semiarid in northeast

Terrain:

mostly plateau with rim of mountains

Natural resources:

copper, cobalt, limestone, salt

Land use:

arable land:

23%

permanent crops:

9%

meadows and pastures:

25%

forest and woodland:

30%

other:

13%

Irrigated land:

90 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

straddles Equator; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion

Note:

landlocked

*Uganda, People

Population:

19,344,181 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.69% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

49.86 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

22.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

112.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

38.4 years

male:

38.09 years

female:

38.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

7.15 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ugandan(s)

adjective:

Ugandan

Ethnic divisions:

African 99%, European, Asian, Arab 1%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 33%, Protestant 33%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 18%

Languages:

English (official), Luganda, Swahili, Bantu languages, Nilotic languages

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

48%

male:

62%

female:

35%

Labor force:

4.5 million (est.)

by occupation:

agriculture over 80%

note:

50% of population of working age (1983)

*Uganda, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Uganda

conventional short form: Uganda

Digraph:

UG

Type:

republic

Capital:

Kampala

Administrative divisions:

10 provinces; Busoga, Central, Eastern, Karamoja, Nile, North Buganda,

Northern, South Buganda, Southern, Western

Independence:

9 October 1962 (from UK)

Constitution:

8 September 1967, in process of constitutional revision

Legal system:

government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary

law and reinstitute a normal judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

Independence Day, 9 October (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

only party - National Resistance Movement (NRM), Yoweri MUSEVENI

note:

the Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM); Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Milton

OBOTE; Democratic Party (DP), Paul SSEMOGEERE; and Conservative Party (CP),

Jeshua NIKHGI continue to exist but are all proscribed from conducting

public political activities

Other political or pressure groups:

Uganda People's Front (UPF); Uganda People's Christian Democratic Army

(UPCDA); Ruwenzori Movement

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

National Resistance Council:

last held 11-28 February 1989 (next to be held by January 1995); results -

NRM was the only party; seats - (278 total, 210 indirectly elected) 210

members elected without party affiliation

Executive branch:

president, vice president, prime minister, three deputy prime ministers,

Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Resistance Council

Judicial branch:

Court of Appeal, High Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since 29 January 1986); Vice

President Samson Babi Mululu KISEKKA (since NA January 1991)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister George Cosmas ADYEBO (since NA January 1991)

Member of:

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA,

IDB, IFAD, IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS,

NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

WTO

*Uganda, Government

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Stephen Kapimpina KATENTA-APULI

chancery:

5909 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

telephone:

(202) 726-7100 through 7102

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Johnnie CARSON

embassy:

Parliament Avenue, Kampala

mailing address:

P. O. Box 7007, Kampala

telephone:

[256] (41) 259792, 259793, 259795

Flag:

six equal horizontal bands of black (top), yellow, red, black, yellow, and

red; a white disk is superimposed at the center and depicts a red-crested

crane (the national symbol) facing the staff side

*Uganda, Economy

Overview:

Uganda has substantial natural resources, including fertile soils, regular

rainfall, and sizable mineral deposits of copper and cobalt. The economy has

been devastated by widespread political instability, mismanagement, and

civil war since independence in 1962, keeping Uganda poor with a per capita

income of about $300. (GDP remains below the levels of the early 1970s, as

does industrial production.) Agriculture is the most important sector of the

economy, employing over 80% of the work force. Coffee is the major export

crop and accounts for the bulk of export revenues. Since 1986 the government

has acted to rehabilitate and stabilize the economy by undertaking currency

reform, raising producer prices on export crops, increasing prices of

petroleum products, and improving civil service wages. The policy changes

are especially aimed at dampening inflation, which was running at over 300%

in 1987, and boosting production and export earnings. In 1990-92, the

economy has turned in a solid performance based on continued investment in

the rehabilitation of infrastructure, improved incentives for production and

exports, and gradually improving domestic security.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

41.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $365 million; expenditures $545 million, including capital

expenditures of $165 million (FY89 est.)

Exports:

$170 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

coffee 97%, cotton, tea

partners:

US 25%, UK 18%, France 11%, Spain 10%

Imports:

$610 million (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

commodities:

petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transportation

equipment, food

partners:

Kenya 25%, UK 14%, Italy 13%

External debt:

$1.9 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 7.0% (1990); accounts for 5% of GDP

Electricity:

200,000 kW capacity; 610 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

sugar, brewing, tobacco, cotton textiles, cement

Agriculture:

mainly subsistence; accounts for 57% of GDP and over 80% of labor force;

cash crops - coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco; food crops - cassava, potatoes,

corn, millet, pulses; livestock products - beef, goat meat, milk, poultry;

self-sufficient in food

*Uganda, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-89), $145 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.4 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $60 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $169

million

Currency:

1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,217.1 (January 1993), 1.133.8 (1992),

734.0 (1991), 428.85 (1990), 223.1 (1989), 106.1 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Uganda, Communications

Railroads:

1,300 km, 1.000-meter-gauge single track

Highways:

26,200 km total; 1,970 km paved; 5,849 km crushed stone, gravel, and

laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks

Inland waterways:

Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward; Victoria

Nile, Albert Nile; principal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port Bell,

both on Lake Victoria

Merchant marine:

3 roll-on/roll-off (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,091 GRT

Airports:

total:

31

usable:

23

with permanent-surface runways:

5

with runways over 3,659 m:

1

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

3

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

11

Telecommunications:

fair system with microwave and radio communications stations; broadcast

stations - 10 AM, no FM, 9 TV; satellite communications ground stations - 1

Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

*Uganda, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 4,137,983; fit for military service 2,250,793 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, 15% of budget (FY89/90)

*Ukraine, Geography

Location:

Eastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Poland and Russia

Map references:

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - European States, Europe, Standard

Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

603,700 km2

land area:

603,700 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total 4,558 km, Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 428

km, Romania (southwest) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km,

Slovakia 90 km

Coastline: 2,782 km

Maritime claims:

NA

International disputes:

potential border disputes with Moldova and Romania in northern Bukovina and

southern Odes'ka Oblast'; potential dispute with Moldova over former

southern Bessarabian areas; has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but

has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any

other nation

Climate:

temperate continental; subtropical only on the southern Crimean coast;

precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north,

lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to

cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the

country, hot in the south

Terrain:

most of Ukraine consists of fertile plains (steppes) and plateaux, mountains

being found only in the west (the Carpathians), and in the Crimean Peninsula

in the extreme south

Natural resources:

iron ore, coal, manganese, natural gas, oil, salt, sulphur, graphite,

titanium, magnesium, kaolin, nickel, mercury, timber

Land use:

arable land:

56%

permanent crops:

2%

meadows and pastures:

12%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

30%

Irrigated land:

26,000 km2 (1990)

Environment:

air and water pollution, deforestation, radiation contamination around

Chornobyl' nuclear power plant

Note:

strategic position at the crossroads between Europe and Asia; second largest

country in Europe

*Ukraine, People

Population:

51,821,230 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

12.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

12.53 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.69 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

21 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

69.87 years

male:

65.32 years

female:

74.65 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ukrainian(s)

adjective:

Ukrainian

Ethnic divisions:

Ukrainian 73%, Russian 22%, Jewish 1%, other 4%

Religions:

Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate, Ukrainian Orthodox - Kiev

Patriarchate, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox, Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate),

Protestant, Jewish

Languages:

Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish

Literacy:

age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

total population:

100%

male:

100%

female:

100%

Labor force:

25.277 million

by occupation:

industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health,

education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and

communication 7%, other 7% (1990)

*Ukraine, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Ukraine

local long form:

none

local short form:

Ukrayina

former:

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

UP

Type:

republic

Capital:

Kiev (Kyyiv)

Administrative divisions:

24 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtomnaya, respublika), and 2

municipalites (singular - misto) with oblast status**;, Chernihivs'ka, Cherkas'ka, Chernivets'ka,

Dnipropetrovs'ka, Donets'ka,

Ivano-Frankivs'ka, Kharkivs'ka, Khersons'ka, Khmel'nyts'ka, Kirovohrads'ka,

Kyyiv (Kiev)**, Kyyivs'ka (Kiev), Luhans'ka, L'vivs'ka, Mykolayivs'ka,, Odes'ka, Poltavs'ka,

Respublika Krym*, Rivnens'ka, Sevastopol'**,Sums'ka,, Ternopil's'ka, Vinnyts'ka, Volyns'ka,

Zakarpats'ka, Zaporiz'ka, Zhytomyrs'ka

Independence:

1 December 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

using 1978 pre-independence constitution; new consitution currently being

drafted

Legal system:

based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

National holiday:

Independence Day, 24 August (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

Green Party of Ukraine, Vitaliy KONONOV, leader; Liberal Party of Ukraine,

Ihor MERKULOV, chairman; Liberal Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr

KLYMCHUK, chairman; Democratic Party of Ukraine, Volodymyr Oleksandrovych

YAVORIVSKIY, chairman; People's Party of Ukraine, Leopol'd TABURYANSKYY,

chairman; Peasants' Party of Ukraine, Serhiy DOVGRAN', chairman; Party of

Democratic Rebirth of Ukraine, Volodymyr FILENKO, chairman; Social

Democratic Party of Ukraine, Yuriy ZBITNEV, chairman; Socialist Party of

Ukraine, Oleksandr MOROZ, chairman; Ukrainian Christian Democratic Party,

Vitaliy ZHURAVSKYY, chairman; Ukrainian Conservative Republican Party,

Stepan KHMARA, chairman; Ukrainian Labor Party, Valentyn LANDIK, chairman;

Ukrainian Party of Justice, Mykhaylo HRECHKO, chairman; Ukrainian Peasants'

Democratic Party, Serhiy PLACHINDA, chairman; Ukrainian Republican Party,

Mykhaylo HORYN', chairman; Ukrainian National Conservative Party, Viktor

RADIONOV, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

Ukrainian People's Movement for Restructuring (Rukh); New Ukraine (Nova

Ukrayina); Congress of National Democratic Forces

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

*Ukraine, Government

Elections:

President:

last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Leonid

KRAVCHUK 61.59%, Vyacheslav CHERNOVIL 23.27%, Levko LUKYANENKO 4.49%,

Volodymyr HRYNYOV 4.17%, Iher YUKHNOVSKY 1.74%, Leopold TABURYANSKYY 0.57%,

other 4.17%

Supreme Council:

last held 4 March 1990 (next scheduled for 1995, may be held earlier in late

1993); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (450 total) number of

seats by party NA

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral Supreme Council

Judicial branch:

being organized

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Leonid Makarovych KRAVCHUK (since 5 December 1991)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Leonid Danilovych KUCHMA (since 13 October 1992); Acting

First Deputy Prime Minister Yukhym Leonidovych ZVYAHIL'SKYY (since 11 June

1993) and five deputy prime ministers

Member of:

BSEC, CBSS (observer), CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, IAEA, IBRD, ILO, IMF, INMARSAT,

IOC, ITU, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO, WIPO,

WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Oleh Hryhorovych BILORUS

chancery:

3350 M Street NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:

(202) 333-0606

FAX:

(202) 333-0817

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roman POPADIUK

embassy:

10 Vul. Yuria Kotsyubinskovo, 252053 Kiev 53

mailing address:

APO AE 09862

telephone:

[7] (044) 244-7349

FAX:

[7] (044) 244-7350

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent

grainfields under a blue sky

*Ukraine, Economy

Overview:

After Russia, the Ukrainian republic was far and away the most important

economic component of the former Soviet Union producing more than three

times the output of the next-ranking republic. Its fertile black soil

generated more than one fourth of Soviet agricultural output, and its farms

provided substantial quantities of meat, milk, grain and vegetables to other

republics. Likewise, its well-developed and diversified heavy industry

supplied equipment and raw materials to industrial and mining sites in other

regions of the former USSR. In 1992 the Ukrainian government liberalized

most prices and erected a legal framework for privatizing state enterprises

while retaining many central economic controls and continuing subsidies to

state production enterprises. In November 1992 the new Prime Minister KUCHMA

launched a new economic reform program promising more freedom to the

agricultural sector, faster privatization of small and medium enterprises,

and stricter control over state subsidies. Even so, the magnitude of the

problems and the slow pace in building new market-oriented institutions

preclude a near-term recovery of output to the 1990 level.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

-13% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

20%-30% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$13.5 billion to outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)

commodities:

coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, machinery

and transport equipment, grain, meat

partners:

NA

Imports:

$16.7 billion from outside of the successor states of the former USSR (1990)

commodities:

machinery and parts, transportation equipment, chemicals, textiles

partners:

NA

External debt:

$12 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -9% (1992)

Electricity:

55,882,000 kW capacity; 281,000 million kWh produced, 5,410 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

coal, electric power, ferrous and nonferrous metals, machinery and transport

equipment, chemicals, food-processing (especially sugar)

Agriculture:

grain, vegetables, meat, milk, sugar beets

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

government eradication program; used as transshipment points for illicit

drugs to Western Europe

*Ukraine, Economy

Economic aid:

$NA

Currency:

Ukraine withdrew the Russian ruble from circulation on 12 November 1992 and

declared the karbovanets (plural karbovantsi) sole legal tender in Ukrainian

markets; Ukrainian officials claim this is an interim move toward

introducing a new currency - the hryvnya - possibly in late 1993

Exchange rates:

Ukrainian karbovantsi per $US1 - 3,000 (1 April 1993)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Ukraine, Communications

Railroads:

22,800 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

273,700 km total (1990); 236,400 km hard surfaced, 37,300 km earth

Inland waterways:

1,672 km perennially navigable (Pripyat and Dnipro River)

Pipelines:

crude oil 2,010 km, petroleum products 1,920 km, natural gas 7,800 km (1992)

Ports:

coastal - Berdyans'k, Illichivs'k Kerch, Kherson, Mariupol' (formerly

Zhdanov), Mykolayiv, Odesa, Sevastopol', Pirdenne; inland - Kiev (Kyyiv)

Merchant marine:

394 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,952,328 GRT/5,262,161 DWT; includes

234 cargo, 18 container, 7 barge carriers, 55 bulk cargo, 10 oil tanker, 2

chemical tanker, 1 liquefied gas, 12 passenger, 5 passenger cargo, 9

short-sea passenger, 33 roll-on/roll-off, 2 railcar carrier, 1

multi-function-large-load-carrier, 5 refrigerated cargo

Airports:

total:

694

useable:

100

with permanent-surface runways:

111

with runways over 3,659 m:

3

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

81

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

78

Telecommunications:

international electronic mail system established in Kiev; Ukraine has about

7 million telephone lines (135 telephones for each 1000 persons); as of

mid-1992, 650 telephone lines per 1000 persons in Kiev with 15-20 digital

switches as of mid-1991; NMT-450 analog cellular network under construction

in Kiev; 3.56 million applications for telephones could not be satisfied as

of January 1990; international calls can be made via satellite, by landline

to other CIS countries, and through the Moscow international switching

center on 150 international lines; satellite earth stations employ INTELSAT,

INMARSAT, and Intersputnik; fiber optic cable installation (intercity)

remains incomplete; new international digital telephone exchange operational

in Kiev for direct communication with 167 countries

*Ukraine, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Airspace Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and

border troops), National Guard

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 12,070,775; fit for military service 9,521,697; reach

military age (18) annually 365,534 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

544,256 million karbovantsi, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note -

conversion of the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange

rate could produce misleading results

*United Arab Emirates, Geography

Location:

Middle East, along the Persian Gulf, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

75,581 km2

land area:

75,581 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Maine

Land boundaries:

total 867 km, Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

Coastline:

1,318 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

defined by bilateral boundaries or equidistant line

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm assumed for most of country,

12 nm for Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)

International disputes:

location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final; no defined

boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north; claims two

islands in the Persian Gulf occupied by Iran (Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg or

Greater Tunb, and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchek or Lesser Tunb); claims island in

the Persian Gulf jointly administered with Iran (Jazireh-ye Abu Musa or Abu

Musa); in 1992, the dispute over Abu Musa and the Tumb islands became more

acute when Iran unilaterally tried to control the entry of third country

nationals into the UAE portion of Abu Musa island, Tehran subsequently

backed off in the face of significant diplomatic support for the UAE in the

region

Climate:

desert; cooler in eastern mountains

Terrain:

flat, barren coastal plain merging into rolling sand dunes of vast desert

wasteland; mountains in east

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

2%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

98%

Irrigated land:

50 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

frequent dust and sand storms; lack of natural freshwater resources being

overcome by desalination plants; desertification

*United Arab Emirates, Geography

Note:

strategic location along southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a vital

transit point for world crude oil

*United Arab Emirates, People

Population:

2,657,013 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

5.06% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

28.4 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

3.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

25.27 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

72 years

male:

69.91 years

female:

74.2 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.67 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Emirian(s) adjective:

Emirian

Ethnic divisions:

Emirian 19%, other Arab 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes

Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982)

note:

less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

Religions:

Muslim 96% (Shi'a 16%), Christian, Hindu, and other 4%

Languages:

Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

Literacy:

age 10 and over can read and write (1980)

total population:

68%

male:

70%

female:

63%

Labor force:

580,000 (1986 est.)

by occupation:

industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 5%

note:

80% of labor force is foreign

*United Arab Emirates, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

United Arab Emirates

conventional short form:

none

local long form:

Al Imarata al Arabiyah al Muttahidah

local short form:

none

former:

Trucial States

Abbreviation:

UAE

Digraph:

TC

Type:

federation with specified powers delegated to the UAE central government and

other powers reserved to member emirates

Capital:

Abu Dhabi

Administrative divisions:

7 emirates (imarat, singular - imarah); Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), 'Ajman, Al

Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy, Ra's al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn

Independence:

2 December 1971 (from UK)

Constitution: 2 December 1971 (provisional)

Legal system:

secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several

member emirates; Islamic law remains influential

National holiday:

National Day, 2 December (1971)

Political parties and leaders:

none

Other political or pressure groups:

a few small clandestine groups may be active

Suffrage:

none

Elections:

none

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Supreme Council of Rulers, prime minister, deputy

prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

unicameral Federal National Council (Majlis Watani Itihad)

Judicial branch:

Union Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN, (since 2 December 1971), ruler of

Abu Dhabi; Vice President Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8

October 1990), ruler of Dubayy

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Shaykh Maktum bin Rashid al-MAKTUM (since 8 October 1990),

ruler of Dubayy; Deputy Prime Minister Sultan bin Zayid Al NUHAYYAN (since

20 November 1990)

*United Arab Emirates, Government

Member of:

ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO

(correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Muhammad bin Husayn Al SHAALI

chancery:

Suite 740, 600 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

telephone:

(202) 338-6500

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador William RUGH

embassy:

Al-Sudan Street, Abu Dhabi

mailing address:

P. O. Box 4009, Abu Dhabi

telephone:

[971] (2) 336691, afterhours 338730 FAX:

[971] (2) 318441

consulate general:

Dubayy (Dubai)

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and black with a thicker

vertical red band on the hoist side

*United Arab Emirates, Economy

Overview:

The UAE has an open economy with one of the world's highest incomes per

capita outside the OECD nations. This wealth is based on oil and gas, and

the fortunes of the economy fluctuate with the prices of those commodities.

Since 1973, the UAE has undergone a profound transformation from an

impoverished region of small desert principalities to a modern state with a

high standard of living. At present levels of production, crude oil reserves

should last for over 100 years.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $34.9 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$13,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NEGL% (1988)

Budget:

revenues $4.3 billion; expenditures $4.8 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

$21.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

crude oil 66%, natural gas, reexports, dried fish, dates

partners:

Japan 39%, Singapore 5%, Korea 4%, Iran 4%, India

Imports:

$13.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

capital goods, consumer goods, food

partners:

Japan 15%, US 10%, UK 9%, Germany 7%, Korea 4%

External debt:

$11 billion (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 30% (1990 est.); accounts for 56% of GDP, including petroleum

Electricity:

6,090,000 kW capacity; 17,850 million kWh produced, 6,718 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

petroleum, fishing, petrochemicals, construction materials, some boat

building, handicrafts, pearling

Agriculture: accounts for 2% of GDP and 5% of labor force; cash crop - dates; food

products - vegetables, watermelons, poultry, eggs, dairy, fish; only 25%

self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

donor - pledged $9.1 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries

(1979-89)

Currency:

1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils

Exchange rates:

Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*United Arab Emirates, Communications

Highways:

2,000 km total; 1,800 km bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded earth

Pipelines:

crude oil 830 km, natural gas, including natural gas liquids, 870 km

Ports:

Al Fujayrah, Khawr Fakkan, Mina' Jabal 'Ali, Mina' Khalid, Mina' Rashid,

Mina' Saqr, Mina' Zayid

Merchant marine:

56 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,197,306 GRT/2,153,673 DWT; includes

15 cargo, 8 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off, 23 oil tanker, 4 bulk, 1

refrigerated cargo, 1 liquified gas, 1 chemical tanker

Airports:

total:

37

usable:

34

with permanent-surface runways:

20

with runways over 3,659 m:

7

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

5

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

5

Telecommunications:

modern system consisting of microwave and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu

Dhabi and Dubayy; 386,600 telephones; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic

Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 ARABSAT; submarine cables to

Qatar, Bahrain, India, and Pakistan; tropospheric scatter to Bahrain;

microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; broadcast stations - 8 AM, 3 FM, 12

TV

*United Arab Emirates, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, Federal Police Force

Manpower availability: males age 15-49 1,008,076; fit for military service 550,965; reach military

age (18) annually 15,499 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.47 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1989 est.)

*United Kingdom, Geography

Location:

Western Europe, bordering on the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea,

between Ireland and France

Map references:

Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

244,820 km2

land area:

241,590 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Oregon

note:

includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

Land boundaries:

total 360 km, Ireland 360 km

Coastline:

12,429 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon

boundaries

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

Northern Ireland question with Ireland; Gibraltar question with Spain;

Argentina claims Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South

Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; Mauritius claims island of Diego

Garcia in British Indian Ocean Territory; Rockall continental shelf dispute

involving Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland (Ireland and the UK have signed a

boundary agreement in the Rockall area); territorial claim in Antarctica

(British Antarctic Territory)

Climate:

temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic

Current; more than half of the days are overcast

Terrain:

mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and

southeast

Natural resources:

coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,

gypsum, lead, silica

Land use:

arable land:

29%

permanent crops: 0%

meadows and pastures:

48%

forest and woodland:

9%

other:

14%

Irrigated land:

1,570 km2 (1989)

*United Kingdom, Geography

Environment:

pollution control measures improving air and water quality; because of

heavily indented coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal

waters

Note:

lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now

being linked by tunnel under the English Channel

*United Kingdom, People

Population:

57,970,200 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.29% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

13.58 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

10.87 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

7.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.5 years

male:

73.71 years

female:

79.43 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Briton(s), British (collective pl.)

adjective:

British

Ethnic divisions:

English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West

Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

Religions: Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million,

Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000, Jewish

300,000 (1991 est.)

note:

the UK does not include a question on religion in its census

Languages:

English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of

Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1978)

total population:

99%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

28.048 million

by occupation:

services 62.8%, manufacturing and construction 25.0%, government 9.1%,

energy 1.9%, agriculture 1.2% (June 1992)

*United Kingdom, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

conventional short form:

United Kingdom

Abbreviation:

UK

Digraph:

UK

Type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

London

Administrative divisions:

47 counties, 7 metropolitan counties, 26 districts, 9 regions, and 3 islands

areas

England:

39 counties, 7 metropolitan counties*; Avon, Bedford, Berkshire, Buckingham,, Cambridge,

Cheshire, Cleveland, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derby, Devon, Dorset,

Durham, East Sussex, Essex, Gloucester, Greater London*, Greater, Manchester*, Hampshire,,

Hereford and Worcester, Hertford, Humberside, Isle

of Wight, Kent, Lancashire, Leicester, Lincoln, Merseyside*, Norfolk,, Northampton,

Northumberland, North Yorkshire, Nottingham, Oxford,

Shropshire, Somerset, South Yorkshire*, Stafford, Suffolk, Surrey, Tyne and, Wear*, Warwick,,

West Midlands*, West Sussex, West Yorkshire*, Wiltshire, Northern Ireland:

26 districts; Antrim, Ards, Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge,

Belfast, Carrickfergus, Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down,

Dungannon, Fermanagh, Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Londonderry, Magherafelt,

Moyle, Newry and Mourne, Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane

Scotland:

9 regions, 3 islands areas*; Borders, Central, Dumfries and Galloway, Fife,, Grampian, Highland,

Lothian, Orkney*, Shetland*, Strathclyde, Tayside,, Western Isles*, Wales:

8 counties; Clwyd, Dyfed, Gwent, Gwynedd, Mid Glamorgan, Powys, South

Glamorgan, West Glamorgan

Dependent areas:

Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands,

Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong (scheduled

to become a Special Administrative Region of China on 1 July 1997), Jersey,

Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and

the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

Independence:

1 January 1801 (United Kingdom established)

Constitution:

unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:

common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no

judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,

with reservations

National holiday:

Celebration of the Birthday of the Queen (second Saturday in June)

*United Kingdom, Government

Political parties and leaders:

Conservative and Unionist Party, John MAJOR; Labor Party, John SMITH;

Liberal Democrats (LD), Jeremy (Paddy) ASHDOWN; Scottish National Party,

Alex SALMOND; Welsh National Party (Plaid Cymru), Dafydd Iwan WIGLEY; Ulster

Unionist Party (Northern Ireland), James MOLYNEAUX; Democratic Unionist

Party (Northern Ireland), Rev. Ian PAISLEY; Ulster Popular Unionist Party

(Northern Ireland), James KILFEDDER; Social Democratic and Labor Party

(SDLP, Northern Ireland), John HUME; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland), Gerry

ADAMS

Other political or pressure groups:

Trades Union Congress; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers'

Union; Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Commons:

last held 9 April 1992 (next to be held by NA April 1997); results -

Conservative 41.9%, Labor 34.5%, Liberal Democratic 17.9%, other 5.7%; seats

- (651 total) Conservative 336, Labor 271, Liberal Democratic 20, other 24

Executive branch:

monarch, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Lords and a

lower house or House of Commons

Judicial branch:

House of Lords

Leaders:

Chief of State: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES

(son of the Queen, born 14 November 1948)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister John MAJOR (since 28 November 1990)

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB

(non-regional), CE, CERN, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECA (associate), ECE,

ECLAC, EIB, ESCAP, ESA, FAO, G-5, G-7, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTRC, NACC, NATO,

NEA, NSG, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

UNPROFOR, UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UPU,

WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Sir Robin RENWICK

chancery:

3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 462-1340

FAX:

(202) 898-4255

consulates general:

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San

Francisco,

consulates:

Dallas, Miami, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Raymond G. H. SEITZ

embassy:

24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W.1A1AE

*United Kingdom, Government

mailing address:

PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040

telephone:

[44] (71) 499-9000

FAX:

[44] (71) 409-1637

consulates general:

Belfast and Edinburgh

Flag:

blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in

white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint

of Ireland) which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint

Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;

the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for a

number of other flags including dependencies, Commonwealth countries, and

others

*United Kingdom, Economy

Overview:

The UK is one of the world's great trading powers and financial centers, and

its economy ranks among the four largest in Europe. The economy is

essentially capitalistic; over the past thirteen years the ruling Tories

have greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social

welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient

by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the

labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves, and

primary energy production accounts for 12% of GDP, one of the highest shares

of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and

business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while

industry continues to decline in importance, now employing only 25% of the

work force and generating 21% of GDP. The economy is emerging out of its

3-year recession with only weak recovery expected in 1993. Unemployment is

hovering around 10% of the labor force. The government in 1992 adopted a

pro-growth strategy, cutting interest rates sharply and removing the pound

from the European exchange rate mechanism. Excess industrial capacity

probably will moderate inflation which for the first time in a decade is

below the EC average. The major economic policy question for Britain in the

1990s is the terms on which it participates in the financial and economic

integration of Europe.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $920.6 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

-0.6% (1992)

National product per capita:

$15,900 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3.6% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

9.8% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $367.6 billion; expenditures $439.3 billion, including capital

expenditures of $32.5 billion (FY92 est.)

Exports:

$187.4 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,

transport equipment

partners:

EC countries 56.7% (Germany 14.0%, France 11.1%, Netherlands 7.9%), US 10.9%

Imports:

$210.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

manufactured goods, machinery, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer

goods

partners:

EC countries 51.7% (Germany 14.9%, France 9.3%, Netherlands 8.4%), US 11.6%

External debt:

$16.2 billion (June 1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 0.4% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

99,000,000 kW capacity; 317,000 million kWh produced, 5,480 kWh per capita

(1992)

*United Kingdom, Economy

Industries:

production machinery including machine tools, electric power equipment,

equipment for the automation of production, railroad equipment,

shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics and

communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and

paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer

goods

Agriculture:

accounts for only 1.5% of GDP and 1% of labor force; highly mechanized and

efficient farms; wide variety of crops and livestock products produced;

about 60% self-sufficient in food and feed needs; fish catch of 665,000

metric tons (1987)

Illicit drugs:

increasingly important gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering

the European market

Economic aid:

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $21.0 billion

Currency:

1 British pound (#) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

British pounds (#) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

(1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 April-31 March

*United Kingdom, Communications

Railroads:

UK, 16,914 km total; Great Britain's British Railways (BR) operates 16,584

km 1.435-meter (standard) gauge (including 4,545 km electrified and 12,591

km double or multiple track), several additional small standard-gauge and

narrow-gauge lines are privately owned and operated; Northern Ireland

Railways (NIR) operates 330 km 1.600-meter gauge (including 190 km double

track)

Highways:

UK, 362,982 km total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved (including 2,573 km

limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved,

592 km gravel)

Inland waterways:

2,291 total; British Waterways Board, 606 km; Port Authorities, 706 km;

other, 979 km

Pipelines:

crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km, petroleum products 2,993 km,

natural gas 12,800 km

Ports:

London, Liverpool, Felixstowe, Tees and Hartlepool, Dover, Sullom Voe,

Southampton

Merchant marine: 204 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,819,719 GRT/4,941,785 DWT; includes

7 passenger, 16 short-sea passenger, 37 cargo, 25 container, 14

roll-on/roll-off, 5 refrigerated cargo, 1 vehicle carrier, 65 oil tanker, 1

chemical tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 1 specialized tanker, 22 bulk, 1

combination bulk, 1 passenger cargo

Airports:

total:

496

usable:

385

with permanent-surface runways:

249

with runways over 3,659 m:

1

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

37

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

134

Telecommunications:

technologically advanced domestic and international system; 30,200,000

telephones; equal mix of buried cables, microwave and optical-fiber systems;

excellent countrywide broadcast systems; broadcast stations - 225 AM, 525

(mostly repeaters) FM, 207 (3,210 repeaters) TV; 40 coaxial submarine

cables; 5 satellite ground stations operating in INTELSAT (7 Atlantic Ocean

and 3 Indian Ocean), INMARSAT, and EUTELSAT systems; at least 8 large

international switching centers

*United Kingdom, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Royal Navy (including Royal Marines), Royal Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 14,445,998; fit for military service 12,084,913 (1993 est.);

no conscription

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $42.5 billion, 3.8% of GDP (FY92/93)

*United States, Geography

Location:

North America, between Canada and Mexico

Map references:

North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

9,372,610 km2

land area:

9,166,600 km2

comparative area:

about half the size of Russia; about three-tenths the size of Africa; about

one-half the size of South America (or slightly larger than Brazil);

slightly smaller than China; about two and one-half times the size of

Western Europe

note:

includes only the 50 states and District of Columbia

Land boundaries:

total 12,248 km, Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Cuba 29

km (US naval base at Guantanamo), Mexico 3,326 km

Coastline:

19,924 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 m or depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

maritime boundary disputes with Canada (Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait

of Juan de Fuca); US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased from Cuba and only

mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease;

Haiti claims Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica

(but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of

any other nation; Republic of Marshall Islands claims Wake Island

Climate:

mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida and arctic in Alaska,

semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River and arid in the

Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are

ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from

the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

Terrain:

vast central plain, mountains in west, hills and low mountains in east;

rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska; rugged, volcanic

topography in Hawaii

Natural resources:

coal, copper, lead, molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, bauxite, gold, iron,

mercury, nickel, potash, silver, tungsten, zinc, petroleum, natural gas,

timber

Land use:

arable land:

20%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

26%

*United States, Geography

forest and woodland:

29%

other:

25%

Irrigated land:

181,020 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

pollution control measures improving air and water quality; agricultural

fertilizer and pesticide pollution; management of sparse natural water

resources in west; desertification; tsunamis, volcanoes, and earthquake

activity around Pacific Basin; permafrost in northern Alaska is a major

impediment to development

Note:

world's fourth-largest country (after Russia, Canada, and China)

*United States, People

Population:

258,103,721 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.02% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

15.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

8.67 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

3.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

8.36 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

75.8 years

male:

72.49 years

female:

79.29 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.05 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

American(s)

adjective:

American

Ethnic divisions:

white 83.4%, black 12.4%, asian 3.3%, native american 0.8% (1992)

Religions:

Protestant 56%, Roman Catholic 28%, Jewish 2%, other 4%, none 10% (1989)

Languages:

English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Literacy:

age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years of schooling (1991)

total population:

97.9%

male:

97.9%

female:

97.9%

Labor force:

128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force

126.982 million) (1992)

by occupation:

NA

*United States, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

United States of America

conventional short form:

United States

Abbreviation:

US or USA

Digraph:

US

Type:

federal republic; strong democratic tradition

Capital:

Washington, DC

Administrative divisions:

50 states and 1 district*; Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,, Colorado,

Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia*, Florida, Georgia,, Hawaii, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana,

Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,

Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri,

Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York,

North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode

Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont,

Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming

Dependent areas:

American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston

Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana

Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island

note:

since 18 July 1947, the US has administered the Trust Territory of the

Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a new political relationship with

three of the four political units; the Northern Mariana Islands is a

Commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986);

Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US that was approved

by the US Congress but to date the Compact process has not been completed in

Palau, which continues to be administered by the US as the Trust Territory

of the Pacific Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact

of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of

the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US

(effective 21 October 1986)

Independence:

4 July 1776 (from England)

Constitution:

17 September 1787, effective 4 June 1789

Legal system:

based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

Independence Day, 4 July (1776)

Political parties and leaders:

Republican Party, Haley BARBOUR, national committee chairman; Jeanie AUSTIN,

co-chairman; Democratic Party, David C. WILHELM, national committee

chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 5 November 1996); results -

William Jefferson CLINTON (Democratic Party) 43.2%, George BUSH (Republican

Party) 37.7%, Ross PEROT (Independent) 19.0%, other 0.1%

*United States, Government

Senate:

last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results -

Democratic Party 53%, Republican Party 47%, other NEGL%; seats - (100 total)

Democratic Party 57, Republican Party 43

House of Representatives:

last held 3 November 1992 (next to be held 8 November 1994); results -

Democratic Party 52%, Republican Party 46%, other 2%; seats - (435 total)

Democratic Party 258, Republican Party 176, Independent 1

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Congress consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house or

House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President William Jefferson CLINTON (since 20 January 1993); Vice President

Albert GORE, Jr. (since 20 January 1993)

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), ANZUS, APEC, AsDB, Australian Group, BIS, CCC, COCOM,

CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, ESCAP, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT,

IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR,

NACC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, PCA, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

UNRWA, UN Security Council, UNTAC, UN Trusteeship Council, UNTSO, UPU, WCL,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Flag:

thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with

white; there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 50

small white five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of

six stars (top and bottom) alternating with rows of five stars; the 50 stars

represent the 50 states, the 13 stripes represent the 13 original colonies;

known as Old Glory; the design and colors have been the basis for a number

of other flags including Chile, Liberia, Malaysia, and Puerto Rico

*United States, Economy

Overview:

The US has the most powerful, diverse, and technologically advanced economy

in the world, with a per capita GDP of $23,400, the largest among major

industrial nations. The economy is market oriented with most decisions made

by private individuals and business firms and with government purchases of

goods and services made predominantly in the marketplace. In 1989 the

economy enjoyed its seventh successive year of substantial growth, the

longest in peacetime history. The expansion featured moderation in wage and

consumer price increases and a steady reduction in unemployment to 5.2% of

the labor force. In 1990, however, growth slowed to 1% because of a

combination of factors, such as the worldwide increase in interest rates,

Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August, the subsequent spurt in oil prices, and

a general decline in business and consumer confidence. In 1991 output fell

by 1%, unemployment grew, and signs of recovery proved premature. Growth

picked up to 2.1% in 1992. Unemployment, however, remained at nine million,

the increase in GDP being mainly attributable to gains in output per worker.

Ongoing problems for the 1990s include inadequate investment in economic

infrastructure, rapidly rising medical costs, and sizable budget and trade

deficits.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $5.951 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

2.1% (1992)

National product per capita:

$23,400 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

7% (April 1993)

Budget:

revenues $1,092 billion; expenditures $1,382 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (FY92)

Exports:

$442.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

capital goods, automobiles, industrial supplies and raw materials, consumer

goods, agricultural products

partners:

Western Europe 27.3%, Canada 22.1%, Japan 12.1% (1989)

Imports:

$544.1 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

crude oil and refined petroleum products, machinery, automobiles, consumer

goods, industrial raw materials, food and beverages

partners:

Western Europe 21.5%, Japan 19.7%, Canada 18.8% (1989)

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate 1.5% (1992 est.); accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

780,000,000 kW capacity; 3,230,000 million kWh produced, 12,690 kWh per

capita (1992)

Industries:

leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified; petroleum, steel,

motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food

processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining

*United States, Economy

Agriculture:

accounts for 2% of GDP and 2.8% of labor force; favorable climate and soils

support a wide variety of crops and livestock production; world's second

largest producer and number one exporter of grain; surplus food producer;

fish catch of 4.4 million metric tons (1990)

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis for domestic consumption with 1987 production

estimated at 3,500 metric tons or about 25% of the available marijuana;

ongoing eradication program aimed at small plots and greenhouses has not

reduced production

Economic aid:

donor - commitments, including ODA and OOF, (FY80-89), $115.7 billion

Currency:

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

British pounds:

(#) per US$ - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652 (1991), 0.5603

(1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988)

Canadian dollars:

(Can$) per US$ - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992), 1.1457 (1991), 1.1668

(1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)

French francs:

(F) per US$ - 5.4812 (January 1993), 5.2938 (1992), 5.6421 (1991), 5.4453

(1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988)

Italian lire:

(Lit) per US$ - 1,482.5 (January 1993), 1,232.4 (1992), 1,240.6 (1991),

1,198.1 (1990), 1.372.1 (1989), 1,301.6 (1988)

Japanese yen:

(Y) per US$ - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991), 144.79

(1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)

German deutsche marks:

(DM) per US$ - 1.6158 (January 1993), 1.5617 (1992), 1.6595 (1991), 1.6157

(1990), 1.8800 (1989), 1.7562 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 October - 30 September

*United States, Communications

Railroads:

240,000 km of mainline routes, all standard 1.435 meter track, no government

ownership (1989)

Highways:

7,599,250 km total; 6,230,000 km state-financed roads; 1,369,250 km

federally-financed roads (including 71,825 km interstate limited access

freeways) (1988)

Inland waterways:

41,009 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (est.)

Pipelines:

petroleum 276,000 km (1991), natural gas 331,000 km (1991)

Ports: Anchorage, Baltimore, Beaumont, Boston, Charleston, Chicago, Cleveland,

Duluth, Freeport, Galveston, Hampton Roads, Honolulu, Houston, Jacksonville,

Long Beach, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Mobile, New Orleans, New York,

Philadelphia, Portland (Oregon), Richmond (California), San Francisco,

Savannah, Seattle, Tampa, Wilmington

Merchant marine:

385 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,567,000 GRT/19,511,000 DWT;

includes 3 passenger-cargo, 36 cargo, 23 bulk, 169 tanker, 13 tanker

tug-barge, 13 liquefied gas, 128 intermodal; in addition, there are 219

government-owned vessels

Airports:

total:

14,177

usable:

12,417

with permanent-surface runways:

4,820

with runways over 3,659 m:

63

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

325

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

2,524

Telecommunications:

126,000,000 telephone access lines; 7,557,000 cellular phone subscribers;

broadcast stations - 4,987 AM, 4,932 FM, 1,092 TV; about 9,000 TV cable

systems; 530,000,000 radio sets and 193,000,000 TV sets in use; 16

satellites and 24 ocean cable systems in use; satellite ground stations - 45

Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 16 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT (1990)

*United States, Defense Forces

Branches:

Department of the Army, Department of the Navy (including Marine Corps),

Department of the Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 66.826 million; fit for military service NA (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $315.5 billion, 5.3% of GDP (1992)

*Uruguay, Geography

Location:

Eastern South America, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between Argentina

and Brazil

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

176,220 km2

land area:

173,620 km2 comparative area:

slightly smaller than Washington State

Land boundaries:

total 1,564 km, Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Coastline:

660 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

territorial sea:

200 nm; overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm

International disputes:

short section of boundary with Argentina is in dispute; two short sections

of the boundary with Brazil are in dispute - Arroyo de la Invernada (Arroio

Invernada) area of the Rio Quarai and the islands at the confluence of the

Rio Cuareim (Rio Quarai) and the Uruguay

Climate:

warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Terrain:

mostly rolling plains and low hills; fertile coastal lowland

Natural resources:

soil, hydropower potential, minor minerals

Land use:

arable land:

8%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

78%

forest and woodland:

4%

other:

10%

Irrigated land:

1,100 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

subject to seasonally high winds, droughts, floods

*Uruguay, People

Population:

3,175,050 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.75% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

17.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

9.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.79 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

18 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 73.74 years

male:

70.52 years

female:

77.11 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.46 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Uruguayan(s)

adjective:

Uruguayan

Ethnic divisions:

white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 66% (less than half adult population attends church

regularly), Protestant 2%, Jewish 2%, nonprofessing or other 30%

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

96%

male:

97%

female:

96%

Labor force:

1.355 million (1991 est.)

by occupation:

government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities,

construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988

est.)

*Uruguay, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Oriental Republic of Uruguay

conventional short form:

Uruguay

local long form:

Republica Oriental del Uruguay

local short form:

Uruguay

Digraph:

UY

Type:

republic

Capital:

Montevideo

Administrative divisions:

19 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Artigas, Canelones,

Cerro Largo, Colonia, Durazno, Flores, Florida, Lavalleja, Maldonado,

Montevideo, Paysandu, Rio Negro, Rivera, Rocha, Salto, San Jose, Soriano,

Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres

Independence:

25 August 1828 (from Brazil)

Constitution:

27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new

constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980

Legal system:

based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 25 August (1828)

Political parties and leaders:

National (Blanco) Party, Carlos CAT; Colorado Party, Secretary General

(vacant); Broad Front Coalition, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera - includes PSU, PCU,

MLN, MRO, PVP; Uruguayan Socialist Party (PSU), Jose Pedro CARDOSO, and;

Communist Party (PCU), Marina ARISMENDI; National Liberation Movement (MLN)

or Tupamaros, Eleuterio FERNANDEZ Huidobro; Oriental Rvolutionary Movement

(MRO), Walter ARTOLA; Party for the Victory of the Poor (PVP), Hugo CORES;

New Space Coalition consists of PGP, PDC, and Civic Union, Hugo BATALLA;

People's Government Party (PGP), Hugo BATALLA, secretary general; Christian

Democratic Party (PDC), Carlos VASSALLO, secretary general; Civic Union,

Humberto CIGANDA

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

President:

last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

Luis Alberto LACALLE Herrera (Blanco) 37%, Jorge BATLLE Ibanez (Colorado)

29%, Liber SEREGNI Mosquera (Broad Front) 20%

Chamber of Senators:

last held 26 November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

Blanco 40%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 23% New Space 7%; seats - (30 total)

Blanco 12, Colorado 9, Broad Front 7, New Space 2

Chamber of Representatives:

last held NA November 1989 (next to be held NA November 1994); results -

Blanco 39%, Colorado 30%, Broad Front 22%, New Space 8%, other 1%; seats -

(99 total) number of seats by party NA

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

*Uruguay, Government

Legislative branch:

bicameral General Assembly (Asamblea General) consists of an upper chamber

or Chamber of Senators (Camara de Senadores) and a lower chamber or Chamber

of Representatives (Camera de Representantes)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Luis Alberto LACALLE (since 1 March 1990); Vice President Gonzalo

AGUIRRE Ramirez (since 1 March 1990)

Member of:

AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICC, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO

(correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, MERCOSUR, NAM (observer), OAS,

OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNOMOZ, UNTAC,

UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Eduardo MACGILLYCUDDY

chancery:

1918 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone:

telephone (202) 331-1313 through 1316

consulates general:

Los Angeles, Miami, and New York,

consulate:

New Orleans

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Richard C. BROWN

embassy:

Lauro Muller 1776, Montevideo

mailing address:

APO AA 34035

telephone:

[598] (2) 23-60-61 or 48-77-77

FAX:

[598] (2) 48-86-11

Flag:

nine equal horizontal stripes of white (top and bottom) alternating with

blue; there is a white square in the upper hoist-side corner with a yellow

sun bearing a human face known as the Sun of May and 16 rays alternately

triangular and wavy

*Uruguay, Economy

Overview:

Uruguay is a small economy with favorable climate, good soils, and solid

hydropower potential. Economic development has been held back by excessive

government regulation of economic detail and 50% to 130% inflation. After

several years of sluggish growth, real GDP jumped by about 8% in 1992. The

rise is attributable mainly to an increase in Argentine demand for Uruguayan

exports, particularly agricultural products and electricity. In a major step

toward greater regional economic cooperation, Uruguay in 1991 had joined

Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay in forming the Southern Cone Common Market

(Mercosur). A referendum in December 1992 overturned key portions of

landmark privatization legislation, dealing a serious blow to President

LACALLE's broad economic reform plan.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $9.8 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

8% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$3,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

58% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

9% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $3.0 billion, including capital

expenditures of $388 million (1991)

Exports:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

hides and leather goods 17%, beef 10%, wool 9%, fish 7%, rice 4%

partners:

Argentina, Brazil, US, Germany

Imports:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

crude oil, fuels, and lubricants, metals, machinery, transportation

equipment, industrial chemicals

partners:

Brazil 23%, Argentina 17%, US 10%, EC 27.1% (1990)

External debt:

$4.1 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate -1.4% (1990), accounts for almost 25% of GDP

Electricity:

2,168,000 kW capacity; 5,960 million kWh produced, 1,900 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

meat processing, wool and hides, sugar, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,

tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining, wine

Agriculture:

large areas devoted to livestock grazing; wheat, rice, corn, sorghum;

self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-88), $105 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $420 million;

Communist countries (1970-89), $69 million

Currency:

1 new Uruguayan peso (N$Ur) = 100 centesimos

*Uruguay, Economy

Exchange rates:

new Uruguayan pesos (N$Ur) per US$1 - 3,457.5 (December 1992), 3,026.9

(1992), 2,489 (1991), 1,594 (1990), 805 (1989), 451 (1988), 281 (1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Uruguay, Communications

Railroads:

3,000 km, all 1.435-meter (standard) gauge and government owned

Highways:

49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth

Inland waterways:

1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft

Ports:

Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia

Merchant marine:

4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 84,797 GRT/132,296 DWT; includes 1

cargo, 2 container, 1 oil tanker

Airports:

total:

88

usable:

81

with permanent-surface runways:

16

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

2

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

14

Telecommunications:

most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; new nationwide microwave

network; 337,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 99 AM, no FM, 26 TV, 9

shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

*Uruguay, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy (including Naval Air Arm, Coast Guard, Marines), Air Force,

Grenadier Guards, Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 755,667; fit for military service 613,585 (1993 est.); no

conscription

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $216 million, 2.3% of GDP (1991 est.)

*Uzbekistan, Geography

Location:

Central Asia, bordering the Aral Sea, between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

Map references:

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

447,400 km2

land area:

425,400 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:

total 6,221 km, Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099

km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Coastline:

0 km

note:

Uzbekistan does border the Aral Sea (420 km)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

none

Climate:

mostly mid latitude desert; semiarid grassland in east

Terrain:

mostly flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes; Fergana Valley in east

surrounded by mountainous Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan; shrinking Aral Sea in

west

Natural resources:

natural gas, petroleum, coal, gold, uranium, silver, copper, lead and zinc,

tungsten, molybdenum

Land use:

arable land:

10%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

47%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

43%

Irrigated land:

41,550 km2 (1990)

Environment:

drying up of the Aral Sea is resulting in growing concentrations of chemical

pesticides and natural salts

Note:

landlocked

*Uzbekistan, People

Population:

22,127,946 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.17% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

30.57 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

6.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-2.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

54.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

68.36 years male:

65.05 years

female:

71.84 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.78 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Uzbek(s)

adjective:

Uzbek

Ethnic divisions:

Uzbek 71.4%, Russian 8.3%, Tajik 4.7%, Kazakhs 4.1%, Tartars 2.4% (includes

70% of Crimean Tatars deported during World War II), Karakalpaks 2.1%, other

7%

Religions:

Muslim 88% (mostly Sunnis), Eastern Orthodox 9%, other 3%

Languages:

Uzbek 85%, Russian 5%, other 10%

Literacy:

age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

total population:

100%

male:

100%

female:

100%

Labor force:

7.941 million

by occupation:

agriculture and forestry 39%, industry and construction 24%, other 37%

(1990)

*Uzbekistan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Uzbekistan

conventional short form:

Uzbekistan

local long form:

Uzbekiston Respublikasi

local short form:

none

former:

Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

UZ

Type:

republic

Capital:

Tashkent (Toshkent)

Administrative divisions:

12 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast') and 1 autonomous republic*, (avtomnaya respublika);

Andizhan, Bukhara, Dzhizak, Fergana, Karakalpakstan*, (Nukus), Kashkadar'ya (Karshi), Khorezm

(Urgench), Namangan, Navoi,

Samarkand, Surkhandar'ya (Termez), Syrdar'ya (Gulistan), Tashkent

note:

an administrative division has the same name as its administrative center

(exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)

Independence:

31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

new constitution adopted 8 December 1992

Legal system:

evolution of Soviet civil law

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 September (1991)

Political parties and leaders:

People's Democratic Party (PDP; formerly Communist Party), Islam A. KARIMOV,

chairman; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party (EDP), Muhammad SOLIKH, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

Birlik (Unity) People's Movement (BPM), Abdul Rakhman PULATOV, chairman;

Islamic Rebirth Party (IRP), Abdullah UTAYEV, chairman

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA December 1996); results -

Islam KARIMOV 86%, Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%, other 2%

Supreme Soviet:

last held 18 February 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (500 total) Communist 450, ERK 10, other 40; note -

total number of seats will be reduced to 150 in next election

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Islam KARIMOV (since NA March 1990)

*Uzbekistan, Government

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Abdulkhashim MUTALOV (since 13 January 1992), First Deputy

Prime Minister Ismail Hakimovitch DJURABEKOV (since NA); Supreme Soviet

Chairman Shavkat Muhitdinovitch YULDASHEV (since NA June 1991)

Member of:

CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, IMF, NACC, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Muhammed Babir MALIKOV

chancery:

200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20006

telephone: (202) 778-0107

FAX:

(202) 861-0472

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Henry L. CLARKE

embassy:

55 Chelanzanskaya, Tashkent

mailing address:

APO AE 09862

telephone:

[7] (3712) 77-14-07

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and green separated by

red fimbriations with a crescent moon and 12 stars in the upper hoist-side

quadrant

*Uzbekistan, Economy

Overview:

Although Uzbekistan accounted for only 3.4% of total Soviet output, it

produced two-thirds of the USSR's cotton and ranks as the fourth largest

global producer. Moscow's push for ever-increasing amounts of cotton had

included massive irrigation projects which caused extensive environmental

damage to the Aral Sea and rivers of the republic. Furthermore, the lavish

use of chemical fertilizers has caused extensive pollution and widespread

health problems. Recently the republic has sought to encourage food

production at the expense of cotton. The small industrial sector specializes

in such items as agricultural machinery, mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil,

and bridge cranes. Uzbekistan also has some important natural resources

including gold (about 30% of former Soviet production), uranium, and natural

gas. The Uzbek Government has encouraged some land reform but has shied away

from other aspects of economic reform. Output and living standards continued

to fall in 1992 largely because of the cumulative impact of disruptions in

supply that have followed the dismemberment of the USSR.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

-10% (1992)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

at least 17% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

0.1% includes only officially registered unemployed; there are also large

numbers of underemployed workers

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$900 million to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

cotton, gold, textiles, chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil

partners:

Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe

Imports:

$900 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

machinery and parts, consumer durables, grain, other foods

partners:

principally other former Soviet republics

External debt:

$2 billion (end 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -6%

Electricity:

11,950,000 kW capacity; 50,900 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

chemical and mineral fertilizers, vegetable oil, textiles

Agriculture:

cotton, with much smaller production of grain, fruits, vegetables, and

livestock

Illicit drugs:

illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

government eradication programs; used as transshipment points for illicit

drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

$950 million official aid commitments by foreign donors (1992)

*Uzbekistan, Economy

Currency:

retaining Russian ruble as currency (January 1993)

Exchange rates:

rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Uzbekistan, Communications

Railroads:

3,460 km; does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

78,400 km total; 67,000 km hard-surfaced, 11,400 km earth (1990)

Pipelines:

crude oil 250 km, petroleum products 40 km, natural gas 810 km (1992)

Ports:

none; landlocked

Airports:

totol:

265

useable:

74

with permanent-surface runways:

30

with runways over 3,659 m: 2

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

20

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

19

Telecommunications:

poorly developed; NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent;

1.4 million telephone lines with 7.2 lines per 100 persons (1992); linked by

landline or microwave with CIS member states and by leased connection via

the Moscow international gateway switch to other countries; satellite earth

stations - Orbita and INTELSAT (TV receive only); new intelsat earth station

provides TV receive only capability for Turkish broadcasts; new satellite

ground station also installed in Tashkent for direct linkage to Tokyo.

*Uzbekistan, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, National Guard, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 5,214,075; fit for military service 4,272,398; reach

military age (18) annually 218,916 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Vanuatu, Geography

Location:

Oceania, 5,750 km southwest of Honolulu in the South Pacific Ocean, about

three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Australia

Map references:

Oceania, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

14,760 km2

land area:

14,760 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Connecticut

note:

includes more than 80 islands

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

2,528 km

Maritime claims:

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 nm or the edge of continental margin

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds

Terrain:

mostly mountains of volcanic origin; narrow coastal plains

Natural resources:

manganese, hardwood forests, fish

Land use:

arable land:

1%

permanent crops:

5%

meadows and pastures:

2%

forest and woodland:

1%

other:

91%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

subject to tropical cyclones or typhoons (January to April); volcanism

causes minor earthquakes

*Vanuatu, People

Population:

165,876 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.36% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

33.16 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

9.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

69.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

58.8 years

male:

57.11 years

female:

60.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ni-Vanuatu (singular and plural)

adjective: Ni-Vanuatu

Ethnic divisions:

indigenous Melanesian 94%, French 4%, Vietnamese, Chinese, Pacific Islanders

Religions:

Presbyterian 36.7%, Anglican 15%, Catholic 15%, indigenous beliefs 7.6%,

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.2%, Church of Christ 3.8%, other 15.7%

Languages:

English (official), French (official), pidgin (known as Bislama or

Bichelama)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1979)

total population:

53%

male:

57%

female:

48%

Labor force:

NA

by occupation:

NA

*Vanuatu, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Vanuatu

conventional short form:

Vanuatu

former:

New Hebrides

Digraph:

NH

Type:

republic

Capital:

Port-Vila

Administrative divisions:

11 island councils; Ambrym, Aoba/Maewo, Banks/Torres, Efate, Epi, Malakula,

Paama, Pentecote, Santo/Malo, Shepherd, Tafea

Independence:

30 July 1980 (from France and UK)

Constitution:

30 July 1980

Legal system:

unified system being created from former dual French and British systems

National holiday:

Independence Day, 30 July (1980)

Political parties and leaders:

Vanuatu Party (VP), Donald KALPOKAS; Union of Moderate Parties (UMP), Serge

VOHOR; Melanesian Progressive Party (MPP), Barak SOPE; National United Party

(NUP), Walter LINI; Tan Union Party (TUP), Vincent BOULEKONE; Nagriamel

Party, Jimmy STEVENS; Friend Melanesian Party, leader NA

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Elections:

Parliament:

last held 2 December 1991 (next to be held by November 1995); note - after

election, a coalition was formed by the Union of Moderate Parties and the

National United Party to form new government on 16 December 1991; seats -

(46 total) UMP 19; NUP 10; VP 10; MPP 4; TUP 1; Nagriamel 1; Friend 1

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers

(cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament; note - the National Council of Chiefs advises on

matters of custom and land

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Frederick TIMAKATA (since 30 January 1989)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Maxime CARLOT KORMAN (since 16 December 1991); Deputy Prime

Minister Sethy REGENVANU (since 17 December 1991)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IMF, IMO, IOC,

ITU, NAM, SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

Vanuatu does not have a mission in Washington

US diplomatic representation:

the ambassador to Papua New Guinea is accredited to Vanuatu

*Vanuatu, Government

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a black isosceles

triangle (based on the hoist side) all separated by a black-edged yellow

stripe in the shape of a horizontal Y (the two points of the Y face the

hoist side and enclose the triangle); centered in the triangle is a boar's

tusk encircling two crossed namele leaves, all in yellow

*Vanuatu, Economy

Overview:

The economy is based primarily on subsistence farming which provides a

living for about 80% of the population. Fishing and tourism are the other

mainstays of the economy. Mineral deposits are negligible; the country has

no known petroleum deposits. A small light industry sector caters to the

local market. Tax revenues come mainly from import duties.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $142 million (1988 est.)

National product real growth rate:

6% (1990)

National product per capita:

$900 (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $90 million; expenditures $103 million, including capital

expenditures of $45 million (1989 est.)

Exports:

$15.6 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

copra 59%, cocoa 11%, meat 9%, fish 8%, timber 4%

partners:

Netherlands, Japan, France, New Caledonia, Belgium

Imports:

$60.4 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

machines and vehicles 25%, food and beverages 23%, basic manufactures 18%,

raw materials and fuels 11%, chemicals 6%

partners:

Australia 36%, Japan 13%, NZ 10%, France 8%, Fiji 8%

External debt:

$30 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for about 10% of GDP

Electricity:

17,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 180 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

food and fish freezing, wood processing, meat canning

Agriculture:

accounts for 40% of GDP; export crops - coconuts, cocoa, coffee, fish;

subsistence crops - taro, yams, coconuts, fruits, vegetables

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$606 million

Currency:

1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

vatu (VT) per US$1 - 120.77 (January 1993), 113.39 (1992), 111.68 (1991),

116.57 (1990), 116.04 (1989), 104.43 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Vanuatu, Communications

Railroads:

none

Highways:

1,027 km total; at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads

Ports:

Port-Vila, Luganville, Palikoulo, Santu

Merchant marine:

125 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,121,819 GRT/3,193,942 DWT; includes

23 cargo, 16 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 11 vehicle carrier, 1

livestock carrier, 6 oil tanker, 2 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 54

bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 passenger, 1 short-sea passenger; note - a flag

of convenience registry

Airports:

total:

31

usable:

31

with permanent-surface runways:

2

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

1

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

2

Telecommunications:

broadcast stations - 2 AM, no FM, no TV; 3,000 telephones; 1 Pacific Ocean

INTELSAT ground station

*Vanuatu, Defense Forces

Branches:

Vanuatu Police Force (VPF), paramilitary Vanuatu Mobile Force (VMF)

note:

no military forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 NA; fit for military service NA

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Venezuela, Geography

Location:

Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea between Colombia and

Guyana

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

912,050 km2

land area:

882,050 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:

total 4,993 km, Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Coastline:

2,800 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

15 nm

continental shelf: 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

claims all of Guyana west of the Essequibo river; maritime boundary dispute

with Colombia in the Gulf of Venezuela

Climate:

tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Terrain:

Andes mountains and Maracaibo lowlands in northwest; central plains

(llanos); Guyana highlands in southeast

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower,

diamonds

Land use:

arable land:

3%

permanent crops:

1%

meadows and pastures:

20%

forest and woodland:

39%

other:

37%

Irrigated land:

2,640 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts; increasing

industrial pollution in Caracas and Maracaibo

Note:

on major sea and air routes linking North and South America

*Venezuela, People

Population:

20,117,687 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.22% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

26.37 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

4.69 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

28.9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

72.69 years

male:

69.76 years female:

75.77 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.14 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Venezuelan(s)

adjective:

Venezuelan

Ethnic divisions:

mestizo 67%, white 21%, black 10%, Indian 2%

Religions:

nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%

Languages:

Spanish (official), Indian dialects spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in

the remote interior

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

88%

male:

87%

female:

90%

Labor force:

5.8 million

by occupation:

services 56%, industry 28%, agriculture 16% (1985)

*Venezuela, Government