Overview:

The economy is based on sugar, bauxite, and tourism. In 1985 it suffered a

setback with the closure of some facilities in the bauxite and alumina

industry, a major source of hard currency earnings. Since 1986 an economic

recovery has been under way. In 1987 conditions began to improve for the

bauxite and alumina industry because of increases in world metal prices. The

recovery has also been supported by growth in the manufacturing and tourism

sectors. In September 1988, Hurricane Gilbert inflicted severe damage on

crops and the electric power system, a sharp but temporary setback to the

economy. By October 1989 the economic recovery from the hurricane was

largely complete, and real growth was up about 3% for 1989. In 1991,

however, growth dropped to 0.2% as a result of the US recession, lower world

bauxite prices, and monetary instability. In 1992, growth was 1.5%,

supported by a recovery in tourism and stabilization of the Jamaican dollar

in the second half of 1992.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.7 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

1.5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

52% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

15.4% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $600 million; expenditures $736 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (FY91 est.)

Exports:

$1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum

partners:

US 39%, UK 14%, Canada 12%, Netherlands 8%, Norway 7%

Imports:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

fuel, other raw materials, construction materials, food, transport

equipment, other machinery and equipment

partners:

US 51%, UK 6%, Venezuela 5%, Canada 5%, Japan 4.5%

External debt:

$4.4 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 2.0% (1990); accounts for almost 25% of GDP

Electricity:

1,127,000 kW capacity; 2,736 million kWh produced, 1,090 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

tourism, bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures

Agriculture:

accounts for about 9% of GDP, 22% of work force, and 17% of exports;

commercial crops - sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables;

livestock and livestock products include poultry, goats, milk; not

self-sufficient in grain, meat, and dairy products

Illicit drugs:

illicit cultivation of cannabis; transshipment point for cocaine from

Central and South America to North America; government has an active

cannabis eradication program

*Jamaica, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.2 billion; other countries,

ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion

Currency:

1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 22.173 (September 1992), 12.116 (1991),

7.184 (1990), 5.7446 (1989), 5.4886 (1988), 5.4867 (1987)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Jamaica, Communications

Railroads:

294 km, all 1.435-meter standard gauge, single track

Highways:

18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth

Pipelines:

petroleum products 10 km

Ports:

Kingston, Montego Bay, Port Antonio

Merchant marine:

4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 9,619 GRT/16,302 DWT; includes 1

roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 oil tanker, 2 bulk

Airports:

total:

36

usable:

23

with permanent-surface runways:

10

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

2

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

1

Telecommunications:

fully automatic domestic telephone network; 127,000 telephones; broadcast

stations - 10 AM, 17 FM, 8 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; 3

coaxial submarine cables

*Jamaica, Defense Forces

Branches:

Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard and Air Wing),

Jamaica Constabulary Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 651,931; fit for military service 461,980 (1993 est.); no

conscription; 26,445 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $19.3 million, 1% of GDP (FY91/92)

*Jan Mayen, Header

Affiliation:

(territory of Norway)

*Jan Mayen, Geography

Location:

in the North Atlantic Ocean, north of the Arctic Circle about 590 km

north-northeast of Iceland, between the Greenland Sea and the Norwegian Sea

Map references:

Arctic Region

Area:

total area:

373 km2

land area:

373 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than twice the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

124.1 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

10 nm

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

4 nm

International disputes:

Denmark has challenged Norway's maritime claims between Greenland and Jan

Mayen

Climate:

arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Terrain:

volcanic island, partly covered by glaciers; Beerenberg is the highest peak,

with an elevation of 2,277 meters

Natural resources:

none

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

0 km2

Environment:

barren volcanic island with some moss and grass; volcanic activity resumed

in 1970

*Jan Mayen, People

Population:

no permanent inhabitants; note - there are personnel who man the LORAN C

base and the weather and coastal services radio station

*Jan Mayen, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Jan Mayen

Digraph:

JN

Type:

territory of Norway

Capital:

none; administered from Oslo, Norway, through a governor (sysselmann)

resident in Longyearbyen (Svalbard)

Independence:

none (territory of Norway)

*Jan Mayen, Economy

Overview:

Jan Mayen is a volcanic island with no exploitable natural resources.

Economic activity is limited to providing services for employees of Norway's

radio and meteorological stations located on the island.

Electricity:

15,000 kW capacity; 40 million kWh produced, NA kWh per capita (1992)

*Jan Mayen, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

total:

1

useable:

1

with permanent-surface runways:

0

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

1

Telecommunications:

radio and meteorological station

*Jan Mayen, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of Norway

*Japan, Geography

Location:

Northeast Asia, off the southeast coast of Russia and east of the Korean

peninsula

Map references:

Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

377,835 km2

land area:

374,744 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than California

note:

includes Bonin Islands (Ogasawara-gunto), Daito-shoto, Minami-jima,

Okinotori-shima, Ryukyu Islands (Nansei-shoto), and Volcano Islands

(Kazan-retto)

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

29,751 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea: 12 nm

3 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and

Eastern and Western channels of the Korea or Tsushima Strait

International disputes:

Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan Islands and the Habomai island group

occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, claimed by

Japan; Liancourt Rocks disputed with South Korea; Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku

Islands) claimed by China and Taiwan

Climate:

varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Terrain:

mostly rugged and mountainous

Natural resources:

negligible mineral resources, fish

Land use:

arable land:

13%

permanent crops:

1%

meadows and pastures:

1%

forest and woodland:

67%

other:

18%

Irrigated land:

28,680 km2 (1989)

Environment:

many dormant and some active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic occurrences

(mostly tremors) every year; subject to tsunamis

Note:

strategic location in northeast Asia

*Japan, People

Population:

124,711,551 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.32% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

10.31 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.17 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

4.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

79.18 years

male:

76.35 years

female:

82.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Japanese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Japanese

Ethnic divisions:

Japanese 99.4%, other 0.6% (mostly Korean)

Religions:

Shinto 95.8%, Buddhist 76.3%, Christian 1.4%, other 12%

note:

most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites so the percentages add

to more than 100%

Languages:

Japanese

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1970)

total population:

99%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

63.33 million

by occupation:

trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%,

agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988)

*Japan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Japan

Digraph:

JA

Type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Tokyo

Administrative divisions:

47 prefectures; Aichi, Akita, Aomori, Chiba, Ehime, Fukui, Fukuoka,

Fukushima, Gifu, Gumma, Hiroshima, Hokkaido, Hyogo, Ibaraki, Ishikawa,

Iwate, Kagawa, Kagoshima, Kanagawa, Kochi, Kumamoto, Kyoto, Mie, Miyagi,

Miyazaki, Nagano, Nagasaki, Nara, Niigata, Oita, Okayama, Okinawa, Osaka,

Saga, Saitama, Shiga, Shimane, Shizuoka, Tochigi, Tokushima, Tokyo, Tottori,

Toyama, Wakayama, Yamagata, Yamaguchi, Yamanashi

Independence:

660 BC (traditional founding by Emperor Jimmu)

Constitution:

3 May 1947

Legal system:

modled after European civil law system with English-American influence;

judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory

ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

Birthday of the Emperor, 23 December (1933)

Political parties and leaders:

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Kiichi MIYAZAWA, president; Seiroku

KAJIYAMA, secretary general; Social Democratic Party of Japan (SDPJ), Sadao

YAMAHANA, Chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Keizo OUCHI, chairman;

Japan Communist Party (JCP), Tetsuzo FUWA, Presidium chairman; Komeito

(Clean Government Party, CGP), Koshiro ISHIDA, chairman; Japan New Party

(JNP), Morihiro HOSOKAWA, chairman

Suffrage:

20 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Councillors:

last held on 26 July 1992 (next to be held NA July 1995); results - percent

of vote by party NA; seats - (252 total) LDP 106, SDPJ 73, CGP 24, DSP 12,

JCP 11, JNP 4, other 22

House of Representatives:

last held on 18 February 1990 (next to be held by NA February 1994); results

- percent of vote by party NA; seats - (512 total) LDP 274, SDPJ 137, CGP

46, JCP 16, DSP 13, others 5, independents 6, vacant 15

Executive branch:

Emperor, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Diet (Kokkai) consists of an upper house or House of Councillors

(Sangi-in) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Shugi-in)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Kiichi MIYAZAWA (since 5 November 1991)

*Japan, Government

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), Australia Group, APEC, AsDB, BIS, CCC, COCOM, CP, CSCE

(observer), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-2, G-5, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA,

IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NEA, NSG,

OAS (observer), OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UNRWA,

UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Takakazu KURIYAMA

chancery:

2520 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 939-6700

consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Kansas

City (Missouri), Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, Seattle,

and Portland (Oregon)

consulates:

Saipan (Northern Mariana Islands)

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Michael H. ARMACOST

embassy:

10-5, Akasaka 1-chome, Minato-ku (107), Tokyo

mailing address:

APO AP 96337-0001

telephone:

[81] (3) 3224-5000

FAX:

[81] (3) 3505-1862

consulates general:

Naha (Okinawa), Osaka-Kobe, Sapporo

consulate:

Fukuoka

Flag:

white with a large red disk (representing the sun without rays) in the

center

*Japan, Economy

Overview:

Government-industry cooperation, a strong work ethic, and a comparatively

small defense allocation have helped Japan advance with extraordinary

rapidity, notably in high-technology fields. Industry, the most important

sector of the economy, is heavily dependent on imported raw materials and

fuels. Self-sufficient in rice, Japan must import about 50% of its

requirements of other grain and fodder crops. Japan maintains one of the

world's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15% of the global

catch. Overall economic growth has been spectacular: a 10% average in the

1960s, a 5% average in the 1970s and 1980s. Economic growth slowed markedly

in 1992 largely because of contractionary domestic policies intended to

wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets. At the

same time, the stronger yen and slower global growth are containing export

growth. Unemployment and inflation remain low at 2%. Japan continues to run

a huge trade surplus - $107 billion in 1992, up nearly 40% from the year

earlier - which supports extensive investment in foreign assets. The

crowding of its habitable land area and the aging of its population are two

major long-run problems.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $2.468 trillion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

1.5% (1992)

National product per capita:

$19,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.1% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

2.2% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $490 billion; expenditures $579 billion, including capital

expenditures (public works only) of about $68 billion (FY93)

Exports:

$339.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

manufactures 97% (including machinery 40%, motor vehicles 18%, consumer

electronics 10%)

partners:

Southeast Asia 31%, US 29%, Western Europe 23%, Communist countries 4%,

Middle East 3%

Imports:

$232.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

manufactures 44%, fossil fuels 33%, foodstuffs and raw materials 23%

partners:

Southeast Asia 25%, US 22%, Western Europe 17%, Middle East 12%, former

Communist countries and China 8%

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate -6.0% (1992); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity:

196,000,000 kW capacity; 835,000 million kWh produced, 6,700 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

steel and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy electrical equipment, construction

and mining equipment, motor vehicles and parts, electronic and

telecommunication equipment and components, machine tools and automated

production systems, locomotives and railroad rolling stock, shipbuilding,

chemicals, textiles, food processing

*Japan, Economy

Agriculture:

accounts for only 2% of GDP; highly subsidized and protected sector, with

crop yields among highest in world; principal crops - rice, sugar beets,

vegetables, fruit; animal products include pork, poultry, dairy and eggs;

about 50% self-sufficient in food production; shortages of wheat, corn,

soybeans; world's largest fish catch of 10 million metric tons in 1991

Economic aid:

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $83.2 billion; ODA outlay of $9.1

billion in 1990 (est.)

Currency:

1 yen (Y) = 100 sen

Exchange rates:

yen (Y) per US$1 - 125.01 (January 1993), 126.65 (1992), 134.71 (1991),

144.79 (1990), 137.96 (1989), 128.15 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Japan, Communications

Railroads:

27,327 km total; 2,012 km 1.435-meter standard gauge and 25,315 km

predominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge; 5,724 km doubletrack and multitrack

sections, 9,038 km 1.067-meter narrow-gauge electrified, 2,012 km

1.435-meter standard-gauge electrified (1987)

Highways:

1,111,974 km total; 754,102 km paved, 357,872 km gravel, crushed stone, or

unpaved; 4,400 km national expressways; 46,805 km national highways; 128,539

km prefectural roads; and 930,230 km city, town, and village roads, 6,400 km

other

Inland waterways:

about 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas

Pipelines:

crude oil 84 km; petroleum products 322 km; natural gas 1,800 km

Ports:

Chiba, Muroran, Kitakyushu, Kobe, Tomakomai, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo,

Yokkaichi, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Niigata, Fushiki-Toyama, Shimizu, Himeji,

Wakayama-Shimozu, Shimonoseki, Tokuyama-Shimomatsu

Merchant marine:

950 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,080,149 GRT/32,334,270 DWT;

includes 10 passenger, 39 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger cargo, 81 cargo,

43 container, 43 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 87 refrigerated cargo, 97 vehicle

carrier, 240 oil tanker, 11 chemical tanker, 39 liquefied gas, 9 combination

ore/oil, 2 specialized tanker, 247 bulk, 1 multi-function large load

carrier; note - Japan also owns a large flag of convenience fleet, including

up to 44% of the total number of ships under the Panamanian flag

Airports:

total:

162

usable:

159

with permanent-surface runways:

132

with runways over 3,659 m:

2

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

32

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

50

Telecommunications:

excellent domestic and international service; 64,000,000 telephones;

broadcast stations - 318 AM, 58 FM, 12,350 TV (196 major - 1 kw or greater);

satellite earth stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean

INTELSAT; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and Russia

*Japan, Defense Forces

Branches:

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (Army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

(Navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (Air Force), Maritime Safety Agency

(Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 32,134,496; fit for military service 27,689,029; reach

military age (18) annually 1,002,998 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $37 billion, 0.94% of GDP (FY93/94 est.)

*Jarvis Island, Header

Affiliation:

(territory of the US)

*Jarvis Island, Geography

Location:

in the South Pacific Ocean, 2,090 km south of Honolulu, just south of the

Equator, about halfway between Hawaii and the Cook Islands

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

4.5 km2

land area:

4.5 km2

comparative area:

about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

8 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 m or depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun

Terrain:

sandy, coral island surrounded by a narrow fringing reef

Natural resources:

guano (deposits worked until late 1800s)

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland: 0%

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

0 km2

Environment:

sparse bunch grass, prostrate vines, and low-growing shrubs; lacks fresh

water; primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for seabirds,

shorebirds, and marine wildlife; feral cats

*Jarvis Island, People

Population:

uninhabited; note - Millersville settlement on western side of island

occasionally used as a weather station from 1935 until World War II, when it

was abandoned; reoccupied in 1957 during the International Geophysical Year

by scientists who left in 1958; public entry is by special-use permit only

and generally restricted to scientists and educators

*Jarvis Island, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Jarvis Island

Digraph:

DQ

Type:

unincorporated territory of the US administered by the Fish and Wildlife

Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

Wildlife Refuge System

Capital:

none; administered from Washington, DC

*Jarvis Island, Economy

Overview:

no economic activity

*Jarvis Island, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only - one boat landing area in the middle of the

west coast and another near the southwest corner of the island

Note:

there is a day beacon near the middle of the west coast

*Jarvis Island, Defense Forces

defense is the responsibility of the US; visited annually by the US Coast

Guard

*Jersey, Header

Affiliation:

(British crown dependency)

*Jersey, Geography

Location:

Western Europe, 27 km from France in the English Channel

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total area:

117 km2

land area:

117 km2

comparative area:

about 0.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

70 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Terrain:

gently rolling plain with low, rugged hills along north coast

Natural resources:

agricultural land

Land use:

arable land:

57%

permanent crops:

NA%

meadows and pastures:

NA%

forest and woodland:

NA%

other: NA%

Environment:

about 30% of population concentrated in Saint Helier

Note:

largest and southernmost of Channel Islands

*Jersey, People

Population:

85,450 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.7% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

12.79 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

10.23 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

4.42 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

4.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.4 years

male:

73.28 years

female:

79.86 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.42 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Channel Islander(s)

adjective:

Channel Islander

Ethnic divisions:

UK and Norman-French descent

Religions:

Anglican, Roman Catholic, Baptist, Congregational New Church, Methodist,

Presbyterian

Languages:

English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in

country districts

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

NA

*Jersey, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Bailiwick of Jersey

conventional short form:

Jersey

Digraph:

JE

Type:

British crown dependency

Capital:

Saint Helier

Administrative divisions:

none (British crown dependency)

Independence:

none (British crown dependency)

Constitution:

unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:

English law and local statute

National holiday:

Liberation Day, 9 May (1945)

Political parties and leaders:

none; all independents

Suffrage:

universal adult at age NA

Elections:

Assembly of the States:

last held NA (next to be held NA); results - no percent of vote by party

since all are independents; seats - (56 total, 52 elected) 52 independents

Executive branch:

British monarch, lieutenant governor, bailiff

Legislative branch:

unicameral Assembly of the States

Judicial branch:

Royal Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

Head of Government:

Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief Air Marshal Sir John SUTTON

(since NA 1990); Bailiff Sir Peter J. CRILL (since NA)

Member of:

none

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (British crown dependency)

US diplomatic representation:

none (British crown dependency)

Flag:

white with the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint of Ireland)

extending to the corners of the flag

*Jersey, Economy

Overview:

The economy is based largely on financial services, agriculture, and

tourism. Potatoes, cauliflower, tomatoes, and especially flowers are

important export crops, shipped mostly to the UK. The Jersey breed of dairy

cattle is known worldwide and represents an important export earner. Milk

products go to the UK and other EC countries. In 1986 the finance sector

overtook tourism as the main contributor to GDP, accounting for 40% of the

island's output. In recent years the government has encouraged light

industry to locate in Jersey, with the result that an electronics industry

has developed alongside the traditional manufacturing of knitwear. All raw

material and energy requirements are imported, as well as a large share of

Jersey's food needs.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

8% (1987 est.)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

8% (1988 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $308.0 million; expenditures $284.4 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1985)

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

light industrial and electrical goods, foodstuffs, textiles

partners:

UK

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, mineral

fuels, chemicals

partners:

UK

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

50,000 kW standby capacity (1992); power supplied by France

Industries:

tourism, banking and finance, dairy

Agriculture:

potatoes, cauliflowers, tomatoes; dairy and cattle farming

Economic aid:

none

Currency:

1 Jersey pound (#J) = 100 pence

Exchange rates:

Jersey pounds (#J) per US$1 - 0.6527 (January 1993), 0.5664 (1992), 0.5652

(1991), 0.5603 (1990), 0.6099 (1989), 0.5614 (1988); the Jersey pound is at

par with the British pound

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Jersey, Communications

Ports:

Saint Helier, Gorey, Saint Aubin

Airports:

total:

1

useable:

1

with permanent-surface runways:

1

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

1

Telecommunications:

63,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV; 3 submarine

cables

*Jersey, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Johnston Atoll, Header

Affiliation:

(territory of the US)

*Johnston Atoll, Geography

Location:

in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,430 km west-southwest of Honolulu, about

one-third of the way between Hawaii and the Marshall Islands

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

2.8 km2

land area:

2.8 km2

comparative area: about 4.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

10 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 m or depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little

seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

mostly flat with a maximum elevation of 4 meters

Natural resources:

guano (deposits worked until about 1890)

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

0 km2

Environment:

some low-growing vegetation

Note:

strategic location in the North Pacific Ocean; Johnston Island and Sand

Island are natural islands; North Island (Akau) and East Island (Hikina) are

manmade islands formed from coral dredging; closed to the public; former

nuclear weapons test site; site of Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal

System (JACADS)

*Johnston Atoll, People

Population:

no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 1,400 US Government personnel

and contractors

*Johnston Atoll, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Johnston Atoll

Digraph:

JQ

Type:

unincorportated territory of the US administered by the US Defense Nuclear

Agency (DNA) and managed cooperatively by DNA and the Fish and Wildlife

Service of the US Department of the Interior as part of the National

Wildlife Refuge system

Capital:

none; administered from Washington, DC

Diplomatic representation in US:

none (territory of the US)

Flag:

the flag of the US is used

*Johnston Atoll, Economy

Overview:

Economic activity is limited to providing services to US military personnel

and contractors located on the island. All food and manufactured goods must

be imported.

Electricity:

supplied by the management and operations contractor

*Johnston Atoll, Communications

Airports:

total:

1

usable:

1

with permanent-surface runways:

1

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440 to 3,659 m:

1 with TACAN and beacon

with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m:

0

Telecommunications:

excellent system including 60-channel submarine cable, Autodin/SRT terminal,

digital telephone switch, Military Affiliated Radio System (MARS station),

commercial satellite television system, and UHF/VHF air-ground radio

*Johnston Atoll, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the US

*Jordan, Header

Affiliation:

(also see separate West Bank entry)

*Jordan, Geography

Location:

Middle East, between Israel and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

89,213 km2

land area:

88,884 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:

total 1,619 km, Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 728 km, Syria 375

km, West Bank 97 km

Coastline:

26 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

differences with Israel over the location of the 1949 Armistice Line that

separates the two countries; water-sharing issues with Israel

Climate:

mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Terrain:

mostly desert plateau in east, highland area in west; Great Rift Valley

separates East and West Banks of the Jordan River

Natural resources:

phosphates, potash, shale oil

Land use:

arable land:

4%

permanent crops:

0.5%

meadows and pastures:

1%

forest and woodland:

0.5%

other:

94%

Irrigated land: 570 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

lack of natural water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;

desertification

*Jordan, People

Population:

3,823,636 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.57% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

39.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

4.32 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.51 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

33.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

71.61 years

male:

69.83 years

female:

73.51 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.79 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Jordanian(s)

adjective:

Jordanian

Ethnic divisions:

Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Religions:

Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 8%

Languages:

Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

80%

male:

89%

female:

70%

Labor force:

572,000 (1988)

by occupation:

agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)

*Jordan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

conventional short form:

Jordan

local long form:

Al Mamlakah al Urduniyah al Hashimiyah

local short form:

Al Urdun

former:

Transjordan

Digraph:

JO

Type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Amman

Administrative divisions:

8 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Balqa', Al Karak, Al

Mafraq, 'Amman, At Tafilah, Az Zarqa', Irbid, Ma'an

Independence:

25 May 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)

Constitution:

8 January 1952

Legal system:

based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts

in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 25 May (1946)

Political parties and leaders:

approximately 24 parties have been formed since the National Charter, but

the number fluctuates; after the 1989 parliamentary elections, King Hussein

promised to allow the formation of political parties; a national charter

that sets forth the ground rules for democracy in Jordan - including the

creation of political parties - was approved in principle by the special

National Conference on 9 June 1991, but its specific provisions have yet to

be passed by National Assembly

Suffrage:

20 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Representatives:

last held 8 November 1989 (next to be held November 1993); results - percent

of vote by party NA; seats - (80 total) Muslim Brotherhood (fundamentalist)

22, Independent Islamic bloc (generally traditionalist) 6, Democratic bloc

(mostly leftist) 9, Constitutionalist bloc (traditionalist) 17, Nationalist

bloc (traditionalist) 16, independent 10

Executive branch:

monarch, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Assembly (Majlis al-'Umma) consists of an upper house or

House of Notables (Majlis al-A'ayan) and a lower house or House of

Representatives (Majlis al-Nuwaab); note - the House of Representatives has

been convened and dissolved by the King several times since 1974 and in

November 1989 the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held

Judicial branch:

Court of Cassation

*Jordan, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State:

King HUSSEIN Ibn Talal Al Hashemi (since 11 August 1952)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Zayd bin SHAKIR (since 21 November 1991)

Member of:

ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

(observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, PCA, UN, UNAVEM II,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNRWA, UNPROFOR, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Fayez A. TARAWNEH

chancery:

3504 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 966-2664

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roger Gram HARRISON

embassy:

Jebel Amman, Amman

mailing address:

P. O. Box 354, Amman, or APO AE 09892

telephone:

[962] (6) 644-371

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of black (top), white, and green with a red

isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a small white

seven-pointed star; the seven points on the star represent the seven

fundamental laws of the Koran

*Jordan, Economy

Overview:

Jordan benefited from increased Arab aid during the oil boom of the late

1970s and early 1980s, when its annual GNP growth averaged more than 10%. In

the remainder of the 1980s, however, reductions in both Arab aid and worker

remittances slowed economic growth to an average of roughly 2% per year.

Imports - mainly oil, capital goods, consumer durables, and food - have been

outstripping exports, with the difference covered by aid, remittances, and

borrowing. In mid-1989, the Jordanian Government began debt-rescheduling

negotiations and agreed to implement an IMF program designed to gradually

reduce the budget deficit and implement badly needed structural reforms. The

Persian Gulf crisis that began in August 1990, however, aggravated Jordan's

already serious economic problems, forcing the government to shelve the IMF

program, stop most debt payments, and suspend rescheduling negotiations. Aid

from Gulf Arab states and worker remittances have plunged, and refugees have

flooded the country, straining government resources. Economic recovery is

unlikely without substantial foreign aid, debt relief, and economic reform.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.6 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

3% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,100 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

40% (1991 est.)

Budget:

revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $1.9 billion, including capital

expenditures of $440 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

phosphates, fertilizers, potash, agricultural products, manufactures

partners:

India, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Ethiopia, UAE, China

Imports:

$2.3 billion (c.i.f., 1991 est.)

commodities:

crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, food, live animals, manufactured

goods

partners:

EC countries, US, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Turkey

External debt:

$9 billion (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1% (1991 est.); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

1,030,000 kW capacity; 3,814 million kWh produced, 1,070 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

phosphate mining, petroleum refining, cement, potash, light manufacturing

Agriculture:

accounts for about 7% of GDP; principal products are wheat, barley, citrus

fruit, tomatoes, melons, olives; livestock - sheep, goats, poultry; large

net importer of food

*Jordan, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7 billion; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $9.5 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $44

million

Currency:

1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.6890 (January 1993), 0.6797 (1992),

0.6808 (1991), 0.6636 (1990), 0.5704 (1989), 0.3709 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Jordan, Communications

Railroads:

789 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track

Highways:

7,500 km; 5,500 km asphalt, 2,000 km gravel and crushed stone

Pipelines:

crude oil 209 km

Ports:

Al 'Aqabah

Merchant marine:

2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 60,378 GRT/113,557 DWT; includes 1

cargo and 1 oil tanker

Airports:

total:

19

usable:

15

with permanent-surface runways:

14

with runways over 3,659 m:

1

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

13

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

0

Telecommunications:

adequate telephone system of microwave, cable, and radio links; 81,500

telephones; broadcast stations - 5 AM, 7 FM, 8 TV; satellite earth stations

- 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 ARABSAT, 1 domestic

TV receive-only; coaxial cable and microwave to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and

Syria; microwave link to Lebanon is inactive; participant in MEDARABTEL, a

microwave radio relay network linking Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia,

Algeria, and Morocco

*Jordan, Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Jordanian Land Force, Royal Jordanian Air Force, Royal Naval Force,

Public Security Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 936,213; fit for military service 664,095; reach military

age (18) annually 42,093 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $434.8 million, 7.9% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Juan de Nova Island, Header

Affiliation:

(possession of France)

*Juan de Nova Island, Geography

Location:

Southern Africa, in the central Mozambique Channel about one-third of the

way between Madagascar and Mozambique

Map references:

Africa

Area:

total area:

4.4 km2

land area:

4.4 km2

comparative area:

about 7.5 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

24.1 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

12 nm

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

claimed by Madagascar

Climate:

tropical

Terrain:

NA

Natural resources:

guano deposits and other fertilizers

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

90%

other:

10%

Irrigated land: 0 km2

Environment:

subject to periodic cyclones; wildlife sanctuary

*Juan de Nova Island, People

Population:

uninhibited

*Juan de Nova Island, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Juan de Nova Island

local long form:

none

local short form:

Ile Juan de Nova

Digraph:

JU

Type:

French possession administered by Commissioner of the Republic, resident in

Reunion

Capital:

none; administered by France from Reunion

Independence:

none (possession of France)

*Juan de Nova Island, Economy

Overview:

no economic activity

*Juan de Nova Island, Communications

Railroads:

short line going to a jetty

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

total:

1

usable:

1

with permament-surface runways:

0 with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,439-3,659 m:

0

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

1

*Juan de Nova Island, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of France

*Kazakhstan, Geography

Location:

South Asia, between Russia and Uzbekistan, bordering on the Caspian Sea and

the Aral Sea

Map references:

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

2,717,300 km2

land area:

2,669,800 km2

comparative area:

slightly less than four times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

total 12,012 km, China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km,

Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Coastline:

0 km

note:

Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea (1,015 km) and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Maritime claims:

landlocked, but boundaries with Uzbekistan in the Sea of Azov and with

Russia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea are yet to be

determined

International disputes:

none

Climate:

continental, arid and semiarid

Terrain:

extends from the Volga to the Altai Mountains and from the plains in western

Siberia to oasis and desert in Central Asia

Natural resources:

petroleum, coal, iron, manganese, chrome, nickel, cobalt, copper,

molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium, iron

Land use:

arable land:

15%

permanent crops: 0%

meadows and pastures:

57%

forest and woodland:

4%

other:

24%

Irrigated land:

23,080 km2 (1990)

Environment:

drying up of Aral Sea is causing increased concentrations of chemical

pesticides and natural salts; industrial pollution

Note:

landlocked

*Kazakhstan, People

Population:

17,156,370 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.65% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

19.55 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.95 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-5.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

41.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.83 years

male:

63.17 years

female:

72.73 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.45 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Kazakhstani(s)

adjective:

Kazakhstani

Ethnic divisions:

Kazakh (Qazaq) 41.9%, Russian 37%, Ukrainian 5.2%, German 4.7%, Uzbek 2.1%,

Tatar 2%, other 7.1%

Religions:

Muslim 47%, Russian Orthodox 15%, Protestant 2%, other 36%

Languages:

Kazakh (Qazaq; official language), Russian (language of interethnic

communication)

Literacy:

age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

total population: 100%

male:

100%

female:

100%

Labor force:

7.563 million

by occupation:

industry and construction 32%, agriculture and forestry 23%, other 45%

(1990)

*Kazakhstan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Kazakhstan

conventional short form:

Kazakhstan

local long form:

Kazakhstan Respublikasy

local short form:

none

former:

Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

KZ

Type:

republic

Capital:

Almaty (Alma-Ata)

Administrative divisions:

19 oblasts (oblystar, singular - oblys) and 1 city (qalalar, singular -

qala)*; Almaty*, Almaty, Aqmola, Aqtobe, Atyrau, Batys Qazaqstan, Kokshetau,, Mangghystau,

Ongtustik Qazaqstan, Qaraghandy, Qostanay, Qyzylorda, Pavlodar,

Semey, Shyghys Qazaqstan, Soltustik Qazaqstan, Taldyqorghan, Torghay,

Zhambyl, Zhezqazghan,

Independence:

16 December 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

Constitution:

adopted 18 January 1993

Legal system:

based on civil law system

National holiday:

Independence Day, 16 December

Political parties and leaders:

Peoples Congress, Olzhas SULEYMENOV and Mukhtar SHAKHANOV, co-chairmen;

Kazakh Socialist Party (former Communist Party), Nursultan NAZARBAYEV,

chairman; December (Zheltoksan) Movement, Khasan KOZHAKMETOV, chairman;

Freedom (AZAT) Party, Kamal ORMANTAYEV, chairman

Other political or pressure groups:

Independent Trade Union Center (Birlesu; an association of independent trade

union and business associations), Leonid SOLOMIN, president

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); percent of vote by

party NA; Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV ran unopposed

Supreme Council:

last held NA April 1990 (next to be held NA December 1994); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (358 total) Socialist Party 338

Executive branch:

president, cabinet of ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (sinceNA April 1990); Vice President Yerik

ASANBAYEV (since 1 December 1991)

*Kazakhstan, Government

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Sergey TERESHENKO (since 14 October 1991); First Deputy Prime

Minister Davlat SEMBAYEV (since NA November 1990); Supreme Council Chairman

Serikbolsyn ABDILDIN (since NA July 1991)

Member of:

CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, IBRD, IDA, IMF, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Alim S. DJAMBOURCHINE

chancery:

3421 Massachusetts Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:

(202) 333-4504

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador William H. COURTNEY

embassy:

Furumanova 99/97, Almaty

mailing address:

US Department of State, Washington, D.C. 20521-7030

telephone:

(3272) 63-24-26

Flag:

sky blue background representing the endless sky and a gold sun with 32 rays

soaring above a golden steppe eagle in the center; on the hoist side is a

"national ornamentation" in yellow

*Kazakhstan, Economy

Overview:

The second-largest in area of the 15 former Soviet republics, Kazakhstan has

vast oil, coal, and agricultural resources. Kazakhstan is highly dependent

on trade with Russia, exchanging its natural resources for finished consumer

and industrial goods. Kazakhstan now finds itself with serious pollution

problems, backward technology, and little experience in foreign markets. The

government in 1992 continued to push privatization of the economy and freed

many prices. Output in 1992 dropped because of problems common to the

ex-Soviet Central Asian republics, especially the cumulative effects of the

disruption of old supply channels and the slow process of creating new

economic institutions. Kazakhstan lacks the funds, technology, and

managerial skills for a quick recovery of output. US firms have been

enlisted to increase oil output but face formidable obstacles; for example,

oil can now reach Western markets only through pipelines that run across

independent former Soviet republics. Finally, the end of monolithic

Communist control has brought ethnic grievances into the open. The 6 million

Russians in the republic, formerly the favored class, now face the hostility

of a society dominated by Muslims. Ethnic rivalry will be just one of the

formidable obstacles to the prioritization of national objectives and the

creation of a productive, technologically advancing society.

National product:

GDP $NA

National product real growth rate:

-15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

28% per month (first quarter 1993)

Unemployment rate:

0.4% includes only officially registered unemployed; also large numbers of

underemployed workers

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $1.76

billion (1991)

Exports:

$1.5 billion to outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

oil, ferrous and nonferrous metals, chemicals, grain, wool, meat (1991)

partners:

Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan

Imports:

$500 million from outside the successor states of the former USSR (1992)

commodities:

machinery and parts, industrial materials

partners:

Russia and other former Soviet republics, China

External debt:

$2.6 billion (1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -15% (1992 est.); accounts for 30% of net material product

Electricity:

19,135,000 kW capacity; 81,300 million kWh produced, 4,739 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

extractive industries (oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc,

copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur), iron and

steel, nonferrous metal, tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric

motors, construction materials

*Kazakhstan, Economy

Agriculture:

accounts for almost 40% of net material product; employs about 25% of the

labor force; grain, mostly spring wheat; meat, cotton, wool

Illicit drugs:

illicit producers of cannabis and opium; mostly for CIS consumption; limited

government eradication program; used as transshipment point for illicit

drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

recipient of limited foreign aid (1992)

Currency:

retaining Russian ruble as currency (May 1993)

Exchange rates:

rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Kazakhstan, Communications

Railroads:

14,460 km (all 1.520-meter gauge); does not include industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

189,000 km total; 108,100 km hard surfaced (paved or gravel), 80,900 km

earth (1990)

Inland waterways:

Syr Darya

Pipelines:

crude oil 2,850 km, refined products 1,500 km, natural gas 3,480 km (1992)

Ports:

inland - Atyrau (Guryev; on Caspian Sea)

Airports:

total:

365

useable:

152

with permanent-surface runways:

49

with runways over 3,659 m:

8

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

38

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

71

Telecommunications:

telephone service is poor, with only about 6 telephones for each 100

persons; of the approximately 1 million telephones, Almaty (Alma-Ata) has

184,000; international traffic with other former USSR republics and China

carried by landline and microwave, and with other countries by satellite and

through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow

international gateway switch; satellite earth stations - INTELSAT and Orbita

(TV receive only); new satellite ground station established at Almaty with

Turkish financial help (December 1992) with 2500 channel band width

*Kazakhstan, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, National Guard, Security Forces (internal and border troops)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 4,349,509; fit for military service 3,499,718; reach

military age (18) annually 154,727 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

69,326 million rubles, NA% of GDP (forecast for 1993); note - conversion of

the military budget into US dollars using the current exchange rate could

produce misleading results

*Kenya, Geography

Location:

Eastern Africa, bordering the northwestern India Ocean between Tanzania and

Somalia

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

582,650 km2

land area:

569,250 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than twice the size of Nevada

Land boundaries:

total 3,446 km, Ethiopia 830 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769

km, Uganda 933 km

Coastline:

536 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

administrative boundary with Sudan does not coincide with international

boundary; possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

Climate:

varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Terrain:

low plains rise to central highlands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile

plateau in west

Natural resources:

gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barytes, rubies, fluorspar, garnets,

wildlife

Land use:

arable land:

3% permanent crops:

1%

meadows and pastures:

7%

forest and woodland:

4%

other:

85%

Irrigated land:

520 km2 (1989)

Environment:

unique physiography supports abundant and varied wildlife of scientific and

economic value; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; glaciers on

Mt. Kenya

Note:

the Kenyan Highlands comprise one of the most successful agricultural

production regions in Africa

*Kenya, People

Population:

27,372,266 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.18% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

43.18 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

11.41 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

74.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

54.07 years

male:

52.27 years

female:

55.92 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.06 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Kenyan(s)

adjective:

Kenyan

Ethnic divisions:

Kikuyu 21%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 11%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%,

Asian, European, and Arab 1%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 28%, Protestant (including Anglican) 26%, indigenous beliefs

18%, Muslim 6%

Languages:

English (official), Swahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

69%

male:

80%

female:

58%

Labor force:

9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of

the labor force)

by occupation:

services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989)

*Kenya, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Kenya

conventional short form:

Kenya

former:

British East Africa

Digraph:

KE

Type:

republic

Capital:

Nairobi

Administrative divisions:

8 provinces; Central, Coast, Eastern, Nairobi, North Eastern, Nyanza, Rift

Valley, Western

Independence:

12 December 1963 (from UK)

Constitution:

12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979,

1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, and 1992

Legal system:

based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in

High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations;

constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state

repealed in 1991

National holiday:

Independence Day, 12 December (1963)

Political parties and leaders:

ruling party is Kenya African National Union (KANU), Daniel T. arap MOI,

president; opposition parties include Forum for the Restoration of Democracy

(FORD-Kenya), Oginga ODINGA; FORD-Asili, Kenneth MATIBA; Democratic Party of

Kenya (DP), Mwai KIBAKI; Kenya National Congress (KNC), Titus MBATHI; Kenya

Social Congress (KSC), George ANYONA; Kenya National Democratic Alliance

(KENYA), Mukara NG'ANG'A; Party for Independent Candidates of Kenya (PKK),

Otieno OTOERA

Other political or pressure groups:

labor unions; exile opposition - Mwakenya and other groups

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held on 29 December 1992; results - President Daniel T. arap MOI was

reelected with 37% of the vote; Kenneth Matiba (FORD-ASILI) 26%; Mwai Kibaki

(SP) 19%, Oginga Odinga (FORD-Kenya) 17%

National Assembly:

last held on 29 December 1992; results - (188 total) KANU 100, FORD-Kenya

31, FORD-Asili 31, DP 23, smaller parties 3; president nominates 12

additional members

note:

first multiparty election since repeal of one-party state law

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Bunge)

Judicial branch:

Court of Appeal, High Court

*Kenya, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Daniel Teroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978); Vice President

George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989)

Member of:

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, EADB, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,

IFC, IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS,

MINURSO, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Denis Daudi AFANDE

chancery:

2249 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 387-6101

consulates general:

Los Angeles and New York

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Smith HEMPSTONE, Jr.

embassy:

corner of Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue, Nairobi

mailing address:

P. O. Box 30137, Nairobi or APO AE 09831

telephone:

[254] (2) 334141

FAX:

[254] (2) 340838

consulate:

Mombasa

Flag: three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green; the red band is

edged in white; a large warrior's shield covering crossed spears is

superimposed at the center

*Kenya, Economy

Overview:

Kenya's 3.6% annual population growth rate - one of the highest in the world

- presents a serious problem for the country's economy. In the meantime, GDP

growth in the near term has kept slightly ahead of population - annually

averaging 4.9% in the 1986-90 period. Undependable weather conditions and a

shortage of arable land hamper long-term growth in agriculture, the leading

economic sector. In 1991, deficient rainfall, stagnant export volume, and

sagging export prices held economic growth below the all-important

population growth figure, and in 1992 output fell.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-1% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$320 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

30% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $2.4 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion, including capital

expenditures of $0.74 billion (FY90)

Exports:

$1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

tea 25%, coffee 18%, petroleum products 11% (1990)

partners:

EC 44%, Africa 25%, Asia 5%, US 5%, Middle East 4% (1990)

Imports:

$2.05 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

machinery and transportation equipment 29%, petroleum and petroleum products

15%, iron and steel 7%, raw materials, food and consumer goods (1989)

partners:

EC 45%, Asia 11%, Middle East 12%, US 5% (1988)

External debt:

$7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 5.4% (1989 est.); accounts for 13% of GDP

Electricity:

730,000 kW capacity; 2,540 million kWh produced, 100 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap,

cigarettes, flour), agricultural processing, oil refining, cement, tourism

Agriculture:

most important sector, accounting for 25% of GDP and 65% of exports; cash

crops - coffee, tea, sisal, pineapple; food products - corn, wheat,

sugarcane, fruit, vegetables, dairy products, beef, pork, poultry, eggs;

food output not keeping pace with population growth, and crop production has

been extended into marginal land

Illicit drugs:

widespread wild, small-plot cultivation of marijuana and gat; most locally

consumed; transit country for Southwest Asian heroin moving to West Africa

and onward to Europe and North America; Indian methaqualone also transits on

way to South Africa

*Kenya, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $839 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $7,490 million; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $74 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $83

million

Currency:

1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 -36.227 (January 1993), 32.217 (1992),

27.508 (1991), 22.915 (1990), 20.572 (1989), 17.747 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Kenya, Communications

Railroads:

2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge

Highways:

64,590 km total; 7,000 km paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth

Inland waterways:

part of Lake Victoria system is within boundaries of Kenya

Pipelines:

petroleum products 483 km

Ports:

coastal - Mombasa, Lamu; inland - Kisumu

Merchant marine:

1 oil tanker ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,727 GRT/5,558 DWT

Airports:

total:

247

usable:

208

with permanent-surface runways:

18

with runways over 3,659 m:

2

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

3

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

43

Telecommunications:

in top group of African systems; consists primarily of radio relay links;

over 260,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 16 AM; 4 FM, 6 TV; satellite

earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT

*Kenya, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary General Service Unit of the Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 5,912,744; fit for military service 3,654,738 (1993 est.);

no conscription

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $294 million, 4.9% of GDP (FY88/89 est.)

*Kingman Reef, Header

Affiliation:

(territory of the US)

*Kingman Reef, Geography

Location:

in the North Pacific Ocean, 1,600 km south-southwest of Honolulu, about

halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

1 km2

land area:

1 km2

comparative area:

about 1.7 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

3 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 m or depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical, but moderated by prevailing winds

Terrain: low and nearly level with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter

Natural resources:

none

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

100%

Irrigated land:

0 km2

Environment:

barren coral atoll with deep interior lagoon; wet or awash most of the time

Note:

maximum elevation of about 1 meter makes this a navigational hazard; closed

to the public

*Kingman Reef, People

Population:

uninhabited

*Kingman Reef, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Kingman Reef

Digraph:

KQ

Type:

unincorporated territory of the US administered by the US Navy

Capital:

none; administered from Washington, DC

*Kingman Reef, Economy

Overview:

no economic activity

*Kingman Reef, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only

Airports:

lagoon was used as a halfway station between Hawaii and American Samoa by

Pan American Airways for flying boats in 1937 and 1938

*Kingman Reef, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the US

*Kiribati, Geography

Location:

Oceania, straddling the equator in the Pacific Ocean, about halfway between

Hawaii and Australia

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

717 km2

land area:

717 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

note:

includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix

Islands

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

1,143 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Natural resources:

phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

51%

meadows and pastures:

0% forest and woodland:

3%

other:

46%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; 20 of the 33

islands are inhabited

Note:

Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is one of the three great phosphate rock

islands in the Pacific Ocean - the others are Makatea in French Polynesia

and Nauru

*Kiribati, People

Population:

76,320 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.03% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

32.03 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

12.31 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.56 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

98.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

54.16 years

male:

52.56 years

female:

55.78 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.82 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

I-Kiribati (singular and plural)

adjective:

I-Kiribati

Ethnic divisions:

Micronesian

Religions:

Roman Catholic 52.6%, Protestant (Congregational) 40.9%, Seventh-Day

Adventist, Baha'i, Church of God, Mormon 6% (1985)

Languages:

English (official), Gilbertese

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA% female:

NA%

Labor force:

7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)

*Kiribati, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Kiribati

conventional short form:

Kiribati

former:

Gilbert Islands

Digraph:

KR

Type:

republic

Capital:

Tarawa

Administrative divisions:

3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands

note:

a new administrative structure of 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts,

Line Islands, Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) may have been

changed to 21 island councils (one for each of the inhabited islands) named

Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae, Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Canton,

Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin, Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa,

Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa, Teraina

Independence:

12 July 1979 (from UK)

Constitution:

12 July 1979

Legal system:

NA

National holiday:

Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

National Progressive Party, Teatao TEANNAKI; Christian Democratic Party,

Teburoro TITO; New Movement Party, leader NA; Liberal Party, Tewareka

TENTOA; Maneaba Party, Roniti TEIWAKI

note:

there is no tradition of formally organized political parties in Kiribati;

they more closely resemble factions or interest groups because they have no

party headquarters, formal platforms, or party structures

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held on 8 July 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - Teatao

TEANNAKI 52%, Roniti TEIWAKI 28%

House of Assembly:

last held on 8 May 1991 (next to be held by NA 1996); results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 39 elected) percent of seats by party

NA

Executive branch:

president (Beretitenti), vice president (Kauoman-ni-Beretitenti), Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral House of Assembly (Maneaba Ni Maungatabu)

Judicial branch:

Court of Appeal, High Court

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Teatao TEANNAKI (since 8 July 1991); Vice President Taomati IUTA

(since 8 July 1991)

*Kiribati, Government

Member of:

ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFC, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,

SPARTECA, SPC, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

(vacant)

US diplomatic representation:

the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Kiribati

Flag:

the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow rising

sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white stripes to

represent the ocean

*Kiribati, Economy

Overview:

The country has few national resources. Commercially viable phosphate

deposits were exhausted at the time of independence in 1979. Copra and fish

now represent the bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated

widely in recent years. Real GDP declined about 8% in 1987, as the fish

catch fell sharply to only one-fourth the level of 1986 and copra production

was hampered by repeated rains. Output rebounded strongly in 1988, with real

GDP growing by 17%. The upturn in economic growth came from an increase in

copra production and a good fish catch. Following the strong surge in output

in 1988, GNP increased 1% in both 1989 and 1990.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $36.8 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

1% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$525 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.8% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $29.9 million; expenditures $16.3 million, including capital

expenditures of $14.0 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

$5.8 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

copra 18%, fish 17%, seaweed 13%

partners:

EC 50%, Fiji 22%, US 18% (1990)

Imports:

$26.7 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel

partners:

Australia 33%, Japan 24%, Fiji 19%, NZ 6%, US 6% (1990)

External debt:

$2 million (December 1989 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 0% (1988 est.); accounts for less than 4% of GDP

Electricity:

5,000 kW capacity; 13 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

fishing, handicrafts

Agriculture:

accounts for 15% of GDP (including fishing); copra and fish contribute about

95% to exports; subsistence farming predominates; food crops - taro,

breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$273 million

Currency:

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4837 (January 1993), 1.3600 (1992),

1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988)

Fiscal year:

NA

*Kiribati, Communications

Highways:

640 km of motorable roads

Inland waterways:

small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands

Ports:

Banaba and Betio (Tarawa)

Airports:

total:

21

useable:

20

with permanent-surface runways:

4

with runways over 3,659 m :

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

0 with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

5

Telecommunications:

1,400 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, no TV; 1 Pacific Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

*Kiribati, Defense Forces

Branches:

Police Force (carries out law enforcement functions and paramilitary duties;

there are small police posts on all islands); no military force is

maintained

Manpower availability:

NA

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

*Korea, North, Geography

Location:

Northeast Asia, between China and South Korea

Map references:

Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

120,540 km2

land area:

120,410 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Mississippi

Land boundaries:

total 1,673 km, China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km

Coastline:

2,495 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

12 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

military boundary line:

50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the

Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are

banned

International disputes:

short section of boundary with China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with

South Korea

Climate:

temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Terrain:

mostly hills and mountains separated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal plains

wide in west, discontinuous in east

Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten, zinc, graphite, magnesite, iron ore, copper, gold,

pyrites, salt, fluorspar, hydropower

Land use:

arable land:

18%

permanent crops:

1%

meadows and pastures:

0%

forest and woodland:

74%

other:

7%

Irrigated land:

14,000 km2 (1989)

Environment:

mountainous interior is isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely

populated; late spring droughts often followed by severe flooding

Note:

strategic location bordering China, South Korea, and Russia

*Korea, North, People

Population:

22,645,811 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

24.09 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

5.52 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

69.51 years

male:

66.42 years

female:

72.75 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.4 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Korean(s)

adjective:

Korean

Ethnic divisions:

racially homogeneous

Religions:

Buddhism and Confucianism, some Christianity and syncretic Chondogyo

note: autonomous religious activities now almost nonexistent; government-sponsored

religious groups exist to provide illusion of religious freedom

Languages:

Korean

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

99%

male:

99%

female:

99%

Labor force:

9.615 million

by occupation:

agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

note:

shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)

*Korea, North, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

conventional short form:

North Korea

local long form:

Choson-minjujuui-inmin-konghwaguk

local short form:

none

Abbreviation:

DPRK

Digraph:

KN

Type:

Communist state; Stalinist dictatorship

Capital:

P'yongyang

Administrative divisions:

9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 3 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural);

Chagang-do (Chagang Province), Hamgyong-bukto (North

Hamgyong Province), Hamgyong-namdo (South Hamgyong Province), Hwanghae-bukto

(North Hwanghae Province), Hwanghae-namdo (South Hwanghae Province),

Kaesong-si* (Kaesong City), Kangwon-do (Kangwon Province), Namp'o-si*, (Namp'o City),

P'yongan-bukto (North P'yongan Province), P'yongan-namdo

(South P'yongan Province), P'yongyang-si* (P'yongyang City), Yanggang-do, (Yanggang Province)

Independence:

9 September 1948

note:

15 August 1945, date of independence from the Japanese and celebrated in

North Korea as National Liberation Day

Constitution:

adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April

1992

Legal system:

based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist

legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

DPRK Foundation Day, 9 September (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

major party - Korean Workers' Party (KWP), KIM Il-song, general secretary,

and his son, KIM Chong-il, secretary, Central Committee; Korean Social

Democratic Party, KIM Yong-ho, vice-chairman; Chondoist Chongu Party, CHONG

Sin-hyok, chairman

Suffrage:

17 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 24 May 1990 (next to be held by NA 1994); results - President KIM

Il-song was reelected without opposition

Supreme People's Assembly:

last held on 7-9 April 1993 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (687 total) the KWP approves a single list of

candidates who are elected without opposition; minor parties hold a few

seats

Executive branch:

president, two vice presidents, premier, ten vice premiers, State

Administration Council (cabinet)

*Korea, North, Government

Legislative branch:

unicameral Supreme People's Assembly (Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui)

Judicial branch:

Central Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President KIM Il-song (national leader since 1948, president since 28

December 1972); designated successor KIM Chong-il (son of president, born 16

February 1942)

Head of Government:

Premier KANG Song-san (since December 1992)

Member of:

ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IMF (observer), IMO, IOC, ISO, ITU,

LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

none

US diplomatic representation:

none

Flag:

three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red

band is edged in white; on the hoist side of the red band is a white disk

with a red five-pointed star

*Korea, North, Economy

Overview:

More than 90% of this command economy is socialized; agricultural land is

collectivized; and state-owned industry produces 95% of manufactured goods.

State control of economic affairs is unusually tight even for a Communist

country because of the small size and homogeneity of the society and the

strict rule of KIM Il-song and his son, KIM Chong-il. Economic growth during

the period 1984-88 averaged 2-3%, but output declined by 3-5% annually

during 1989-92 because of systemic problems and disruptions in

socialist-style economic relations with the former USSR and China. In 1992,

output dropped sharply, by perhaps 10-15%, as the economy felt the

cumulative effect of the reduction in outside support. The leadership

insisted in maintaining its high level of military outlays from a shrinking

economic pie. Moreover, a serious drawdown in inventories and critical

shortages in the energy sector have led to increasing interruptions in

industrial production. Abundant mineral resources and hydropower have formed

the basis of industrial development since WWII. Output of the extractive

industries includes coal, iron ore, magnesite, graphite, copper, zinc, lead,

and precious metals. Manufacturing is centered on heavy industry, including

military industry, with light industry lagging far behind. Despite the use

of improved seed varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the heavy use of

fertilizers, North Korea has not yet become self-sufficient in food

production. Five consecutive years of poor harvests, coupled with

distribution problems, have led to chronic food shortages. North Korea

remains far behind South Korea in economic development and living standards.

National product:

GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $22 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-10% to -15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $18.5 billion; expenditures $18.4 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

$1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

minerals, metallurgical products, agricultural and fishery products,

manufactures (including armaments)

partners:

China, Japan, Russia, South Korea, Germany, Hong Kong, Mexico

Imports:

$1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

petroleum, grain, coking coal, machinery and equipment, consumer goods

partners:

China, Russia, Japan, Hong Kong, Germany, Singapore

External debt:

$8 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -15% (1992 est.)

Electricity:

7,300,000 kW capacity; 26,000 million kWh produced, 1,160 kWh per capita

(1992)

*Korea, North, Economy

Industries:

machine building, military products, electric power, chemicals, mining,

metallurgy, textiles, food processing

Agriculture:

accounts for about 25% of GNP and 36% of work force; principal crops - rice,

corn, potatoes, soybeans, pulses; livestock and livestock products - cattle,

hogs, pork, eggs; not self-sufficient in grain; fish catch estimated at 1.7

million metric tons in 1987

Economic aid:

Communist countries, $1.4 billion a year in the 1980s

Currency:

1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon

Exchange rates:

North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1

(January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989), 2.13 (December 1988), 0.94 (March 1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Korea, North, Communications

Railroads:

4,915 km total; 4,250 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter

narrow gauge; 159 km double track; 3,084 km electrified; government owned

(1989)

Highways:

about 30,000 km (1991); 92.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 7.5%

paved

Inland waterways:

2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only

Pipelines:

crude oil 37 km

Ports:

primary - Ch'ongjin, Hungnam (Hamhung), Najin, Namp'o, Wonsan; secondary -

Haeju, Kimchaek, Kosong, Sinuiju, Songnim, Sonbong (formerly Unggi), Ungsang

Merchant marine:

80 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 675,666 GRT/1,057,815 DWT; includes 1

passenger, 1 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 67 cargo, 2 oil tanker,

5 bulk, 1 combination bulk, 1 container

Airports:

total:

55

usable :

55 (est.)

with permanent-surface runways:

about 30

with runways over 3,659 m: fewer than 5

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

20

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

30

Telecommunications:

broadcast stations - 18 AM, no FM, 11 TV; 300,000 TV sets (1989); 3,500,000

radio receivers; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Korea, North, Defense Forces

Branches:

Korean People's Army (including the Army, Navy, Air Force), Civil Security

Forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 6,567,684; fit for military service 3,996,893; reach

military age (18) annually 208,132 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - about $5 billion, 20-25% of GNP (1991 est.); note

- the officially announced but suspect figure is $1.9 billion (1991) 8% of

GNP (1991 est.)

*Korea, South, Geography

Location:

Northeast Asia, between North Korea and Japan

Map references:

Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

98,480 km2

land area:

98,190 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Indiana

Land boundaries:

total 238 km, North Korea 238 km

Coastline:

2,413 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

not specified

territorial sea:

12 nm; 3 nm in the Korea Strait

International disputes:

Demarcation Line with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks claimed by Japan

Climate:

temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Terrain:

mostly hills and mountains; wide coastal plains in west and south

Natural resources:

coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower

Land use:

arable land:

21%

permanent crops:

1%

meadows and pastures:

1%

forest and woodland:

67%

other:

10%

Irrigated land:

13,530 km2 (1989)

Environment:

occasional typhoons bring high winds and floods; earthquakes in southwest;

air pollution in large cities

*Korea, South, People

Population:

44,613,993 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.05% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

15.72 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

6.16 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

22.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

70.29 years

male:

67.1 years

female:

73.68 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.64 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Korean(s)

adjective:

Korean

Ethnic divisions:

homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Religions:

Christianity 48.6%, Buddhism 47.4%, Confucianism 3%, pervasive folk religion

(Shamanism), Chondogyo (religion of the heavenly way) 0.2%

Languages:

Korean, English widely taught in high school

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

96%

male:

99%

female:

94%

Labor force:

19 million

by occupation:

services and other 52%, mining and manufacturing 27%, agriculture, fishing,

forestry 21% (1991)

*Korea, South, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Korea

conventional short form:

South Korea

local long form:

Taehan-min'guk

local short form:

none

Abbreviation:

ROK

Digraph:

KS

Type:

republic

Capital:

Seoul

Administrative divisions:

9 provinces (do, singular and plural) and 6 special cities* (jikhalsi,, singular and plural);

Cheju-do, Cholla-bukto, Cholla-namdo,

Ch'ungch'ong-bukto, Ch'ungch'ong-namdo, Inch'on-jikhalsi*, Kangwon-do,, Kwangju-jikhalsi*,,

Kyonggi-do, Kyongsang-bukto, Kyongsang-namdo,

Pusan-jikhalsi*, Soul-t'ukpyolsi*, Taegu-jikhalsi*, Taejon-jikhalsi*, Independence:

15 August 1948

Constitution:

25 February 1988

Legal system:

combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American

law, and Chinese classical thought

National holiday:

Independence Day, 15 August (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

majority party:

Democratic Liberal Party (DLP), KIM Young Sam, president

opposition:

Democratic Party (DP), LEE Ki Taek, executive chairman; United People's

Party (UPP), CHUNG Ju Yung, chairman; several smaller parties

note:

the DLP resulted from a merger of the Democratic Justice Party (DJP),

Reunification Democratic Party (RDP), and New Democratic Republican Party

(NDRP) on 9 February 1990

Other political or pressure groups:

Korean National Council of Churches; National Democratic Alliance of Korea;

National Federation of Student Associations; National Federation of Farmers'

Associations; National Council of Labor Unions; Federation of Korean Trade

Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Federation of Korean Industries;

Korean Traders Association

Suffrage:

20 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held on 18 December 1992 (next to be held NA December 1997); results -

KIM Young Sam (DLP) 41.9%, KIM Dae Jung (DP) 33.8%, CHUNG Ju Yung (UPP)

16.3%, other 8%

*Korea, South, Government

National Assembly:

last held on 24 March 1992; results - DLP 38.5%, DP 29.2%, Unification

National Party (UNP) 17.3% (name later changed to UPP), other 15%; seats -

(299 total) DLP 149, DP 97, UNP 31, other 22; the distribution of seats as

of May 1993 was DLP 167, DP 95, UPP 14, other 23

note:

the change in the distribution of seats reflects the fluidity of the current

situation where party members are constantly switching from one party to

another

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, two deputy prime ministers, State Council

(cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Kuk Hoe)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President KIM Young Sam (since 25 February 1993)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister HWANG In Sung (since 25 February 1993); Deputy Prime Minister

LEE Kyung Shick (since 25 February 1993) and Deputy Prime Minister HAN Wan

Sang (since 25 February 1993)

Member of:

AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, COCOM (cooperating country), CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO,

G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, OAS (observer), UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador HAN Seung Soo

chancery:

2370 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 939-5600

consulates general: Agana (Guam), Anchorage, Atlanta, Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles,

New York, San Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

(vacant), Charge d'Affaires Raymond BURGHARDT

embassy:

82 Sejong-Ro, Chongro-ku, Seoul, AMEMB, Unit 15550

mailing address:

APO AP 96205-0001

telephone:

[82] (2) 732-2601 through 2618

FAX:

[82] (2) 738-8845

consulate:

Pusan

Flag:

white with a red (top) and blue yin-yang symbol in the center; there is a

different black trigram from the ancient I Ching (Book of Changes) in each

corner of the white field

*Korea, South, Economy

Overview:

The driving force behind the economy's dynamic growth has been the planned

development of an export-oriented economy in a vigorously entrepreneurial

society. Real GNP increased more than 10% annually between 1986 and 1991.

This growth ultimately led to an overheated situation characterized by a

tight labor market, strong inflationary pressures, and a rapidly rising

current account deficit. As a result, in 1992, focusing attention on slowing

the growth rate of inflation and reducing the deficit is leading to a

slow-down in growth. The economy remains the envy of the great majority of

the world's peoples.

National product:

GNP - purchasing power equivalent - $287 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$6,500 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

2.4% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $48.4 billion; expenditures $48.4 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1993)

Exports:

$76.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

textiles, clothing, electronic and electrical equipment, footwear,

machinery, steel, automobiles, ships, fish

partners:

US 24%, Japan 15% (1992)

Imports:

$81.7 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

machinery, electronics and electronic equipment, oil, steel, transport

equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains

partners:

Japan 24%, US 22% (1992)

External debt:

$42 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 5.0% (1992 est.); accounts for about 45% of GNP

Electricity:

24,000,000 kW capacity; 105,000 million kWh produced, 2,380 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

textiles, clothing, footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel,

electronics, automobile production, shipbuilding

Agriculture:

accounts for 8% of GNP and employs 21% of work force (including fishing and

forestry); principal crops - rice, root crops, barley, vegetables, fruit;

livestock and livestock products - cattle, hogs, chickens, milk, eggs;

self-sufficient in food, except for wheat; fish catch of 2.9 million metric

tons, seventh-largest in world

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.9 billion; non-US countries

(1970-89), $3.0 billion

Currency:

1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chon (theoretical)

*Korea, South, Economy

Exchange rates:

South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 791.99 (January 1993), 780.65 (1992), 733.35

(1991), 707.76 (1990), 671.46 (1989), 731.47 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Korea, South, Communications

Railroads:

3,091 km total (1991); 3,044 km 1.435 meter standard gauge, 47 km

0.610-meter narrow gauge, 847 km double track; 525 km electrified,

government owned

Highways:

63,201 km total (1991); 1,551 expressways, 12,190 km national highway,

49,460 km provincial and local roads

Inland waterways:

1,609 km; use restricted to small native craft

Pipelines:

petroleum products 455 km

Ports:

Pusan, Inchon, Kunsan, Mokpo, Ulsan

Merchant marine:

431 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,689,227 GRT/11,016,014 DWT;

includes 2 short-sea passenger, 138 cargo, 61 container, 11 refrigerated

cargo, 9 vehicle carrier, 45 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 13 liquefied

gas, 2 combination ore/oil, 135 bulk, 2 combination bulk, 1 multifunction

large-load carrier

Airports:

total:

103

usable:

93

with permanent-surface runways:

59

with runways over 3,659 m:

0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

22

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

18

Telecommunications:

excellent domestic and international services; 13,276,449 telephone

subscribers; broadcast stations - 79 AM, 46 FM, 256 TV (57 of 1 kW or

greater); satellite earth stations - 2 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT and 1 Indian

Ocean INTELSAT

*Korea, South, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 13,286,969; fit for military service 8,542,640; reach

military age (18) annually 432,434 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $12.2 billion, 3.6% of GNP (1993 est.)

*Kuwait, Geography

Location:

Middle East, at the head of the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Map references:

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

17,820 km2

land area:

17,820 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

total 464 km, Iraq 242 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km

Coastline:

499 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf: not specified

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

in April 1991 Iraq officially accepted UN Security Council Resolution 687,

which demands that Iraq accept the inviolability of the boundary set forth

in its 1963 agreement with Kuwait, ending earlier claims to Bubiyan and

Warbah Islands, or to all of Kuwait; the 20 May 1993 final report of the UN

Iraq/Kuwait Boundary Demarcation Commission was welcomed by the Security

Council in Resolution 833 of 27 May 1993, which also reaffirmed that the

decisions of the commission on the boundary were final, bringing to a

completion the official demarcation of the Iraq-Kuwait boundary; Iraqi

officials still make public statements claiming Kuwait; ownership of Qaruh

and Umm al Maradim Islands disputed by Saudi Arabia

Climate:

dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Terrain:

flat to slightly undulating desert plain

Natural resources:

petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

Land use:

arable land:

0%

permanent crops:

0%

meadows and pastures:

8%

forest and woodland:

0%

other:

92%

Irrigated land:

20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

some of world's largest and most sophisticated desalination facilities

provide most of water; air and water pollution; desertification

Note:

strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

*Kuwait, People

Population:

1,698,077 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

8.67% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

30.29 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

2.39 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

58.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

13.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population:

74.62 years

male:

72.47 years

female:

76.87 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

4.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Kuwaiti(s)

adjective:

Kuwaiti

Ethnic divisions:

Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

Religions:

Muslim 85% (Shi'a 30%, Sunni 45%, other 10%), Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and

other 15%

Languages:

Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

73%

male:

77%

female:

67%

Labor force:

566,000 (1986)

by occupation:

services 45.0%, construction 20.0%, trade 12.0%, manufacturing 8.6%, finance

and real estate 2.6%, agriculture 1.9%, power and water 1.7%, mining and

quarrying 1.4%

note:

70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986)

*Kuwait, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

State of Kuwait

conventional short form:

Kuwait

local long form:

Dawlat al Kuwayt

local short form:

Al Kuwayt

Digraph:

KU

Type:

nominal constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Kuwait

Administrative divisions:

5 governorates (mu'hafaz'at, singular - muh'afaz'ah); Al Ah'madi, Al Jahrah,

Al Kuwayt, 'Hawalli; Farwaniyah

Independence:

19 June 1961 (from UK)

Constitution:

16 November 1962 (some provisions suspended since 29 August 1962)

Legal system:

civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not

accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

National Day, 25 February

Political parties and leaders:

none

Other political or pressure groups:

40,000 Palestinian community; small, clandestine leftist and Shi'a

fundamentalist groups are active; several groups critical of government

policies are active

Suffrage:

adult males who resided in Kuwait before 1920 and their male descendants at

age 21

note:

out of all citizens, only 10% are eligible to vote and only 5% actually vote

Elections:

National Assembly:

dissolved 3 July 1986; new elections were held on 5 October 1992 with a

second election in the 14th and 16th constituencies scheduled for 15

February 1993

Executive branch:

amir, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Majlis al 'umma) dissolved 3 July 1986;

elections for new Assembly held 5 October 1992

Judicial branch:

High Court of Appeal

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Amir Shaykh JABIR al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 31 December 1977)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister and Crown Prince SA'D al-'Abdallah al-Salim al-Sabah (since 8

February 1978); Deputy Prime Minister SABAH al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah

(since 17 October 1992)

*Kuwait, Government

Member of:

ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA,

IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,

INTERPOL, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Muhammad al-Sabah al-Salim al-SABAH

chancery: 2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 966-0702

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Edward (Skip) GNEHM, Jr.

embassy:

Bneid al-Gar (opposite the Kuwait International Hotel), Kuwait City

mailing address:

P.O. Box 77 SAFAT, 13001 SAFAT, Kuwait; APO AE 09880

telephone:

[965] 242-4151 through 4159

FAX:

[956] 244-2855

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red with a black

trapezoid based on the hoist side

*Kuwait, Economy

Overview:

Kuwait is a small and relatively open economy with proven crude oil reserves

of about 94 billion barrels - 10% of world reserves. Kuwait is rebuilding

its war-ravaged petroleum sector and the increase in crude oil production to

nearly 2.0 million barrels per day by the end of 1992 led to an enormous

increase in GDP for the year. The government ran a cumulative fiscal deficit

of approximately $70 billion over its last two fiscal years, reducing its

foreign asset position and increasing its public debt to roughly $40

billion. Petroleum accounts for nearly half of GDP and over 90% of export

and government revenue.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $15.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

80% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$11,100 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NEGL% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $7.1 billion; expenditures $10.5 billion, including capital

expenditures of $3.1 billion (FY88)

Exports:

$750 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

oil

partners:

France 16%, Italy 15%, Japan 12%, UK 11%

Imports:

$4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

food, construction materials, vehicles and parts, clothing

partners: US 35%, Japan 12%, UK 9%, Canada 9%

External debt:

$7.2 billion (December 1989 est.)

note:

external debt has grown substantially in 1991 and 1992 to pay for

restoration of war damage

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for NA% of GDP

Electricity:

6,873,000 kW available out of 7,398,000 kW capacity due to Persian Gulf war;

12,264 million kWh produced, 8,890 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

petroleum, petrochemicals, desalination, food processing, building

materials, salt, construction

Agriculture:

practically none; dependent on imports for food; about 75% of potable water

must be distilled or imported

Economic aid:

donor - pledged $18.3 billion in bilateral aid to less developed countries

(1979-89)

Currency:

1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils

Exchange rates:

Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3044 (January 1993), 0.2934 (1992), 0.2843

(1991), 0.2915 (1990), 0.2937 (1989), 0.2790 (1988)

*Kuwait, Economy

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Kuwait, Communications

Railroads:

none

Highways:

3,900 km total; 3,000 km bituminous; 900 km earth, sand, light gravel

Pipelines:

crude oil 877 km; petroleum products 40 km; natural gas 165 km

Ports:

Ash Shu'aybah, Ash Shuwaykh, Mina' al 'Ahmadi

Merchant marine:

42 ships (1,000 GRT or over), totaling 1,996,052 GRT/3,373,088 DWT; includes

7 cargo, 4 livestock carrier, 24 oil tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 3 container

Airports:

total:

7

usable:

4

with permanent-surface runways:

4

with runways over 3,659 m: 0

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

4

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

0

Telecommunications:

civil network suffered extensive damage as a result of Desert Storm and

reconstruction is still under way with some restored international and

domestic capabilities; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 0 FM, 3 TV; satellite

earth stations - destroyed during Persian Gulf War and not rebuilt yet;

temporary mobile satellite ground stations provide international

telecommunications; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia;

service to Iraq is nonoperational

*Kuwait, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, National Guard

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 498,254; fit for military service 298,865; reach military

age (18) annually 14,459 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $2.5 billion, 7.3% of GDP (FY92/93)

*Kyrgyzstan, Geography

Location:

South Asia, between China and Kazakhstan

Map references:

Asia, Commonwealth of Independent States - Central Asian States, Standard

Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

198,500 km2

land area:

191,300 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than South Dakota

Land boundaries:

total 3,878 km, China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km,

Uzbekistan 1,099 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

territorial dispute with Tajikistan on southern boundary in Isfara Valley

area

Climate:

dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan; subtropical in south (Fergana

Valley)

Terrain: peaks of Tien Shan rise to 7,000 meters, and associated valleys and basins

encompass entire nation

Natural resources:

small amounts of coal, natural gas, oil, nepheline, rare earth metals,

mercury, bismuth, gold, lead, zinc, hydroelectric power

Land use:

arable land:

NA%

permanent crops:

NA%

meadows and pastures:

NA%

forest and woodland:

NA%

other:

NA%

Irrigated land:

10,320 km2 (1990)

Environment:

NA

Note:

landlocked

*Kyrgyzstan, People

Population:

4,625,954 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.56% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

26.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.45 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-3.62 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

47.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.71 years

male:

63.47 years

female:

72.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.39 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Kirghiz(s)

adjective:

Kirghiz

Ethnic divisions:

Kirghiz 52.4%, Russian 21.5%, Uzbek 12.9%, Ukrainian 2.5%, German 2.4%,

other 8.3%

Religions:

Muslim 70%, Russian Orthodox NA%

Languages:

Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) - official language, Russian

Literacy:

age 9-49 can read and write (1970)

total population:

100%

male:

100%

female:

100%

Labor force:

1.748 million

by occupation:

agriculture and forestry 33%, industry and construction 28%, other 39%

(1990)

*Kyrgyzstan, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Kyrgyzstan

conventional short form:

Kyrgyzstan

local long form:

Kyrgyzstan Respublikasy

local short form:

none

former:

Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic

Digraph:

KG

Type:

republic

Capital:

Bishkek (Frunze)

Administrative divisions:

6 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast'); Chu, Jalal-Abad, Ysyk-Kul', Naryn,

Osh, Talas

Independence:

31 August 1991 (from Soviet Union)

Constitution:

adopted 5 May 1993

Legal system:

based on civil law system

National holiday:

National Day, 2 December

Political parties and leaders:

Kyrgyz Democratic Movement, Kazat AKMAKOV, chairman; Civic Accord, Coalition

representing nonnative minority groups; National Revived Asaba (Banner)

Party, Asan ORMUSHEV, chairman; Communist Party was banned but has

registered as political party 18 September 1992

Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Democratic Movement; Peasant Party; Council of

Free Trade

Unions; Union of Entrepreneurs

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 12 October 1991 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Askar AKAYEV

won in uncontested election with 95% of vote with 90% of electorate voting;

note - president elected by Supreme Soviet 28 October 1990, then by popular

vote 12 October 1991

Zhogorku Keneshom:

last held 25 February 1990 for the Supreme Soviet (next to be held no later

than NA November 1994 for the Zhgorku Keneshom); results - Commnunists 90%;

seats - (350 total) Communists 310

Executive branch:

president, Cabinet of Ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral Zhogorku Keneshom

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990); Vice President Feliks KULOV

(since 12 October 1992)

*Kyrgyzstan, Government

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Tursenbek CHYNGYSHEV (since 2 March 1992); Deputy Prime

Minister Abdygani ERKEBAYEV; Supreme Soviet Chairman Medetkan SHERIMKULOV

(since NA)

Member of:

CIS, CSCE, EBRD, ECO, ESCAP, IBRD, IDA, ILO, IMF, NACC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roza OTUNBAYEVA

chancery:

1511 K Street, NW, Washington, DC

telephone:

(202) 347-5029

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Edward HURWITZ

embassy:

(temporary) Erkindik Prospekt #66, Bishkek

mailing address:

APO AE 09721

telephone:

7-3312 22-26-93, 22-35-51, 22-29-20

FAX:

7-3312 22-35-51

Flag:

red field with a yellow sun in the center having 40 rays representing the 40

Krygyz tribes; on the obverse side the rays run counterclockwise, on the

reverse, clockwise; in the center of the sun is a red ring crossed by two

sets of three lines, a stylized representation of the roof of the

traditional Kyrgyz yurt