Note: defense is the responsibility of_The 1993 CIA World Factbook

*Coral Sea Islands, Header

Affiliation:

(territory of Australia)

*Coral Sea Islands, Geography

Location:

Oceania, just off the northeast coast of Australia in the Coral Sea

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total area:

less than 3 km2

land area:

less than 3 km2

comparative area:

note:

includes numerous small islands and reefs scattered over a sea area of about

1 million km2, with Willis Islets the most important

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

3,095 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical

Terrain:

sand and coral reefs and islands (or cays)

Natural resources:

negligible

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

100% (mostly grass or scrub cover)

Irrigated land: 0 km2

Environment:

subject to occasional tropical cyclones; no permanent fresh water; important

nesting area for birds and turtles

*Coral Sea Islands, People

Population:

no indigenous inhabitants; note - there are 3 meteorologists

*Coral Sea Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Coral Sea Islands Territory

conventional short form:

Coral Sea Islands

Digraph:

Type:

territory of Australia administered by the Ministry for Arts, Sport, the

Environment, Tourism, and Territories

Capital:

none; administered from Canberra, Australia

Independence:

none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

the flag of Australia is used

*Coral Sea Islands, Economy

Overview:

no economic activity

*Coral Sea Islands, Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorages only

*Coral Sea Islands, Defense Forces

Note:

defense is the responsibility of Australia; visited regularly by the Royal

Australian Navy; Australia has control over the activities of visitors

*Costa Rica, Geography

Location:

Central America, between Nicaragua and Panama

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, South America

Area:

total area:

51,100 km2

land area:

50,660 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than West Virginia

note:

includes Isla del Coco

Land boundaries:

total 639 km, Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Coastline:

1,290 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November)

Terrain:

coastal plains separated by rugged mountains

Natural resources:

hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

45%

forest and woodland:

34%

other:

Irrigated land:

1,180 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

subject to occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent

flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season; active volcanoes;

deforestation; soil erosion

*Costa Rica, People

Population:

3,264,776 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.38% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

26.07 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

3.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

1.26 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

11.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

77.49 years

male:

75.56 years

female:

79.52 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.11 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Costa Rican(s)

adjective:

Costa Rican

Ethnic divisions:

white (including mestizo) 96%, black 2%, Indian 1%, Chinese 1%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

Spanish (official), English; spoken around Puerto Limon

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

93%

male:

93%

female:

93%

Labor force:

868,300

by occupation:

industry and commerce 35.1%, government and services 33%, agriculture 27%,

other 4.9% (1985 est.)

*Costa Rica, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Costa Rica

conventional short form:

Costa Rica local long form:

Republica de Costa Rica

local short form:

Costa Rica

Digraph:

Type:

democratic republic

Capital:

San Jose

Administrative divisions:

7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago,

Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose

Independence:

15 September 1821 (from Spain)

Constitution:

9 November 1949

Legal system:

based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in

the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

Political parties and leaders:

National Liberation Party (PLN), Carlos Manuel CASTILLO Morales; Social

Christian Unity Party (PUSC), Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier; Marxist

Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto VARGAS Carbonell; New Republic

Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick ARDON Ramirez; Progressive Party (PP), Isaac

Felipe AZOFEIFA Bolanos; People's Party of Costa Rica (PPC), Lenin CHACON

Vargas; Radical Democratic Party (PRD), Juan Jose ECHEVERRIA Brealey

Other political or pressure groups:

Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party

affiliate); Confederated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist Party affiliate);

Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers (CATD; Communist Party

affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; National Association for Economic

Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants);

National Association of Educators (ANDE)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Elections:

Legislative Assembly:

last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - percent

of vote by party NA; seats - (57 total) PUSC 29, PLN 25, PVP/PPC 1, regional

parties 2

President:

last held 4 February 1990 (next to be held February 1994); results - Rafael

Angel CALDERON Fournier 51%, Carlos Manuel CASTILLO 47%

Executive branch:

president, two vice presidents, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral Legislative Assembly (Asamblea Legislativa)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

*Costa Rica, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Rafael Angel CALDERON Fournier (since 8 May 1990); First Vice

President German SERRANO Pinto (since 8 May 1990); Second Vice President

Arnoldo LOPEZ Echandi (since 8 May 1990)

Member of:

AG (observer), BCIE, CACM, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,

ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU,

LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Gonzalo FACIO Segreda

chancery:

Suite 211, 1825 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:

(202) 234-2945 through 2947

consulates general:

Albuquerque, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Diego,

San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulate:

Buffalo

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Luis GUINOT, Jr.

embassy:

Pavas Road, San Jose

mailing address:

APO AA 34020

telephone:

[506] 20-39-39

FAX:

(506) 20-2305

Flag:

five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and

blue, with the coat of arms in a white disk on the hoist side of the red

band

*Costa Rica, Economy

Overview:

In 1992 the economy grew at an estimated 5.4%, up from the 2.5% gain of 1991

and the gain of 1990. Increases in agricultural production (on the strength

of good coffee and banana crops) and in nontraditional exports are

responsible for much of the growth. In 1992 consumer prices rose by 17%,

below the 27% of 1991. The trade deficit of $100 million was substantially

below the 1991 deficit of $270 million. Unemployment is officially reported

at 4.0%, but much underemployment remains. External debt, on a per capita

basis, is among the world's highest.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $6.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

5.4% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$2,000 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

17% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

4% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $1.1 billion; expenditures $1.34 billion, including capital

expenditures of $110 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

coffee, bananas, textiles, sugar

partners:

US 75%, Germany, Guatemala, Netherlands, UK, Japan

Imports:

$1.8 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

commodities:

raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum

partners:

US 45%, Japan, Guatemala, Germany

External debt:

$3.2 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1.0% (1991); accounts for 19% of GDP

Electricity:

927,000 kW capacity; 3,612 million kWh produced, 1,130 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer,

plastic products

Agriculture:

accounts for 17% of GDP and 70% of exports; cash commodities - coffee, beef,

bananas, sugar; other food crops include corn, rice, beans, potatoes;

normally self-sufficient in food except for grain; depletion of forest

resources resulting in lower timber output

Illicit drugs:

illicit production of cannabis on small scattered plots; transshipment

country for cocaine from South America

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $935 million;

Communist countries (1971-89), $27 million

Currency:

1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos

*Costa Rica, Economy

Exchange rates:

Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 137.72 (January 1993), 134.51 (1992),

122.43 (1991), 91.58 (1990), 81.504 (1989), 75.805 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Costa Rica, Communications

Railroads:

950 km total, all 1.067-meter gauge; 260 km electrified

Highways:

15,400 km total; 7,030 km paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

about 730 km, seasonally navigable

Pipelines:

petroleum products 176 km

Ports:

Puerto Limon, Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas

Merchant marine:

1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,878 GRT/4,506 DWT

Airports:

total:

162

usable:

144

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

very good domestic telephone service; 292,000 telephones; connection into

Central American Microwave System; broadcast stations - 71 AM, no FM, 18 TV,

13 shortwave; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Costa Rica, Defense Forces

Branches:

Civil Guard, Rural Assistance Guard

note:

constitution prohibits armed forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 851,713; fit for military service 573,854; reach military

age (18) annually 31,987 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $22 million, 0.5% of GDP (1989)

*Cote d'Ivoire, Header

Affiliation:

(also known as Ivory Coast)

*Cote d'Ivoire, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

322,460 km2

land area:

318,000 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:

total 3,110 km, Burkina 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km,

Mali 532 km

Coastline:

515 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 m depth

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry

(November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to

October)

Terrain:

mostly flat to undulating plains; mountains in northwest

Natural resources:

petroleum, diamonds, manganese, iron ore, cobalt, bauxite, copper

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

26%

other:

52%

Irrigated land:

620 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

coast has heavy surf and no natural harbors; severe deforestation

*Cote d'Ivoire, People

Population: 13,808,447 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.5% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

46.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

15.07 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

3.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

97 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

48.97 years

male:

46.98 years

female:

51.03 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.73 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ivorian(s)

adjective:

Ivorian

Ethnic divisions:

Baoule 23%, Bete 18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, Agni, foreign Africans

(mostly Burkinabe about 2 million), non-Africans 130,000 to 330,000 (French

30,000 and Lebanese 100,000 to 300,000)

Religions:

indigenous 63%, Muslim 25%, Christian 12%

Languages:

French (official), 60 native dialects Dioula is the most widely spoken

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

54%

male:

67%

female:

40%

Labor force:

5.718 million

by occupation:

over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;

about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and

the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions

note:

54% of population of working age (1985)

*Cote d'Ivoire, Government

Names:

conventional long form: Republic of Cote d'Ivoire

conventional short form:

Cote d'Ivoire

local long form:

Republique de Cote d'Ivoire

local short form:

Cote d'Ivoire

former:

Ivory Coast

Digraph:

Type:

republic multiparty presidential regime established 1960

Capital:

Yamoussoukro

note:

although Yamoussoukro has been the capital since 1983, Adibjan remains the

administrative center; foreign governments, including the United States,

maintain presence in Abidjan

Administrative divisions:

49 departments (departements, singular - (departement); Abengourou, Abidjan,

Aboisso, Adzope, Agboville, Bangolo, Beoumi, Biankouma, Bondoukou,

Bongouanou, Bouafle, Bouake, Bouna, Boundiali, Dabakala, Daloa, Danane,

Daoukro, Dimbokro, Divo, Duekoue, Ferkessedougou, Gagnoa, Grand-Lahou,

Guiglo, Issia, Katiola, Korhogo, Lakota, Man, Mankono, Mbahiakro, Odienne,

Oume, Sakassou, San-Pedro, Sassandra, Seguela, Sinfra, Soubre, Tabou, Tanda,

Tingrela, Tiassale, Touba, Toumodi, Vavoua, Yamoussoukro, Zuenoula

Independence:

7 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

3 November 1960

Legal system:

based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the

Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction

National holiday:

National Day, 7 December

Political parties and leaders:

Democratic Party of the Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY;

Ivorian Popular Front (FPI), Laurent GBAGBO; Ivorian Worker's Party (PIT),

Francis WODIE; Ivorian Socialist Party (PSI), Morifere BAMBA; over 20

smaller parties

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 28 October 1990 (next to be held October 1995); results -

President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY received 81% of the vote in his first

contested election; he is currently serving his seventh consecutive

five-year term

National Assembly:

last held 25 November 1990 (next to be held November 1995); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (175 total) PDCI 163, FPI 9, PIT 1,

independents 2

Executive branch:

president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

*Cote d'Ivoire, Government

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Dr. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY (since 27 November 1960)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Alassane OUATTARA (since 7 November 1990)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, GATT,

IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Charles GOMIS

chancery:

2424 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 797-0300

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Hume A. HORAN

embassy:

5 Rue Jesse Owens, Abidjan

mailing address:

01 B. P. 1712, Abidjan

telephone:

[225] 21-09-79 or 21-46-72

FAX:

[225] 22-32-59

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of orange (hoist side), white, and green; similar

to the flag of Ireland, which is longer and has the colors reversed - green

(hoist side), white, and orange; also similar to the flag of Italy, which is

green (hoist side), white, and red; design was based on the flag of France

*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy

Overview:

Cote d'Ivoire is among the world's largest producers and exporters of

coffee, cocoa beans, and palm-kernel oil. Consequently, the economy is

highly sensitive to fluctuations in international prices for coffee and

cocoa and to weather conditions. Despite attempts by the government to

diversify, the economy is still largely dependent on agriculture and related

industries. The agricultural sector accounts for over one-third of GDP and

about 80% of export earnings and employs about 85% of the labor force. A

collapse of world cocoa and coffee prices in 1986 threw the economy into a

recession, from which the country had not recovered by 1990. Continuing low

prices for commodity exports, an overvalued exchange rate, a bloated

public-sector wage bill, and a large foreign debt hindered economic recovery

in 1991. The government, which has sponsored various economic reform

programs, especially in agriculture, projected an increase of 1.6% in GNP in

1992.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

-0.6% (1991)

National product per capita:

$800 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

14% (1985)

Budget:

revenues $2.3 billion; expenditures $3.6 billion, including capital

expenditures of $274 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

$2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

cocoa 30%, coffee 20%, tropical woods 11%, petroleum, cotton, bananas,

pineapples, palm oil, cotton

partners:

France, FRG, Netherlands, US, Belgium, Spain (1985)

Imports:

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

food, capital goods, consumer goods, fuel

partners:

France 29%, other EC 29%, Nigeria 16%, US 4%, Japan 3% (1989)

External debt:

$15 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 6% (1990); accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

1,210,000 kW capacity; 1,970 million kWh produced, 150 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

foodstuffs, wood processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly, textiles,

fertilizer, beverage

Agriculture:

most important sector, contributing one-third to GDP and 80% to exports;

cash crops include coffee, cocoa beans, timber, bananas, palm kernels,

rubber; food crops - corn, rice, manioc, sweet potatoes; not self-sufficient

in bread grain and dairy products

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis; mostly for local consumption; some

international drug trade; transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin to

Europe

*Cote d'Ivoire, Economy

Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $356 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-88), $5.2 billion

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

(1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Cote d'Ivoire, Communications

Railroads:

660 km (Burkina border to Abidjan, 1.00-meter gauge, single track, except 25

km Abidjan-Anyama section is double track)

Highways:

46,600 km total; 3,600 km paved; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite,

and improved earth; 11,000 km unimproved

Inland waterways:

980 km navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons

Ports:

Abidjan, San-Pedro

Merchant marine:

7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 71,945 GRT/ 90,684 DWT; includes 1 oil

tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 3 container, 2 roll-on/roll-off

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity;

consists of open-wire lines and radio relay microwave links; 87,700

telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 17 FM, 13 TV, 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1

Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station; 2 coaxial submarine cables

*Cote d'Ivoire, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, Military

Fire Group

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 3,131,016; fit for military service 1,624,401; reach

military age (18) annually 145,827 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $200 million, 2.3% of GDP (1988)

*Croatia, Geography

Location:

Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Adriatic Sea,

between Slovenia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Map references:

Africa, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the

World

Area:

total area:

56,538 km2

land area:

56,410 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:

total 1,843 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina (east) 751 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina

(southeast) 91 km, Hungary 292 km, Serbia and Montenegro 254 km (239 km with

Serbia; 15 km with Montenego), Slovenia 455 km

Coastline:

5,790 km (mainland 1,778 km, islands 4,012 km)

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:

12 nm

exclusive fishing zone:

12 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

Serbian enclaves in eastern Croatia and along the western Bosnia and

Herzegovinian border; dispute with Slovenia over fishing rights in Adriatic

Climate:

Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot

summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Terrain:

geographically diverse; flat plains along Hungarian border, low mountains

and highlands near Adriatic coast, coastline, and islands

Natural resources:

oil, some coal, bauxite, low-grade iron ore, calcium, natural asphalt,

silica, mica, clays, salt

Land use:

arable land:

32%

permanent crops:

20%

meadows and pastures:

18%

forest and woodland: 15%

other:

15%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

air pollution from metallurgical plants; damaged forest; coastal pollution

from industrial and domestic waste; subject to frequent and destructive

earthquakes

*Croatia, Geography

Note:

controls most land routes from Western Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish

Straits

*Croatia, People

Population:

4,694,398 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

11.38 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

10.73 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

9 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

73.19 years

male:

69.7 years

female:

76.89 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.66 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Croat(s)

adjective:

Croatian

Ethnic divisions:

Croat 78%, Serb 12%, Muslim 0.9%, Hungarian 0.5%, Slovenian 0.5%, others

8.1%

Religions:

Catholic 76.5%, Orthodox 11.1%, Slavic Muslim 1.2%, Protestant 1.4%, others

and unknown 9.8%

Languages:

Serbo-Croatian 96%, other 4%

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

1,509,489

by occupation:

industry and mining 37%, agriculture 16% (1981 est.), government NA%, other

*Croatia, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Croatia

conventional short form:

Croatia

local long form:

Republika Hrvatska

local short form:

Hrvatska

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Zagreb

Administrative divisions:

100 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Beli Manastir, Biograd (Biograd Na

Moru), Bielovar, Bjelovar, Brac, Buje, Buzet, Cabar, Cakovec, Cazma, Cres

Losinj, Crikvenica, Daruvar, Delnice, Djakovo (Dakovo), Donja Stubica, Donji

Lapac, Dordevac, Drnis, Dubrovnik, Duga Resa, Dugo Selo, Dvor, Garesnica,

Glina, Gospic, Gracac, Grubisno Polje, Hvar, Imotski, Ivanec, Ivanic-Grad,

Jastrebarsko, Karlovac, Klanjec, Knin, Koprivnica, Korcula, Kostajnica,

Krapina, Krizevci, Krk, Kutina, Labin, Lastovo, Ludbreg, Makarska, Metkovic,

Nova Gradiska, Novi Marof, Novska, Obrovac, Ogulin, Omis, Opatija,

Orahovica, Osijek, Otocac, Ozalj, Pag, Pazin, Petrinja, Ploce (Kardeljevo),

Podravska Slatina, Porec, Pregrada, Pukrac, Pula, Rab, Rijeka, Rovinj,

Samobor (part of Zagreb), Senj, Sesvete, Sibenik, Sinj, Sisak, Slavonska

Pozega, Slavonski Brod, Slunj, Split (Solin, Kastela), Titova Korenica,

Trogir, Valpovo, Varazdin, Vinkovci, Virovitica, Vukovar, Vis, Vojnic,

Vrborsko, Vrbovec, Vrgin-Most, Vrgorac, Zabok, Zadar, Zagreb (Grad Zagreb),

Zelina (Sveti Ivan Zelina), Zlatar Bistrica, Zupanja

Independence:

NA June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

Constitution:

adopted on 2 December 1991

Legal system:

based on civil law system

National holiday:

Statehood Day, 30 May (1990)

Political parties and leaders: Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ), Stjepan MESIC, chairman of the

executive

council; Croatian People's Party (HNS), Savka DABCEVIC-KUCAR, president;

Croatian Christian Democratic Party (HKDS), Ivan CESAR, president; Croatian

Party of Rights, Dobroslav PARAGA; Croatian Social Liberal Party (HSLS),

Drazen BUDISA, president; Croatian Peasant Party (HSS), leader NA; Istrian

Democratic Assembly (IDS), leader NA; Social-Democratic Party (SDP), leader

NA; Croatian National Party (PNS), leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

Suffrage:

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Elections:

President:

last held 4 August 1992 (next to be held NA); Franjo TUDJMAN reelected with

about 56% of the vote; Dobroslav PARAGA 5%

House of Parishes:

last held 7 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 1997); seats - (68

total; 63 elected, 5 presidentially appointed) HDZ 37, HSLS 16, HSS 5, IDS

3, SDP 1, PNS 1

*Croatia, Government

Chamber of Deputies:

last held NA August 1992 (next to be held NA August 1996); seats - (138

total) 87 HDZ

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or House of Parishes

(Zupanije Dom) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Predstavnicke Dom)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Franjo TUDJMAN (since 30 May 1990)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Nikica VALENTIC (since NA April 1993); Deputy Prime Ministers

Mate GRANIC, Vladimir SEKS, Borislav SKEGRO (since NA)

Member of:

CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, IMO, IOM (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

WHO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Peter A. SARCEVIC

chancery:

2356 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

(202) 543-5586

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

(vacant)

embassy:

Andrije Hebranga 2, Zagreb

mailing address: AMEMB Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5080

telephone:

[38] (41) 444-800

FAX:

[38] (41) 440-235

Flag:

red, white, and blue horizontal bands with Croatian coat of arms (red and

white checkered)

*Croatia, Economy

Overview:

Before the dissolution of Yugoslavia, the republic of Croatia, after

Slovenia, was the most prosperous and industrialized area, with a per capita

output roughly comparable to that of Portugal and perhaps one-third above

the Yugoslav average. Croatian Serb Nationalists control approximately one

third of the Croatian territory, and one of the overriding determinants of

Croatia's long-term political and economic prospects will be the resolution

of this territorial dispute. Croatia faces monumental problems stemming

from: the legacy of longtime Communist mismanagement of the economy; large

foreign debt; damage during the fighting to bridges, factories, powerlines,

buildings, and houses; the large refugee population, both Croatian and

Bosnian; and the disruption of economic ties to Serbia and the other former

Yugoslav republics, as well as within its own territory. At the minimum,

extensive Western aid and investment, especially in the tourist and oil

industries, would seem necessary to salvage a desperate economic situation.

However, peace and political stability must come first. As of June 1993,

fighting continues among Croats, Serbs, and Muslims, and national boundaries

and final political arrangements are still in doubt.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $26.3 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-25% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$5,600 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

50% (monthly rate, December 1992)

Unemployment rate:

20% (December 1991 est.)

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$2.9 billion (1990)

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment 30%, other manufacturers 37%, chemicals

11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6.5%, fuels and lubricants 5%

partners:

principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Imports:

$4.4 billion (1990)

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment 21%, fuels and lubricants 19%, food and

live animals 16%, chemicals 14%, manufactured goods 13%, miscellaneous

manufactured articles 9%, raw materials 6.5%, beverages and tobacco 1%

partners:

principally other former Yugoslav republics

External debt:

$2.6 billion (will assume some part of foreign debt of former Yugoslavia)

Industrial production:

growth rate -29% (1991 est.)

Electricity:

3,570,000 kW capacity; 11,500 million kWh produced, 2,400 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig

iron and rolled steel products, aluminum reduction, paper, wood products

(including furniture), building materials (including cement), textiles,

shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food processing and

beverages

*Croatia, Economy

Agriculture:

Croatia normally produces a food surplus; most agricultural land in private

hands and concentrated in Croat-majority districts in Slavonia and Istria;

much of Slavonia's land has been put out of production by fighting; wheat,

corn, sugar beets, sunflowers, alfalfa, and clover are main crops in

Slavonia; central Croatian highlands are less fertile but support cereal

production, orchards, vineyards, livestock breeding, and dairy farming;

coastal areas and offshore islands grow olives, citrus fruits, and

vegetables

Economic aid:

$NA

Currency:

1 Croatian dinar (CD) = 100 paras

Exchange rates:

Croatian dinar per US $1 - 60.00 (April 1992)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Croatia, Communications

Railroads:

2,592 km of standard guage (1.435 m) of which 864 km are electrified (1992);

note - disrupted by territorial dispute

Highways:

32,071 km total; 23,305 km paved, 8,439 km gravel, 327 km earth (1990); note

- key highways note disrupted because of territorial dispute

Inland waterways:

785 km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 670 km, petroleum products 20 km, natural gas 310 km (1992); note

- now disrupted because of territorial dispute

Ports:

coastal - Rijeka, Split, Kardeljevo (Ploce); inland - Vukovar, Osijek,

Sisak, Vinkovci

Merchant marine:

18 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 77,074 GRT/93,052 DWT; includes 4

cargo, 1 roll-on/roll-off, 10 passenger ferries, 2 bulk, 1 oil tanker; note

- also controlled by Croatian shipowners are 198 ships (1,000 GRT or over)

under flags of convenience - primarily Malta and St. Vincent - totaling

2,602,678 GRT/4,070,852 DWT; includes 89 cargo, 9 roll-on/ roll-off, 6

refrigerated cargo, 14 container, 3 multifunction large load carriers, 51

bulk, 5 passenger, 11 oil tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 6 service vessel

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

350,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 14 AM, 8 FM, 12 (2 repeaters) TV;

1,100,000 radios; 1,027,000 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite

ground stations - none

*Croatia, Defense Forces

Branches:

Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,177,029; fit for military service 943,259; reach military

age (19) annually 32,873 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

337-393 billion Croatian dinars, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion

of defense expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate

could produce misleading results

*Cuba, Geography

Location:

in the northern Caribbean Sea, 145 km south of Key West (Florida)

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, North America, Standard Time Zones of the

World

Area:

total area:

110,860 km2

land area:

110,860 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:

total 29 km, US Naval Base at Guantanamo 29 km

note:

Guantanamo is leased and as such remains part of Cuba

Coastline:

3,735 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

US Naval Base at Guantanamo is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US

abandonment of the area can terminate the lease

Climate:

tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy

season (May to October)

Terrain:

mostly flat to rolling plains with rugged hills and mountains in the

southeast

Natural resources:

cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, manganese, salt, timber, silica, petroleum

Land use:

arable land:

23%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

23%

forest and woodland:

17%

other:

31%

Irrigated land:

8,960 km2 (1989)

Environment:

averages one hurricane every other year

Note:

largest country in Caribbean

*Cuba, People

Population:

10,957,088 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

17.08 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

10.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.72 years

male:

74.59 years

female:

78.99 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.83 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cuban(s)

adjective:

Cuban

Ethnic divisions:

mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%

Religions:

nominally Roman Catholic 85% prior to Castro assuming power

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

94%

male:

95%

female:

93%

Labor force:

4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector

by occupation:

services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%,

construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990)

*Cuba, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cuba

conventional short form:

Cuba

local long form:

Republica de Cuba

local short form:

Cuba

Digraph:

Type:

Communist state

Capital:

Havana

Administrative divisions:

14 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 special municipality*, (municipio

especial); Camaguey, Ciego de Avila, Cienfuegos, Ciudad de La

Habana, Granma, Guantanamo, Holguin, Isla de la Juventud*, La Habana, Las, Tunas, Matanzas,

Pinar del Rio, Sancti Spiritus, Santiago de Cuba, Villa

Clara

Independence:

20 May 1902 (from Spain 10 December 1898; administered by the US from 1898

to 1902)

Constitution:

24 February 1976

Legal system:

based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal

theory; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Rebellion Day, 26 July (1953)

Political parties and leaders:

only party - Cuban Communist Party (PCC), Fidel CASTRO Ruz, first secretary

Suffrage:

16 years of age; universal

Elections:

National Assembly of People's Power:

last held December 1986 (next to be held February 1993); results - PCC is

the only party; seats - (510 total; after the February election, the

National Assembly will have 590 seats) indirectly elected from slates

approved by special candidacy commissions

Executive branch:

president of the Council of State, first vice president of the Council of

State, Council of State, president of the Council of Ministers, first vice

president of the Council of Ministers, Executive Committee of the Council of

Ministers, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly of the People's Power (Asamblea Nacional del

Poder Popular)

Judicial branch:

People's Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo Popular)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers

Fidel CASTRO Ruz (Prime Minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976

when office was abolished; President since 2 December 1976); First Vice

President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of

Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976)

*Cuba, Government

Member of:

CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL,

IOC, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM, OAS (excluded from formal

participation since 1962), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU,

WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Principal Officer Alfonso FRAGA Perez (since August 1992)

chancery:

2630 and 2639 16th Street NW, US Interests Section, Swiss Embassy,

Washington, DC 20009 telephone:

(202) 797-8518 or 8519, 8520, 8609, 8610

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Principal Officer Alan H. FLANIGAN

US Interests Section:

USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada entre L Y M, Vedado Seccion, Havana

mailing address:

USINT, Swiss Embassy, Calzada Entre L Y M, Vedado, Havava

telephone:

32-0051, 32-0543

FAX:

no service available at this time

note:

protecting power in Cuba is Switzerland - US Interests Section, Swiss

Embassy

Flag:

five equal horizontal bands of blue (top and bottom) alternating with white;

a red equilateral triangle based on the hoist side bears a white

five-pointed star in the center

*Cuba, Economy

Overview:

Since Castro's takeover of Cuba in 1959, the economy has been run in the

Soviet style of government ownership of substantially all the means of

production and government planning of all but the smallest details of

economic activity. Thus, Cuba, like the former Warsaw Pact nations, has

remained in the backwater of economic modernization. The economy contracted

by about one-third between 1989 and 1992 as it absorbed the loss of $4

billion of annual economic aid from the former Soviet Union and much smaller

amounts from Eastern Europe. The government implemented numerous energy

conservation measures and import substitution schemes to cope with a large

decline in imports. To reduce fuel consumption, Havana has cut back bus

service and imported approximately 1 million bicycles from China,

domesticated nearly 200,000 oxen to replace tractors, and halted a large

amount of industrial production. The government has prioritized domestic

food production and promoted herbal medicines since 1990 to compensate for

lower imports. Havana also has been shifting its trade away from the former

Soviet republics and Eastern Europe toward the industrialized countries of

Latin America and the OECD.

National product:

GNP - exchange rate conversion - $14.9 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-15% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,370 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $12.46 billion; expenditures $14.45 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

Exports:

$2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992 est.)

commodities:

sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco, medical products, citrus, coffee

partners:

Russia 30%, Canada 10%, China 9%, Japan 6%, Spain 4% (1992 est.)

Imports:

$2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

commodities:

petroleum, food, machinery, chemicals

partners:

Russia 10%, China 9%, Spain 9%, Mexico 5%, Italy 5%, Canada 4%, France 4%

(1992 est.)

External debt:

$6.8 billion (convertible currency, July 1989)

Industrial production:

Electricity:

3,889,000 kW capacity; 16,248 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

sugar milling and refining, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing,

textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals (particularly nickel),

cement, fertilizers, consumer goods, agricultural machinery

*Cuba, Economy

Agriculture:

accounts for 11% of GNP (including fishing and forestry); key commercial

crops - sugarcane, tobacco, and citrus fruits; other products - coffee,

rice, potatoes, meat, beans; world's largest sugar exporter; not

self-sufficient in food (excluding sugar); sector hurt by growing shortages

of fuels and parts

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$710 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $18.5 billion

Currency:

1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (linked to the US dollar)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Cuba, Communications

Railroads:

12,947 km total; Cuban National Railways operates 5,053 km of 1.435-meter

gauge track; 151.7 km electrified; 7,742 km of sugar plantation lines of

0.914-m and 1.435-m gauge

Highways:

26,477 km total; 14,477 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced (1989

est.)

Inland waterways:

240 km

Ports:

Cienfuegos, Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba; 7 secondary, 35

minor

Merchant marine:

73 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 511,522 GRT/720,270 DWT; includes 42

cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 1 cargo/training, 11 oil tanker, 1 chemical

tanker, 4 liquefied gas, 4 bulk; note - Cuba beneficially owns an additional

38 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 529,090 DWT under the registry of

Panama, Cyprus, and Malta

Airports:

total:

186

usable:

166

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

broadcast stations - 150 AM, 5 FM, 58 TV; 1,530,000 TVs; 2,140,000 radios;

229,000 telephones; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Cuba, Defense Forces

Branches:

Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) - including Ground Forces, Revolutionary

Navy (MGR), Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Ministry of the Armed Forces

Special Troops, Border Guard Troops, Territorial Militia Troops (MTT), Youth

Labor Army (EJT)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 3,087,255; females age 15-49 3,064,663; males fit for

military service 1,929,698; females fit for military service 1,910,733;

males reach military age (17) annually 90,409; females reach military age

(17) annually 87,274 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.2-1.4 billion; 10% of GNP in 1990 plan was for

defense and internal security

Note:

the breakup of the Soviet Union, the key military supporter and supplier of

Cuba, has resulted in substantially less outside help for Cuba's defense

forces

*Cyprus, Geography

Location:

in the eastern Mediterreanean Sea, 97 km west of Syria and 64 km west of

Turkey

Map references:

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

9,250 km2

land area:

9,240 km2

comparative area:

about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

648 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto autonomous areas, a

Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60% of the island's land

area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island) that are separated by a

narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two UK sovereign base areas

(about 5% of the island's land area)

Climate:

temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters

Terrain:

central plain with mountains to north and south

Natural resources:

copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth pigment

Land use:

arable land:

40%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

10%

forest and woodland:

18%

other:

25%

Irrigated land:

350 km2 (1989)

Environment:

moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems (no natural reservoir

catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and most potable resources

concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)

*Cyprus, People

Population:

723,371 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate: 0.94% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

17.14 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.74 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

9.3 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

75.98 years

male:

73.75 years

female:

78.31 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.34 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cypriot(s)

adjective:

Cypriot

Ethnic divisions:

Greek 78%, Turkish 18%, other 4%

Religions:

Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other 4%

Languages:

Greek, Turkish, English

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1987)

total population:

94%

male:

98%

female:

91%

Labor force:

Greek area:

282,000

by occupation:

services 57%, industry 29%, agriculture 14% (1991)

Turkish area:

72,000

by occupation:

services 57%, industry 22%, agriculture 21% (1991)

*Cyprus, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cyprus

conventional short form:

Cyprus

Digraph:

Type:

republic

note:

a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began

after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further

solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which

gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots

control the only internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983

Turkish Cypriot President Rauf DENKTASH declared independence and the

formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC), which has been

recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of

intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of government

Capital:

Nicosia

Administrative divisions:

6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos

Independence:

16 August 1960 (from UK)

Constitution:

16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised

constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and

Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots

created their own Constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish

Federated State of Cyprus," which was renamed the "Turkish Republic of

Northern Cyprus" in 1983; a new Constitution for the Turkish area passed by

referendum in May 1985

Legal system:

based on common law, with civil law modifications

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 October (15 November is celebrated as Independence Day

in the Turkish area)

Political parties and leaders:

Greek Cypriot:

Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Dimitrios

CHRISTOFIAS; Democratic Rally (DISY), Glafkos CLERIDES; Democratic Party

(DIKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),

Vassos LYSSARIDIS; Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADISOK), Mikhalis

PAPAPETROU; Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS; Free Democrats, George VASSILIOU

Turkish area:

National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU; Communal Liberation Party (TKP),

Mustafa AKINCI; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR; New Cyprus

Party (YKP), Alpay DURDURAN; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Ergun VEHBI; New

Birth Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK; Free Democratic Party (HDP), Ismet

KOTAK; Nationalist Justice Party (MAP), Zorlu TORE; United Sovereignty

Party, Arif Salih KIRDAG; Democratic Party (DP), Hakki ATUN; Fatherland

Party (VP), Orhan UCOK; CTP, TKP, and YDP joined in the coalition Democratic

Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April 1990 legislative election; the CTP and

TKP boycotted the byelection of 13 October 1991, in which 12 seats were at

stake; the DMP was dissolved after the 1990 election

*Cyprus, Government

Other political or pressure groups:

United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of

Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK;

pro-West); Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled);

Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish

Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions

(Dev-Is)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 14 February 1993 (next to be held February 1998); results -

Glafkos CLERIDES 50.3%, George VASSILIOU 49.7%

House of Representatives:

last held 19 May 1991; results - DISY 35.8%, AKEL (Communist) 30.6%, DIKO

19.5%, EDEK 10. 9%; others 3.2%; seats - (56 total) DISY 20, AKEL

(Communist) 18, DIKO 11, EDEK 7

Turkish Area: President:

last held 22 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995); results - Rauf R.

DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%

Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic:

last held 6 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - UBP

(conservative) 54.4%, DMP 44.4% YKP 0.9%; seats - (50 total) UBP

(conservative) 45, SDP 1, HDP 2, YDP 2; note - by-election of 13 October

1991 was for 12 seats; DP delegates broke away from the UBP and formed their

own party after the last election; seats as of July 1992 UBP 34, SPD 1, HDP

1, YDP 2, DP 10, independents 2

Executive branch:

president, Council of Ministers (cabinet); note - there is a president,

prime minister, and Council of Ministers (cabinet) in the Turkish area

Legislative branch:

unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli Antiprosopon); note - there is a

unicameral Assembly of the Republic (Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court; note - there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish area

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Glafkos CLERIDES (since 28 February 1993)

note:

Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president of the Turkish area since 13 February

1975; Dervish EROGLU has been prime minister of the Turkish area since 20

July 1985

Member of:

C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,

IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO,

ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,

WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS

chancery:

2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 462-5772

consulate general:

New York note:

Representative of the Turkish area in the US is Namik KORMAN, office at 1667

K Street, NW, Washington DC, telephone (202) 887-6198

*Cyprus, Government

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Robert E. LAMB

embassy:

corner of Therissos Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia

mailing address:

APO AE 09836

telephone:

[357] (2) 465151

FAX:

[357] (2) 459-571

Flag:

white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name Cyprus is

derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green crossed olive

branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize the hope for

peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish communities

note:

the Turkish cypriot flag has a horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom

with a red crescent and red star on a white field

*Cyprus, Economy

Overview:

The Greek Cypriot economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry

contributes 16.5% to GDP and employs 29% of the labor force, while the

service sector contributes 62% to GDP and employs 57% of the labor force.

Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products and in

tourism have played important roles in the average 6.8% rise in GDP between

1986 and 1990. This progress was temporarily checked in 1991, because of the

adverse effects of the Gulf War on tourism. Nevertheless in mid-1991, the

World Bank "graduated" Cyprus off its list of developing countries. In

contrast to the bright picture in the south, the Turkish Cypriot economy has

less than half the per capita GDP and suffered a series of reverses in 1991.

Crippled by the effects of the Gulf war, the collapse of the

fruit-to-electronics conglomerate, Polly Peck, Ltd., and a drought, the

Turkish area in late 1991 asked for a multibillion-dollar grant from Turkey

to help ease the burden of the economic crisis. In addition, the Turkish

government extended a $100 million loan in November 1992 to be used for

economic development projects in 1993. Turkey normally underwrites a

substantial portion of the Turkish Cypriot economy.

National product:

Greek area:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $6.3 billion (1992)

Turkish area:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $600 million (1990)

National product real growth rate: Greek area:

6.5% (1992)

Turkish area:

5.9% (1990)

National product per capita:

Greek area:

$11,000 (1992)

Turkish area:

$4,000 (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

Greek area:

5.1% (1991)

Turkish area:

69.4% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

Greek area:

2.4% (1991)

Turkish area:

1.5% (1991)

Budget:

revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.2 billion, including capital

expenditures of $350 million (1993)

Exports:

$875 million (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and shoes

partners:

UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 10%, Germany 5%

Imports:

$2.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and feed grains, machinery

partners:

UK 13%, Japan 12%, Italy 10%, Germany 9.1%

*Cyprus, Economy

External debt:

$1.9 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 0.4% (1991); accounts for 16.5% of GDP

Electricity:

620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced, 2,530 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood products

Agriculture:

contributes 6% to GDP and employs 14% of labor force in the south; major

crops - potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, citrus fruits;

vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues

Illicit drugs:

transit point for heroin via air routes and container traffic to Europe,

especially from Lebanon and Turkey

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $250 million; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $24

million

Currency:

1 Cypriot pound (#C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Exchange rates:

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Cyprus, Communications

Highways:

10,780 km total; 5,170 km paved; 5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

Ports:

Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos

Merchant marine:

1,299 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 21,045,037 GRT/37,119,933 DWT;

includes 10 short-sea passenger, 1 passenger-cargo, 463 cargo, 77

refrigerated cargo, 24 roll-on/roll-off, 70 container, 4 multifunction large

load carrier, 110 oil tanker, 3 specialized tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 26

chemical tanker, 32 combination ore/oil, 422 bulk, 3 vehicle carrier, 48

combination bulk, 1 railcar carrier, 2 passenger; note - a flag of

convenience registry; Cuba owns 27 of these ships, Russia owns 36, Latvia

also has 7 ships, Croatia owns 2, and Romania 5

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

excellent in both the area controlled by the Cypriot Government (Greek

area), and in the Turkish-Cypriot administered area; 210,000 telephones;

largely open-wire and microwave radio relay; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 8

FM, 1 (34 repeaters) TV in Greek sector and 2 AM, 6 FM and 1 TV in Turkish

sector; international service by tropospheric scatter, 3 submarine cables,

and satellite earth stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean

INTELSAT and EUTELSAT earth stations

*Cyprus, Defense Forces

Branches:

Greek area:

Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including air and naval elements), Greek

Cypriot Police

Turkish area:

Turkish Cypriot Security Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 185,371; fit for military service 127,536; reach military

age (18) annually 5,085 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)

*Czech Republic, Geography

Location:

Eastern Europe, between Germany and Slovakia

Map references:

Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

78,703 km2

land area:

78,645 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than South Carolina

Land boundaries:

total 1,880 km, Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 214

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

Liechtenstein claims 620 square miles of Czech territory confiscated from

its royal family in 1918; the Czech Republic insists that restitution does

not go back before February 1948, when the Communists seized power;

unresolved property dispute issues with Slovakia over redistribution of

Czech and Slovak Federal Republic's property; establishment of international

border between Czech Republic and Slovakia

Climate:

temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:

two main regions: Bohemia in the west, consisting of rolling plains, hills,

and plateaus surrounded by low mountains; and Moravia in the east,

consisting of very hilly country

Natural resources:

hard coal, kaolin, clay, graphite

Land use:

arable land:

NA%

permanent crops:

NA%

meadows and pastures:

NA%

forest and woodland:

NA%

other: NA%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

Note:

landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most

significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional military

corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in central Europe

*Czech Republic, People

Population:

10,389,256 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.16% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

13 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

11.44 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

9.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

72.64 years

male:

68.9 years

female:

76.58 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.85 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Czech(s)

adjective:

Czech

Ethnic divisions:

Czech 94.4%, Slovak 3%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%, Gypsy 0.3%, Hungarian

0.2%, other 1%

Religions:

atheist 39.8%, Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other

13.4%

Languages:

Czech, Slovak

Literacy:

total population:

NA%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force: 5.389 million

by occupation:

industry 37.9%, agriculture 8.1%, construction 8.8%, communications and

other 45.2% (1990)

*Czech Republic, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Czech Republic

conventional short form:

none

local long form:

Ceska Republika

local short form:

Cechy

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Prague

Administrative divisions:

7 regions (kraje, kraj - singular); Severocesky, Zapadocesky, Jihocesky,

Vychodocesky, Praha, Severomoravsky, Jihomoravsky

Independence:

1 January 1993 (from Czechoslovakia)

Constitution:

ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993

Legal system:

civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with

Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to

expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

National holiday:

Political parties and leaders:

Civic Democratic Party, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman; Christian Democratic Union,

leader NA; Civic Democratic Alliance, Jan KALVODA, chairman; Christian

Democratic Party, Vaclav BENDA, chairman; Czech People's Party, Josef LUX;

Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Milos ZEMAN, chairman; Left Bloc, leader NA;

Republican Party, Miroslav SLADEK, chairman; Movement for Self-Governing

Democracy for Moravia and Silesia, Jan STRYCER, chairman; Liberal Social

Union, leader NA; Assembly for the Republic, leader NA

Other political or pressure groups:

Czech Democratic Left Movement; Civic Movement

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 26 January 1993 (next to be held NA January 1998); results -

Vaclav HAVEL elected by the National Council

Senate:

elections not yet held; seats (81 total)

Chamber of Deputies:

last held 5-6 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (200 total) Civic Democratic Party/Christian Democratic

Party 76, Left Bloc 35, Czechoslovak Social Democracy 16, Liberal Social

Union 16, Christian Democratic Union/Czech People's Party 15, Assembly for

the Republic/Republican Party 14, Civic Democratic Alliance 14, Movement for

Self-Governing Democracy for Moravia and Silesia 14

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Cabinet

*Czech Republic, Government

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Council (Narodni rada) will consist of an upper house or

Senate (which has not yet been established) and a lower house or Chamber of

Deputies

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Vaclav HAVEL (since 26 January 1993)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Vaclav KLAUS (since NA June 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers

Ivan KOCARNIK, Josef LUX, Jan KALVODA (since NA June 1992)

Member of:

BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

IFC, IFCTU, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM

(observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN (as of 8

January 1993), UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UPU, WHO,

WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Michael ZANTOVSKY

chancery:

3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 363-6315 or 6316

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Adrian A. BASORA

embassy:

Trziste 15, 125 48, Prague 1

mailing address:

Unit 25402; APO AE 09213-5630

telephone:

[42] (2) 536-641/6

FAX:

[42] (2) 532-457

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles

triangle based on the hoist side

*Czech Republic, Economy

Overview:

The dissolution of Czechoslovakia into two independent nation states - the

Czech Republic and Slovakia - on 1 January 1993 has complicated the task of

moving toward a more open and decentralized economy. The old Czechoslovakia,

even though highly industrialized by East European standards, suffered from

an aging capital plant, lagging technology, and a deficiency in energy and

many raw materials. In January 1991, approximately one year after the end of

communist control of Eastern Europe, theCzech and Slovak Federal Republic

launched a sweeping program to convert its almost entirely state-owned and

controlled economy to a market system. In 1991-92 these measures resulted in

privatization of some medium- and small-scale economic activity and the

setting of more than 90% of prices by the market - but at a cost in

inflation, unemployment, and lower output. For Czechoslovakia as a whole

inflation in 1991 was roughly 50% and output fell 15%. In 1992, in the Czech

lands, inflation dropped to an estimated 12.5% and GDP was down a more

moderate 5%. For 1993 the government of the Czech Republic anticipates

inflation of 15-20% and a rise in unemployment to perhaps 12% as some

large-scale enterprises go into bankruptcy; GDP may drop as much as 3%,

mainly because of the disruption of trade links with Slovakia. Although the

governments of the Czech Republic and Slovakia had envisaged retaining the

koruna as a common currency, at least in the short term, the two countries

ended the currency union in February 1993.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $75.3 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$7,300 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

12.5% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

3.1% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels,

minerals, and metals

partners:

Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Austria, Hungary, Italy, France, US, UK, CIS

republics

Imports:

$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manfactured goods,

raw materials, chemicals, agricultural products

partners:

Slovakia, CIS republics, Germany Austria, Poland, Switzerland, Hungary, UK,

Italy

External debt:

$3.8 billion hard currency indebtedness (December 1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate -4% (November 1992 over November 1991); accounts for over 60% of

GDP

Electricity:

16,500,000 kW capacity; 62,200 million kWh produced, 6,030 kWh per capita

(1992)

*Czech Republic, Economy

Industries:

fuels, ferrous metallurgy, machinery and equipment, coal, motor vehicles,

glass, armaments

Agriculture:

largely self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock

production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs,

cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products

Illicit drugs:

the former Czechoslovakia was a transshipment point for Southwest Asian

heroin and was emerging as a transshipment point for Latin American cocaine

(1992)

Economic aid:

the former Czechoslovakia was a donor - $4.2 billion in bilateral aid to

non-Communist less developed countries (1954-89)

Currency:

1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Exchange rates:

koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 28.59 (December 1992), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991),

17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Czech Republic, Communications

Railroads:

9,434 km total (1988)

Highways:

55,890 km total (1988)

Inland waterways:

NA km; the Elbe (Labe) is the principal river

Pipelines:

natural gas 5,400 km

Ports:

coastal outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin), Croatia (Rijeka),

Slovenia (Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river ports are

Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe)

Merchant marine:

the former Czechoslovakia had 22 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 290,185

GRT/437,291 DWT; includes 13 cargo, 9 bulk; may be shared with Slovakia

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways: 8

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

*Czech Republic, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense, Railroad Units

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,736,657; fit for military service 2,083,555; reach

military age (18) annually 95,335 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

23 billion koruny, NA% of GNP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

misleading results

*Denmark, Geography

Location:

Northwestern Europe, bordering the North Sea on a peninsula north of Germany

Map references:

Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

43,070 km2

land area:

42,370 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than twice the size of Massachusetts

note:

includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of

metropolitan Denmark, but excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland

Land boundaries:

total 68 km, Germany 68 km

Coastline:

3,379 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

4 nm

continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes: Rockall continental shelf dispute involving Iceland, Ireland, and the UK

(Ireland and the UK have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area);

dispute between Denmark and Norway over maritime boundary in Arctic Ocean

between Greenland and Jan Mayen is before the International Court of Justice

Climate:

temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Terrain:

low and flat to gently rolling plains

Natural resources:

petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone

Land use:

arable land:

61%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

12%

other:

21%

Irrigated land:

4,300 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

air and water pollution

Note:

controls Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas

*Denmark, People

Population:

5,175,922 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

12.5 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

11.42 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

1.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

7.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

75.51 years

male:

72.63 years

female:

78.56 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.68 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Dane(s) adjective:

Danish

Ethnic divisions:

Scandinavian, Eskimo, Faroese, German

Religions:

Evangelical Lutheran 91%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 2%, other 7%

(1988)

Languages:

Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Eskimo dialect), German (small minority)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1980)

total population:

99%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

2,553,900

by occupation:

private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining

20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%,

electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)

*Denmark, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Kingdom of Denmark

conventional short form:

Denmark

local long form:

Kongeriget Danmark

local short form:

Danmark

Digraph:

Type:

constitutional monarchy

Capital:

Copenhagen

Administrative divisions:

metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 1 city*, (stad); Arhus, Bornholm,

Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kbenhavn, Nordjylland, Ribe,

Ringkbing, Roskilde, Snderjylland, Staden Kbenhavn*, Storstrm, Vejle,, Vestsjaelland, Viborg

note:

see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which are part of

the Danish realm and self-governing administrative divisions

Independence:

1849 (became a constitutional monarchy)

Constitution:

5 June 1953

Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory

ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday:

Birthday of the Queen, 16 April (1940)

Political parties and leaders:

Social Democratic Party, Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN; Conservative Party, Poul

SCHLUETER; Liberal Party, Uffe ELLEMANN-JENSEN; Socialist People's Party,

Holger K. NIELSEN; Progress Party, Pia KJAERSGAARD; Center Democratic Party,

Mimi Stilling JAKOBSEN; Radical Liberal Party, Marianne JELVED; Christian

People's Party, Jann SJURSEN; Common Course, Preben Moller HANSEN; Danish

Workers' Party

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Elections:

Parliament:

last held 12 December 1990 (next to be held by December 1994); results -

Social Democratic Party 37.4%, Conservative Party 16.0%, Liberal 15.8%,

Socialist People's Party 8.3%, Progress Party 6.4%, Center Democratic Party

5.1%, Radical Liberal Party 3.5%, Christian People's Party 2.3%, other 5.2%;

seats - (179 total; includes 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands)

Social Democratic 69, Conservative 30, Liberal 29, Socialist People's 15,

Progress Party 12, Center Democratic 9, Radical Liberal 7, Christian

People's 4

Executive branch:

monarch, heir apparent, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral parliament (Folketing)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

*Denmark, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen MARGRETHE II (since NA January 1972); Heir Apparent Crown Prince

FREDERIK, elder son of the Queen (born 26 May 1968)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Poul Nyrup RASMUSSEN (since NA January 1993)

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, COCOM,

CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB, ESA, FAO, G-9, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,

ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,

IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MTCR, NACC, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OECD, PCA,

UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMOGIP, UNPROFOR, UNTSO,

UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Peter Pedersen DYVIG

chancery:

3200 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 234-4300

FAX:

(202) 328-1470 consulates general:

Chicago, Los Angeles, and New York

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Richard B. STONE

embassy:

Dag Hammarskjolds Alle 24, 2100 Copenhagen O

mailing address:

APO AE 09716

telephone:

[45] (31) 42-31-44

FAX:

[45] (35) 43-0223

Flag:

red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical

part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side, and that design element of

the DANNEBROG (Danish flag) was subsequently adopted by the other Nordic

countries of Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden

*Denmark, Economy

Overview:

This modern economy features high-tech agriculture, up-to-date small-scale

and corporate industry, extensive government welfare measures, comfortable

living standards, and high dependence on foreign trade. Denmark's new

center-left coalition government will concentrate on reducing the persistent

high unemployment rate and the budget deficit as well as following the

previous government's policies of maintaining low inflation and a current

account surplus. In the face of recent international market pressure on the

Danish krone, the coalition has also vowed to maintain a stable currency.

The coalition hopes to lower marginal income taxes while maintaining overall

tax revenues; boost industrial competitiveness through labor market and tax

reforms and increased research and development funds; and improve welfare

services for the neediest while cutting paperwork and delays. Prime Minister

RASMUSSEN's reforms will focus on adapting Denmark to EC's economic and

monetary union (EMU) criteria by 1999, although Copenhagen won from the EC

the right to opt out of the EMU if a national referendum rejects it. Denmark

is, in fact, one of the few EC countries likely to fit into the EMU on time.

Denmark is weathering the current worldwide slump better than many West

European countries. As the EC's single market (formally established on 1

January 1993) gets underway, Danish economic growth is expected to pickup to

around 2% in 1993. Expected Danish approval of the Maastricht treaty on EC

political and economic union in May 1993 would almost certainly reverse the

drop in investment, further boosting growth. The current account surplus

remains strong as limitations on wage increases and low inflation - expected

to be around 1% in 1993 - improve export competitiveness. Although

unemployment is high, it remains stable compared to most European countries.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $94.2 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

1% (1992)

National product per capita:

$18,200 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

11.4% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $48.8 billion; expenditures $55.3 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

$37.3 billion (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities:

meat and meat products, dairy products, transport equipment (shipbuilding),

fish, chemicals, industrial machinery

partners:

EC 54.3% (Germany 23.6%, UK 10.1%, France 5.7%), Sweden 10.5%, Norway 5.8%,

US 4.9%, Japan 3.6% (1992)

Imports:

$30.3 billion (c.i.f., 1992)

commodities:

petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, grain and foodstuffs,

textiles, paper

partners:

EC 53.4% (Germany 23.1%, UK 8.2%, France 5.6%), Sweden 10.8%, Norway 5.4%,

US 5.7%, Japan 4.1% (1992)

External debt:

$40 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1.9% (1992)

*Denmark, Economy

Electricity:

11,215,000 kW capacity; 34,170 million kWh produced, 6,610 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical

products, electronics, construction, furniture, and other wood products,

shipbuilding

Agriculture:

accounts for 4% of GDP and employs 5.6% of labor force (includes fishing and

forestry); farm products account for nearly 15% of export revenues;

principal products - meat, dairy, grain, potatoes, rape, sugar beets, fish;

self-sufficient in food production

Economic aid:

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89) $5.9 billion

Currency:

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 re

Exchange rates:

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.236 (January 1993), 6.036 (1992), 6.396

(1991), 6.189 (1990), 7.310 (1989), 6.732 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Denmark, Communications

Railroads:

2,770 km; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line

and 121 km rail ferry services); 188 km electrified, 730 km double tracked;

650 km of standard-gauge lines are privately owned and operated

Highways:

66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km

gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

Inland waterways:

417 km

Pipelines:

crude oil 110 km; petroleum products 578 km; natural gas 700 km

Ports:

Alborg, Arhus, Copenhagen, Esbjerg, Fredericia; numerous secondary and minor

ports

Merchant marine:

328 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,043,277 GRT/7,230,634 DWT; includes

13 short-sea passenger, 102 cargo, 19 refrigerated cargo, 47 container, 37

roll-on/roll-off, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil tanker, 18 chemical tanker, 36

liquefied gas, 4 livestock carrier, 17 bulk, 1 combination bulk; note -

Denmark has created its own internal register, called the Danish

International Ship register (DIS); DIS ships do not have to meet Danish

manning regulations, and they amount to a flag of convenience within the

Danish register; by the end of 1990, 258 of the Danish-flag ships belonged

to the DIS

Airports:

total:

118

usable:

109

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 4,509,000

telephones; buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay support

trunk network; broadcast stations - 3 AM, 2 FM, 50 TV; 19 submarine coaxial

cables; 7 earth stations operating in INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, and INMARSAT

*Denmark, Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force, Home Guard

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,368,211; fit for military service 1,176,559; reach

military age (20) annually 37,248 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $2.8 billion, 2% of GDP (1992)

*Djibouti, Geography

Location:

Eastern Africa, at the entrance to the Red Sea between Ethiopia and Somalia

Map references:

Africa, Middle East, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

22,000 km2

land area:

21,980 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Massachusetts

Land boundaries:

total 508 km, Erithea 113 km, Ethiopia 337 km, Somalia 58 km

Coastline:

314 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

possible claim by Somalia based on unification of ethnic Somalis

Climate:

desert; torrid, dry

Terrain:

coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains

Natural resources:

geothermal areas

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

91%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

vast wasteland

Note:

strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian

oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia

*Djibouti, People

Population:

401,579 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.7% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

43.05 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

16.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

113.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

48.78 years

male:

47.01 years

female:

50.59 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.27 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Djiboutian(s)

adjective:

Djiboutian

Ethnic divisions:

Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%

Religions:

Muslim 94%, Christian 6%

Languages:

French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

48%

male:

63%

female:

34%

Labor force:

by occupation:

a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers

note:

52% of population of working age (1983)

*Djibouti, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Djibouti

conventional short form: Djibouti

former:

French Territory of the Afars and Issas French Somaliland

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Djibouti

Administrative divisions:

5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); `Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti,

Obock, Tadjoura

Independence:

27 June 1977 (from France)

Constitution:

multiparty constitution approved in referendum September 1992

Legal system:

based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

National holiday:

Independence Day, 27 June (1977)

Political parties and leaders:

ruling party:

People's Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan GOULED Aptidon

other parties:

Democratic Renewal Party (PRD), Mohamed Jama ELABE; Democratic National

Party (PND), ADEN Robleh Awaleh

Other political or pressure groups:

Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy (FRUD) and affiliates;

Movement for Unity and Democracy (MUD)

Suffrage:

universal adult at age NA

Elections:

National Assembly:

last held 18 December 1992; results - RPP is the only party; seats - (65

total) RPP 65

President:

last held 24 April 1987 (next to be held April 1993); results - President

Hassan GOULED Aptidon was reelected without opposition

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des Deputes)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,

IGADD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,

UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO

*Djibouti, Government

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Roble OLHAYE

chancery:

Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005

telephone:

(202) 331-0270

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Charles R. BAQUET III

embassy:

Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti

mailing address:

B. P. 185, Djibouti

telephone:

[253] 35-39-95

FAX:

[253] 35-39-40

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white

isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star

in the center

*Djibouti, Economy

Overview:

The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's

strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa.

Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an

international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural

resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent

on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance

development projects. An unemployment rate of over 30% continues to be a

major problem. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last

five years because of recession and a high population growth rate (including

immigrants and refugees).

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $358 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

1.2% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,030 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7.7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

over 30% (1989)

Budget:

revenues $170 million; expenditures $203 million, including capital

expenditures of $70 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$186 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities: hides and skins, coffee (in transit)

partners:

Africa 50%, Middle East 40%, Western Europe 9%

Imports:

$360 million (f.o.b., 1991 est.)

commodities:

foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products

partners:

Western Europe 54%, Middle East 20%, Asia 19%

External debt:

$355 million (December 1990)

Industrial production:

growth rate 10.0% (1990); manufacturing accounts for 11% of GDP

Electricity:

115,000 kW capacity; 200 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

limited to a few small-scale enterprises, such as dairy products and

mineral-water bottling

Agriculture:

accounts for only 3% of GDP; scanty rainfall limits crop production to

mostly fruit and vegetables; half of population pastoral nomads herding

goats, sheep, and camels; imports bulk of food needs

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY78-89), $39 million; Western (non-US)

countries, including ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.1

billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $149 million; Communist countries

(1970-89), $35 million

Currency:

1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)

*Djibouti, Economy

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Djibouti, Communications

Railroads:

the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti

Highways:

2,900 km total; 280 km paved; 2,620 km improved or unimproved earth (1982)

Ports:

Djibouti

Merchant marine:

1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,369 GRT/3,030 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

11 with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the

microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country;

international connections via submarine cable to Saudi Arabia and by

satellite to other countries; one ground station each for Indian Ocean

INTELSAT and ARABSAT; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV

*Djibouti, Defense Forces

Branches:

Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force), National Security

Force (Force Nationale de Securite), National Police Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 97,943; fit for military service 57,187 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $26 million, NA% of GDP (1989)

*Dominica, Geography

Location:

in the eastern Caribbean, about halfway between Puerto Rico and Trinidad and

Tobago

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, South America, Standard Time Zones of the

World

Area:

total area:

750 km2

land area:

750 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

148 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes: none

Climate:

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Terrain:

rugged mountains of volcanic origin

Natural resources:

timber

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

13%

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

41%

other:

34%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

flash floods a constant hazard; occasional hurricanes

*Dominica, People

Population:

86,547 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.31% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

20.82 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

5.06 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-2.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

10.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

76.72 years

male:

73.89 years

female:

79.71 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.03 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Dominican(s)

adjective:

Dominican

Ethnic divisions:

black, Carib Indians

Religions: Roman Catholic 77%, Protestant 15% (Methodist 5%, Pentecostal 3%,

Seventh-Day Adventist 3%, Baptist 2%, other 2%), none 2%, unknown 1%, other

Languages:

English (official), French patois

Literacy:

age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

total population:

94%

male:

94%

female:

94%

Labor force:

25,000

by occupation:

agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)

*Dominica, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Commonwealth of Dominica

conventional short form:

Dominica

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Roseau

Administrative divisions:

10 parishes; Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint

Joseph, Saint Luke, Saint Mark, Saint Patrick, Saint Paul, Saint Peter

Independence:

3 November 1978 (from UK)

Constitution:

3 November 1978

Legal system:

based on English common law

National holiday:

Independence Day, 3 November (1978)

Political parties and leaders:

Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES; Dominica Labor Party

(DLP), Rosie DOUGLAS; United Workers Party (UWP), Edison JAMES

Other political or pressure groups:

Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a small leftist group

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Assembly:

last held 28 May 1990 (next to be held May 1995); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (30 total; 9 appointed senators and 21 elected

representatives) DFP 11, UWP 6, DLP 4

President:

last held 20 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results -

President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET was reelected by the House of

Assembly

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Sir Clarence Augustus SEIGNORET (since 19 December 1983)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES (since 21 July 1980, elected for a

third term 28 May 1990)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, LORCS, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

there is no chancery in the US

US diplomatic representation:

no official presence since the Ambassador resides in Bridgetown (Barbados),

but travels frequently to Dominica

*Dominica, Government

Flag:

green with a centered cross of three equal bands - the vertical part is

yellow (hoist side), black, and white - the horizontal part is yellow (top),

black, and white; superimposed in the center of the cross is a red disk

bearing a sisserou parrot encircled by 10 green five-pointed stars edged in

yellow; the 10 stars represent the 10 administrative divisions (parishes)

*Dominica, Economy

Overview:

The economy is dependent on agriculture and thus is highly vulnerable to

climatic conditions. Agriculture accounts for about 30% of GDP and employs

40% of the labor force. Principal products include bananas, citrus, mangoes,

root crops, and coconuts. In 1991, GDP grew by 2.1%. The tourist industry

remains undeveloped because of a rugged coastline and the lack of an

international airport.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $174 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

2.1% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$2,100 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.5% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

15% (1991)

Budget:

revenues $70 million; expenditures $84 million, including capital

expenditures of $26 million (FY91 est.)

Exports:

$66.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

bananas, soap, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges

partners:

UK 50%, CARICOM countries, US, Italy

Imports:

$110.0 million (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, food, chemicals

partners:

US 27%, CARICOM, UK, Canada

External debt:

$87 million (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 4.5% in manufacturing (1988 est.); accounts for 18% of GDP

Electricity:

7,000 kW capacity; 16 million kWh produced, 185 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

soap, coconut oil, tourism, copra, furniture, cement blocks, shoes

Agriculture:

accounts for 26% of GDP; principal crops - bananas, citrus, mangoes, root

crops, coconuts; bananas provide the bulk of export earnings; forestry and

fisheries potential not exploited

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89),

$120 million

Currency:

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Dominica, Communications

Highways:

750 km total; 370 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth

Ports:

Roseau, Portsmouth

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

0 with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

4,600 telephones in fully automatic network; VHF and UHF link to Saint

Lucia; new SHF links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 3

AM, 2 FM, 1 cable TV

*Dominica, Defense Forces

Branches:

Commonwealth of Dominica Police Force

Manpower availability:

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Dominican Republic, Geography

Location:

in the northern Caribbean Sea, about halfway between Cuba and Puerto Rico

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

48,730 km2

land area:

48,380 km2

comparative area:

slightly more than twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:

total 275 km, Haiti 275 km

Coastline:

1,288 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 nm or the outer edge of continental margin

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

6 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

rugged highlands and mountains with fertile valleys interspersed

Natural resources:

nickel, bauxite, gold, silver

Land use:

arable land:

23%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

43%

forest and woodland:

13%

other:

14%

Irrigated land:

2,250 km2 (1989)

Environment:

subject to occasional hurricanes (July to October); deforestation

Note:

shares island of Hispaniola with Haiti (western one-third is Haiti, eastern

two-thirds is the Dominican Republic)

*Dominican Republic, People

Population:

7,683,940 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.86% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

25.68 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-0.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

53.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

67.98 years

male:

65.87 years

female:

70.21 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.89 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Dominican(s)

adjective:

Dominican

Ethnic divisions:

mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy: age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

83%

male:

85%

female:

82%

Labor force:

2,300,000 to 2,600,000

by occupation:

agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)

*Dominican Republic, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Dominican Republic

conventional short form:

none

local long form:

Republica Dominicana

local short form:

none

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Santo Domingo

Administrative divisions:

29 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 1 district* (distrito);, Azua, Baoruco,

Barahona, Dajabon, Distrito Nacional*, Duarte, Elias Pina, El, Seibo, Espaillat, Hato Mayor,

Independencia, La Altagracia, La Romana, La

Vega, Maria Trinidad Sanchez, Monsenor Nouel, Monte Cristi, Monte Plata,

Pedernales, Peravia, Puerto Plata, Salcedo, Samana, Sanchez Ramirez, San

Cristobal, San Juan, San Pedro De Macoris, Santiago, Santiago Rodriguez,

Valverde

Independence:

27 February 1844 (from Haiti)

Constitution:

28 November 1966

Legal system:

based on French civil codes

National holiday:

Independence Day, 27 February (1844)

Political parties and leaders:

Major parties:

Social Christian Reformist Party (PRSC), Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo; Dominican

Liberation Party (PLD), Juan BOSCH Gavino; Dominican Revolutionary Party

(PRD), Jose Franciso PENA Gomez; Independent Revolutionary Party (PRI),

Jacobo MAJLUTA

Minor parties:

National Veterans and Civilian Party (PNVC), Juan Rene BEAUCHAMPS Javier;

Liberal Party of the Dominican Republic (PLRD), Andres Van Der HORST;

Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias WESSIN Chavez; National Progressive

Force (FNP), Marino VINICIO Castillo; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio

DELGADO Bogaert; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso ISA Conde;

Dominican Workers' Party (PTD), Ivan RODRIGUEZ; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic

Union (UPA), Ignacio RODRIGUEZ Chiappini; Alliance for Democracy Party

(APD), Maximilano Rabelais PUIG Miller, Nelsida MARMOLEJOS, Vicente BENGOA

note:

in 1983 several leftist parties, including the PCD, joined to form the

Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however, they still retain individual party

structures

Other political or pressure groups:

Collective of Popular Organzations (COP), leader NA

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal and compulsory or married persons regardless of

age

note:

members of the armed forces and police cannot vote

*Dominican Republic, Government

Elections:

Chamber of Deputies:

last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (120 total) PLD 44, PRSC 41, PRD 33, PRI 2

President:

last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - Joaquin BALAGUER

(PRSC) 35.7%, Juan BOSCH Gavino (PLD) 34.4%

Senate:

last held 16 May 1990 (next to be held May 1994); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (30 total) PRSC 16, PLD 12, PRD 2

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

or Senate (Senado) and lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

Diputados)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Joaquin BALAGUER Ricardo (since 16 August 1986, fifth elected term

began 16 August 1990); Vice President Carlos A. MORALES Troncoso (since 16

August 1986)

Member of:

ACP, CARICOM (observer), ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,

ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM,

ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), LORCS, NAM (guest), OAS, OPANAL, PCA, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jose del Carmen ARIZA Gomez

chancery:

1715 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone: (202) 332-6280

consulates general:

Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico), Miami, New Orleans,

New York, Philadelphia, San Juan (Puerto Rico)

consulates:

Charlotte Amalie (Virgin Islands), Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville,

Minneapolis, Mobile, Ponce (Puerto Rico), and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Robert S. PASTORINO

embassy:

corner of Calle Cesar Nicolas Penson and Calle Leopoldo Navarro, Santo

Domingo

mailing address:

APO AA 34041-0008

telephone:

(809) 541-2171 and 541-8100

FAX:

(809) 686-7437

Flag:

a centered white cross that extends to the edges, divides the flag into four

rectangles - the top ones are blue (hoist side) and red, the bottom ones are

red (hoist side) and blue; a small coat of arms is at the center of the

cross

*Dominican Republic, Economy

Overview:

The economy is largely dependent on trade; imported components average 60%

of the value of goods consumed in the domestic market. Rapid growth of free

trade zones has established a significant expansion of manufacturing for

export, especially wearing apparel. Over the past decade, tourism has also

increased in importance and is a major earner of foreign exchange and a

source of new jobs. Agriculture remains a key sector of the economy. The

principal commercial crop is sugarcane, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa,

and tobacco. Domestic industry is based on the processing of agricultural

products, oil refining, minerals, and chemicals. Unemployment is officially

reported at about 30%, but there is considerable underemployment.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $8.4 billion (1992 est.)

National product real growth rate:

5% (1992 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,120 (1992 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

6% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

30% (1992 est.)

Budget:

revenues $1.4 billion; expenditures $1.8 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1993 est.)

Exports:

$600 million (f.o.b., 1992)

commodities: ferronickel, sugar, gold, coffee, cocoa

partners:

US 60%, EC 19%, Puerto Rico 8% (1990)

Imports:

$2 billion (c.i.f., 1992 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, petroleum, cotton and fabrics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals

partners:

US 50%

External debt:

$4.7 billion (1992 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate -1.5% (1991); accounts for 20% of GDP

Electricity:

2,283,000 kW capacity; 5,000 million kWh produced, 660 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

tourism, sugar processing, ferronickel and gold mining, textiles, cement,

tobacco

Agriculture:

accounts for 15% of GDP and employs 49% of labor force; sugarcane is the

most important commercial crop, followed by coffee, cotton, cocoa, and

tobacco; food crops - rice, beans, potatoes, corn, bananas; animal output -

cattle, hogs, dairy products, meat, eggs; not self-sufficient in food

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY85-89), $575 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $655 million

Currency:

1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos

*Dominican Republic, Economy

Exchange rates:

Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 12.7 (1992), 12.692 (1991), 8.525 (1990),

6.340 (1989), 6.113 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Dominican Republic, Communications

Railroads:

1,655 km total in numerous segments; 4 different gauges from 0.558 m to

1.435 m

Highways:

12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth, 600 km

unimproved

Pipelines:

crude oil 96 km; petroleum products 8 km

Ports:

Santo Domingo, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata

Merchant marine: 1 cargo ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,587 GRT/1,165 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide microwave relay

network; 190,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 120 AM, no FM, 18 TV, 6

shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

station

*Dominican Republic, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,064,244; fit for military service 1,302,644; reach

military age (18) annually 80,991 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $110 million, 0.7% of GDP (1993 est.)

*Ecuador, Geography

Location:

Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator between

Colombia and Peru

Map references:

South America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

283,560 km2

land area:

276,840 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Nevada

note:

includes Galapagos Islands

Land boundaries:

total 2,010 km, Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Coastline:

2,237 km

Maritime claims:

continental shelf: claims continental shelf between mainland and Galapagos Islands

territorial sea:

200 nm

International disputes:

three sections of the boundary with Peru are in dispute

Climate:

tropical along coast becoming cooler inland

Terrain:

coastal plain (Costa), inter-Andean central highlands (Sierra), and flat to

rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)

Natural resources:

petroleum, fish, timber

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

17%

forest and woodland:

51%

other:

23%

Irrigated land:

5,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

subject to frequent earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity;

deforestation; desertification; soil erosion; periodic droughts

Note:

Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world

*Ecuador, People

Population:

10,461,072 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.07% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

26.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

5.8 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

40.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

69.61 years

male:

67.09 years

female:

72.25 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.19 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Ecuadorian(s)

adjective:

Ecuadorian

Ethnic divisions:

mestizo (mixed Indian and Spanish) 55%, Indian 25%, Spanish 10%, black 10%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 95%

Languages:

Spanish (official), Indian languages (especially Quechua)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

86%

male:

88%

female:

84%

Labor force:

2.8 million

by occupation:

agriculture 35%, manufacturing 21%, commerce 16%, services and other

activities 28% (1982)

*Ecuador, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Ecuador

conventional short form:

Ecuador

local long form:

Republica del Ecuador

local short form:

Ecuador

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Quito

Administrative divisions:

21 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar,

Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas,

Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Pichincha,

Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe

Independence:

24 May 1822 (from Spain)

Constitution:

10 August 1979

Legal system:

based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August (1809) (independence of Quito)

Political parties and leaders:

Center-Right parties:

Social Christian Party (PSC), Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president; Republican Unity

Party (PUR), President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN, leader; Conservative Party (CE),

Vice President Alberto DAHIK, president

Center-Left parties:

Democratic Left (ID), Andres VALLEJO Arcos, Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos, leaders;

Popular Democracy (DP), Jamil MANUAD Witt, president; Ecuadorian Radical

Liberal Party (PLRE), Carlos Luis PLAZA Aray, director; Radical Alfarista

Front (FRA), Jaime ASPIAZU Seminario, director

Populist parties:

Roldista Party (PRE), Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director; Concentration of

Popular Forces (CFP), Rafael SANTELICES, director; Popular Revolutionary

Action (APRE), Frank VARGAS Passos, leader; Assad Bucaram Party (PAB),

Avicena BUCARAM, leader; People, Change, and Democracy (PCD), Raul AULESTIA,

director

Far-Left parties:

Popular Democratic Movement (MPD), Jorge Fausto MORENO, director; Ecuadorian

Socialist Party (PSE), Leon ROLDOS, leader; Broad Leftist Front (FADI), Jose

Xavier GARAYCOA, president; Ecuadorian National Liberation (LN), Alfredo

CASTILLO, director

Communists:

Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-North Korea), Rene Leon Mague

MOSWUERRA, secretary general (5,00 members); Communist Party of

Ecuador/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLE, Maoist), leader NA (3,000 members)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18-65,

optional for other eligible voters

*Ecuador, Government

Elections:

President:

runoff election held 5 July 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - Sixto

DURAN-BALLEN elected as president and Alberto DAHIK elected as vice

president

National Congress:

last held 17 May 1992 (next to be held NA May 1994); results - percent of

vote by party NA; seats - (77 total) PSC 20, PRE 15, PUR 12, ID 7, PC 6, DP

5, PSE 3, MPD 3, PLRE 2, CFP 2, FRA 1, APRE 1

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Sixto DURAN-BALLEN (since 10 August 1992); Vice President Alberto

DAHIK (since 10 August 1992)

Member of:

AG, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

NAM, OAS, ONUSAL, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,

WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Edgar TERAN

chancery:

2535 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:

(202) 234-7200

consulates general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San

Francisco

consulate:

San Diego

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

(vacant); Charge d'Affaires James F. MACK

embassy:

Avenida 12 de Octubre y Avenida Patria, Quito

mailing address:

P. O. Box 538, Quito, or APO AA 34039-3420

telephone:

[593] (2) 562-890

FAX:

[593] (2) 502-052

consulate general:

Guayaquil

Flag:

three horizontal bands of yellow (top, double width), blue, and red with the

coat of arms superimposed at the center of the flag; similar to the flag of

Colombia that is shorter and does not bear a coat of arms

*Ecuador, Economy

Note: defense is the responsibility of New Zealand