Head of Government:_The 1993 CIA World Factbook

Chairman of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Lyuben Borisov BEROV

(since 30 December 1992); Deputy Chairmen of the Council of Ministers

(Deputy Prime Ministers) Valentin KARABASHEV, Neycho NEEV, and Evgeniy

MATINCHEV (since 30 December 1992)

Member of:

BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS,

NACC, NAM (guest), NSG, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WHO,

WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Ognyan Raytchev PISHEV

chancery:

1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 387-7969

FAX:

(202) 234-7973

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Hugh Kenneth HILL

embassy:

1 Alexander Stamboliski Boulevard, Sofia, Unit 25402

mailing address:

APO AE 09213-5740

telephone:

[359] (2) 88-48-01 through 05

FAX:

[359] (2) 80-19-77

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red; the national

emblem formerly on the hoist side of the white stripe has been removed - it

contained a rampant lion within a wreath of wheat ears below a red

five-pointed star and above a ribbon bearing the dates 681 (first Bulgarian

state established) and 1944 (liberation from Nazi control)

*Bulgaria, Economy

Overview:

Growth in the lackluster Bulgarian economy fell to the 2% annual level in

the 1980s. By 1990, Sofia's foreign debt had skyrocketed to over $10 billion

- giving a debt-service ratio of more than 40% of hard currency earnings and

leading the regime to declare a moratorium on its hard currency payments.

The post-Communist government faces major problems of renovating an aging

industrial plant; keeping abreast of rapidly unfolding technological

developments; investing in additional energy capacity (the portion of

electric power from nuclear energy reached over one-third in 1990); and

motivating workers, in part by giving them a share in the earnings of their

enterprises. Political bickering in Sofia and the collapse of the DIMITROV

government in October 1992 have slowed the economic reform process. New

Prime Minister BEROV, however, has pledged to continue the reforms initiated

by the previous government. He has promised to continue cooperation with the

World Bank and IMF, advance negotiations on rescheduling commercial debt,

and push ahead with privatization. BEROV's government - whose main

parliamentary supporters are the former Communist Bulgarian Socialist Party

(BSP) - nonetheless appears likely to pursue more interventionist tactics in

overcoming the country's economic problems.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $34.1 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

-7.7% (1992)

National product per capita:

$3,800 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

80% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

15% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $8 billion; expenditures $5 billion, including capital expenditures

of $NA (1991 est.)

Exports:

$3.5 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

machinery and equipment 30.6%; agricultural products 24%; manufactured

consumer goods 22.2%; fuels, minerals, raw materials, and metals 10.5%;

other 12.7% (1991)

partners:

former CEMA countries 57.7% (USSR 48.6%, Poland 2.1%, Czechoslovakia 0.9%);

developed countries 26.3% (Germany 4.8%, Greece 2.2%); less developed

countries 15.9% (Libya 2.1%, Iran 0.7%) (1991)

Imports:

$2.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

fuels, minerals, and raw materials 58.7%; machinery and equipment 15.8%;

manufactured consumer goods 4.4%; agricultural products 15.2%; other 5.9%

partners:

former CEMA countries 51.0% (former USSR 43.2%, Poland 3.7%); developed

countries 32.8% (Germany 7.0%, Austria 4.7%); less developed countries 16.2%

(Iran 2.8%, Libya 2.5%)

External debt:

$12 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate -21% (1992 est.); accounts for about 37% of GDP (1990)

Electricity: 11,500,000 kW capacity; 45,000 million kWh produced, 5,070 kWh per capita

(1992)

*Bulgaria, Economy

Industries:

machine building and metal working, food processing, chemicals, textiles,

building materials, ferrous and nonferrous metals

Agriculture:

accounts for 22% of GDP (1990); climate and soil conditions support

livestock raising and the growing of various grain crops, oilseeds,

vegetables, fruits, and tobacco; more than one-third of the arable land

devoted to grain; world's fourth-largest tobacco exporter; surplus food

producer

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route

Economic aid:

donor - $1.6 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist less developed

countries (1956-89)

Currency:

1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki

Exchange rates:

leva (Lv) per US$1 - 24.56 (January 1993),17.18 (January 1992), 16.13 (March

1991), 0.7446 (November 1990), 0.84 (1989), 0.82 (1988), 0.90 (1987); note -

floating exchange rate since February 1991

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Bulgaria, Communications

Railroads:

4,300 km total, all government owned (1987); 4,055 km 1.435-meter standard

gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 917 km double track; 2,640 km electrified

Highways:

36,908 km total; 33,535 km hard surface (including 242 km superhighways);

3,373 km earth roads (1987)

Inland waterways:

470 km (1987)

Pipelines:

crude oil 193 km; petroleum products 525 km; natural gas 1,400 km (1992)

Ports:

coastal - Burgas, Varna, Varna West; inland - Ruse, Vidin, and Lom on the

Danube

Merchant marine:

112 ships (1,000 GRT and over) totaling 1,262,320 GRT/1,887,729 DWT;

includes 2 short-sea passenger, 30 cargo, 2 container, 1 passenger-cargo

training, 6 roll-on/roll-off, 15 oil tanker, 4 chemical carrier, 2 railcar

carrier, 50 bulk; Bulgaria owns 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,717

DWT operating under Liberian registry

Airports:

total:

380 usable:

380

with permanent-surface runways:

120

with runways over 3659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and mirowave

radio relay; 2.6 million telephones; direct dialing to 36 countries; phone

density is 29 phones per 100 persons (1992); almost two-thirds of the lines

are residential; 67% of Sofia households have phones (November 1988);

telephone service is available in most villages; broadcast stations - 20 AM,

15 FM, and 29 TV, with 1 Soviet TV repeater in Sofia; 2.1 million TV sets

(1990); 92% of country receives No. 1 television program (May 1990); 1

satellite ground station using Intersputnik; INTELSAT is used through a

Greek earth station

*Bulgaria, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Troops, Internal Troops

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,178,136; fit for military service 1,819,901; reach

military age (19) annually 69,495 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

5.77 billion leva, NA% of GDP (1993 est.); note - conversion of defense

expenditures into US dollars using the current exchange rate could produce

misleading results

*Burkina, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, between Ghana and Mali

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

274,200 km2

land area:

273,800 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Colorado

Land boundaries:

total 3,192 km, Benin 306 km, Ghana 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Mali 1,000

km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none; landlocked

International disputes:

the disputed international boundary between Burkina and Mali was submitted

to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in October 1983 and the ICJ

issued its final ruling in December 1986, which both sides agreed to accept;

Burkina and Mali are proceeding with boundary demarcation, including the

tripoint with Niger

Climate:

tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:

mostly flat to dissected, undulating plains; hills in west and southeast

Natural resources:

manganese, limestone, marble; small deposits of gold, antimony, copper,

nickel, bauxite, lead, phosphates, zinc, silver

Land use:

arable land:

10%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

37%

forest and woodland:

26%

other:

27%

Irrigated land:

160 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

recent droughts and desertification severely affecting marginal agricultural

activities, population distribution, economy; overgrazing; deforestation

Note:

landlocked

*Burkina, People

Population:

9,852,529 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.83% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

48.8 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

18.19 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-2.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

119.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

47.47 years

male:

46.66 years

female:

48.3 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Burkinabe (singular and plural)

adjective:

Burkinabe

Ethnic divisions:

Mossi (about 2.5 million), Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, Fulani

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 65%, Muslim 25%, Christian (mainly Roman Catholic) 10%

Languages:

French (official), tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 90%

of the population

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

18%

male:

28%

female:

Labor force:

3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners

by occupation:

agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5%

note:

20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for

seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985)

*Burkina, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Burkina Faso

conventional short form:

Burkina

former:

Upper Volta

Digraph:

Type:

parliamentary

Capital:

Ouagadougou

Administrative divisions:

30 provinces; Bam, Bazega, Bougouriba, Boulgou, Boulkiemde, Ganzourgou,

Gnagna, Gourma, Houet, Kadiogo, Kenedougou, Komoe, Kossi, Kouritenga,

Mouhoun, Namentenga, Naouri, Oubritenga, Oudalan, Passore, Poni, Sanguie,

Sanmatenga, Seno, Sissili, Soum, Sourou, Tapoa, Yatenga, Zoundweogo

Independence:

5 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

June 1991

Legal system:

based on French civil law system and customary law

National holiday:

Anniversary of the Revolution, 4 August (1983)

Political parties and leaders:

Organization for People's Democracy-Labor Movement (ODP-MT), ruling party,

Marc Christian Roch KABORE; National Convention of Progressive

Patriots-Social Democratic Party (CNPP-PSD), Pierre TAPSOBA; African

Democratic Assembly (RDA), Gerard Kango OUEDRAOGO; Alliance for Democracy

and Federation (ADF), Herman YAMEOGO

Other political or pressure groups:

committees for the defense of the revolution; watchdog/political action

groups throughout the country in both organizations and communities

Suffrage:

none

Elections:

President:

last held December 1991

Assembly of People's Deputies:

last held 24 May 1992 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

party NA; seats - (107 total), ODP-MT 78, CNPP-PSD 12, RDA 6, ADF 4, other 7

Executive branch:

president, Council of Ministers

Legislative branch:

Assembly of People's Deputies

note:

the current law also provides for a second consultative chamber, which had

not been formally constituted as of 1 July 1992

Judicial branch:

Appeals Court

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)

*Burkina, Government

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD,

ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,

ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WCL,

WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

(vacant)

chancery:

2340 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 332-5577 or 6895

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Edward P. BYRNN

embassy:

Avenue Raoul Follerau, Ouagadougou

mailing address: 01 B. P. 35, Ouagadougou

telephone:

[226] 30-67- 23 through 25

FAX:

[226] 31-23-68

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a yellow five-pointed

star in the center; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

*Burkina, Economy

Overview:

One of the poorest countries in the world, Burkina has a high population

density, few natural resources, and relatively infertile soil. Economic

development is hindered by a poor communications network within a landlocked

country. Agriculture provides about 40% of GDP and is entirely of a

subsistence nature. Industry, dominated by unprofitable

government-controlled corporations, accounts for about 15% of GDP.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $3.3 billion (1991)

National product real growth rate:

1.3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$350 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

-1% (1990)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $495 million; expenditures $786 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

$304.8 million (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

cotton, gold, animal products

partners:

EC 45%, Taiwan 15%, Cote d'Ivoire 15% (1987)

Imports:

$593 million (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

machinery, food products, petroleum

partners:

EC 51%, Africa 25%, US 6% (1987)

External debt:

$865 million (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 5.7% (1990 est.), accounts for about 23% of GDP (1989)

Electricity:

120,000 kW capacity; 320 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

cotton lint, beverages, agricultural processing, soap, cigarettes, textiles,

gold mining and extraction

Agriculture:

accounts for about 30% of GDP; cash crops - peanuts, shea nuts, sesame,

cotton; food crops - sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; not

self-sufficient in food grains

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $294 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $2.9 billion;

Communist countries (1970-89), $113 million

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January 1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11

(1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Burkina, Communications

Railroads:

620 km total; 520 km Ouagadougou to Cote d'Ivoire border and 100 km

Ouagadougou to Kaya; all 1.00-meter gauge and single track

Highways:

16,500 km total; 1,300 km paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km unimproved

(1985)

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

all services only fair; microwave radio relay, wire, and radio communication

stations in use; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean

INTELSAT earth station

*Burkina, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police, People's Militia

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,947,935; fit for military service 995,532 (1993 est.); no

conscription

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Burma, Geography

Location:

Southeast Asia, bordering the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand

Map references:

Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

678,500 km2

land area:

657,740 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total 5,876 km, Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235

km, Thailand 1,800 km

Coastline:

1,930 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 nm or to the edge of continental margin

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June

to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower

humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Terrain:

central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands

Natural resources:

petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some

marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas

Land use:

arable land:

15%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

49%

other:

34%

Irrigated land:

10,180 km2 (1989)

Environment:

subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides

common during rainy season (June to September); deforestation

Note:

strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes

*Burma, People

Population:

43,455,953 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.88% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

28.88 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

10.05 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

65.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

59.5 years

male:

57.5 years

female:

61.63 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

3.7 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Burmese (singular and plural)

adjective:

Burmese

Ethnic divisions:

Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%,

other 5%

Religions:

Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%,

animist beliefs 1%, other 2%

Languages:

Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

81%

male:

89%

female:

72%

Labor force:

16.007 million (1992)

by occupation:

agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade 10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1%

(FY89 est.)

*Burma, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Union of Burma

conventional short form:

Burma

local long form:

Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of

Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)

local short form:

Myanma Naingngandaw

former:

Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma

Digraph:

Type:

military regime

Capital:

Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)

Administrative divisions:

7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular -, pyine); Chin State,

Irrawaddy*, Kachin State, Karan State, Kayah State,, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*, Rakhine,

State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan, State, Tenasserim*, Independence:

4 January 1948 (from UK)

Constitution:

3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); National Convention

started on 9 January 1993 to draft chapter headings for a new constitution

Legal system:

has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 4 January (1948)

Political parties and leaders:

National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW; National League for

Democracy (NLD), U AUNG SHWE; National Coalition of Union of Burma (NCGUB),

SEIN WIN (which consists of individuals legitimately elected to parliament,

but not recognized by military regime) fled to border area and joined with

insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government

Other political or pressure groups:

Kachin Independence Army (KIA); United Wa State Army (UWSA); Karen National

Union (KNU - the only non-drug group); several Shan factions, including the

Mong Tai Army (MTA)

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

People's Assembly:

last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened; results - NLD 80%; seats

- (485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79

Executive branch:

chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council, State Law and Order

Restoration Council

Legislative branch:

unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) was dissolved after the coup

of 18 September 1988

Judicial branch: none; Council of People's Justices was abolished after the coup of 18

September 1988

*Burma, Government

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

Chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration Council Gen. THAN SHWE

(since 23 April 1992)

Member of:

AsDB, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,

WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador U THAUNG

chancery:

2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 332-9044 through 9046

consulate general:

New York

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

(vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission, Charge d'Affaires Franklin P. HUDDLE, Jr.

embassy:

581 Merchant Street, Rangoon

mailing address:

GPO Box 521, AMEMB Box B, APO AP 96546

telephone:

[95] (1) 82055, 82181

FAX:

[95] (1) 80409

Flag:

red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in

white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of

rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions

*Burma, Economy

Overview:

Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP of about $660. The

nation has been unable to achieve any substantial improvement in export

earnings because of falling prices for many of its major commodity exports.

For rice, traditionally the most important export, the drop in world prices

has been accompanied by shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In

1985 teak replaced rice as the largest export and continues to hold this

position. The economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which

generates about 40% of GDP and provides employment for 65% of the work

force. Burma has been largely isolated from international economic forces

and has been trying to encourage foreign investment, so far with little

success.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $28 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

1.3% (1992)

National product per capita:

$660 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

50% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

9.6% (FY89 est.) in urban areas

Budget:

revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $11.6 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1992)

Exports:

$535.1 million (FY92)

commodities:

teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems

partners:

China, India, Thailand, Singapore

Imports:

$907.0 million (FY92)

commodities:

machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food products

partners:

Japan, China, Singapore

External debt:

$4 billion (1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts for 10% of GDP

Electricity:

1,100,000 kW capacity; 2,800 million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products;

petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction

materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer

Agriculture:

accounts for 40% of GDP (including fish and forestry); self-sufficient in

food; principal crops - paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses;

world's largest stand of hardwood trees; rice and teak account for 55% of

export revenues

Illicit drugs:

world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy and minor producer of

cannabis for the international drug trade; opium production has nearly

doubled since the collapse of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs

*Burma, Economy

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $3.9 billion;

Communist countries (1970-89), $424 million

Currency:

1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas

Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0963 (January 1992), 6.2837 (1991), 6.3386 (1990),

6.7049 (1989), 6.46 (1988), 6.6535 (1987); unofficial - 105

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Burma, Communications

Railroads:

3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113 km

narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double track

Highways:

27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or gravel,

6,100 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels

Pipelines:

crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km

Ports:

Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein

Merchant marine:

62 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 940,264 GRT/1,315,156 DWT; includes 3

passenger-cargo, 18 cargo, 5 refrigerated cargo, 4 vehicle carrier, 2

container, 2 oil tanker, 3 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 23 bulk, 1

combination bulk

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and

government; international service is good; 53,000 telephones (1986);

radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; broadcast

stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Burma, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 11,004,419; females age 15-49 10,945,899; males fit for

military service 5,894,514; females fit for military service 5,847,958;

males reach military age (18) annually 435,030; females reach military age

(18) annually 420,487 (1993 est.); both sexes are liable for military

service

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP (1992)

*Burundi, Geography

Location:

Central Africa, between Tanzania and Zaire

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

27,830 km2

land area:

25,650 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

total 974 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km, Zaire 233 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

none

Climate:

temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands

Terrain:

mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains

Natural resources:

nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum (not yet

exploited), vanadium

Land use:

arable land:

43%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

35%

forest and woodland:

other:

12%

Irrigated land:

720 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation

Note:

landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed

*Burundi, People

Population:

5,985,308 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.34% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

44.69 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

21.25 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

115.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

40.75 years

male:

38.79 years

female:

42.76 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.76 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Burundian(s)

adjective:

Burundi

Ethnic divisions:

Africans:

Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1% (other Africans

include about 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians)

non-Africans:

Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Religions:

Christian 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%), indigenous beliefs 32%,

Muslim 1%

Languages:

Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in

the Bujumbura area)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

50%

male:

61%

female:

40%

Labor force:

1.9 million (1983 est.)

by occupation:

agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services

1.5%

note:

52% of population of working age (1985)

*Burundi, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Burundi

conventional short form:

Burundi

local long form:

Republika y'u Burundi

local short form:

Burundi

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Bujumbura

Administrative divisions:

15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi, Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi,

Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi

Independence:

1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian administration)

Constitution:

13 March 1992 draft provides for establishment of plural political system

Legal system:

based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 July (1962)

Political parties and leaders:

only party - National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), Nicolas MAYUGI,

secretary general;

note:

although Burundi is still officially a one-party state, at least four

political parties were formed in 1991 and set the precedent for

constitutional reform in 1992 - Burundi Democratic Front (FRODEBU),

Organization of the People of Burundi (RPB), Socialist Party of Burundi

(PSB), Royalist Parliamentary Party (PRP) - the most significant opposition

party is FRODEBU, led by Melchior NDADAYE; the Party for the Liberation of

the Hutu People (PALIPEHUTU), formed in exile in the early 1980s, is an

ethnically based political party dedicated to majority rule; the government

has long accused PALIPEHUTU of practicing devisive ethnic politics and

fomenting violence against the state; PALIPEHUTU's exclusivist charter makes

it an unlikely candidate for legalization under the new constitution that

will require party membership open to all ethnic groups

Suffrage:

universal adult at age NA

Elections:

National Assembly:

note - The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for

constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5 February

1991; new elections to the National Assembly are to take place 29 June 1993;

presidential elections are to take place 1 June 1993

Executive branch:

president; chairman of the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity

and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister

*Burundi, Government

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) was dissolved following

the coup of 3 September 1987; at an extraordinary party congress held from

27 to 29 December 1990, the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity

and Progress (UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National

Salvation, and became the supreme governing body during the transition to

constitutional government

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Major Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26 October 1988)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,

IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,

UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE

chancery:

Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:

(202) 342-2574

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY

embassy:

Avenue des Etats-Unis, Bujumbura

mailing address:

B. P. 1720, Bujumbura

telephone:

[257] (223) 454

FAX:

[257] (222) 926

Flag:

divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and bottom) and green

panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk superimposed at the

center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined in green arranged in a

triangular design (one star above, two stars below)

*Burundi, Economy

Overview:

A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage of economic

development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only a few basic

industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee crop, which accounts

for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each year. The ability to

pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely on the vagaries of the

climate and the international coffee market. As part of its economic reform

agenda, launched in February 1991 with IMF and World Bank support, Burundi

is trying to diversify its agricultural exports and attract foreign

investment in industry. Several state-owned coffee companies were privatized

via public auction in September 1991.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.23 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

5% (1991 est.)

National product per capita:

$205 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

9% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $318 million; expenditures $326 million, including capital

expenditures of $150 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$91.7 million (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

coffee 81%, tea, hides, and skins

partners:

EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%

Imports:

$246 million (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs, consumer goods

partners:

EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%

External debt:

$1 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

real growth rate 11.0% (1991 est.); accounts for about 5% of GDP

Electricity:

55,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;

public works construction; food processing

Agriculture:

accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent on subsistence farming;

marginally self-sufficient in food production; cash crops - coffee, cotton,

tea; food crops - corn, sorghum, sweet potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock

- meat, milk, hides and skins

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $10.2 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $175

million

Currency:

1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes

*Burundi, Economy

Exchange rates:

Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 235.75 (January 1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51

(1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Burundi, Communications

Highways:

5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km improved

or unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

Lake Tanganyika

Ports:

Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of Tanzania and

Zaire

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and low-capacity microwave radio

relay links; 8,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 2 FM, 1 TV; 1

Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Burundi, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army (includes naval and air units), paramilitary Gendarmerie

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,283,308; fit for military service 670,381; reach military

age (16) annually 62,700 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $28 million, 3.7% of GDP (1989)

*Cambodia, Geography

Location:

Southeast Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand and Vietnam

Map references: Asia, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

181,040 km2

land area:

176,520 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Land boundaries:

total 2,572 km, Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

Coastline:

443 km

Maritime claims:

contiguous zone:

24 nm

continental shelf:

200 nm

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

offshore islands and three sections of the boundary with Vietnam are in

dispute; maritime boundary with Vietnam not defined

Climate:

tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to

March); little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Natural resources:

timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower

potential

Land use:

arable land:

16%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

76%

other:

Irrigated land:

920 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap

Note:

buffer between Thailand and Vietnam

*Cambodia, People

Population:

9,898,900 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

4.41% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

45.52 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

16.57 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

15.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

111.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

49.06 years

male:

47.6 years

female:

50.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.81 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cambodian(s)

adjective:

Cambodian

Ethnic divisions:

Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Religions:

Theravada Buddhism 95%, other 5%

Languages:

Khmer (official), French

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

35%

male:

48%

female:

22%

Labor force:

2,500,000 to 3,000,000

by occupation:

agriculture 80% (1988 est.)

*Cambodia, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Cambodia

Digraph:

Type:

transitional government currently administered by the Supreme National

Council (SNC), a body set up under United Nations' auspices, in preparation

for an internationally supervised election in 1993 and including

representatives from each of the country's four political factions

Capital:

Phnom Penh

Administrative divisions:

20 provinces (khet, singular and plural); Banteay Meanchey, Batdambang,

Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal,

Kaoh Kong, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Phnum Penh, Pouthisat, Preah Vihear, Prey

Veng, Rotanokiri, Siemreab-Otdar Meanchey, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev

Independence:

9 November 1949 (from France)

Constitution:

a new constitution will be drafted after the national election in 1993

Legal system:

National holiday:

NGC:

Independence Day, 17 April (1975)

SOC:

Liberation Day, 7 January (1979)

Political parties and leaders:

Democratic Kampuchea (DK, also known as the Khmer Rouge) under KHIEU

SAMPHAN; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party (CPP) under

CHEA SIM; Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under SON SANN;

National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative

Cambodia (FUNCINPEC) under Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH; Liberal Democratic

Party (LDP) under SAK SUTSAKHAN

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

UN-supervised election for a 120-member constituent assembly based on

proportional representation within each province is scheduled for 23-27 May

1993; the assembly will draft and approve a constitution and then transform

itself into a legislature that will create a new Cambodian Government

Executive branch:

a 12 member Supreme National Council (SNC), chaired by Prince NORODOM

SIHANOUK, composed of representatives from each of the four political

factions; faction names and delegation leaders are: State of Cambodia (SOC)

- HUN SEN; Democratic Kampuchea (DK or Khmer Rouge) - KHIEU SAMPHAN; Khmer

People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) - SON SANN; National United Front

for an Independent, Peaceful, Neutral, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)

- Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH

Legislative branch:

pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent SOC faction's unicameral

National Assembly is the only functioning national legislative body

Judicial branch:

Supreme People's Court pending a national election in 1993, the incumbent

SOC faction's Supreme People's Court is the only functioning national

judicial body

*Cambodia, Government

Leaders: Chief of State:

SNC - Chairman Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, under UN supervision

Head of Government:

NGC - vacant, but will be determined following the national election in

1993; SOC - Chairman of the Council of Ministers HUN SEN (since 14 January

1985)

Member of:

AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INTERPOL, ITU, LORCS, NAM, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

the Supreme National Council (SNC) represents Cambodia in international

organizations

US diplomatic representation:

US representative:

Charles TWINNING

mission:

27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh

mailing address:

Box P, APO AP 96546

telephone:

(855) 23-26436 or (855) 23-26438

FAX:

(855) 23-26437

Flag:

SNC - blue background with white map of Cambodia in middle; SOC - two equal

horizontal bands of red (top) and blue with a gold stylized five-towered

temple representing Angkor Wat in the center

*Cambodia, Economy

Overview:

Cambodia remains a desperately poor country whose economic recovery is held

hostage to continued political unrest and factional hostilities. The

country's immediate economic challenge is an acute financial crisis that is

undermining monetary stability and preventing disbursement of foreign

development assistance. Cambodia is still recovering from an abrupt shift in

1990 to free-market economic mechanisms and a cutoff in aid from former

Soviet bloc countries; these changes have severely impacted on public sector

revenues and performance. The country's infrastructure of roads, bridges,

and power plants has been severely degraded, now having only 40-50% of

prewar capacity. The economy remains essentially rural, with 90% of the

population living in the countryside and dependent mainly on subsistence

agriculture. Statistical data on the economy continue to be sparse and

unreliable.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $2 billion (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

NA%

National product per capita:

$280 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

250-300% (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $120 million; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of

$NA (1992 est.)

Exports:

$59 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood

partners:

Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

Imports:

$170 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

commodities:

international food aid; fuels, consumer goods, machinery

partners:

Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

External debt:

$717 million (1990)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

35,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining

Agriculture:

mainly subsistence farming except for rubber plantations; main crops - rice,

rubber, corn; food shortages - rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products,

sugar, flour

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $725 million; Western (non-US

countries) (1970-89), $300 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.8

billion

Currency:

1 riel (CR) = 100 sen

*Cambodia, Economy

Exchange rates:

riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,800 (September 1992), 500 (December 1991), 560

(1990), 159.00 (1988), 100.00 (1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Cambodia, Communications

Railroads:

612 km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned

Highways:

13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous; 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or

improved earth; 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair

Inland waterways:

3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to

craft drawing 1.8 meters

Ports:

Kampong Saom, Phnom Penh

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually

nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and

other adjacent countries; broadcast stations - 1 AM, no FM, 1 TV

*Cambodia, Defense Forces

Branches:

SOC:

Cambodian People's Armed Forces (CPAF)

Communist resistance forces:

National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)

non-Communist resistance forces:

Armee National Kampuchea Independent (ANKI) which is sometimes anglicized as

National Army of Independent Cambodia (NAIC), Khmer People's National

Liberation Armed Forces (KPNLAF)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 1,883,679; fit for military service 1,033,168; reach

military age (18) annually 74,585 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Cameroon, Geography

Location:

Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Equatorial Guinea

and Nigeria

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

475,440 km2

land area:

469,440 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than California

Land boundaries: total 4,591 km, Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Congo 523

km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km

Coastline:

402 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea:

50 nm

International disputes:

demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has

led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification

by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; boundary commission, created with

Nigeria to discuss unresolved land and maritime boundaries, has not yet

convened

Climate:

varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Terrain:

diverse, with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center,

mountains in west, plains in north

Natural resources:

petroleum, bauxite, iron ore, timber, hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land:

13%

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

18%

forest and woodland:

54%

other:

13%

Irrigated land:

280 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation;

overgrazing; desertification

Note:

sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa

*Cameroon, People

Population:

12,755,873 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.9% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

40.66 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

11.63 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

78.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth: total population:

56.66 years

male:

54.65 years

female:

58.74 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.88 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cameroonian(s)

adjective:

Cameroonian

Ethnic divisions:

Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%,

Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African

less than 1%

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 51%, Christian 33%, Muslim 16%

Languages:

24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

54%

male:

66%

female:

43%

Labor force:

by occupation:

agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983)

note:

50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)

*Cameroon, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cameroon

conventional short form:

Cameroon

former:

French Cameroon

Digraph:

Type:

unitary republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties

legalized 1990)

Capital:

Yaounde

Administrative divisions:

10 provinces; Adamaoua, Centre, Est, Extreme-Nord, Littoral, Nord,

Nord-Ouest, Ouest, Sud, Sud-Ouest

Independence:

1 January 1960 (from UN trusteeship under French administration)

Constitution:

20 May 1972

Legal system:

based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not

accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

National Day, 20 May (1972)

Political parties and leaders:

Cameroon People's Democratic Movement (CPDM), Paul BIYA, president, is

government-controlled and was formerly the only party, but opposition

parties were legalized in 1990

major opposition parties:

National Union for Democracy and Progress (UNDP)

major oppositon parties:

Social Democratic Front (SDF)

major opposition parties:

Cameroonian Democratic Union (UDC); Union of Cameroonian Populations (UPC)

Other political or pressure groups:

Suffrage:

20 years of age; universal

Elections:

National Assembly:

last held 1 March 1992 (next scheduled for March 1997); results - (180

seats) CPDM 88, UNDP 68, UPC 18, MDR 6

President:

last held 11 October 1992; results - President Paul BIYA reelected with

about 40% of the vote amid widespread allegations of fraud; SDF candidate

John FRU NDI got 36% of the vote; UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI got 19%

of the vote

Executive branch:

president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)

*Cameroon, Government

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Simon ACHIDI ACHU (since 9 April 1992)

Member of:

ACCT (associate), ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-19, G-77,

GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,

INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, OIC, PCA, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Paul PONDI

chancery:

2349 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 265-8790 through 8794

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Harriet ISOM

embassy:

Rue Nachtigal, Yaounde

mailing address:

B. P. 817, Yaounde

telephone:

[237] 234-014

FAX:

[237] 230-753

consulate:

Douala

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), red, and yellow with a

yellow five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular

pan-African colors of Ethiopia

*Cameroon, Economy

Overview:

Because of its offshore oil resources, Cameroon has one of the highest

incomes per capita in tropical Africa. Still, it faces many of the serious

problems facing other underdeveloped countries, such as political

instability, a top-heavy civil service, and a generally unfavorable climate

for business enterprise. The development of the oil sector led rapid

economic growth between 1970 and 1985. Growth came to an abrupt halt in 1986

precipitated by steep declines in the prices of major exports: coffee,

cocoa, and petroleum. Export earnings were cut by almost one-third, and

inefficiencies in fiscal management were exposed. In 1990-92, with support

from the IMF and World Bank, the government has begun to introduce reforms

designed to spur business investment, increase efficiency in agriculture,

and recapitalize the nation's banks. Nationwide strikes organized by

opposition parties in 1991, however, undermined these efforts.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $11.5 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$1,040 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

3% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

25% (1990 est.)

Budget:

revenues $1.7 billion; expenditures $2.4 billion, including capital

expenditures of $422 million (FY90 est.)

Exports:

$1.8 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

petroleum products 51%, coffee, beans, cocoa, aluminum products, timber

partners:

EC (particularly France) about 50%, US, African countries

Imports:

$1.2 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

machines and electrical equipment, food, consumer goods, transport equipment

partners:

EC about 60%, France 41%, Germany 9%, African countries, Japan, US 4%

External debt:

$6 billion (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 6.4% (FY87); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity:

755,000 kW capacity; 2,190 million kWh produced, 190 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

petroleum production and refining, food processing, light consumer goods,

textiles, sawmills

Agriculture:

the agriculture and forestry sectors provide employment for the majority of

the population, contributing nearly 25% to GDP and providing a high degree

of self-sufficiency in staple foods; commercial and food crops include

coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, oilseed, grains, livestock,

root starches

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $479 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $4.75 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $125

million

*Cameroon, Economy

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

(1988)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

*Cameroon, Communications

Railroads:

1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge

Highways:

about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km paved, 32,318 km gravel and

improved earth, and 30,000 km of unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

2,090 km; of decreasing importance

Ports: Douala

Merchant marine:

2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and microwave radio relay;

26,000 telephones, 2 telephones per 1,000 persons, available only to

business and government; broadcast stations - 11 AM, 11 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic

Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

*Cameroon, Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy (including Naval Infantry), Air Force, National Gendarmerie,

Presidential Guard

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 2,844,280; fit for military service 1,432,563; reach

military age (18) annually 125,453 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $219 million, less than 2% of GDP (1990 est.)

*Canada, Geography

Location:

Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific

Ocean north of the US

Map references:

Arctic Region, North America, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

9,976,140 km2

land area:

9,220,970 km2

comparative area:

slightly larger than US

Land boundaries:

total 8,893 km, US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Coastline:

243,791 km

Maritime claims: continental shelf:

200 m depth or to depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

maritime boundary disputes with the US; Saint Pierre and Miquelon is focus

of maritime boundary dispute between Canada and France

Climate:

varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Terrain:

mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

Natural resources:

nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber,

wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

35%

other:

57%

Irrigated land:

8,400 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous

permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development

Note:

second-largest country in world (after Russia); strategic location between

Russia and US via north polar route

*Canada, People

Population:

27,769,993 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.28% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

14.48 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

7.35 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

5.68 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

77.98 years

male: 74.54 years

female:

81.6 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.84 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Canadian(s)

adjective:

Canadian

Ethnic divisions:

British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous

Indian and Eskimo 1.5%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%, other 28%

Languages:

English (official), French (official)

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1981)

total population:

99%

male:

NA%

female:

NA%

Labor force:

13.38 million

by occupation:

services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4%

(1988)

*Canada, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Canada

Digraph:

Type:

confederation with parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Ottawa

Administrative divisions:

10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New, Brunswick,

Newfoundland, Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario,, Prince Edward Island, Quebec,

Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*, Independence:

1 July 1867 (from UK)

Constitution:

amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982;

charter of rights and unwritten customs

Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based

on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with

reservations

National holiday:

Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

Political parties and leaders:

Progressive Conservative Party, Brian MULRONEY; Liberal Party, Jean

CHRETIEN; New Democratic Party, Audrey McLAUGHLIN; Reform Party, Preston

MANNING; Bloc Quebecois, Lucien BOUCHARD

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

House of Commons:

last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results -

Progressive Conservative Party 43%, Liberal Party 32%, New Democratic Party

20%, other 5%; seats - (295 total) Progressive Conservative Party 159,

Liberal Party 80, New Democratic Party 44, Bloc Quebecois 9, independents 3

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister,

Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate

(Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

Raymond John HNATYSHYN (since 29 January 1990)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Kim CAMBELL was chosen to replace Brian MULRONEY on 13 June

1993

*Canada, Government

Member of:

ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB

(non-regional), COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, ESA (cooperating state),

FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA,

IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU,

LORCS, MINURSO, MTCR, NACC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS, OECD, ONUSAL,

PCA, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM,

UNOMOZ, UNOSOM, UNPROFOR, UNTAC, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO, WIPO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador John DE CHASTELAIN

chancery:

501 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20001

telephone:

(202) 682-1740

FAX:

(202) 682-7726

consulates general:

Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles,

Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador-designate Governor James J. BLANCHARD

embassy:

100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa

mailing address:

P. O. Box 5000, Ogdensburg, NY 13669-0430

telephone:

(613) 238-5335 or (613) 238-4470

FAX:

(613) 238-5720

consulates general:

Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Toronto, and Vancouver

Flag:

three vertical bands of red (hoist side), white (double width, square), and

red with a red maple leaf centered in the white band

*Canada, Economy

Overview:

As an affluent, high-tech industrial society, Canada today closely resembles

the US in per capita output, market-oriented economic system, and pattern of

production. Since World War II the impressive growth of the manufacturing,

mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural

economy into one primarily industrial and urban. In the 1980s, Canada

registered one of the highest rates of real growth among the OECD nations,

averaging about 3.2%. With its great natural resources, skilled labor force,

and modern capital plant, Canada has excellent economic prospects. However,

the continuing constitutional impasse between English- and French-speaking

areas has observers discussing a possible split in the confederation; foregn

investors have become edgy.

National product:

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $537.1 billion (1992)

National product real growth rate:

0.9% (1992)

National product per capita:

$19,600 (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1.5% (1992)

Unemployment rate:

11.5% (December 1992)

Budget:

revenues $111.8 billion; expenditures $138.3 billion, including capital

expenditures of $NA (FY90 est.)

Exports:

$124.0 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

newsprint, wood pulp, timber, crude petroleum, machinery, natural gas,

aluminum, motor vehicles and parts; telecommunications equipment

partners:

US, Japan, UK, Germany, South Korea, Netherlands, China

Imports:

$118 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

crude oil, chemicals, motor vehicles and parts, durable consumer goods,

electronic computers; telecommunications equipment and parts

partners:

US, Japan, UK, Germany, France, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea

External debt:

$247 billion (1987)

Industrial production:

growth rate 1% (1992); accounts for 34% of GDP

Electricity:

109,340,000 kW capacity; 493,000 million kWh produced, 17,900 kWh per capita

(1992)

Industries:

processed and unprocessed minerals, food products, wood and paper products,

transportation equipment, chemicals, fish products, petroleum and natural

gas

Agriculture:

accounts for about 3% of GDP; one of the world's major producers and

exporters of grain (wheat and barley); key source of US agricultural

imports; large forest resources cover 35% of total land area; commercial

fisheries provide annual catch of 1.5 million metric tons, of which 75% is

exported

*Canada, Economy

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis for the domestic drug market; use of

hydroponics technology permits growers to plant large quantities of

high-quality marijuana indoors; growing role as a transit point for heroin

and cocaine entering the US market

Economic aid:

donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $7.2 billion

Currency:

1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.2776 (January 1993), 1.2087 (1992),

1.1457 (1991), 1.1668 (1990), 1.1840 (1989), 1.2307 (1988)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Canada, Communications

Railroads:

146,444 km total; two major transcontinental freight railway systems -

Canadian National (government owned) and Canadian Pacific Railway; passenger

service - VIA (government operated); 158 km is electrified

Highways:

884,272 km total; 712,936 km surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth

Inland waterways:

3,000 km, including Saint Lawrence Seaway

Pipelines:

crude and refined oil 23,564 km; natural gas 74,980 km

Ports:

Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Saint John (New Brunswick), Saint John's

(Newfoundland), Toronto, Vancouver

Merchant marine:

63 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 454,582 GRT/646,329 DWT; includes 1

passenger, 3 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 2 railcar

carrier, 1 refrigerated cargo, 7 roll-on/roll-off, 1 container, 24 oil

tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 9 bulk; note - does not

include ships used exclusively in the Great Lakes

Airports:

total:

1,420

useable:

1,142

with permanent-surface runways:

457

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

330

Telecommunications:

excellent service provided by modern media; 18.0 million telephones;

broadcast stations - 900 AM, 29 FM, 53 (1,400 repeaters) TV; 5 coaxial

submarine cables; over 300 earth stations operating in INTELSAT (including 4

Atlantic Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) and domestic systems

*Canada, Defense Forces

Branches:

Canadian Armed Forces (including Land Forces Command, Maritime Command, Air

Command, Communications Command, Training Command), Royal Canadian Mounted

Police (RCMP)

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 7,444,767; fit for military service 6,440,927; reach

military age (17) annually 191,884 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $11.3 billion, 2% of GDP (FY92/93)

*Cape Verde, Geography

Location:

in the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean, 500 km west of Senegal in Western

Africa

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

4,030 km2

land area:

4,030 km2 comparative area:

slightly larger than Rhode Island

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

965 km

Maritime claims:

measured from claimed archipelagic baselines

exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

12 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

temperate; warm, dry, summer; precipitation very erratic

Terrain:

steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic

Natural resources:

salt, basalt rock, pozzolana, limestone, kaolin, fish

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

other:

85%

Irrigated land:

20 km2 (1989 est.)

Environment:

subject to prolonged droughts; harmattan wind can obscure visibility;

volcanically and seismically active; deforestation; overgrazing

Note:

strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south

sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air

refueling site

*Cape Verde, People

Population:

410,535 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

3.03% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

47.02 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

9.43 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

-7.31 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 59.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

62.18 years

male:

60.3 years

female:

64.15 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

6.41 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Cape Verdean(s)

adjective:

Cape Verdean

Ethnic divisions:

Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Religions:

Roman Catholicism fused with indigenous beliefs

Languages:

Portuguese, Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1989)

total population:

66%

male:

female:

Labor force:

102,000 (1985 est.)

by occupation:

agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981)

note:

51% of population of working age (1985)

*Cape Verde, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Republic of Cape Verde

conventional short form:

Cape Verde

local long form:

Republica de Cabo Verde

local short form:

Cabo Verde

Digraph:

Type:

republic

Capital:

Praia

Administrative divisions: 14 districts (concelhos, singular - concelho); Boa Vista, Brava, Fogo,

Maio,

Paul, Praia, Porto Novo, Ribeira Grande, Sal, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz,

Sao Nicolau, Sao Vicente, Tarrafal

Independence:

5 July 1975 (from Portugal)

Constitution:

7 September 1980; amended 12 February 1981, December 1988, and 28 September

1990 (legalized opposition parties)

Legal system:

National holiday:

Independence Day, 5 July (1975)

Political parties and leaders:

Movement for Democracy (MPD), Prime Minister Carlos VEIGA, founder and

chairman; African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), Pedro Verona

Rodrigues PIRES, chairman

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

People's National Assembly:

last held 13 January 1991 (next to be held January 1996); results - percent

of vote by party NA; seats - (79 total) MPD 56, PAICV 23; note - this

multiparty Assembly election ended 15 years of single-party rule

President:

last held 17 February 1991 (next to be held February 1996); results -

Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (MPD) received 72.6% of vote

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, deputy minister, secretaries of state, Council of

Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral People's National Assembly (Assembleia Nacional Popular)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Supremo Tribunal de Justia)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Antonio Monteiro MASCARENHAS (since 22 March 1991)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January

1991)

*Cape Verde, Government

Member of:

ACP, AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOM (observer), ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN (Cape

Verde assumed a nonpermanent seat on the Security Council on 1 January

1992), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMOZ, UPU, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Carlos Alberto Santos SILVA

chancery:

3415 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007

telephone:

(202) 965-6820 consulate general:

Boston

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Joseph SEGARS

embassy:

Rua Hoji Ya Henda 81, Praia

mailing address:

C. P. 201, Praia

telephone:

[238] 61-56-16 or 61-56-17

FAX:

[238] 61-13-55

Flag:

a new flag of unknown description reportedly has been adopted; previous flag

consisted of two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a

vertical red band on the hoist side; in the upper portion of the red band is

a black five-pointed star framed by two corn stalks and a yellow clam shell;

uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of

Guinea-Bissau, which is longer and has an unadorned black star centered in

the red band

*Cape Verde, Economy

Overview:

Cape Verde's low per capita GDP reflects a poor natural resource base, a

serious, long-term drought, and a high birthrate. The economy is service

oriented, with commerce, transport, and public services accounting for 60%

of GDP. Although nearly 70% of the population lives in rural areas,

agriculture's share of GDP is only 16%; the fishing sector accounts for 4%.

About 90% of food must be imported. The fishing potential, mostly lobster

and tuna, is not fully exploited. In 1988 fishing represented only 3.5% of

GDP. Cape Verde annually runs a high trade deficit, financed by remittances

from emigrants and foreign aid. Economic reforms launched by the new

democratic government in February 1991 are aimed at developing the private

sector and attracting foreign investment to diversify the economy.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $310 million (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

4% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$800 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

8.7% (1991 est.)

Unemployment rate:

25% (1988)

Budget:

revenues $104 million; expenditures $133 million, including capital

expenditures of $72 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$5.7 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

fish, bananas, hides and skins

partners: Portugal 40%, Algeria 31%, Angola, Netherlands (1990 est.)

Imports:

$120 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, consumer goods, industrial products, transport equipment

partners:

Sweden 33%, Spain 11%, Germany 5%, Portugal 3%, France 3%, Netherlands, US

(1990 est.)

External debt:

$156 million (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 18% (1988 est.); accounts for 4% of GDP

Electricity:

15,000 kW capacity; 15 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

fish processing, salt mining, clothing factories, ship repair, construction

materials, food and beverage production

Agriculture:

accounts for 20% of GDP (including fishing); largely subsistence farming;

bananas are the only export crop; other crops - corn, beans, sweet potatoes,

coffee; growth potential of agricultural sector limited by poor soils and

scanty rainfall; annual food imports required; fish catch provides for both

domestic consumption and small exports

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY75-90), $93 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $586 million; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $12 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $36

million

*Cape Verde, Economy

Currency:

1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 75.47 (January 1993), 73.10 (1992),

71.41 (1991), 64.10 (November 1990), 74.86 (December 1989), 72.01 (1988)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Cape Verde, Communications

Ports:

Mindelo, Praia

Merchant marine:

7 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 11,717 GRT/19,000 DWT

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

6 with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

interisland microwave radio relay system, high-frequency radio to Senegal

and Guinea-Bissau; over 1,700 telephones; broadcast stations - 1 AM, 6 FM, 1

TV; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

*Cape Verde, Defense Forces

Branches:

People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARP) (including Army and Navy),

Security Service

Manpower availability:

males age 15-49 75,431; fit for military service 44,358 (1993 est.)

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

*Cayman Islands, Header

Affiliation:

(dependent territory of the UK)

*Cayman Islands, Geography

Location:

in the northwestern Caribbean Sea, nearly halfway between Cuba and Honduras

Map references:

Central America and the Caribbean

Area:

total area:

260 km2

land area:

260 km2

comparative area:

slightly less than 1.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

160 km

Maritime claims:

exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

territorial sea:

3 nm

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively

dry winters (November to April)

Terrain:

low-lying limestone base surrounded by coral reefs

Natural resources:

fish, climate and beaches that foster tourism

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

23%

other:

69%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

within the Caribbean hurricane belt

Note:

important location between Cuba and Central America

*Cayman Islands, People

Population:

30,440 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

4.35% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

15.32 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

4.98 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

33.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

8.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

77.1 years

male:

75.37 years

female:

78.81 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.48 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Caymanian(s)

adjective:

Caymanian

Ethnic divisions: mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20%

Religions:

United Church (Presbyterian and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist, Roman

Catholic, Church of God, other Protestant denominations

Languages:

English

Literacy:

age 15 and over having ever attended school (1970)

total population:

98%

male:

98%

female:

98%

Labor force:

8,061

by occupation:

service workers 18.7%, clerical 18.6%, construction 12.5%, finance and

investment 6.7%, directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)

*Cayman Islands, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

none

conventional short form:

Cayman Islands

Digraph:

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

George Town

Administrative divisions:

8 districts; Creek, Eastern, Midland, South Town, Spot Bay, Stake Bay, West

End, Western

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

1959, revised 1972

Legal system:

British common law and local statutes

National holiday:

Constitution Day (first Monday in July)

Political parties and leaders:

no formal political parties

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Elections:

Legislative Assembly:

last held November 1992 (next to be held November 1996); results - percent

of vote by party NA; seats - (15 total, 12 elected)

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral Legislative Assembly

Judicial branch:

Grand Court, Cayman Islands Court of Appeal

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

Head of Government:

Governor and President of the Executive Council Michael GORE (since NA May

1992)

Member of:

CARICOM (observer), CDB, INTERPOL (subbureau), IOC

Diplomatic representation in US:

as a dependent territory of the UK, Caymanian interests in the US are

represented by the UK

Flag:

blue, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the

Caymanian coat of arms on a white disk centered on the outer half of the

flag; the coat of arms includes a pineapple and turtle above a shield with

three stars (representing the three islands) and a scroll at the bottom

bearing the motto HE HATH FOUNDED IT UPON THE SEAS

*Cayman Islands, Economy

Overview:

The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export

earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed

at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America.

About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported.

The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $670 million (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate:

4.4% (1991)

National product per capita:

$23,000 (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

8% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7% (1992)

Budget:

revenues $141.5 million; expenditures $160.7 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1991)

Exports:

$1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.)

commodities:

turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

partners:

mostly US

Imports:

$136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, manufactured goods

partners: US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan

External debt:

$15 million (1986)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 8,780 kWh per capita (1992)

Industries:

tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials,

furniture making

Agriculture:

minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million

Currency:

1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

*Cayman Islands, Communications

Highways:

160 km of main roads

Ports:

George Town, Cayman Brac

Merchant marine:

29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 307,738 GRT/468,659 DWT; includes 1

passenger-cargo, 8 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 oil tanker, 2 chemical

tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 4 bulk, 2 combination bulk; note - a flag

of convenience registry

Airports:

total:

usable:

with permanent-surface runways:

with runways over 3,659 m:

with runways 2,440-3,659 m:

with runways 1,220-2,439 m:

Telecommunications:

35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1

Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access

international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV

*Cayman Islands, Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK

*Central African Republic, Geography

Location:

Central Africa, between Chad and Zaire

Map references:

Africa, Standard Time Zones of the World

Area:

total area:

622,980 km2

land area:

622,980 km2

comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

total 5,203 km, Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165

km, Zaire 1,577 km

Coastline:

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:

none; landlocked

International disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Terrain:

vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and

southwest

Natural resources:

diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil

Land use:

arable land:

permanent crops:

meadows and pastures:

forest and woodland:

64%

other:

28%

Irrigated land:

NA km2

Environment:

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has

diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification

Note:

landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa

*Central African Republic, People

Population:

3,073,979 (July 1993 est.)

Population growth rate:

2.23% (1993 est.)

Birth rate:

42.77 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate:

20.49 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Net migration rate:

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

138.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:

total population:

42.94 years

male:

41.46 years

female:

44.45 years (1993 est.)

Total fertility rate:

5.47 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Nationality:

noun:

Central African(s)

adjective:

Central African

Ethnic divisions:

Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%, Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%, Europeans

6,500 (including 3,600 French)

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%,

other 11%

note:

animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority

Languages:

French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic,

Hunsa, Swahili

Literacy:

age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

total population:

27%

male:

33%

female:

15%

Labor force:

775,413 (1986 est.)

by occupation:

agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3%

note:

about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985)

*Central African Republic, Government

Names:

conventional long form:

Central African Republic

conventional short form:

none

local long form:

Republique Centrafricaine

local short form:

none

former:

Central African Empire

Abbreviation:

CAR

Digraph:

Type:

republic; one-party presidential regime since 1986

Capital:

Bangui

Administrative divisions:

14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*, (prefectures

economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1

commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,, Haute-Sangha,

Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,

Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga, Independence:

13 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

21 November 1986

Legal system:

based on French law

National holiday:

National Day, 1 December (1958) (proclamation of the republic)

Political parties and leaders:

Central African Democratic Party (RDC), the government party, Laurent

GOMINA-PAMPALI; Council of Moderates Coalition includes; Union of the People

for Economic and Social Development (UPDS), Katossy SIMANI; Liberal

Republican Party (PARELI), Augustin M'BOE; Central African Socialist

Movement (MSCA), Michel BENGUE; Concerted Democratic Forces (CFD), a

coalition of 13 parties, including; Alliance for Democracy and Progress

(ADP), Francois PEHOUA; Central African Republican party (PRC), Ruth

ROLLAND; Social Democratic Party (PSD), Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE; Civic Forum

(FC), Gen. Timothee MALENDOMA; Liberal Democratic Party (PLD), Nestor

KOMBOT-NAGUEMON

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Elections:

President:

last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to

dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17

October 1993

National Assembly: last held 25 October 1992; widespread irregularities at some polls led to

dismissal of results by Supreme Court; elections are rescheduled for 17

October 1993

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

*Central African Republic, Government

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic

and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit

together this is known as the Congress (Congres)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Enoch DERANT-LAKOUE (since 2 March 1993)

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,

ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM,

OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation in US:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET

chancery:

1618 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:

(202) 483-7800 or 7801

US diplomatic representation:

chief of mission:

Ambassador Robert E. GRIBBIN

embassy:

Avenue David Dacko, Bangui

mailing address:

B. P. 924, Bangui

telephone:

[236] 61-02-00, 61-25-78, 61-43-33, 61-02-10

FAX:

[236] 61-44-94

Flag:

four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a

vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the

hoist side of the blue band

*Central African Republic, Economy

Overview:

Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR

economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In

1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural

products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry

for 30%. Important constraints to economic development include the CAR's

landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a weak human resource

base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance, particularly from

France, plays a major role in providing capital for new investment.

National product:

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion (1990 est.)

National product real growth rate:

-3% (1990 est.)

National product per capita:

$440 (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

-3% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

30% (1988 est.) in Bangui

Budget:

revenues $175 million; expenditures $312 million, including capital

expenditures of $122 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$138 million (1991 est.)

commodities:

diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco

partners:

France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US

Imports:

$205 million (1991 est.)

commodities:

food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor

vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products

partners:

France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria

External debt:

$859 million (1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 4% (1990 est.); accounts for 14% of GDP

Electricity:

40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of

bicycles and motorcycles

Agriculture:

accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for

grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops -

manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-90), $52 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-90), $1.6 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38

million

Currency:

1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 274.06 (January

1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85

(1988)

*Central African Republic, Economy

Fiscal year:

calendar year

*Central African Republic, Communications