Although he had resigned the office to which the king had appointed
him, Lafayette continued to hold his place in the Chamber of Deputies;
the office to which the people had elected him. Here he worked in
behalf of the oppressed of his own and other nations; the Irish, for
example, and the Poles, in whose struggles for liberty he was deeply
interested.
When the Chamber of Deputies was in session he lived in Paris.
Vacations were spent at La Grange, where he pursued the varied
interests of his many-sided life, particularly enjoying, in his
character of farmer, the triumph of his beasts and fruits in
neighborhood fairs. In the winter of 1834 he was as usual in Paris, and
on the 26th of January made the speech in behalf of Polish refugees
then in France which proved to be his last public address. A few days
later he attended the funeral of one of the Deputies, following the
coffin on foot all the long distance from the house to the cemetery,
as was the French custom, and standing on the damp ground through the
[Pg 290]delivery of the funeral discourses. The exposure and fatigue
were too much for even his hardy old body.
He was confined to his room for many weeks, but carried on a life as
normal as possible, having his children around him, receiving visits
of intimate friends, reading journals and new books, and dictating
letters. One of these was to Andrew Jackson about his fight with the
United States Senate. The inactivity of the sick-chamber was very
irksome to him, and by the 9th of May he was so far improved that
his physicians allowed him to go for a drive. Unfortunately a storm
came up, the weather turned suddenly cold, and he suffered a chill,
after which his condition became alarming. When it was known that
he was a very sick man, friends and political enemies--he had no
personal enemies--hastened to make inquiries and to offer condolences.
Occasionally George Lafayette was able to answer that his father
seemed better; but the improvement was not real. On the 20th of May he
appeared to wake and to search for something on his breast. His son put
into his hands the miniature of Adrienne that he always wore. He had
strength to raise it to his lips, then sank into unconsciousness from
which he passed into the sleep of death.
He was laid to rest in the cemetery of Picpus beside the wife who had
awaited him there for more than a quarter of a century; but his grave
was made in earth from an American battle-field that he had brought
home with him after his last visit. Fifteen natives of Poland bore the
coffin to the hearse. There were honorary pall-bearers representing the
[Pg 291]Chamber of Deputies, the National Guard, the Army, the United
States, Poland, and his own electoral district of Meaux. It was purely
a military funeral. His party friends hotly declared that it was not a
funeral at all, only a monster military parade. The government feared
that his burial might be made the occasion for political demonstrations
and ordered out such an immense number of troops that "the funeral car
passed almost unseen in the midst of a battalion whose bayonets ...
kept the people from rendering homage to their liberator." "He was
there lifeless, but not without honor," wrote an indignant friend.
"The French army surrounded him in his coffin as relentlessly as the
Austrian army had held him a prisoner at Olmütz." Even the cemetery
was guarded as if to withstand a siege. "Only the dead and his family
might enter.... One would say that the government looked upon the
mortal remains of this friend of liberty as a bit of prey which must
not be allowed to escape." The liberals resented this fancied attitude
of the government so bitterly that a cartoonist drew Louis Philippe
rubbing his hands together with satisfaction as the procession passed
and saying, gleefully, "Lafayette, you're caught, old man!" Only one
incident occurred to justify so many precautions. In the Place Vendome
a few score young men carrying a banner tried to break through the line
of soldiers, but were repulsed. Elsewhere people looked on in silence.
Lafayette's political friends complained that not one of the king's
[Pg 292]ministers was to be seen in the procession. The ministers
answered that politics were out of place at the funeral of such
a distinguished man; and that the government rendered its homage
regardless of party. While friends and foes wrangled thus over the
coffin, Nature did her beautiful consoling best. Chateaubriand,
standing in the silent crowd, saw the hearse stop a moment as it
reached the top of a hill, and as it stopped a fugitive ray of sunlight
came to rest upon it, then disappeared, gilding the guns and military
trappings as it passed.
In spite of all this recrimination Lafayette's death passed
comparatively unnoticed in France, for it occurred during a season of
political turmoil and he had retired several years before from active
affairs. Three thousand miles away the news produced far greater
effect. He was mourned in America with universal sorrow. All over the
country flags floated at half-mast. The House and Senate of the United
States passed resolutions which were sent to George Lafayette, while
the members wore crape upon their arms for thirty days and the Senate
Chamber and Hall of Representatives remained draped in black until the
end of the session. Our army and navy wore a tribute of crape upon
their sleeves also, and on a given day every city in the Union heard
the mourning salute of twenty-four guns, and after that at half-hour
intervals until sunset the booming of a single cannon. "Touching
honors," says a French writer, "rendered by a great people to the
memory of a stranger who had served them sixty years before."
* * * * *
[Pg 293]Lafayette lived to hold his great-grandchild in his arms, yet
the period of his life seems very short if measured by the changes
that came about while he walked the earth. It was a time when old
men dreamed dreams and young men saw visions, and during Lafayette's
seventy-six years some of the visions became realities, some of his
dreams he saw well on the way to fulfilment.
The French regard Lafayette's American career as only an episode in
his life; while Americans are apt to forget that he had a career in
France. He lived in three distinct periods of history, so different
that they might have been centuries apart. He saw medieval Europe; the
stormy period of change, and something very like the modern world we
know to-day. Peasants knelt in the dust before the nobles, after he
was a grown man; yet, in his old age, railroads and republicanism were
established facts. "To have made for oneself a rôle in one or another
of these periods suffices for a career," says his French biographer
Donoil; "very few have had a career in all."
Lafayette played an important part in all three. Not only that; it
was his strange good fortune to hold familiar converse with two of
the greatest figures in history--the two very greatest of his own
age--Washington and Napoleon. That he seems even measurably great in
such company shows his true stature. Washington was his friend, who
loved him like a son. Napoleon appears to have been one of the very few
men Lafayette could never quite bring himself to trust, though Napoleon
[Pg 294]rendered him an immense service and did everything in his great
power to win his support.
If, as certain French historians say, Lafayette and Napoleon were
dictators in turn, Lafayette's task was in a way the harder of the two;
for Napoleon's turn came after the fury had spent itself and men were
beginning to recover, sobered by their own excesses. It was in the
mounting delirium of their fever that Lafayette's middle course brought
upon him first distrust, then enmity from both sides.
If an Austrian prison had not kept him from destruction he must have
perished during the Revolution, for he was never swerved by fear of
personal danger. One of his eulogists asserts that he was "too noble
to be shrewd." Another says that he judged men by his own feelings and
was "misled by illusions honorable to himself." After his experience in
America he undoubtedly expected to play a great part in the uprising
in France, and, not realizing the strength of selfishness and passion,
helped to let loose forces too powerful to control. One of his critics
has asserted that he never made a wise or a correct decision; but
critics and eulogists alike agree that he was upright and brave. They
are justified in saying he was vain. His vanity took the form of
believing himself right.
He was not self-seeking, and the lack of that quality caused him to
be regarded with puzzled surprise by men who could not understand his
willingness to step aside in favor of some one else, when he thought
the cause demanded it. "It seemed so foolish," said Madame de Staël
[Pg 295]in her sympathetic portrait, "to prefer one's country to
oneself... to look upon the human race, not as cards to be played for
one's own profit, but as an object of sacred devotion." Chateaubriand
said that forty years had to pass after Lafayette's death before people
were really convinced that he had been an idealist and not a fool. The
fact was brought home to them, little by little, as records scattered
to the four winds during the Revolution gradually saw the light of
print; here a public document, there a private letter, there again a
bit of personal reminiscence. Fitting together like a puzzle, they
showed at last how one single idea had inspired all Lafayette's acts,
even when they seemed most erratic. "Fortunately for him," says one
of his French biographers, "it was the idea of the century--political
liberty."
In his lifetime he arranged his papers for publication and dictated
occasional bits of comment; but these were only fragmentary, as many of
his papers were lost. Besides, it was a task for which he had no great
zest. He said it seemed ungracious to accuse men of persecuting him who
afterward died for the very principles he upheld. He was sure history
would accord to each his just deserts. Madame de Staël said that his
belief in the final triumph of liberty was as strong as the belief of a
pious man in a future life. He said himself that liberty was to him a
love, a religion, a "geometric certainty."
To his last day he pursued this ideal of his wherever it led him. His
failure to learn worldly wisdom irritated many. It was incongruous,
like the contrast between his polished old-time manners and the rash
[Pg 296]utterances that fell from his lips. It must be confessed that
in his latter years he was not always clear-sighted as to the means he
employed. Once he descended to methods better suited to Italy in the
Middle Ages than to political reformers in 1822. There were times, too,
when he seemed bent on self-destruction. Those near him were convinced
that he would like to lose his life provided he could thereby add to
the luster of his reputation. "I have lived long," was his answer to
intimate friends who gave him counsels of prudence. "It seems to me
that it would be quite fitting to end my career upon the scaffold, a
sacrifice to liberty."
Napoleon's estimate of him was short and severe. "Lafayette was another
of the fools; he was not cut out for the great rôle he wanted to play."
When some one ventured to remind the ex-emperor of Lafayette's spirited
refusal to give him up on the demand of the allied powers, Napoleon
answered dryly that he was not attacking Lafayette's sentiments or
his good intentions, but was merely complaining of the mess he made
of things. Lafayette's estimate of the former emperor was even more
severe. He thought Napoleon's really glorious title had been "Soldier
of the Revolution" and that the crown was for him "a degradation."
American history would have been the loser if either of these men
had not lived. Lafayette helped win us our country. By selling us
Louisiana, Napoleon almost doubled its extent. Napoleon's heart rarely
led him into trouble; personal ambition seldom led Lafayette far
[Pg 297]astray. The two can be contrasted, but not compared. There is
food for thought in the fact that a statue of Lafayette, modeled by an
American sculptor and given by five million American schoolchildren to
France, should have been erected in the Louvre on the spot once set
apart for a statue of the French emperor.
Madame de Staël thought Lafayette more like the English and Americans
than like the French, even in his personal appearance. Another French
estimate, that he had "a cold manner, masking concentrated enthusiasm,"
is quite in keeping with American character, as was his incorrigible
dash of optimism. It was to America, a country of wide spaces and few
inhabitants, that he followed his vision of liberty in early manhood,
and there where the play and interplay of selfish interests was far
less complicated than in France he saw it become a practical reality.
Later he championed many noble causes in many parts of the world. Next
to political freedom and as a necessary part of it, he had at heart
the emancipation of the negroes. This he tried himself to put into
practice. He was shocked when he returned to our country in 1824 to
find how much race prejudice had increased. He remembered that black
soldiers and white messed together during the American Revolution.
Religious liberty for Protestants, civil rights for Jews and
Protestants; suppression of the infamous _lettres de cachet_; trial
by jury; a revision of French criminal law to allow the accused
the privilege of counsel, of confronting witnesses, and of free
[Pg 298]communication with his family--benefits, by the way, which were
all enjoyed by the accused in the state trials which took place while
Lafayette was in power; abolition of the death penalty and freedom of
the press were some of the measures most ardently championed by this
believer in liberty and law.
He remained a man of visions to the end. After his death one of the
men who wrote in praise of him said that if he had lived during the
Middle Ages he would have been the founder of a great religious order,
one which had a profound moral truth as its guiding principle. Another
compared him to a Knight of the Round Table fighting for the lady of
his adoration, whose name was Liberty. Possibly no knight-errant,
ancient or modern, can seem altogether sane, much less prudent, to the
average unimaginative dweller in this workaday world. Yet what would
the workaday world be without its knights-errant of the past; the good
their knight-errantry has already accomplished; the courage it inspires
for to-day; the promise it gives us for the future?
If we dwell on the few times that Lafayette did not choose wisely, the
times when the warm impulses of his heart would have carried farther
had his head taken a more masterful part in directing his acts, we are
tempted to echo the criticism made upon the unfortunate Louis XVI,
"What a pity his talents did not equal his virtues!" But when we think
of the generous, optimistic spirit of Lafayette, and how that spirit
remained unchanged through good fortune and ill from boyhood to old
age; of his fearless devotion to right as he saw the right; of his
[Pg 299]charm, and of the great debt our country owes him, his mistakes
fade away altogether and we see only a very gallant, inspiring figure
uniting the Old World with the New.
There can be no better eulogy for this brave gentleman, beloved of
Washington, than the few words he wrote in all simplicity after he had
been called upon to make his great decision between Louis Philippe and
himself:
"I did as my conscience dictated. If I was mistaken, the mistake was
made in good faith."
[Pg 300]
[Pg 301]INDEX
A
Adams, Charles Francis, 271, 272.
Adams, John, 87, 270, 271.
Adams, John Quincy, 260, 270, 271-274, 283.
Adams, Mrs. John Quincy, 274.
Aiguillon, Duc d', 198.
André, Major John, 140-143, 265.
Arbuthnot, Adm. Marriot, 133.
Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 84, 139-143, 146, 147, 149, 151-154, 266.
Arnold, Mrs. Benedict, 140-143.
Ayen, Marshal de Noailles, Duc d', 15-17, 29, 44-46, 49, 50, 55,
91, 124.
Ayen, Duchesse d', 15-18, 21, 29, 45, 46, 80, 237, 239, 243, 244, 254.
B
Bailly, Jean Sylvain, 193, 196, 207, 211, 216, 279.
Bedaulx, Captain de, 55.
Béranger, Pierre Jean de, 276, 277.
Big Warrior, 265.
Bollman, Dr. Justis Eric, 229-235.
Bonaparte, Joseph, 265.
Bonaparte, Lucien, 255, 281.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 108, 246, 251, 252, 255, 256, 258, 259,
265, 280-282, 293, 294, 296.
Bourbon, Duc de, 222.
Braddock, Gen. Edward, 70.
Broglie, Comte de, 32, 35, 41, 48, 68.
Brown, Gen. Jacob, 266.
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 22.
Buisson, Chevalier du, 62, 64, 65, 68.
Burgoyne, Gen. John, 74, 77, 83, 84, 91, 101, 108.
Byron, Adm. John, 114.
C
Cadwallader, Gen. John, 109.
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, 187, 188.
Carmichael, William, 39, 42, 43, 55.
Catherine II of Russia, 185.
Charles, Prince of Lorraine, 222.
Charles VII of France, 3.
Charles X of France (Comte d'Artois), 188, 197, 225, 276, 283-285.
Chasteler, Marquis de, 245, 246.
Chateaubriand, François, 287, 292, 295.
Clarence, Duke of, 2.
Clay, Henry, 260, 263, 264.
Clinton, Gen. Sir Henry, 44, 91, 104-107, 109, 114, 133-135, 153, 156, 160-162.
Cloquet, Dr. Jules Germain, 278.
Cochran, Surgeon-General John, 79, 120, 121.
Conway Cabal, 84, 85, 91-99, 103, 111.
Conway, Gen. Thomas, 85, 92, 95-97, 99, 103.
Corday, Charlotte, 265.
Cornwallis, Gen. Charles:
Operations against Philadelphia, 78, 79, 85, 86.
Capture of Charleston, 133.
Virginia campaign, 149, 153-165, 271.
Surrender, 127, 165-168, 171, 216.
Guest of Frederick the Great, 181.
Intercedes for Lafayette, 227.
Coudray, Philip C. J. B. T. de, 66.
Crawford, William Harris, 260.
D
Danton, Georges Jacques, 206.
Davis, Capt. John, 158.
Deane, Silas, 36, 37, 43, 55, 66-69, 87, 89, 114.
Desmoulins, Camille Benoit, 197.
Donoil, Henri, 293.
Doria, Andrea, 2.
E
Estaing, Adm. Charles Hector, Comte d', 113-119, 134, 172.
F
Fénelon, Francois de Salignac, 10, 11.
Feyon, Abbé, 8, 14, 81.
Fitzpatrick, Mr., 89, 90, 227.
Fox, Charles James, 227.
Francis I of France, 2.
Franklin, Benjamin, 39, 40, 42, 43, 67, 70, 89, 101, 129, 171, 172, 176.
Frederick the Great, 12, 100, 173, 180, 181, 183, 229.
Frederick William II of Prussia, 181, 224, 226, 228, 229, 239, 245, 249.
Frestal, M. de, 237, 238.
G
Gage, Gen. Thomas, 73.
Gates, Gen. Horatio, 84, 85, 92, 95, 98, 111.
George III of England, 32, 44, 47, 80, 81, 99, 127, 143, 160, 259.
Germain, Lord George, 44.
Gimat, Major de, 79, 163, 165.
Gloucester, William Henry, Duke of, 32, 33.
Grasse, Adm. Francois J. P., Comte de, 161-163, 168, 169.
Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 78, 85, 86, 108, 109, 116, 117, 146, 149,
153, 155, 168, 169, 265.
Guichen, Adm. Comte de, 138.
H
Hamilton, Alexander, 155, 156, 165.
Harrison, Benjamin, 75.
Harrison, William Henry, 270, 271.
Hénin, Princesse d', 225-227.
Henri IV of France, 31, 212.
Howe, Adm. Richard, 106, 117.
Howe, Gen. William, Viscount, 47, 73-77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 89, 91, 94, 104-106.
Huger, Maj. Benjamin, 59, 60, 62, 229.
Huger, Francis Kinloch, 59, 229-235, 265.
J
Jackson, Andrew, 260, 271, 290.
Jefferson, Thomas, 92, 147, 156, 201, 202, 270, 271.
Joan of Arc, 3.
Jones, John Paul, 125, 126.
K
Kalb, Johan, Baron de:
Accompanies Lafayette to America, 35, 36, 41, 44, 48-51, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63.
Treatment by Congress, 65, 68-70.
Interest in Lafayette's wound, 80.
With Lafayette at Albany, 96, 99.
Monument, 264.
Knox, Gen. Henry, 137, 140.
Kosciuszko, Gen. Tadensz, 84.
L
Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert-Dumotier, Marquis de:
Birth, 3, 4.
Boyhood, 5-12.
Marriage, 14-18.
Life at Court, 19, 27-31.
With his regiment, 20, 32-35.
Smallpox, 21.
Resolves to go to America, 34.
Efforts to leave France, 35-47.
Departure and voyage, 48-56.
Lands: goes to Philadelphia, 57-63.
Reception by Congress, 64-69.
Enters American Army, 70-72, 74, 75.
Battle of the Brandywine, 77-80.
At Bethlehem: rejoins army, 80-83.
Intrigues against, 84, 85, 91-98.
Skirmish near Gloucester, 85-87.
Conduct, in army, 88, 89, 94.
Attends Indian council, 98, 99.
Returns to Valley Forge, 99, 102.
At Barren Hill, 104-107.
Votes to attack Clinton, 109.
Battle of Monmouth Court House, 109-111.
Liaison officer, 113-116, 118.
Joint command with General Greene, 116-117.
Challenges Earl of Carlisle, 119.
Granted leave of absence, 119.
Illness and homeward voyage, 120-123.
Winter in France, 124-128.
Rejoins Washington, 130.
Again liaison officer, 134-138.
West Point, and André, 139-143.
French officers' attitude toward, 144, 145.
First campaign in Virginia, 146-148.
Second campaign in Virginia, 150-165.
At Yorktown, 165-169.
Popularity in France, 169-172, 175, 176, 196, 200, 212, 283.
In Spain, 172-174.
Plan to free slaves, 174.
Improvements at Chavaniac, 174, 175.
Paris home, 175, 176, 178.
Interest in Mesmer, 176, 177.
Visit to America, 1784, 177, 178.
Sends gifts to Washington, 179, 196.
Visits Frederick the Great, 180-182.
Champion of reforms, 182-183, 185, 187-190, 297.
Member Assembly of Notables, 185-190.
Vice-President National Assembly, 195.
Commands Paris National Guard, 196-215, 284, 285, 298.
Invents the Tricolor, 197.
Neither Republican nor Royalist, 201, 202, 213.
Blamed for attack on Versailles, 203, 205.
At fête of Federation, 209-212.
Slanders and attacks upon, 213.
Arrests king and queen, 214.
Defeated for mayor of Paris, 216.
Commands army of defense, 216-220.
Last effort to save Louis XVI, 218, 219.
Flight and arrest, 219-221.
Imprisonment, 222-247.
Attempted escape, 229-233.
Exile, 248-253.
Returns to Paris, 253.
Life at La Grange, 254, 278, 279, 289.
Death of his wife, 257, 279, 280.
Relations with Napoleon, 251, 255, 256, 280-282.
Member, Chamber of Deputies, 256, 259, 283, 284, 286, 289.
Revisits America, 259-275.
Lays corner-stone at Bunker Hill, 267-269.
Welcome in France, 276, 277.
Relations with Louis XVIII, 280-282.
Relations with Charles X, 283-285.
Relations with Louis Philippe, 285-288.
Illness and death, 289-290.
Character, 10, 29, 30, 82, 86, 87, 92, 119, 125, 126, 136,
145, 159, 200, 254, 255, 282, 283, 294-296, 298, 299.
Correspondence with:
Bollman, 230.
Mlle. de Chavaniac, 14.
Congress, 66, 173.
d'Estaing, 114, 115.
Fitzpatrick, 248.
French Minister, 139-143.
Governor of Martinique, 82.
Hamilton, 155, 156.
Mme. d'Hénin, 225, 226.
Huger, 248.
Jefferson, 281.
Louis XVI, 124.
Maubourg, 257.
Napoleon, 251, 252.
Nelson, 155.
Relatives, 137, 174.
Vergennes, 145.
Washington, 85, 86, 96, 97, 116, 117, 127, 135, 146, 150, 152,
153, 160, 161, 170, 173, 174, 176, 177, 181, 182, 189.
His wife, 53-55, 59-63, 76, 80, 81, 88-90, 93, 102, 129, 133,
137, 143, 144, 223, 237, 258.
Opinion of Washington, 71, 91.
Opinion of the American Revolution, 108.
Family of:
Ancestors, 2-4, 33.
Aunts, 4, 5, 7, 174, 238, 256, 257.
Children:
Anastasie, 92, 125, 129, 170, 175, 176, 178, 236, 238-244, 247, 248.
George Washington, 129, 130, 170, 173, 175, 236, 238, 239, 249-251,
256, 259, 263, 265, 271, 274, 280, 284, 290, 292.
Henriette, 29, 102.
Virginia, 175, 176, 178, 236, 238-244, 247, 257, 267.
Cousin, 277.
Father, 3, 4, 33, 35.
Granchildren, 258, 293.
Mother, 3-9, 12.
Uncles, 9, 14, 35.
Wife:
Marie Adrienne Françoise de Noailles.
Marriage, 15-18.
Before the French Revolution, 19, 29, 45, 46, 102, 129, 169, 170, 174-176, 178.
Experiences during the Terror, 237, 238.
At Olmütz, 236, 240-245.
Release and exile, 247, 248.
Visits Napoleon, 253, 254.
Inherits La Grange, 254.
Death, 257.
Influence over her husband, 279, 280.
Mentioned, 32, 53, 59-63, 67, 80, 81, 88, 93, 102, 103, 129, 133, 143,
144, 169, 178, 215, 223, 258, 290.
Lally Tollendal, Trophime Gerard, Marquis de, 227, 228.
Lameth, Alexandre, 223, 230.
Lasteyrie, Louis du Saillant, Marquis de, 257.
Laurens, Henry, 79, 80, 138.
Laurens, Col. John, 138, 145, 161, 165.
Ledyard, John, 172.
Lee, Arthur, 39, 42, 43.
Lee, Gen. Charles, 85, 108-111.
Lee, Gen. "Lighthorse Harry," 167.
Leszczynska, Marie, 9.
Levasseur, Col. A., 260, 271-273, 275.
Lincoln, Gen. Benjamin, 166.
Louis XIV of France, 13, 183.
Louis XV of France, 5, 6, 9, 12, 13, 19-22, 25, 30, 183.
Louis XVI of France:
Lacks confidence, 21, 30, 194.
Orders Lafayette's arrest, 47.
Receives American commissioners, 101.
Letter to, from Congress, 119.
Interviews with Lafayette, 124, 128, 177, 214.
Makes Lafayette marshal of France, 171.
Talk with Richelieu, 183.
Convenes Assembly of Notables, 185.
Opens States General, 191.
Contests with National Assembly, 193-196.
Cheered and attacked, 197, 203-205.
Attempt to escape, 213, 214.
Signs Constitution, 215.
Last weeks of reign, 217-219.
Death of, 236.
Mentioned, 32, 34, 36, 39, 52, 188, 189, 198, 201-206, 216,
224, 228, 280-281.
Louis XVIII of France, 30, 276, 280-282.
Louis Philippe (Philippe Égalité), 285-288, 291.
Lovell, James, 64-67.
Luckner, General, 217.
M
Madison, James, 270.
Magaw, William, 267.
Marat, Achille, 265.
Marat, Jean Paul, 206, 207, 213.
Marie Antoinette:
Character, 21, 192, 202, 278.
Court of, 29, 30, 101, 169, 170, 191.
Admires Franklin, 42.
Opposes visit of Louis to Paris, 197.
Attacked at Versailles, 203-205.
At fête of Federation, 211.
Name coupled with Lafayette's, 213.
Refuses Lafayette's help, 219.
Arrest of, 219.
Marmontel, Jean Frangois, 178.
Martin, Dubois, 41, 265.
Maubourg, Charles Latour, 248.
Maubourg, Latour, 223, 224, 230, 235, 242, 245, 247, 251, 252, 257.
Maurepas, Jean F. P., Comte de, 30, 31, 50, 82, 125.
Mauroy, Vicomte de, 51, 52, 65.
Mesmer, Friedrich Anton, 176, 177.
Mirabeau, Gabriel Honors Riquetti, Comte du, 194, 195, 202, 213, 219, 254.
Monroe, James, 238, 259, 270, 271.
Morgan, Gen. Daniel, 84.
Morris, Gouverneur, 64, 201, 213, 218, 227, 237, 248.
Morrolet, Abbé, 178.
N
Necker, Jacques, 186, 187, 227.
Noailles, Louis de, 15-17, 29, 237, 239, 257.
Noailles, Madame de, 237, 239, 257.
Noailles, Marquis de, ambassador to England, 43, 47.
Noailles, Vicomte de, 17, 29, 39, 40, 45, 136, 145, 195, 198.
O
O'Hara, Gen. James, 166.
Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duc d', 203, 205.
P
Pétion, Jerôme, 216.
Phillips, Gen. William, 149-154.
Pierce, Franklin, 271.
Polignac, Prince de, 284.
Pontonnier, Félix, 235, 244, 247, 254.
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 81, 265.
Pusy, Bureaux de, 223, 230, 235, 242-244, 247, 251, 252.
R
Rawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings, 44, 149.
Raynal, Abbé, 81.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 3.
Richelieu, Maréchal Louis F. A. du Plessis, Duc de, 170, 183, 184.
Rivière, Comte de la, 9, 14.
Robespierre, Maximilian, M. I., 218, 238.
Rochambeau, Col. Donatien M. J. de V., Vicomte de, 137, 161.
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste D. de V., Comte de, 133-137, 141, 161, 162, 166, 167, 216.
Romeuf, Louis, 223, 247.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 11.
S
Saint-Germain, Claude Louis, Comte de, 101.
Saint-Simon, Gen. Claude Henri, Comte de, 163.
Schuyler, Gen. Philip, 84, 97, 98, 108.
Scott, Gen. Winfield, 266.
Ségur, Louis Philippe, Comte de, 27, 30, 32, 39, 40, 45, 162, 171, 288.
Ségur, Philippe Henri, Marquis de, 171, 246.
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley Butler, 227.
Simcoe, Col. John G., 153.
Staël, Madame de, 227, 294, 297.
Sterling, Lord, 79.
Steuben, Gen. Friedrich W. A. H. F., Baron von, 100, 101, 146, 152, 154, 157.
Stormont, Lord, 36.
Sullivan, Gen. John, 79, 115, 118, 119.
Sumner, Charles, 279.
T
Tarleton, Gen. Sir Banastre, 156, 227.
Taylor, Zachary, 264, 271.
Temay, Admiral, 133, 134, 141.
Tessé, Madame de, 241, 248, 249.
Thiébault, General, 211.
Tilghman, Col. Tench, 167, 168.
Tourgot, Austrian Prime Minister, 245-247.
V
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, 52, 127, 128, 145, 171.
Viomenil, Baron Charles J. H. du H., 165.
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 22, 25.
W
Washington, George:
Friendship for Lafayette, 71, 75, 91, 97, 119-121, 146, 176-179.
His military skill, 72-74.
Battle of the Brandywine, 78, 79.
Sends his surgeon to Lafayette, 79.
Battle of Germantown, 82.
Conway Cabal, 84, 85, 91, 92, 94-96.
Recommends Lafayette to Congress, 87.
Orders cheers for King of France, 102.
At Monmouth, 109-112.
Intercourse with French allies, 114, 118, 135-138, 144.
Meeting with Lafayette, 130.
Threatens New York, 134.
Visits West Point, 139-143.
Letters to Lafayette, 146, 161, 251.
Orders Lafayette back to Virginia, 149, 150.
Takes his own army to Virginia, 161-164.
Siege and surrender of Yorktown, 164-167.
Visits French admiral, 168.
Kindness to George Lafayette, 249-250.
Mentioned: 33, 35, 42, 86, 100, 105, 114, 125, 127, 135, 137, 149,
160, 163-167, 170, 176-178, 181, 182, 200, 201, 227, 249-251, 264,
274, 279, 293.
Washington, Martha, 177, 178.
Washington, Mary, 148.
Wayne, Gen. Anthony, 109, 131, 150, 154-156, 159, 162-164.
Webster, Daniel, 268.
Wilberforce, William, 227.
Woodford, Gen. William, 83.
Y
York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of 181.