BARCELONA, MAY 1535; THE GATHERING OF THE CHRISTIAN HOSTS
Some idea of the terror inspired by the actions of the Sea-wolves at
this date is contained in the following extract from “The Golden Age of
the Renaissance,” by Lanciani:
“The Bastione del Belvedere, which towers in frowning
greatness at the north-east end of the Vatican Garden and
commands the approach to the Borgo from the upper-end
valley of the Tiber, was begun by Antonio de Sangullo
the younger, and finished by Michel Angelo after the
death of Antonio, which took place on September 30th,
1546. This great piece of military engineering must not
be considered by itself, but as a part of a great scheme
of defence conceived by Paul III, to protect the city
against a hostile invasion from the sea. The Pope could
not forget that, in August 1534, the fleet of infidels
commanded by Barbarossa had cast anchor at the mouth of
the Tiber to renew its supply of water, and that if its
leader had thought fit they could have stormed, sacked,
and plundered the city, and carried off the Pope himself
into slavery without any possibility of defence on the
Christian side. This point has not been taken into due
consideration by modern writers; the fortifications of
Rome, designed or begun or finished at the time of
Paul III., have nothing to do with the sack of 1527, with
the Connétable de Bourbon, or with the Emperor Charles V.
All the bastions, that of the Belvedere excepted, point
towards the sea-coast, which was perpetually harried and
terrified by Turkish or Barbary pirates. These would
appear with lightning-like rapidity in more than one
place at a time, and carry off as many unfortunate men,
women, and children as they could collect.... To prevent
the recurrence of such disasters the sea-coast was lined
with watch-towers, the guns of which could warn the
peasants of the approach of suspicious vessels.”
That Paul III. had good warrant for the precautions which he designed
to take is not only instanced by the fact of Barbarossa anchoring in
the mouth of the Tiber on the occasion of the raid with which we are
at present concerned, but from what had occurred to his predecessor on
the Papal throne in 1516. Pope Leo, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent,
was accustomed to leave Rome in the autumn for hunting, and fishing in
the sea, of which latter pastime he was particularly fond. One of his
favourite resorts was the castle of Magliana, five miles from Rome,
on the banks of the Tiber. On September 18th, 1516, he left Rome and
proceeded to Civita Lavinia, on the Laurentian coast. Here he was
waited for by the corsair Curtogali, who, with fifteen ships off the
coast and an ambush on shore, was ready to carry him off. Curtogali is
supposed to have derived his information as to the movements of the
Pope from some traitor about the Papal Court who desired the downfall
of “the fatal House of Medici.”
Some one, however, warned the Pope, who fled, accompanied by his
retinue, at a headlong gallop to Rome, never drawing bridle until he
reached the safe seclusion of the Vatican.
We must now return, however, to that eagle who fluttered so sorely the
dovecotes, both Christian and Moslem, and whose loudly proclaimed faith
in the Prophet never permitted his religion to stand inconveniently
in the way of his material advancement in the world. The soldiers
and sailors of the corsair entered Bizerta shouting for Soliman and
Barbarossa. There was no mention of Raschid, that Prince of the Hafsit
dynasty, whom Kheyr-ed-Din had declared to the townspeople he had
come to restore to the throne of his ancestors. Too late the town
sprang to arms, under a chief named Abdahar, and in the first instance
accomplished a considerable success. Barbarossa’s men were unprepared,
and a number of them were slain. Driven into a bastion of the walls,
a party of the corsairs were desperately defending themselves, when
one Baetio, a Spanish renegado, discovered that a cannon behind them
pointing seawards was loaded. He succeeded, with the assistance of
others, in slewing it round and discharged it at close quarters into
the packed masses of the enemy. This caused a frightful demoralisation
to set in; the corsairs rallied and soon swept all before them. The
massacre turned from the one side to the other, and it is said that no
less than three thousand of the unfortunate townspeople were slain.
Barbarossa only called off his men when they were wearied out by the
slaughter.
Kheyr-ed-Din now graciously accepted the submission of the
townsfolk; that is to say, such of them as were left, and took charge
of the entire kingdom as governor for the Sultan of Turkey. He sent
out ambassadors to the neighbouring Arab and Berber chieftains of
the hinterland, repaired fortifications, appointed magistrates—all
ostensibly in the name of that phantom prince whom the Tunisians were
destined never to see, and who never returned to his native country.
King of Algiers, _de facto_ King of Tunis, Admiralissimo to Soliman the
Magnificent, his name a portent in Christendom, his fame reaching from
Spartel to Tunis, and from the shores of France to the foothills of the
Atlas, Kheyr-ed-Din Barbarossa was at the height of his power. Never
before had a corsair risen to such eminence, never again was there
destined to be so magnificent a sea-robber. Thus it was that the year
1535 opened gloomily for all those Powers whose coasts were washed by
the tideless sea. Italy, torn and bleeding, her strong men slain, her
fairest matrons and maids carried off into the most odious captivity,
was lamenting the terrible fate to which she had been exposed by the
raids of the pirate admiral. In Catalonia, in Genoa, in Venice, along
what is now known as the Riviera, men trembled and women wept; for who
could say that it might not be upon them that the next thunderbolt
might fall? In Venice taxation was raised to the breaking strain
to provide galleys wherewith to combat the foe, while the Genoese
fortified their coasts and poured out money like water upon arms,
armaments, and ammunition. Says Sandoval:
“Desde el Estrecho de Meçina hasta el de Gibraltar ninguno de la parte
de Europa pudiera tomer comida ni sueño seguro de lo que viviera en las
riberas del mar.” (From the Straits of Messina to those of Gibraltar
none living in Europe on the shores of the sea were able to eat in
peace or to sleep with any sense of security.)
The Emperor Charles V. was roused to action, stung by the intolerable
humiliation of the position into which he had been placed by a mere
corsair.
King of Sicily, Naples, and Spain, as well as Emperor of Germany, in
any direction he might turn he would find a trail of blood and fire
over the fair face of his dominions in the Mediterranean. Although it
might gall his pride to admit that his enemy was formidable, Charles
was too wise a man, too experienced a warrior to underrate his foe.
He repaired the fortifications of Naples and Sicily at great cost:
he wrote letters to the Pope, to Andrea Doria, to the Viceroys of
Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, to the Marquis de Vasto, and Antonio de
Leyva to collect all the arms and munitions necessary for the attack
on Barbarossa. He sent orders to Don Luis Hurtado de Mendoza, Marquis
de Mondejar, Captain-General of the Kingdom of Granada, to collect
money and to have men ready in the ports of Andalusia. He gave orders
for eight thousand German soldiers to hold themselves in readiness;
these were to be joined by the veterans of Coron and Naples, which
body counted four thousand more; in Italy he also raised another eight
thousand men. All this was done under the seal of secrecy, which the
Emperor most peremptorily ordered was to be observed.
But news travelled in the first half of the sixteenth century, although
newspapers, war correspondents, and telegraphs were not; when all
the feudatories of the greatest king in Christendom were busy it was
impossible for the matter to remain hidden. Even had it been within
the range of possibility to conceal what was going on there was one
circumstance which would have rendered all effort to this end nugatory.
Charles had invited Francis of France to join in this holy war against
the scourge of Christendom: not only did Francis refuse to join, but
he had the incredible baseness to betray the scheme to Barbarossa.
It would be pleasanter to think that some mistake had been made in
this matter, but unfortunately it is beyond dispute, as the facts
have been placed on record by Sandoval, whose history, it must be
remembered, was published in 1614. In this matter he is quite precise,
as he states that a “Clerigo Francese,” one Monsieur de Floreta, was
sent with despatches from Francis to Barbarossa at Tunis, and that
this treacherous envoy from Christendom gave the corsair king all the
available information that he had been able to collect before starting.
This was typical of that “Golden Age of the Renaissance” in which it
took place; when real devotion to all arts, sciences, and amenities of
a higher civilisation went hand in hand with crime of the vilest and
treachery of the basest description. Well might Barbarossa, and such as
he, laugh to scorn the pretension that his Christian enemies were
one whit better than were they, when they could point to the fact that,
to serve a private revenge, a great Christian king could betray his
co-religionists to their Moslem foes. Shamelessly did the Sea-wolves
seek their prey wherever it was to be found; their methods were
villanous and seemingly without excuse, but, after all, there was some
colour, some shadow of right in what they did, for their argument was
that they were merely getting back from Christendom that which had been
reft from them in the near past in the kingdoms of Còrdova and Granada.
But who shall find excuse for the Christian kings, governors, and
princes at this epoch? They sought their prey no less ravenously than
did the pirates, and with just about the same amount of justification:
witness the sacking of Rome by Charles V. in 1527, and the unexampled
act of treachery just recorded of Francis of France.
Kheyr-ed-Din had lived all his turbulent life among wars and rumours
of wars: the head of the tiller, the hilt of the scimitar, the butt of
the arquebus, had been in his hand since early youth; bloodshed and
strife were the atmosphere in which he lived and breathed. Desperate
adventures by land and sea had been his ever since he could remember;
there was no hazard that he had not run, no peril which he had not
dared. But now even he, the veteran of far more than one hundred
fights, was grave and preoccupied when he considered the greatness,
the imminence of his peril. The “Clerigo Francese” had put him in
possession of the fact that Carlos Quinto was exerting all his strength
for the combat which was to come; and Barbarossa was far too old
a fighter, far too wise a warrior, to underrate by one soldier or by
one galley the forces that the Emperor could put into line against
him; from far and near his foes were gathering for his destruction,
and he did not deceive himself in the least as to what the fate of his
followers and himself would be should the Christian hosts be victorious.
But, nevertheless, such an emergency as this found the man at his
best: ready to take fortune at the flood when she smiled upon him,
he was perhaps at his very greatest in adversity; and when all
around him trembled and paid one of their infrequent visits to the
Mosque to implore the aid of the Prophet, the veteran corsair was
coolly reviewing the situation, seeking a way to weather the tempest
before which lesser men shrank appalled, declaring that the end had
come. The storm was coming in a squall of such violence as even he
had never before experienced, but, thanks to his friend the King of
France, he had been forewarned. He sent at once to his master, Soliman
the Magnificent, at Constantinople, to impart to him the direful
intelligence; then the bagnios were thrown open, and, under pitiless
lash and scourge, the Christian captives toiled from dawn till dark
to repair the fortifications of Tunis. Silent and unapproachable,
conferring with none, the grim old Sea-wolf sat in his palace
overlooking the bay and considered the question of whether he should
give battle by land or sea when the time came. If it were possible,
he came to the conclusion that it should be the latter; he had been
evicted from his kingdom on land once before, but he knew that in
the open ocean few cared to face Barbarossa, and he might fall on Doria
first and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem second if matters
turned out favourably for him. In any case, he must summon all the aid
that was possible.
East and west flew the galleys of Kheyr-ed-Din, scudding before the
wind if that were favourable, or churning the surface of the sea with
straining, strenuous oars should the wind be foul or a calm prevail.
It was an appeal for aid to the Moslem corsairs from Algiers, from
Tlemcen, from Oran, from Los Gelues (or Jerbah), and from all the
countless islands of the Archipelago, where they lurked to seize
their prey—Tunis, which flew the Crescent flag of the Prophet, was in
danger—let them rally against the grandson of the man who expelled the
Moors from Spain.
Grim and sinister, the corsairs came flocking to the standard of
Barbarossa. Well they knew that, should he fall, it was but a matter
of time for them all to be chased from off the face of the waters. Of
cohesion there was but little among them, and, in spite of the bond
of a common religion and a common hatred of the Christian, they were
swayed far more by a lust for plunder than by such considerations as
these. In times of imminent danger, however, men naturally crave for
a leader, and in piratical circles all was now subordinated to the
instinct of self-preservation.
Meanwhile, in Christendom their great enemy was maturing his plans.
To the Marquis de Cañete, Viceroy and Captain-General of the Kingdom
of Navarre, Charles wrote, confiding to his care the charge of
the Empress, with instructions that her orders were to be implicitly
obeyed during his absence. Having done this he journeyed to Barcelona,
at which city he arrived on April 8th, 1535. Here he was immediately
joined by the armada of Portugal—twenty caravelas raised, armed, and
paid for by the King, Don Juan of Portugal. This fleet was commanded by
the Infante Don Luis, brother to the Empress, and carried on board the
vessels of which it was composed a whole host of nobles and gentlemen
of quality, who had come to fight under the approving eyes of the Cæsar
of the modern world.
On May 1st came Andrea Doria with twenty-two galleys, and those already
in the harbour crowded the sides of their vessels to watch the arrival
of the famous Genoese seaman.
Four abreast in stately procession the great galleys swept into
the harbour. With that love of “spectacle” so inherent in the
southern nature, everything was done to ensure the military pomp and
circumstance of the coming of the first sea-commander of the Emperor.
At first with furious haste, and then slowing down to make the approach
more stately, the fleet of Andrea moved on. From mast and yard and
jackstaff of the galleys of the admiral floated twenty-four great
banners of silk and gold embroidered with the arms of the Emperor,
with those of Spain, of Genoa, and of the Dorias, Princes of Oneglia.
The principal standard bore upon it a crucifix, broidered at the sides
with pictures of Saint John and the Virgin Mary; another represented
the Virgin with her Son in her arms. With the sound of trumpets,
clarions, chirimias, and atambours the fleet moved to within a short
distance of the Portuguese and saluted them; then, as the thunder of
the guns ceased and the light wind blew away the smoke, they circled
round and stopped abreast of the royal vessel on which Charles had
embarked. Once again the guns barked a royal salute, while knights and
nobles, seamen and soldiers hailed their Emperor with frenzied shouts
of “Imperio! Imperio!”
Then Andrea Doria stepped into his boat and was rowed across the
shining water to visit the Emperor, who received him, we are told,
“with great honour and many tokens of love.”
On May 12th arrived Don Alvaro de Bazan, General of the Galleys of
Spain. This magnificent caballero made an entrance in much the same
state and circumstance as did Doria, and during the remainder of the
stay of the armada in Barcelona there was much banqueting and feasting
and drinking of healths to the Emperor and confusion to the Moslem foe.
It was once again as it had been in those days in which Ferdinand and
Isabella had descended upon the doomed city of Granada, and had built,
in full sight of its defenders, the town which they called Santa Fe (or
the Holy Faith) as an earnest that they would never leave until that
symbol of their faith had triumphed. To witness this victory the best
blood of Europe had flocked, and now, forty-three years later, when
the audacious Moslem had raised his head once more, the descendant of
the warriors who had followed “Los Reyes Católicos” rallied to that
standard which Carlos Quinto, their grandson, had set up on the
shores of Catalonia. Sandoval devotes pages of his work to the names,
styles, and titles of the noble caballeros who joined the army for the
destruction of Barbarossa.
On May 16th Charles embarked in the _Galera Capitana_ of Andrea Doria,
accompanied by many grandees and caballeros of the Court, as well as
illustrious foreigners like Prince Luis of Portugal, and held a review
of the armada. There was much expenditure of powder in salutes to the
Emperor, and all vied with one another in shouting themselves hoarse
in honour of the great monarch who deigned to lead in person the hosts
of Christendom against the infidel, who had defied his might and dared
to offer him battle. On May 28th the Emperor travelled some leagues
inland, starting before dawn, to visit the Monastery of Nuestra Señora
de Monferrato, in which was kept a singularly holy image of the Virgin.
Here he confessed and received the sacrament, and then returned to
Barcelona.
[Illustration: THE EMPEROR CHARLES V.]
On May 30th he embarked in the Royal Galley, the _Galera Bastarda_,
which had been prepared for him by Andrea Doria, his Captain-General
of the Galleys. This vessel seems to have somewhat resembled the barge
of Cleopatra in the magnificence of its appointments, as its interior
was gilded, and it was fitted up with all the luxury that could be
devised at this period. Silken carpets and golden drinking-vessels,
stores of the most delicate food and of the rarest wines, were embarked
to mitigate, as far as possible, the inevitable hardships of a
sea-passage, and there were not lacking instruments of music wherewith
to beguile the Cæesar with concord of sweet sounds. Perhaps that
which strikes the modern seaman most in this recital of all the useless
matters with which the vessels of the great were burdened at this
period is the extraordinary number of flags and banners with which they
went to sea.
The catalogue of those in the _Galera Bastarda_ makes one rather wonder
how there was room for anything else of more practical usefulness when
it came to fighting. There were in this galley twenty-four yellow
damask banners, inscribed with the imperial arms; a pennon at the
main of crimson taffeta of immense length and breadth, with a golden
crucifix embroidered thereon. Two similar ones bore shields with the
arms of the Emperor, and there was a huge flag of white damask sewn
with representations of keys, communion chalices, and the cross of
Saint Andrew, in crimson, with a Latin inscription. There were yet two
others of scarlet damask “of the same grandeur,” embroidered round the
edge with “Plus Ultra,” the device of Spain. Among a further varied
assortment was one which bore the inscription: “Send, O God, thine
angel to guard him in all his goings.”
The fleet under the command of Andrea Doria numbered sixty-two galleys
and one hundred and fifty nefs. There were also a miscellaneous
assortment of small craft, known in those days as “brigantines,”
employed in the carriage of stores and ammunition. We have seen, on a
former occasion, what terrible losses attended one of these armadas
when really bad weather was encountered, and therefore it is not
surprising that, on his second venture, Charles should have selected
the finest season of the year for his descent upon the coast of Africa.
They were brave men, these Mediterranean seamen, and the risks which
they ran in their strangely formed, unseaworthy craft were of course
much enhanced when they were loaded to the gunwale with stores,
provisions, horses, banners, and last, but by no means least, a mob of
seasick soldiery.
Into this armada were crowded twenty-five thousand infantry and six
hundred lancers with their horses.
Cagliari, in Sardinia, was the last rendezvous of the expedition, and
here it arrived in the early part of June, where a week was spent in
making the final preparations; and at last, on June 10th, a start was
made for the coast of Africa.
Meanwhile in Tunis Kheyr-ed-Din was working double tides. He was
kept well informed by his spies of all that was going on, and his
preparations for defence were as adequate as they could be made;
the corsairs, as we have said, had come flocking in at his call. He
had withdrawn as many of his fighting men from Algiers as he deemed
prudent. Knowing that the attack was directed against him personally,
he had not much fear that it would be diverted at the last moment.
It would have been true strategy on the part of Charles to have done
this, but the Emperor considered that his honour required that the
attack should be an absolutely direct one, and so Algiers was left on
one side, to the ultimate upsetting of his plans. We say this because,
although in this case he was to take Tunis and to restore to the
throne of that country the puppet King Muley Hassan, and although
he was to rescue some twenty thousand Christian captives, he did not
capture Barbarossa, who was to live for many years to continue and to
carry on his unceasing war against the Christians.
There was no artifice left untried by the despot of Tunis. To the
African princes, Moors as well as Arabs and Berbers, did Kheyr-ed-Din
send embassies. For these he chose cunning men well versed in the means
of exciting the furious passions of these primitive and ferocious
peoples, and it was their mission to represent Muley Hassan as an
infamous apostate who was prompted by ambition and revenge, not only
to become the vassal of a Christian king, but to conspire with him
to extirpate the Mohammedan faith. The subtle policy inflamed these
ignorant and bigoted Mohammedans to the point of madness, and from
far and near they threw in their lot with the man who represented
himself to be the rallying-point for all those in Africa who desired
not only to preserve their holy religion but also their personal
liberty. From Tripoli and Jerba, from Bougie and Bona, from the shores
of Shott-el-Jerid, through all the dim hinterland that stretches from
thence north-westwards to Algiers, the tribesmen came flocking in. The
wild riders of the desert had been rounded up, and it is said that
no less than twenty thousand horsemen, in addition to an innumerable
crowd of infantry, responded to the call of the master schemer who
was but using these guileless savages to further his own personal
ends. The land-pirates of the desert, those stormy petrels whose
lives only differed from those of the followers of Kheyr-ed-Din in
that they carried on their depredations on the land instead of on the
sea, camped in their thousands in the environs of Tunis and boasted of
the deeds which they were about to perform. Kheyr-ed-Din stimulated
their enthusiasm with presents of the most costly description. Ever
wise and politic, he knew when it was necessary to pay royally, and
on this occasion surpassed himself in prodigality. For all this he
himself cherished no illusions; he had the measure of the fighting
men of his foes at his fingers’ ends, and the most that he expected
from these wild irregulars was that they might, perchance, stay an
onset and worry the imperial army with dashing cavalry raids. But that
they should hold their own with the incomparable infantry of Spain,
or make head against the stolid valour of the German men-at-arms, was
not contemplated by Barbarossa. In his Janissaries, in his hard-bitten
fighting men from the galleys, he could expect much; but there were but
some few thousands of these, while the disciplined host against which
he was called upon to combat was at the least twenty-five thousand—the
flower of the imperial forces. The situation was unique, one on which
the world had never looked before—all the might of Christendom going
up against one who, no matter by what titles he might choose to
describe himself, was no more than a vulgar robber. He was, however, a
robber on such a scale as had never before been equalled—a force which
remained unsubdued during the whole of his extraordinary and unusually
protracted career.