URUJ BARBAROSSA
In the year 1457 an obscure Roumelian or Albanian renegado named
Mahomedi was banished from Constantinople by the Grand Turk; he
established himself in the island of Mitylene and there married a
Christian widow named Catalina, by whom he had two sons, Uruj and
Khizr. The father had been a sailor and both sons adopted the same
profession. It is from the pages of El Maestro Don Fray Prudencio
de Sandoval that we glean these bare facts concerning the birth and
parentage of these men who, in after-years, became known to all the
dwellers on the shores of the Mediterranean as the “Barbarossas,” from
their red beards. Sandoval, Bishop of Pampluna, published in the year
1614 his monumental history of the Emperor Charles V., and through his
splendid volumes the deeds of the Moslem corsairs run like the scarlet
thread which is twisted through a Government rope. It is evident that
the fact of having to deal with such rascals annoys the good Bishop
not a little, as his severe and caustic comments frequently display.
There was incident and accident enough in the life of the famous
“Carlos Quinto” without the historian having to turn aside to chronicle
the deeds of the pirates; but their exploits were so daring, the
consequences thereof were so far-reaching, that the ominous crimson
thread had to be woven into any narrative of the times in despite of
the annoyance of the man by whom the rope was twisted.
Of Mahomedi we possess no record save the remark concerning him to
the effect that “el qual fue gran marinero”: in what way he displayed
his gifts as a seaman we are not told. We have remarked before on the
curious fact of how the “renegado,” or Christian turned Mohammedan,
became the most implacable foe of his former co-religionists. We see in
the case of the two Barbarossas that they had no drop of Moslem blood
in them, as both parents came from Christian stock: and yet no greater
scourges ever afflicted the people from whom both their father and
mother originally sprang than did Uruj and Khizr Barbarossa.
[Illustration: URUJ AND KHEYR-ED-DIN BARBAROSSA.]
The characters of the two brothers were widely different. The elder was
no doubt a “first-class fighting man,” a fine seaman, a born partisan
leader; but here his qualities came to an end. Rough, cruel, imperious,
brutal, he imposed himself upon those who became his followers; but
in him were to be found none of the statesmanlike qualities which
distinguished his far greater younger brother. His was the absolutely
finite intellect of the tactician as opposed to the strategist, who,
seeing his objective, was capable of dealing with circumstances as they
immediately arose; but, partly no doubt from defective education, but
principally from the lack of intellectual appreciation of the problems
of the time in which he lived, could never rise to the heights which
were scaled by Khizr, better known by the title conferred upon him
later on by the Grand Turk as “Kheyr-ed-Din,” or “The Protector of
Religion.”
The sons of Mahomed, that “gran marinero,” naturally took to the sea,
and as a young man Uruj became possessed of a ship—how we do not know,
and it were better perhaps not to inquire. In this small craft he
repaired to the coast of Caramania to make war upon the Christians; or,
in other words, to begin an independent piratical career. Uruj in these
days was young and inexperienced, or he would not have chosen this
locality for his first venture, as this coast was in close proximity to
the island of Rhodes, from whence the great galleys of the Knights of
Saint John of Jerusalem set forth to exterminate the enemies of their
faith.
So it came about that Uruj, sailing out in his little ship from under
the shadow of a wooded point, came in full sight of _Our Lady of the
Conception_. There was nothing for it but immediate flight, and Uruj
put his helm up and scudded before the breeze; but the great galley
“goose-winged” her two mighty lateen sails, and turned in pursuit. The
ship which carried Uruj and his fortunes was both fast and handy, and
for a time she held her own; but it was only for a time, as those on
board _Our Lady of the Conception_, finding that they were not gaining on
the chase, put forth their oars and soon changed the aspect of affairs.
The galley of the knights carried twenty-seven oars a-side, and each
of these oars was manned by nine Moslem slaves. The sea was smooth and
favourable for rowing, and soon the ravening pursuit closed in on
the doomed corsair. As the interval between chaser and chased became
less and less, those on board the pirate ship could see for themselves
the fate which was awaiting them, as on the central gang-plank, which
separated the rowers’ benches, the boatswain and his mates were
unmercifully flogging the bare backs of the straining oarsmen to urge
them to greater exertions. He who was captured at sea in those days was
set to row until he died, and the calculating mercy which causes a man
to feed and treat his beast well in order that it may do the better
work was not to be relied upon here, as life was cheap and slaves were
plentiful. Very soon the beak of the galley overhung the stern of the
little ship. Escape was impossible, to fight would have meant the
massacre of all on board; the choice was instant submission or a watery
grave. Uruj lowered his sail, and he and his little company were ironed
and flung into the depths of the galley until such time as they should
be wanted to take their turn at the oars. In this ignominious fashion
ended his first attempt at independent piracy.
But a storm was brewing, and a heavy sea got up. The sails of the
galley were lowered, her beak was put head-on to the wind, and she
made for the shore. In this noisome confinement Uruj could hear above
the crash of the seas and the whistling of the wind the shrieks of the
hapless slaves as the whips of their taskmasters bit through skin and
flesh: the galley-slave rowed stark naked chained to his bench. This
was to be his fate, and he was well aware of the fact.
At last, after nightfall, the galley anchored under the Isle of
Castel Rosso, at the entrance of the Gulf of Satalie. It still blew
hard, but, in the comparative peace of the anchorage, sounds hitherto
hidden by the war of the elements now made themselves manifest. There
were the snores of the sleepers, the clank of the leg-chains as the
wretched slaves shifted their positions in the attempt to gain an
easier place on the bench, there was also the sound of men carousing
with loud laughter in the stern of the vessel; but above them all rose
the hollow groaning as of one in mortal agony. This proceeded from a
slave who was quite close to Uruj. There came a spell in the laughter
and loud voices in the stern, and presently an imperious voice spoke:
“That noise disturbs me; see that it ceases at once.” An obsequious
answer came from out of the prevailing darkness: “It shall cease at
once, Excellency.” Then came men with lanterns, who unshackled the
wretch who groaned and—flung him overboard.
The night grew worse, the wind backed, and the galley began to drag her
anchors. The slaves were roused, and the oars got ready to shift her
from her dangerous position on what had now become a lee-shore. Uruj
had managed to slip his shackles, a defective bolt having given him
his liberty; for him it was now or never, and he was a bold swimmer.
He had seen enough and heard enough of _Our Lady of the Conception_,
and, as the great oars plunged once more into the sea, the corsair,
preferring the mercy of the elements to that of the knights, slipped
over the side unobserved and swam for the shore. He reached dry land by
a miracle, and from Satalie he found his way to Egypt, where he took
service as a mariner in a ship of the Soldan of Egypt which was bound
for the coast of Caramania, from which province the Egyptians, as well
as the knights, drew the timber which they required for shipbuilding.
But again this neighbourhood proved disastrous to Uruj, as the ship in
which he sailed was attacked by a Christian galley, and he once more
had to save himself by swimming on shore. There was no lack of incident
in the life of a corsair of the sixteenth century.
This time he presented himself to Khorkud, the Governor of Caramania,
brother to Sultan Selim, the Grand Turk. The Governor, recognising him
as an intrepid mariner, ordered the Basha of Smyrna to furnish him with
a ship fitted for that _guerre de course_, which he desired to pursue
against the Christians. The value of the corsair as an auxiliary was
beginning to be recognised among the high Turkish officials. For the
complaisance of Khorkud there were two reasons: in the first place,
he was acting in the interests of his brother in sending to sea any
really capable man to make head against his enemies, and the fact
that Uruj was a pirate pure and simple did not weigh for a feather in
the balance; in the second place, it was a decidedly good mercantile
speculation as he ordered his inferior, the Basha of Egypt, to bear
the expense of fitting out the necessary ship—which came to some 5,000
ducats—and doubtless received a handsome percentage on all captures
from his grateful protégé.
This latter, as may easily be imagined, had had quite enough of
the Caramanian coast, which had turned out a veritable nest of
hornets; also, he had no desire at present to cultivate the further
acquaintance of the knights, and therefore put the whole width of the
Ionian Sea between himself and them, and succeeded in taking several
rich prizes. He avoided Mitylene and returned to Egypt, wintering at
Alexandria. It may here be remarked that the corsairs, as a rule,
regarded the winter as a close season, as in those early days the
mariner did not, if he could avoid it, risk his ship by sailing her at
this period of storm and tempest. In consequence there was nothing to
tempt the pirates to range the seas during these months, and if they
had had a successful summer and autumn, as they generally did, they
could well afford to lay up and await the coming of spring.
But when storm and rain gave way to the smooth waters and balmy
breezes, the Sea-wolves were certain of their prey, as the whole length
and breadth of the tideless sea was sure to be filled with the ships of
the detested Christians trafficking in every direction. In the ethics
of the Moslem all ships which sailed under the banner of the Cross, no
matter to what nation they belonged, were fair game, even supposing
that her insignia were the Crescent—well, supposing the spot to be
sufficiently remote, dead men tell no tales, and the pirates were to be
trusted to see to it that none escaped.
But, however this might have been, it is quite certain that no
qualms of conscience troubled Uruj concerning those others: Genoese,
Neapolitans, Catalans, Andalusians, French, or the dwellers of the
Balearic Islands, were all fish sent by a bountiful Providence to be
enclosed in his net, and he seized upon them without distinction.
When in the full tide of his success there was but one thing which
preoccupied the mind of the corsair, which was to find a ready market
for his spoils and a convenient place in which to rid himself of
an embarrassing number of captives. This, however, did not present
an insuperable difficulty, as we have already seen in the case of
Curtogali, and a similar arrangement was carried out by Uruj Barbarossa
and his brother.
Uruj now established himself at the island of Jerba, on the east
coast of Tunis, which formed an admirable base from which to “work”
the Mediterranean from the piratical point of view. Jerba had
originally been conquered and occupied by the Spaniards in 1431, but
the occupation had been allowed to lapse, and the island was lying
derelict when the Barbarossas made it their headquarters. Here Uruj was
joined by his younger brother Khizr, destined to become so much the
more famous of the two; he had already made himself some reputation in
piratical circles, and now brought his cool judgment and wise counsel
to the assistance of that fiery fighting man his elder brother. The
first question to be decided was that which we have already mentioned,
namely, the disposal of spoil from prospective captures, and with this
end in view the corsairs approached the Sultan of Tunis. This potentate
made a gracious response to their overtures, and wished them all
success in their enterprises. He promised them succour and support on
the same terms which Curtogali had obtained, namely, one-fifth of all
the spoil landed in his dominions.
The price to be paid was a stiff one, and was so regarded by the active
partners in this arrangement; they were, however, young and unknown,
and had not the least intention of holding to their bargain when more
favourable circumstances presented themselves. Now they held fair
speech with the puppet princes of North Africa; the day was to come
when they should chase them from their insecure thrones. It was at this
time, shortly after the treaty with the Sultan of Tunis was concluded,
that the younger Barbarossa received from the Grand Turk the glorious
name of Kheyr-ed-Din, or “The Protector of Religion.” It was a somewhat
remarkable title for a pirate, but perhaps its bestower was slightly
deficient in a sense of humour.
Sailing from Tunis in the spring of the year 1512, the brothers, with
three galleys, fell in with _The Galley of Naples_, an enormous nef with
a crew of three hundred. They instantly attacked, but were repulsed,
night falling without either side having gained an advantage. This
audacious proceeding illustrates the hardihood of the Moslem corsairs
at this time. They were amply strong enough to range the Mediterranean
and to capture, with no risk to themselves, the weak and unprotected
argosies plying their trade in this sea; but this was not the method
of the Barbarossas. Villains they may have been according to modern
standards, pirates they were unquestionably; but they were grim,
hard-bitten, fighting men, who shrank from no dangers in the pursuit
of their prey, who reckoned that the humiliation and defeat of their
Christian antagonists was as sweet a morsel as the booty reft from
their hands. All night the three Moslem galleys and the great nef lay
becalmed awaiting the conflict which was to come with the break of day;
and it is easy to imagine that there was not much quiet sleep on board
of either the Moslem or the Christian ships, for both on the one side
and the other the issues loomed large. The corsairs had, so far, made
no such important capture as this, which, could it be accomplished,
would add enormously to their prestige, in addition to such spoils as
they might acquire; but the combatants were fairly evenly matched in
the matter of numbers, and the fight was one to a finish. The advantage
on the side of the corsairs lay in the fact of their being three to
one, and their being thus enabled to attack in three separate places at
the same time. Terrible must have been that night of waiting for the
unfortunates on board _The Galley of Naples_; there was no escape, and
on board of her among her passengers were many women, whose fate was
too terrible to contemplate should the day go against them. The first
assault had been beaten off, it is true, but the struggle had been
hard and bitter; would they be equally successful when the assault was
renewed?
Even such a night as this, however, comes at last to an end, and the
prospect of action must have been welcomed by the men on both sides;
of the women with so horrible a fate impending one can hardly bear to
think. The ghostly fingers of the dawn touched the grey sea with a wan
yellow light, outlining the nef and the slender, wicked-looking galleys
with their banks of oars; over the surface of the deep a slight mist
hovered, as though some kindly spirit of the sea would hide, if such a
thing were possible, the deeds which were to come. The three galleys
lay close together, and Uruj and his brother held a few last words of
counsel.
“It is agreed, then,” said the elder; “you, my brother, attack the
starboard side and I on the port side, while Hassan Ali [indicating
the captain of the third galley] will await the time when we are fully
engaged, and will then board over the stern.”
“It is agreed,” answered Kheyr-ed-Din, and Hassan Ali.
As the strong sun of a perfect May morning in the Mediterranean leapt
above the horizon, Uruj loosed his hounds upon their prey; the oars of
the galleys churned the clear blue waters into foam, and the air was
filled with the yells of the corsairs. “Allah! Allah!” and “Barbarossa!
Barbarossa!” they cried. It was a war-cry that was destined to re-echo
over many a conflict, both by land and sea, in the years that were to
come.
In a simultaneous, and as we have seen a concerted attack, the beaks
of the galleys crushed into the broadsides of _The Galley of Naples_,
and, ever foremost in the fray, Uruj and Kheyr-ed-Din were the first
two men to board. Then, when men were hand to hand and foot to foot,
when Moslem scimitar rang on Christian sabre, and the air was filled
with the oaths and shouts of the combatants, the third remaining pirate
craft grappled _The Galley of Naples_ by the stern, and a tide of fresh,
unwounded men burst into the fray. This was the end; the Christians
were both outnumbered and outfought, for among them were many who
were not by profession warriors, whereas no man found a footing among
the Sea-wolves, or was taken to sea as a fighting man, unless he had
approved himself to the satisfaction of his captain that he was a
valiant man of his hands. We have no record or list of the dead and
wounded in this battle, but among the latter was Uruj, who was severely
hurt. Not so Kheyr-ed-Din, who escaped scatheless and took command now
that his brother was incapacitated. The dead were flung overboard with
scant ceremony, and the wounded patched up as best might be, and then
_The Galley of Naples_ was taken in tow, and the corsairs returned in
triumph to Tunis. Faithful to their treaty, so far, they laid one-fifth
of their spoils at the feet of the Sultan.
A great procession was formed of Christian captives marching two and
two. Four young Christian girls were mounted on mules, and two ladies
of noble birth followed on Arab horses sumptuously caparisoned. These
unfortunates were destined for the harems of their captors. The Sultan
was greatly pleased at the spectacle, and as the mournful procession
defiled before him cried out, “See how heaven recompenses the brave!”
Jurien de la Gravière remarks: “Such was the fortune of war in the
sixteenth century. A man leaving Naples to go to Spain might end his
days in a Moorish bagnio and see his wife and daughters fall a prey to
miscreants of the worse description.”
It was not till the following spring that Uruj was fit once more
to pursue his chosen calling, so severe had been his wounds; but
once he was whole and sound again he put to sea accompanied by
Kheyr-ed-Din, and this time he had conceived a singularly bold and
desperate enterprise. Two years before the famous Spanish captain,
Pedro de Navarro, had seized upon the coast town of Bougie, and had
unfortunately left it in the hands of a totally insufficient garrison.
This departure from the sound rules of warfare had already been
punished as it deserved, as the garrison was perpetually harassed and
annoyed by the surrounding Arab tribes. The idea of Uruj was to seize
upon Bougie by a _coup de main_. The corsair, however, was a far finer
fighter than he was a strategist, and was possessed of a most impatient
temper. All went well to begin with, as he managed to intercept and
to capture a convoy of Spanish ships sent to revictual the place,
and had he been content to wait he might have counted with certainty
on reducing the garrison by starvation, as it depended on this very
convoy for its supplies. In vain the wary and cool-headed Kheyr-ed-Din
counselled prudence and delay, but these words were not to be found in
the vocabulary of his elder brother. “What had to be done,” he replied,
“had better be done at once,” and at the head of only fifty men landed
and assaulted the still uncompleted ramparts of Bougie.
But if Uruj were rash and headstrong, so was not the commander of the
Spanish garrison, who, massing his men for the repulse of the assault,
waited till the last moment, and then received them with a volley of
arquebuses, which laid many of them low, and so badly wounded their
leader that he had to have his arm amputated on the spot: it says
much for his constitution that he survived the operation.
For the time being the brothers had had enough of shore enterprises,
and confined themselves strictly to their piratical business at sea,
which prospered so exceedingly that they became exceedingly rich and
their fame and power increased day by day. As time went on and the
wealth of the brothers and partners increased, there entered into
the calculating brain of Kheyr-ed-Din the idea that the payment of
one-fifth share to the Sultan of Tunis was but money thrown away.
Twenty per cent, was eating into the profits of the firm in an
unwarrantable manner, he considered, and now that the active partners
therein had established so good a business connection, they were quite
strong enough to dispense with a sleeping partner. Times had changed
for the better, and Kheyr-ed-Din was anxious to take full advantage of
the fact; if possible he determined to seize upon and hold some port,
in which, not only would they be exempt from tribute, but also in which
he and his brother Uruj should be the supreme arbiters of the fate of
all by whom it might be frequented.
Of Bougie and its stout Spanish garrison the brothers had had quite
enough for the present: they sought, in consequence, for some harbour
which presented equal advantages of situation, and their choice fell
upon Jigelli, then belonging to the Genoese, who occupied a strong
castle in this place.
Jigelli lies well outside the confines of the kingdom of Tunis, about
equi-distant from Bougie and Cape Bougaroni, some forty miles from
each. It would appear that on this occasion it was the younger of
the two brothers who took charge of the enterprise, and there were no
slap—dash, unconsidered methods employed. By this time the fame of
the Barbarossas had gone abroad from Valencia to Constantinople, from
Rome to the foot—hills of the Atlas Mountains, and, to circumvent the
Genoese garrison of Jigelli, Kheyr-ed-Din called to his aid the savage
Berber tribes of the hinterland of this part of Northern Africa.
Turbulent, rash, unstable as water, were these primitive dwellers of
the desert; but they were fighters and raiders to a man, and ready
for any desperate encounter if only it held out the promise of loot:
they were as veritably the pirates of the land as were the Barbarossas
pirates of the sea.
Small chance, indeed, had the five hundred Genoese soldiers by which
Jigelli was garrisoned when attacked from the sea by the Barbarossas
and by land by an innumerable horde of Berbers who were reckoned to
be as many as 20,000. Invested by land and sea, the garrison did all
that it was possible for men to do. Provisions and water ran short,
ammunition was failing, the ring of their enemies was encircling
them day by day closer and ever closer. From the land nothing could
be expected but an augmentation of their foes, and day by day the
commander of the garrison strained his eyes seaward to watch if haply
the proud Republic, to which he and his men belonged, would send
succour, or the redoubtable Knights of Saint John would come to his aid.
But the days lengthened into weeks, and the soldiers were gradually
becoming worn out by the perpetual strain imposed upon them. There
was one chance left, and one alone, which was to cut their way out
through the besieging lines. Massacre to a man was their fate in any
case, and thus it was that the commander, whose name has not come down
to us, mustered his men for the last supreme effort. At dead of night
the garrison, having destroyed as far as possible all that might be of
use to the enemy, sallied out to their doom. They fought as men fight
who know that the end has come; but valour could not avail against the
numbers arrayed on the side of the enemy, and they were wiped off the
face of the earth. The tribes looted the castle of everything portable,
and then retired from whence they had come. For this Kheyr-ed-Din cared
nothing; they were welcome to the poor possessions of some hundreds of
half-starved Italian soldiers—let them take the shell, for him remained
the kernel in the shape of a strong place of arms.
Hardly, however, had the brothers succeeded in this enterprise when
that tireless fighter Uruj again attempted the capture of Bougie;
but his second attempt was even more disastrous than his first, and
he lost half his flotilla. Then he asked for succour from Tunis; but
the Sultan, much offended at the idea of the brothers setting up in
a piratical business in which he was no longer a sleeping partner,
angrily refused.