other places,” I replied. “Let me now fulfill my promise to tell you
more about the lunar atmosphere. I have told you already that there are
strong reasons for supposing that the moon once had a far more dense
atmosphere than she possesses at present, and I have mentioned some of
the ways in which this atmosphere is supposed to have disappeared. I
think that it is worth our while to refer to them again. In the first
place the moon’s atmosphere may have been withdrawn into vast internal
cavities formed by the gigantic volcanic eruptions. Secondly, it may
have been absorbed both mechanically and chemically by the core of the
moon as it cooled off. We know that cooling rocks absorb immense
quantities of the gases constituting the air we breathe. In fact we may
look forward to a time, fortunately for us extremely remote, when the
interior rocks of the earth will, in this manner, absorb perhaps all of
its atmosphere.”
“But if the air of the moon has gone into great cavities in the
interior, why might not the living beings of the moon have followed it
there?”
“According to some of the theorists,” I answered, “that may really be
what has occurred, and thus the moon has become a ‘cavern world’ on a
gigantic scale. But science does not regard seriously these speculations
about ‘cave life’ in the moon. A third hypothesis is that which I have
mentioned concerning the escape of the atmospheric gases from the moon
on account of its attraction being insufficient permanently to retain
them. This process would be gradual, because the molecules of a gas fly
in _all_ directions, only a small proportion having their trajectories
directly away from the center of the globe on which they are held. But a
singular consequence of this theory is that interplanetary space must
contain an enormous number of such wandering molecules, and every
attracting body must draw more or less of them to its surface, thus
forming an atmosphere for itself. As Professor Young has remarked, if as
many of these molecules enter a planet’s atmosphere in a day as escape
from it there can be no decrease of the total amount of air. If more
escape than enter, the atmosphere will diminish. If more enter than
escape, the atmosphere will grow. Finally if none escape the atmosphere
may increase indefinitely. This, as far as the effect of gravitation is
concerned, should be the case on the sun, for the solar attraction is
more than sufficient to retain any gas known to us. In consequence, the
sun’s atmosphere may be increasing in extent and density. Even the
earth’s atmosphere may be slowly increasing from this cause, and herein
may lie the explanation of the enormous atmosphere surrounding the great
planet Jupiter.
“In view of what I have said it is evident that the moon cannot be
entirely airless. Recent observations have confirmed this conclusion,
and some observers have thought that they could detect the presence of
something resembling clouds occasionally creeping like low fogs over
certain places on the moon. All this, you will observe, has an important
bearing upon the question of life on the moon at the present day.
Certain forms of plant life and low animal organizations might exist in
such an atmosphere as the moon still possesses.”
“But,” interjected my friend, “is not this that you have been telling me
in contradiction to what you said about the cause of the sharp division
between day and night on the moon, and about the visibility of the stars
there in the daytime?”
“Not at all,” I replied, “for the effects of which I spoke are relative.
In any case the atmosphere of the moon must be too rare to diffuse any
perceptible amount of light into the shadows, or to illuminate the sky
sufficiently to render the stars invisible. The same reasoning applies
to what I have told you about the contrasts of cold and heat on the
moon.
“But we have not yet finished with our photograph. We were looking at
the plain of Plato, you will recollect. Notice, now, the _Mare Imbrium_
off the coast that adjoins Plato on the south. You see there several
bright spots resembling islands. Islands they must have been if the
_mare_ once had water covering it. One of these, standing by itself, an
irregular, bright clump with a distinct shadow on the western side,
bears the name of Pico, taken from the sharp peak in the Azores Islands.
The broken mass southeast of Pico, and nearer the coast, constitutes the
Teneriffe Mountains. You will notice that terrestrial geography has been
drawn upon in this case also to supply a name. Still farther east is a
long ‘island’ named the Straight Range. Beyond that, at the edge of the
picture, appears Cape Laplace, at the western end of the ‘Bay of
Rainbows.’
“We now turn to the southwestern border of the _Mare Imbrium_, in the
upper part of the photograph. This, as I have already pointed out, is
skirted by the steep cliffs of the Apennines for a distance of more than
400 miles. Opposite the crater ring Marco Polo, in the Apennines, you
will notice how the floor of the ‘sea’ is upheaved, containing a great
number of irregularities, and some small peaks. This would have been a
dangerous part of the ‘Sea of Rains’ for the lunar navigators. At the
northwestern corner of this region lies a large ring plain, with
indefinite light stripes crossing its floor, which is named Archimedes.
It is about 50 miles in diameter. Northwest of it are two smaller ring
mountains, Aristillus (the larger) and Autolycus. If we could suppose
these immense volcanoes to have been in eruption when these seas were
navigable, imagine the magnificent spectacle that they would have
presented to anyone approaching in a ship from the direction of the
strait between the Apennines and the Caucasus.
“Let us now pass this strait and enter the _Mare Serenitatis_. You will
admire the beautiful modulation of the bottom, as shown in the
photograph. Lighter and darker regions are curiously interspersed, and
in some places there are faint indications of that wonderful lunar world
of remote antiquity which lies buried in the grave of a planet. Directly
opposite the opening of the strait, a small, round, light spot is seen
in the midst of the sea. This is Linné, very famous for its strange and
suggestive history. Here, if anywhere on the moon, changes visible to
human eyes have taken place, and, in the opinion of Professor Pickering,
are still taking place every fortnight. In the center of the light spot
is a minute crater, and from this crater there seems to issue some kind
of vapor which spreads over the surrounding surface, alternately
expanding and shrinking in extent. A remarkable change in the form and
appearance of Linné was recorded by the astronomer Schmidt, at Athens,
in 1866. What had occurred has been explained by some as the falling in
of a crater floor some six miles in diameter. But the observations of
Professor Pickering are more interesting and suggestive. According to
him the bright patch about the crater pit extends during the lunar night
and diminishes by day, indicating that something issues from the pit and
is deposited over the surrounding plain in the form of hoar frost, which
melts away in the sunshine. He has even recorded an apparent expansion
of the white area during a lunar eclipse when the cold shadow of the
earth tends to condense the vapors. If this is true it seems rather
surprising that many more similar phenomena are not visible elsewhere.
“Among the most remarkable and beautiful features of this photograph are
the winding ridges like half-submerged mountain ranges that appear on
the sea bottom in various places. Notice particularly the long twisted
chain that lies across the western part. Between this and a shorter
range, close to the west shore, runs a broad, dark valley, with the
crater Dawes lying in the middle of it at the upper end. Some of these
winding ridges suggest by their shape and modulation the action of
water. Finally, let us return to the strait through which we recently
passed. Notice that the Apennines and the Caucasus look as though they
had once formed a continuous line of mountains, which has been broken
through in its center, leaving huge buttresses on each side, like the
Pillars of Hercules at the Strait of Gibraltar?”
“That place has an irresistible attraction for me,” said my companion.
“I cannot withhold my imagination from picturing the scene there when
the waters rolled deep over those great bottoms, and when white-sailed
ships were passing and repassing between the towering capes, carrying
the commerce of opulent cities situated along those marvelously
picturesque shores.”
“Perhaps,” I suggested, “the lunarians, whom you have reconstructed in
your fancy, reached, before the catastrophe came that ended their
existence, a higher state of civilization than ours, and learned to
substitute electrically driven vessels for white-winged ships.”
“That would be like the introduction of vulgar steamboats on the canals
of Venice,” she replied.
“Well,” I said, “this ends our survey and one month of photographic
journeying on the moon, and I am glad that you have finished it with so
pleasing a vision.”
* * * * *
Upon parting from my friend I left the photographs in her possession. A
few weeks later I received a letter from her in which she said:
“I have been studying and restudying those wonderful pictures of the
moon. I have ordered a telescope to be set up in my park near the elm,
and when it is ready I wish you to come and instruct me how to view the
moon for myself. I believe that I am becoming a learned and enthusiastic
selenographer, and those strange names—Gemma Frisius, Bullialdus,
Abulfeda, Abenezra, Rabbi Levi, Maurolycus, Fra Mauro, Sacrobosco,
Zagut, Cichus, Sulpicius Gallus—have established their fascination over
my mind. Theophilus no longer terrifies me with its formidable aspect,
and I spend hours poring over the _Mare Serenitatis_. But my fancy
remains faithful to the ‘Marsh of a Dream,’ which still represents for
me the culmination of lunar ideality.
“As to life on the moon, I find that I cannot be satisfied with a mere
grass theory. I am so well convinced that there must be something more,
that I no longer relegate my lunarians to an age antedating the
volcanoes. On the contrary, as soon as I get my telescope I am going to
look for signs of them and their doings in the present day, and willy
nilly, sir, you have got to aid me in the search.”
------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX
DATES, and age of the moon, when the twenty-one serial photographs were
made at the Yerkes Observatory, by Mr. Wallace, with the 12-inch
telescope and a special color filter constructed by him:
No. 1, February 19, 1904; Moon’s Age 3.85 Days
No. 2, September 24, 1903; Moon’s Age 3.87 Days
No. 3, July 29, 1903; Moon’s Age 5.54 Days
No. 4, November 24, 1903; Moon’s Age 5.74 Days
No. 5, July 1, 1903; Moon’s Age 6.24 Days
No. 6, November 26, 1903; Moon’s Age 7.75 Days
No. 7, July 2, 1903; Moon’s Age 7.24 Days
No. 8, August 31, 1903; Moon’s Age 9.22 Days
No. 9, August 2, 1903; Moon’s Age 8.97 Days
No. 10, November 30, 1903; Moon’s Age 11.78 Days
No. 11, December 1, 1903; Moon’s Age 12.98 Days
No. 12, September 4, 1903; Moon’s Age 13.27 Days
No. 13, September 5, 1903; Moon’s Age 14.40 Days
No. 14, August 26, 1904; Moon’s Age 15.65 Days
No. 15, August 28, 1904; Moon’s Age 17.41 Days
No. 16, August 29, 1904; Moon’s Age 18.62 Days
No. 17, October 10, 1903; Moon’s Age 20.06 Days
No. 18, September 29, 1904; Moon’s Age 20.50 Days
No. 19, August 16, 1903; Moon’s Age 23.81 Days
No. 20, August 17, 1903; Moon’s Age 24.84 Days
No. 21, August 19, 1903; Moon’s Age 26.89 Days
------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX
------------------------------------------------------------------------
INDEX
Abenezra, 205.
Abulfeda, 200.
Air on the moon, 230.
Albategnius, 78.
Aliacensis, 78, 205.
Almamon, 205.
Alps, 97.
remarkable valley in, 225.
Altai Mountains, 72, 200.
chain of small craters near, 200.
Animal life on the moon, 228.
Apennines, 10, 96, 104, 137, 143, 222, 232.
Apennines and Caucasus, strait between, 234.
Apianus, 205.
Archimedes, 143, 232.
Aristarchus, 117, 153.
astonishing brilliance of, 112.
cause of brilliance of, 155.
possible composition of, 113.
Aristoteles, 76, 138.
Atlas, 70.
Atmosphere, lunar, 31.
disappearance of, 228.
what has become of it, 32.
Atmospheres, how they may grow or decrease, 230.
Azophi, 205.
Barry, 189.
“Bay of Rainbows,” 109, 111, 142, 157, 158.
Bessel, 221.
Bianchini, 110.
Birt, 188.
Blancanus, 78, 194.
Bonpland, 189.
Bubbles on the moon, 186.
Bullialdus, 180-182, 183.
mountains near, 183.
Byrgius, 147.
Calippus, 223.
Campanus, 185.
Capuanus, 185, 196.
Carpathian Mountains, 215.
Cassini, 225.
Catharina, 72, 138, 199, 206.
remarkable valleys near, 199-200.
Caucasus Mountains, 97, 223.
Caucasus and Apennines, strait between, 234.
“Cavern life” on moon, 229.
Cichus, 185, 196.
Clavius, 99, 101, 146, 192.
length of great wall of, 193.
Cleft near shore of _Mare Nubium_, 186.
Clefts on moon, resemblance of, to geological “faults,” 187.
Cleomedes, 56.
Color on moon, 155.
Colorado Cañon, possible likeness of, to cleft on moon, 118.
Copernicus, 102, 211.
an argument for the volcanic theory, 212.
buried ring near, 217-218.
crater pits near, 213.
hexagonal form of, 212.
Craters, lunar, formation of, ascribed to falling masses, 201.
theory of, advanced by W. K. Gilbert, 200.
Cyrillus, 72, 138, 199, 206, 210.
“Dark woman” in moon, 133.
Darwin, Prof. George, 6.
Dawes, 224.
Day and night on moon, 63.
Day on moon, length of, 95.
Earth, light of, on moon, 50.
shadow of, effects of, as shown by Prof. William H. Pickering, 28.
shadow of, its size and length, 18.
Eclipse, lunar, 17-18.
earth’s atmosphere and, 27.
moon visible during, 26.
Eclipses, lunar, colors visible during, 29.
fix historic dates, 29.
number of, in year, 42.
when annular, 41.
Eclipses, why they do not occur every month, 38.
solar, different from lunar, 27.
number of, in year, 42.
why of greater scientific value than lunar, 28.
Endymion, 70, 132.
Eratosthenes, 104.
Eudoxus, 76, 138.
Fracastorius, 73.
Fra Mauro, 189.
Full Moon in winter, why it runs high, 170.
Furnerius, 63.
Gases, escape of, from moon, 229.
from planets, 33.
molecular velocity of, 33, 229.
Gassendi, 117.
Gauricus, 196.
Gay Lussac, 216.
Gemma Frisius, 202.
“Geology” of moon, 67.
“Giantism” on the moon, 193.
Gilbert, W. K., theory of lunar craters advanced by, 200.
Gravitation on moon, 34-36.
Grimaldi, 121, 132.
Hæmus Mountains, 92, 220.
Hansen, theory of, in regard to the other side of moon, 139.
Harbinger Mountains, 118.
“Harvest Moon,” 171.
Heat of moon compared with that of sun, 164.
Helen of Troy, 92.
Hell, 196.
Hercules, 70.
Herodotus, 112, 158.
cleft near, 118.
Herschel, Sir William, his supposed discovery of active lunar volcano,
112.
Hipparchus, 78.
Hoar frost on moon, 34.
“Hunter’s Moon,” 171.
Inhabitants of moon, 31-32, 88, 95.
would not be visible with most powerful telescope, 120.
why they might be giants, 193.
Kepler, 114, 141, 152.
Kies, 185.
_Lacus Somniorum_, 93, 219.
Landsberg, 217.
Langrenus, 56, 123, 132.
Lava floods on moon, 73, 152.
Libration, effects of, on visibility of parts of moon, 57-58, _Note_.
Life on the moon, 230.
Light of moon compared with that of sun, 163.
Lindenau, 202.
Linné, changes in, 233.
observations of, by Professor Pickering, 233.
observations of, by Schmidt, 233.
Loewy and Puiseux, opinion of, on lunar “seas,” 220.
Longomontanus, 101, 146, 150, 195.
Lubiniesky, 184.
Lunar charts, their relative accuracy, 161.
Lunar history, 62.
Lunar month, 12.
Lunar nomenclature, 59, 147.
number of objects bearing names, 161.
singularity of, 203.
Lunar plains, darkening of, near sunset, 144.
Lunar sickle, rule to determine position of, 168.
Lunar vegetation, 32.
Maginus, 100, 146, 196.
Manilius, 122, 222.
Marco Polo, 222.
_Mare Crisium_, 52, 55.
_Mare Fœcunditatis_, 65.
_Mare Frigoris_, 76.
_Mare Humorum_, 106, 117, 150.
_Mare Imbrium_, 103, 142, 144, 224.
irregularities in the floor of, 232.
islands in, 231.
_Mare Nectaris_, 68, 135.
_Mare Nubium_, 102, 148, 180.
_Mare Serenitatis_, 74, 135, 219, 232.
bordering cliffs of, 220.
ridges in the floor of, 234.
_Mare Tranquillitatis_, 74, 135.
_Mare Vaporum_, 103.
“Marsh of a Dream,” 68, 91.
Mass of moon, 35.
Maurolycus, 75, 142, 204.
Menelaus, 92, 221.
Mercator, 185.
Month, lunar, 12.
Moon, birth of, and Pacific Ocean, 6.
distance of, from earth, 8.
greatest distance of, from earth, 8.
influence of, on growth of vegetation, 163.
least distance of, from earth, 8.
life on, 230.
other side of, 139.
seen by daylight, 149.
separation of, from the earth, 6.
turning of same face of, toward earth, 19.
Moon and earthquakes, 165.
Moon and the weather, 164.
Moon and volcanoes, 165.
“Moon Maiden,” 10, 96, 103, 122.
Mount Hadley, 222.
New Moon, photograph of, 49.
New Moon and the weather, 169.
Newton, deepest crater on moon, 107.
Nicollet, 188.
Night, advance of, over moon, 131.
length of, on moon, 95.
lunar, coldness of, 136.
Nodes of moon and their revolution, 38-39.
_Oceanus Procellarum_, 105, 150.
submerged rays in, 151.
Orbit of moon, 8.
Origin of moon, 6.
Pacific Ocean and birth of moon, 6.
_Palus Somnii_, 68.
Path of moon about sun, 16-17, _Note_.
Petavius, 62, 123.
Phases of moon explained, 13-16.
Phlægrean Fields, 60.
Photographs, lunar, 47-49.
in series, 57.
peculiar tone of, 145.
why they are reversed, 52.
Photometry, lunar, 153-154.
Piccolomini, 72, 200.
Pickering, Prof. William H., observations of Linné by, 233.
on effects of earth’s shadow on moon, 28.
opinion of, regarding changes in Plato, 226.
theory of Tycho’s rays by, 126.
Pico, 231.
Pitatus, 186, 195.
Plato, 105, 114, 132, 225.
changes observed in, opinion of Prof. William H. Pickering regarding,
226.
vegetation in, 227.
Plinius, 224.
Poetry of the moon, 96.
Posidonius, 224.
Prism binoculars for viewing moon, 122.
Proclus, 68.
remarkable brilliance of, 90.
Projectile force on moon, 37.
Promontorium Ænarium, 189.
Promontory Acherusia, 224.
Promontory Heraclides, 109.
Promontory Laplace, 109.
Ptolemæus, 98.
Pytheas, 216.
Rabbi Levi, 202.
Reinhold, 217.
Riccioli, nomenclature of, for lunar objects, 69.
Rings, ranges of, on moon, 97-98.
Riphæan Mountains, 190.
Rotation of moon “braked” by tides, 20.
Rotation of moon, illustrated, 19-20.
Sacrobosco, 206.
Schickard, 115.
Schmidt, observation of Linné by, 233.
Schröter, “lunar city” discovered by, 218.
“Seas,” lunar, character of beds of, 142.
Shadow of moon during eclipse, 40.
length of, 40.
Shadows on moon, topography revealed by, 100-101.
used to measure heights on moon, 63.
Sidereal revolution of moon, 11.
_Sinus Æstuum_, 103.
_Sinus Iridum_, 109.
_Sinus Medii_, 103.
_Sinus Roris_, 159.
Size of moon, 8.
Sky as seen from moon, 29.
Snow, can it exist on the moon? 69.
Snow, non-existence of, on moon, 69.
South polar region of moon, 77.
South pole of moon, 106.
Stadius, 218.
Stöfler, 75.
row of rings near, 204.
“Straight wall,” 187.
Strait between Apennines and Caucasus, 234.
Sulpicius Gallus, 222.
Sunrise, slow progress of, on moon, 94.
Sunshine, effects of, when vertical on moon, 100.
Surface of moon, nature of, 9.
size of, 9.
Synodic revolution of, 11-12.
Tacitus, 200.
Telescopic power, limits of, 120.
Teneriffe Mountains, 231.
“Terminator,” meaning of, 63.
Theætetus, 225.
Theophilus, 71, 138, 198, 206.
crater pits near, 211.
grandeur of appearance of, when highly magnified, 207.
great mountain fold near, 207-208.
what would be seen from wall of, near sunset, 208.
Tidal attraction, forcing moon away in reaction of, 6.
“Tidal friction,” 20.
Tides, causing of, by moon and sun, 21.
effect of earth’s rotation on, 25.
service rendered by, 22.
simultaneous occurrence of, on opposite sides of earth, 23.
when highest, 21.
when lowest, 22.
Twilight, why none on moon, 64.
Tycho, 10, 98, 106, 146, 191.
longest ray of, 93, 221.
ray system of, 124.
rays of, 99.
theory of Nasmyth, 124-125.
theory of Pickering, 126.
Vegetation on moon, 32, 115, 142, 144, 227.
Vendelinus, 59, 123.
Venus seen by daylight, 149.
Verne, Jules, “Trip to the Moon,” 4.
Volcanic craters on moon, 60.
Volcanoes, lunar, 54.
contrasted with those of earth, 84.
effects of gravitation on size of, 86.
Water on the moon, 53.
“Weathering” on the moon, 197.
Weight on the moon, 36.
Werner, 78, 205.
Wilhelm I., 102, 195.
Zagut, 202.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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