so.”
—R. L. STEVENSON, _Fables_.
1. Rewrite this selection, changing the direct to indirect discourse and
noting the changes made in verbs, pronouns, and other words.
2. Fill out the elliptical sentences, and tell the grammatical use of
each of the words that you supply.
3. Comment on the use of _and_ (1), _but_ (15), and _but_ (17).
4. Explain how each of the following verbs and verbals is completed and
modified: _was_, _to show_, paragraph (1); _have_ (2); _are_, and _are_
(3); _seem_ (4); _lack_ (5); _think_, _hear_, _said_ (6); _wish_, _knew_,
_are thinking_ (8); _laying_ (10); _explained_, _is_, _have forgotten_
(14); _is_ (15); _keep_ (16).
5. Find the subject of _came_ in the first sentence, and explain the use
of _there_. Prove that _was met_ in paragraph (1) is a true passive verb.
6. Tell the grammatical use of each infinitive in paragraphs (16) and
(17).
7. Tell the part of speech and use of _once_, paragraph (1); _first_ (2);
_highly_, _so_ (16); _well_ (17); _next_ (18); _very_ (19); _indeed_,
_scarcely_, _so_ (21).
8. Parse all the adjective pronouns, interrogative pronouns, and relative
pronouns.
9. Find all the prepositional phrases, and tell what each phrase
modifies. Tell the object of each preposition, and if there is anything
peculiar about any object, comment upon the peculiarity.
10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each
clause, and its introductory word. Classify the adjective clauses as
restrictive or unrestrictive, and tell what the adverbial clauses denote.
If a word is used in a peculiar or uncommon way, consult the dictionary
for information regarding it.
Exercise 4
(1) There troop the three most roguish boys that ever made
parents scold or laugh. (2) They have nothing to do but to
set each other on to mischief. (3) They pull off buds from
the unblossomed rose bushes; they pick cucumbers by the half
bushel that were to have been let alone; they break down rare
shrubbery to get whips, and instead get whippings; they kill
the guinea-pigs; chase the chickens; break up hens’ nests; get
into the carriages and wagons only to tumble out, and set all
the nurses a-running; they study every means of getting under
the horses’ feet, and, as the more dangerous act, they are
fond of tickling their hind legs, and pulling at their tails;
they fill the already fed horses with extra oats, causing the
hostler to fear for his charges’ health, since they refuse oats
at the next regular feeding; they paddle in all the mud on the
premises; sit down in the street and fill their pockets with
dirt; they wet their clothes in the brook, tear them in the
woods, lose their caps a dozen times a day, and go bare-headed
in the blazing sun; they cut up every imaginable prank with
their long-suffering nurses when meals are served, or when
bedtime comes, or when morning brings the washing and dressing.
(4) They are little, nimble, compact skinfuls of ingenious,
fertile, endless, untiring mischief. (5) They stub their toes,
or cut their fingers, or get stung, or eat some poisonous
berry, seed, or root, or make us think that they have, which
is just as bad; they fall down stairs, or eat green fruit till
they are as tight as a drum; and yet there is no peace to us
without them, as there certainly is none with them. Mischievous
darlings! Joyful plagues! Loving, rollicking, laughing rogues!
—HENRY WARD BEECHER, _Star Papers_.
1. Give the principal parts of each predicate verb in this selection; its
tense. Read the selection with the predicate verbs in the past tense.
2. Explain how the following verbs are completed and modified: _made_,
sentence (1); _have_ (2); _pull_, _were_, _lose_, _go_, _cut_ (3); _are_
(4); _get_, _make_ (5).
3. Select all the adjectives and tell what they modify. Classify them as
limiting or descriptive. Compare them, if possible. If any of them do not
admit of comparison, tell why.
4. Tell the use of _there_, sentence (1) and _there_ (5).
5. Tell the use and case of each of the following nouns: _boys_, sentence
(1); _legs_ (3); _hostler_ (3); _times_ (3); _day_ (3); _drum_ (5);
_darlings_ (5).
6. Find three nouns in the possessive case, and tell what each of them
modifies. Decline each of these nouns.
7. Select all the infinitives with _to_ and tell the use of each.
8. Select and classify all the words in _-ing_.
9. Account for the punctuation of this selection.
10. Select all the dependent clauses. Tell the kind and use of each, and
the introductory word.
11. Tell the part of speech and use of _on_ (2); _off_, _alone_, _down_,
_up_, _already_ (3); _just_, _down_, _certainly_ (5).
12. Select all the coördinate conjunctions in sentences (3) and (5) and
tell what each conjunction joins.
INDEX
Absolute phrases, 237.
Absolute use of noun, 237.
Abstract nouns, 14.
Active voice, 40.
Address, term of, 39, 40.
Adjective clauses, 171.
restrictive, 193.
unrestrictive, 194.
Adjective elements, 29.
Adjective phrases, 31.
Adjective pronouns, 121.
declension of, 122.
Adjectives, appositive, 88.
classified, 110.
comparison of, 116, 117.
defined, 25.
errors in use of, 118, 119.
misused for adverbs, 70, 71.
modifying pronouns, 26.
objective complement, 94.
parsing of, 120.
review of, 120.
subjective complement, 69.
Adverbial clauses, of cause, 183.
of comparison, 188, 189.
of concession, 186.
of condition, 186.
of manner, 181.
of place, 181.
of purpose, 184.
of result, 184.
of time, 180, 181.
office of, 171.
Adverbial nouns, 91.
Adverbial noun phrases, 91.
modifying adjectives or adverbs, 92.
Adverbial noun phrases, modifying verbs, 91.
what they denote, 91.
Adverbial phrases, 31.
Adverbs, comparison of, 170.
conjunctive, 172.
defined, 28.
formation of, 31.
interrogative, 170.
introducing noun clauses, 204, 205.
meaning of, 28.
misused for adjectives, 70, 71.
modifying adjectives, 29.
modifying adverbs, 29.
modifying sentences, 175.
modifying verbs, 28.
parsing of, 174.
simple, 170.
summary of, 173.
_After_, 178.
Agreement, of participle and noun, 239.
of subject and verb, 165, 166.
_Among_, 37.
Analysis, models for, 34, 48, 191, 225, 244.
Antecedent, of personal pronoun, 98.
of relative pronoun, 197.
Anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.
Appositive, adjective, 88.
case of, 87.
in possessive case, 86.
infinitive, 215.
noun, 85, 86.
Appositive, noun clause, 201.
position of, 86.
punctuation of, 86, 87.
Articles, definite and indefinite, 113.
uses of, 114.
_As_, relative pronoun, 197.
_At_, 37.
Auxiliary verbs, 124.
_can_, _could_, etc., 154-156.
_shall_ and _will_, 151, 152.
_Before_, 178.
_Beside_, 38.
_Besides_, 38.
_Between_, 37.
_But_, conjunction and preposition, 46.
relative pronoun, 197.
uses of, 178.
_By_, 38.
_Can_ and _could_, 155, 156.
Capitalization, of proper adjectives, 111.
of proper nouns, 13, 14.
Case, 83-95, 100, 108, 196.
Cause, clauses of, 183.
Clauses, adjective, 171, 193-197.
adverbial, 171, 180-191.
defined, 48.
dependent, 52, 53.
independent, 48.
noun, 200, 201.
review of, 206.
Collective nouns, 166.
Common gender, 78.
Common nouns, 13, 14.
Comparative degree, 116.
Comparison, clauses of, 188, 189.
of adjectives, 116.
of adverbs, 170.
how denoted, 116, 117.
irregular, 117.
Complement, defined, 61.
Complement, direct object, 61.
double object, 216.
objective, 94, 145.
subjective, 67, 68.
Complex sentences, 53.
Compound personal pronouns, 106.
uses of, 106.
Compound predicate, 19, 20.
Compound sentences, 50.
Compound subject, 20.
Concession, clauses of, 186.
Condition, clauses of, 186.
Conjugation, active voice, 128-130, 132, 134.
defined, 127.
emphatic, 149.
imperative mode, 134.
indicative mode, 128-130.
interrogative, 129.
passive voice, 140-142.
progressive, 148.
subjunctive mode, 132.
Conjunctions, 46.
coördinate, 174.
correlative, 175.
in compound sentences, 50.
subordinate, 176, 177.
Conjunctive adverbs, 172.
in noun clauses, 204.
Contractions, 130.
Coördinate conjunctions, 174.
Correlative conjunctions, 175.
Dangling participles, 239.
Declarative sentences, 9, 10.
Declension, of nouns, 84.
of personal pronouns, 98.
of relative pronouns, 196.
Defective verbs, 154-157.
Demonstrative adjectives, 113.
Dependent clauses, 52.
Descriptive adjectives, 110, 111.
Direct and indirect discourse, 162-165.
Direct and indirect quotations, 162-165.
_Do_, as principal verb, 157.
Double object, of preposition _for_, 220.
of verb, 216-218.
Double possessive, 81, 104.
_Each other_, 122.
Elliptical sentences, 249, 250.
_Else_, as limiting adjective, 113.
uses of, 178.
Emphatic conjugation, 149, 150.
_Enough_, 113.
Errors, in adjectives, 70, 71, 118, 119.
in adverbs, 70, 71.
in infinitives, 221, 222.
in interrogative pronouns, 109, 110.
in participles, 239.
in personal pronouns, 101, 103.
in verbs, 130, 137-142.
Exclamatory nouns, 40.
Exclamatory sentences, 44, 45.
Feminine gender, 78.
Floating participle, 239.
_For_, 179.
Gender, 77, 78.
how denoted, 78.
Gerund, 211.
_Going_, in verb phrase, 156.
_Have_, as principal verb, 157.
_Hence_, 179.
Idiomatic expressions, 104, 201, 220, 235, 247.
Imperative mode, 134.
conjugation of, 134.
Imperative sentences, 41.
subject omitted, 42.
Impersonal verbs, 157.
_In_, 37, 38.
Independent elements, 39, 40.
Indicative mode, 127.
Indirect discourse, 162-165.
Indirect object, 89, 90.
becoming subject of passive verb, 141.
position of, 90.
Infinitive phrases, 211.
Infinitives, defined, 209.
errors in use of, 221, 222.
in apposition, 215.
in _-ing_, 210.
modified by possessive, 211.
modifier of adjective, 220, 221.
modifier of noun, 215.
modifier of verb, 218.
object of preposition, 220.
object of verb, 213.
part of double object, 216-218.
subjective complement, 213.
summary of, 224, 225.
used independently, 221.
with _to_, 209, 210.
Interjections, 43.
Interrogative adjectives, 113.
Interrogative adverbs, 170.
Interrogative conjugation, 129.
Interrogative pronouns, 108.
errors in use of, 109, 110.
in noun clause, 204.
uses of, 108.
Interrogative sentences, 23, 24.
order of, 24.
_Into_, 38.
Intransitive verbs, of action, 64.
of being, 64, 66, 67.
Irregular verbs, defined, 135, 136.
errors in use of, 137-140.
principal parts of, 137.
_It_, as anticipative subject, 201, 212, 247.
_Lay_ and _lie_, 137.
_Like_, 181.
Limiting adjectives, 110, 113, 114.
Manner, clauses of, 181.
Masculine gender, 77.
_May_ and _might_, 155, 156.
Mode, defined, 127.
imperative, 134.
indicative, 127.
subjunctive, 131, 132.
Modifier, 26.
_Must_, 155, 156.
Natural order, 22.
Neuter gender, 78.
Nominative case, 83, 84, 100.
Noun clauses, 200.
introductory word of, 203, 204.
uses of, 200, 201.
Nouns, abstract, 14.
adverbial, 91, 92.
as adjectives, 27.
as interjections, 43.
case of, 83, 84.
collective, 166.
common, 13, 14.
compound, 81.
declension of, 84.
defined, 11, 12.
direct object, 61.
gender of, 77, 78.
in apposition, 85-87.
in exclamation, 40.
in _-ing_, 240.
indirect object, 89.
number of, 74-76.
object of preposition, 35.
objective complement, 94.
parsing of, 96.
possessive, 79-82.
proper, 13, 14.
term of address, 39, 40.
used absolutely, 237.
Number, defined, 74.
singular and plural, 74, 75.
Numeral adjectives, 113.
_O_, 43.
Object, double, 216.
indirect, 89, 90, 141.
of preposition, 35, 36.
of verb, 61.
retained, 146.
Objective complement, 94.
becoming subjective complement of passive verb, 145.
_Off_, 38.
_One_, declined, 122.
_One another_, 122.
_Only_, 179.
_Other_, declined, 122.
_Own_, with possessives, 100.
Parsing, of adjectives, 120.
of adverbs, 174.
of nouns, 96.
of prepositions, 179.
of pronouns, 100, 208.
of verbs, 150, 168.
Participial phrases, 229.
Participles, agreement of, 239.
dangling, or floating, 239.
defined, 228, 229.
differing from adjectives, 231.
errors in use of, 239.
forms of, 228.
summary of, 243, 244.
uses of, 140, 144, 145, 148, 228, 229, 231, 235, 237.
Parts of speech, summary of, 57.
Passive voice, 140-142.
Past participle, 135, 228.
as subjective complement, 144, 145.
in passive conjugation, 140.
Person, of nouns, 98.
of pronouns, 98.
of verbs, 127.
Personal pronouns, 98.
compound, 106.
declension of, 98.
errors in use of, 101-103.
uses of, 100, 103-105.
Phrases, 31, 33.
absolute, 237.
adjective, 31.
adverbial, 31.
as subjective complement, 69.
defined, 33.
denoting possession, 81.
in a series, 32.
infinitive, 211.
participial, 229.
position of, 32.
prepositional, 35, 36.
Place, clauses of, 181.
Plurals, foreign, 75.
formation of, 74, 75.
compound nouns, 75.
letters and figures, 75.
titles, 75.
regular and irregular, 74.
same as singular, 74.
Positive degree, 116.
Possessive case, 83.
of compound nouns, 81.
Possessive nouns, 80, 83.
form of, 80, 81.
in double possessives, 81.
what they denote, 81.
Possessive pronouns, 103.
how used, 104.
in double possessives, 104.
Predicate, compound, 19, 20.
defined, 9, 10.
simple, 16.
transposed, 22.
Prepositions, 34, 35.
correct use of, 37-39.
parsing of, 179.
Present participle, in progressive conjugation, 148, 228.
Principal parts, 135.
Principal parts, of irregular verbs, 137.
Progressive conjugation, 148.
Pronouns, adjective, 121.
compound personal, 106.
defined, 18.
in clauses of comparison, 190, 191.
indefinite, 204.
interrogative, 108.
parsing of, 100, 208.
personal, 98, 100, 103.
Pronouns, relative, 196, 197.
review of, 207.
Proper adjectives, 111.
Proper nouns, 13, 14.
Punctuation, of a series, 20, 25, 26, 32.
of appositives, 86-88.
of compound sentences, 50.
of compound subject and predicate, 20.
of declarative sentences, 10.
of exclamatory sentences, 44.
of interrogative sentences, 24.
of phrases, 32.
Purpose, clauses of, 184.
_Raise_ and _rise_, 138.
Reflexive use of pronouns, 106.
Regular verbs, 135, 136.
Relative pronouns, 196, 197.
_what_, 204.
Result, clauses of, 184.
Retained object, 146.
Review, general, 257-264.
of adjectives, 120.
of adverbs, 173.
of analysis, 252.
of clauses, 206.
of infinitives, 224, 225.
of nouns, 96, 97.
of participles, 243.
of parts of speech, 57.
of prepositions, 179.
Review, general, of pronouns, 207.
of sentences, 55.
of verbs, 72, 168.
Sentences, complex, 53.
compound, 50.
declarative, 9, 10.
defined, 9, 10.
elliptical, 249, 250,
exclamatory, 44, 45.
imperative, 41.
interrogative, 23, 24.
review of, 55.
simple, 48.
Sequence of tenses, 125, 163.
Series, of adjectives, 25.
of phrases, 32.
of predicates, 20.
_Set_ and _sit_, 138.
_Shall_ and _will_, 151.
in indirect discourse, 163.
in interrogative sentences, 152.
rules for use of, 152.
_Should_ and _would_, 160-162.
in subjunctive mode, 155.
Simple adverbs, 170.
Simple predicate, 16.
Simple sentences, 48.
Simple subject, 11.
_Since_, 179.
Singular number, 74.
_So_, 179.
Subject, compound, 20.
defined, 9, 10.
how found, 16.
simple, 11.
transposed, 22.
Subjective complement, 67, 68.
adjective, 69.
infinitive, 213.
noun, 67, 69.
participle, 144, 145.
prepositional phrase, 69.
Subjunctive mode, 131.
conjugation of, 132.
Subjunctive mode, tenses of, 132.
Subordinate conjunctions, 176, 177.
Summary, of adverbs, 173.
of case relations, 97.
of infinitives, 224, 225.
of participles, 243, 244.
Superlative degree, 116.
Tense, 123.
errors in, 125, 126.
in noun clauses, 201.
primary, 124.
secondary, 124.
sequence of, 125, 163.
Term of address, 39.
_The_, an adverb, 170.
_There_, 247, 248.
_Till_, 179.
Time, clauses of, 180, 181.
_To_, omitted in infinitives, 217.
_To_, use of, 37.
Transitive verbs, 60, 61.
followed by indirect object, 90.
followed by objective complement, 94.
what they denote, 62.
Transposed order, 22.
_Until_, 179.
_Used_, in verb phrases, 156.
Verb phrases, 155, 156.
Verbals, 210, 211.
Verbs, defective, 154-157.
defined, 16.
errors in use of, 130, 137-142.
intransitive, 64, 66, 67.
mode of, 127, 131, 134.
parsing of, 150, 168.
principal parts of, 135, 137.
regular and irregular, 135, 136.
review of, 72, 168.
tense of, 123-126.
transitive, 60, 61.
used as interjections, 43.
used transitively or intransitively, 64, 66.
voice of, 140-142.
Voice, active and passive, 140.
conjugation of passive, 140-142.
test for passive, 145.
_With_, 38.
Words in _-ing_, 240.
Words used, as adjective or adverb, 59.
as adverb or preposition, 60.
as noun or adjective, 58.
as noun or verb, 58.
as preposition, conjunction, or adverb, 179.
_Would_, as principal verb, 155.
_Yet_, 179.