On the 25th November 1642, "It was thought fit, and ordered by the
Lords, that the said office--that is, the Inland Letter Office--shall
be delivered to the Earl of Warwick or his deputies, and that
Burlamachi and his deputies shall, within eight days after serving of
this Order, bring in a particular account upon oath to the Earls Clare
and Bolinbroke, and Lord Grey of Werke and Lord Bruce, of the profits
of that office during all the time of their being in possession of the
same. The lords above mentioned are to make reports to the House, that
thereby the Earl of Warwick may have the profits of that office, to be
paid to him by the parties aforesaid; and the posts and their agents
are hereby commanded to bring the mails, with letters, to such place as
the Earl of Warwick shall appoint." Another Order, dated 2nd December
1642, was issued confirming the foregoing Order, and also giving
authority to the earl, in the event of the country postmasters refusing
to carry or deliver up the mails as directed, "to seize upon the mails,
and to put the postmasters out of their places, until they conform
themselves unto the Order of the House." It was further ordered that
all colonels, captains, justices, constables, and others, His Majesty's
officers, should aid and assist in the execution of this Order.
On the 9th December, the House of Lords seem to have issued a
peremptory Order to Burlamachi to produce the "books of accompts for
receipt of the profits of the Inland Letter Office, with the warrants
and acquittances," etc. But this Burlamachi neglected to do, and,
in consequence of his contumacy, the House make a further Order on
the 21st December to the effect "that the Sheriffs of London or
their deputies shall, by virtue of this Order, seize the said books
of accompts, etc., and send them to the Clerk of the Parliament on
Saturday, the 24th present." The Lords at the same time confirm the
previous Orders of the 25th November and 2nd December, "for that it
appears that the possession of the Inland Letter Office, settled by the
Order of this House on the Earl of Warwick, has been interrupted by
divers refractory and obstinate persons." The Lords further give Order
"that all colonels, mayors, sheriffs, and other officers shall have
full power and authority to seize all mails of letters in all places,
both coming in and going out, and to deliver the same to the Earl of
Warwick or his deputies at his office near the Royal Exchange, London,
and this Order to be their sufficient warrant."
Events were developing very rapidly at this period, for, on the 24th
December 1642, Burlamachi was in custody for not bringing in the books
of account already referred to, and on that date he petitions for his
discharge. He was not, however, then released.
On the following day, 25th December, a brief return was made by
Burlamachi of the revenue and expenditure of the Inland Letter Office,
from 4th August 1640 to 25th December 1641, as follows:--Moneys
received, £8363; moneys expended, £4867; balance in hand, £3496,
whereof £1400 has been paid to the Secretary of State. Of the other
£2000, Burlamachi states that "those that keep the office are to be
considered for their pains and attendance, which are great," and he
adds something about a probable increase from the Irish correspondence.
On the 29th December, Burlamachi draws up a fresh petition, this time
to the effect that his accounts may be audited by one of His Majesty's
auditors, and he again prays that his liberty may be granted to him. On
the 31st December, an Order is issued from the House of Lords requiring
that "Philip Burlamachi shall within eight days account upon oath to
John Worfield, the City Auditor, for all moneys derived from the Inland
Letter Office since the sequestration, and how the same have been
disposed of, upon which Mr. Worfield is to report to this House."
The precise issue of these varied proceedings cannot readily be made
out; but it would seem that at this time, 1643, the Foreign Letter
Office remained in possession of Witherings, and that the Inland Letter
Office was handed over to the Earl of Warwick.
The period from 1642 to 1660 was one full of incident and surprises,
a time when every man had to risk all by declaring himself either
for the King or the Parliament, or remain, if this were possible, in
passive obscurity; and, in the former case, unhappy was the man who
chose the losing side. To men in positions like that of Witherings, the
situation must have been most trying, for however he might strive to
serve the party in power, his proceedings would be open to suspicion.
And so later experience will show.
Leaving Witherings for a moment, we will refer to an officer of the
Post Office who did important service for the king. This was James
Hickes, one of Witherings' clerks, the only member of the staff who
threw his lot in with the royal cause. When, in 1643, Charles held
his Court at Oxford, he was cut off from the service of the postal
system having its centre in London; and he took steps for erecting a
rival post system for his own use. Hickes was ordered by warrant to
"receive and demand from all postmasters on the Western and other
roads obedient to His Majesty, the arrears in their hands due to the
Letter Office; all refusers of the arrears to be dealt with according
to their deserts." He had other directions generally, to the effect
of establishing a system of posts in the West, well affected for the
king, and extending south to Weymouth, from which port to Cherbourg a
weekly service by packet was being set up. More complete instructions
were given to Hickes on the 27th January 1644, as follows:--"Knowing
your experience in the Letter Office, we hereby appoint you to reside
in Weymouth, for the receiving and despatching all packets and
letters coming to your hands, either from Court or any part within
this kingdom,--not possessed by the rebels,--or from beyond seas, and
to receive money for their port, such only excepted as are for His
Majesty's service, or to tax them according to the rules of the Letter
Office; as also to hire one or more passage boats as Sir Nicholas
Crispe, our deputy, shall direct you, taking special care that all
letters passing through the said port, and all passengers and goods
passing in the said passage boats, be duly taken notice of by you,
and all duties paid before you dismiss them, the master of the packet
boat to be answerable to you for the passage money of all goods and
passengers he shall take on board; and generally in this employment to
demean yourself as may be most for His Majesty's service, and the just
benefit of the Letter Office under us, and to observe all directions
you shall receive from us and from the said Sir Nicholas Crispe,
and to render a constant true weekly account of all your receipts
and disbursements to Mr Thomas Nevile at Oxford. And we desire the
Governor, Mayor, constable, etc., of Weymouth, to aid you therein."
Hickes is a somewhat remarkable figure in post-office history. Sometime
before the Restoration he was again employed in the Post Office in
London; and in a petition addressed to the king in 1666, he describes
the services rendered by him during the period above mentioned. In that
memorial he says that he then "carried personally His Majesty's foreign
letters and packets to Oxford, with the hazard of his life"; that "in
the year 1643 he was committed to prison by Corbett the traitor, and
in great danger of being tried for his life by the unjust laws then
practised, for holding correspondence with Mr. Secretary Nicholas in
His Majesty's service, and, having with much difficulty escaped to
Oxford, he was employed in several expeditions and employments of
trust, by both the then Principal Secretaries of State; and settled at
Weymouth to manage two packet boats, for conveyance of His Majesty's
despatches to and from foreign parts, as will appear by their several
commissions, and under his said Majesty's royal hand and signet;
during which time he exposed his wife and children to the charity of
others, himself to daily dangers, and his small fortune to an utter
diminution." "Corbett the traitor" referred to is no doubt one of the
regicides afterwards taken in Holland, and who was hanged and quartered
at Tyburn on the 19th April 1662. His full name was Miles Corbett.
About the year 1644, Thomas Witherings must have been, or considered to
be, a man of a respectable estate, for, according to the proceedings
of the Committee for the Advance of Money, he was, on the 18th June of
that year, assessed for a contribution of £800. Now, as the assessment
was based upon one-twentieth of real estate, and one-fifth of personal
estate, the sum assessed represents a condition of fair wealth. The
full amounts of these assessments were seldom, however, exacted, and
Witherings seems to have been let off after making payments amounting
to about £550.
By an Order in Parliament of 23rd February 1649, the appointment of
Robert Earl of Warwick as Lord High Admiral and Lord Warden of the
Cinque Ports was revoked; and on the same day, at the the Council of
State, a request was made that Mr. Prideaux should come to the Council
to settle stages for all the posts. From this it may be inferred
that the posts also had been taken out of the Earl of Warwick's
hands. Warwick's brother, Lord Holland, being dissatisfied with the
proceedings of the Parliamentary party, had gone over to the King's
side, and taken active service against the Parliament, on account of
which it may probably have been considered unwise to continue the
Earl of Warwick at the head of the Inland Posts. On the 29th March,
the Council appointed Sir Henry Vane, Alderman Wilson, and Messrs.
Heveningham, Holland, and Robinson to be a committee on the postal
service. Things at the Post Office were becoming very unsettled. On
the 27th March, by Order of the Council, the mails were that night to
be searched for the book called the _New Chains_; on the 5th April
instructions were issued that any person named Edward Broun, calling
for letters at the post office, was to be detained; in the same month
Mr. Witherings was ordered to prosecute "Wilkes" for the seditious
speeches mentioned by him. The Council of State gave orders, on the 8th
June, to stay all letters brought to the post, directed to Mons. de la
Caille, Marchand Français, démeurant à la Haye, and to bring them to
the Council. And in the following month the Council gave further orders
that all letters which might be thought to contain anything prejudicial
to the State should be examined. Later, complaints were made against
Captain Stephen Rich, for miscarriages in the execution of his place as
postmaster in not transporting the State's packets between Holyhead
and Dublin. Rich, it appears, resided at Dublin, and the matter was
referred for investigation to the authorities in that city. In a letter
from a lady in London to her brother at Rochelle, dated 20th February
1650, the following account of the state of the posts is given:--"The
jealousies of the time are great, and consequently the danger of
writing; all packets are stopped, which is the reason you do not hear
from me, for a high court of justice is erecting, and all intelligence
with the king or his ministers is voted treason." These particulars
exhibit something of the business that was proceeding in the Post
Office.
In 1649, a crisis occurred in Withering's official career. On the 2nd
April of that year, information was laid against him "that he had
assisted Lord Goring in the late insurrection in Essex (1648), by going
into arms and setting out three armed men,--one with a horse,--for
which he was sequestered in Essex." Shortly thereafter orders were
issued for the seizure of all his money, plate, goods, rents, debts,
and estate, and the Essex Commissioners were required to send up copies
of all depositions against him. In May he petitioned to be freed
from further trouble, alleging that he had always faithfully served
Parliament. He had previously asked for the charge against him, and
went down to the County Commissioners, who unanimously agreed that
there was no cause for the seizure or sequestration of his estate.
Thereupon orders were given "that he be discharged, and no further
proceedings taken against him."
About this time Witherings had a serious illness, brought on, in all
probability, by the worries with which he was surrounded. He thought
proper now to make his will, and in the preamble he refers to his
indisposition in the following terms. He states that "he was taken
upon a sudden with a dizziness in his head, and being thereupon very
ill-disposed in body, yet well and perfect in memory, doth dispose, in
case of mortality, his will to be," etc. Witherings was owner of the
estate called "Nelmes," near Hornchurch, Essex, where was a fine old
house, which still remains, and is inhabited to the present day.
In 1649, one of the packet boats plying between Holyhead and Dublin,
named the _Patrick_, of Waterford, was taken by the Irish; but it was
afterwards retaken by Capt. Fearmes, of the _President_, and restored
to its owner, the salvage due to the mariners being paid by the State.
In 1650, authority was given for employing a post barque for the
conveyance of letters, etc., to ply between Liverpool and Carlingford
or Carrickfergus. The boat proposed was the galiot _Robert_, and
the sum to be paid for its use, £11 a month. About the same time,
two post barques were settled to ply between Milford Haven and the
headquarters of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, to carry letters "from
Attorney-General Prideaux or any other public Minister." The cost
of maintaining the packet boats between Holyhead and Dublin at this
period was £9, 6s. 8d. each per month. In order to keep up a constant
correspondence between the forces in Ulster and the standing army, a
packet boat was also ordered to ply between Ulster and Carlisle.
An important step was taken, in respect of the posts, by the Council
of State, upon a paper given in by the Attorney-General, on the 14th
March 1650. The Council ordered that their opinion be reported to
Parliament, that, "as affairs now stand, it is safe and fit that
the office of Postmaster shall be in the sole power and disposal of
Parliament." On the 21st March, an Order was passed in Parliament,
"that the offices of Postmasters, Inland and Foreign, ought to be in
the sole power and disposal of the Parliament. That it be referred to
the Council of State to consider of the offices of Postmasters, and of
all the interests of those persons who claim any, how the same may be
settled for the advantage and safety of the Commonwealth, and to take
order for the present management thereof." Two days later, the Council
of State resolved that Mr. Prideaux, the Attorney-General, should
undertake the management of the Inland Posts, and to be accountable to
the Commonwealth for the profits quarterly. And in further proceedings
of the Council of the 5th April, Sir William Armyne was instructed to
inform the House of the arrangement. Witherings would appear not to
have been disturbed in his position of Postmaster for Foreign Parts at
this time; for on the 9th May the Council issued a warrant to him and
the other masters of the letter packet boats, "not to carry any male
passengers to France or Flanders until further orders." And, again, on
10th July, the Council of State ordered Witherings to forbear paying
any money to William Jessop or Benedict Moore, "to the use of the Earl
of Warwick, or Lord Rich, or to Col. Charles Fleetwood, until further
order."
On 29th June 1650, the Council of State issued orders to Serjeant
Dendy (Serjeant-at-arms to the Council) and his assistant to make a
raid upon the country mails coming to and going from London, in the
following terms:--"You are to repair to some post stage twenty miles
from London, on the road towards York; seize the letter mail going
outward, and all other letters upon the mail rider, and present them,
by one of yourselves, to Council; the other shall then ride to the next
stage, and seize the mail coming inwards, and bring the letters to
Council, searching all persons that ride with the mail, or any other
that ride post without warrant, and bring them before Council or the
Commissioners for the examination; all officers, civil and military, to
be assistants." Like orders were also given in respect of the mails on
the Chester and Western roads.
The seizure of the mails was doubtless due to a desire on the part of
the Council to discover such persons as might be holding correspondence
with the enemy. The vigilance of the Council continued, for, on 4th
December, the Deputy Governor of Dover was required to examine the
master of the post barque, lately come over, as to his bringing a
person who (as he had been previously informed) "was dangerous, and
brought commissions and letters from the enemy." And, again, on the
13th May 1651, the Council of State gave order to the Committee of
Examinations, "to inquire into the opening of Capt. Bishop's letter
between England and Scotland, and to write such persons as they think
fit for the discovery of the same. The Attorney-General to bring in
a list of the persons employed as postmasters upon the several roads
throughout this nation, with their character." "To write the Lord
General to cause an inquiry to be made after the persons who presumed
to break open some letters directed to him, and, if he finds any of
them to be near the southern parts, he is to give notice thereof to
Council, that they may prosecute them."
Again, on the 21st August 1651, the Council gave directions that "the
packet brought in this day from the northern parts be searched before
the letters be delivered out." These are specimens of the measures
taken at the period in question with the view of preventing the
post-office service being used in the interest of the King's party.
On the 10th March 1651, the Council of State gave order for the
revival of a Committee, which was set up the year before, to consider
the business of the Foreign Post. They were to send for Mr. Witherings
and "confer with him as to what money he had on hand that was formerly
wont to be paid to the Earl of Warwick." It is not clear whether this
inquiry had reference to any supposed irregularity on Witherings' part,
or merely to the question of moneys claimed by the earl. Be this as
it may, a fresh storm was soon to break over Witherings' head. In the
month of June 1651, the charges of delinquency of which he had been
acquitted in 1649 were levelled at him in an aggravated form. The
information laid against him was to the effect "that when Oxford was a
King's garrison, he compounded with delinquents, and paid moneys for
them, by order of Sir Edw. Sydenham. That in the Essex insurrection he
sent a man and horse to Lord Goring, and was in person at Bow Bridge
when held by the enemy. That he was at many private meetings at the
Hoope Tavern, Leadenhall Street, plotting about the revolt of Capt.
Batten and the fleet (1648). That he conveyed moneys into France for
the relief of Cavaliers, some of which was taken. That he concealed
an annuity of £1200, and several sums due to the State which are in
his custody, and paid several sums to Sir Edw. Sydenham, a delinquent,
contrary to the Order of the Council of State. That he is very familiar
with delinquents, stands bound for them, conceals their letters,
and conveys letters and intelligence to them beyond seas." A few
days later, witnesses were summoned to appear against him, including
Sir Edward and Lady Sydenham. Sir Edward was a county neighbour of
Witherings, residing at Gidea Hall, Hornchurch, and is said to have
been a moderate Royalist. After full hearing, Witherings was finally
dismissed from the charges on the 25th July 1651. It is somewhat
difficult to fit in all the events connected with these prosecutions
owing to the conflicting dates under which they are recorded. But
this much appears, that one of the processes took place before the
Committee of Essex, that it continued over a period of seven months,
and that Witherings carried thirty witnesses from London to Chelmsford
in support of his case. Witherings tells us that Wilkes, "with the
assistance of some butchers whom Witherings had sued for great sums,"
prosecuted him maliciously, and that Wilkes and others offered from
£20 to £50 to witnesses to swear against Witherings. This man Wilkes
seems to have been a troublesome fellow, for Witherings relates that
"Wilkes was committed prisoner by Parliament for furnishing horses to
the enemy," and that, "after his enlargement, he accused Parliament of
being rogues, villains, and devils, and declared he hoped to see the
destruction of them all; for which words he was indicted, by order of
the Council." Witherings, in his defence, and as showing his attachment
to the party then in power, makes mention of the fact that he had been
"very serviceable to Parliament, contributing £1000 on the going away
of the Lord-Lieutenant for Ireland." The indebtedness of the butchers,
above referred to, may have had its origin in sales of cattle reared or
fed on Witherings' property in Essex; or it may be that he traded in
cattle, for he seems to have carried on business in a variety of ways.
It is recorded of him that, about this period, he and several other
merchants of London contracted with the Navy Commissioners "for the
supply of provisions at London, Dover, etc., and at Kinsale, for the
Navy, at the rate of 8d. a day per man at sea, and 7d. when in harbour,
the State bearing all charges of transport."
Witherings did not long survive these unsuccessful attacks of his
enemies, for on the 28th September, two months after his acquittal,
he was stricken down by death. He was one of the two elders of the
church at Hornchurch; and on the day mentioned, being Sunday, whilst
proceeding to service, he died suddenly on the way. His remains were
laid under the chancel of the church, and a mural tablet was erected
to his memory. This has since been removed from the chancel to the
north-east side of the entrance immediately under the old tower.
The inscription upon the tablet is as follows:--
"Sacred to the Memory of Thomas Witheringe, Esqr., Chiefe Postmaster
of Greate Britaine, and foreigne parts, second to none for unfathomed
poilesicy, unparralled sagacius and divining Genius; witness his
great correspondence in all parts of ye Christian World.
"Here lies interred who God from hence did call,
By speedy summons, to his funerall.
Upon his sacred day, the world by Love
May judge it was to sing his praise above.
When on his way unto God's house Love brings
Him swifter passage upon Angell's wings
Full spread with zeal wherein his soul doth fly
To Mercies throne in twinkling of an eye.
This Epitaph may all him justly give,
Who dies in Christ he dies not but to live.
In Christo mori est vivere.
Obiit Anno. Dni. 1651, Ætat. Suæ 55."
In _Memories of Old Romford_, it is stated that Witherings was a
Puritan; in any case his profession in later life seems to have been
that of a Protestant. It may be that the charge of being a papist in
his earlier years was but a base invention of his enemies. Reference
has previously been made to a suggestion that Witherings had been a
mercer in London in his earlier life. We find, on inquiry, that one
Thomas Witherings was admitted a member of the Mercer's Company, by
redemption, on the 15th February 1625. This means that he purchased
his admission; but it does not follow that he was a mercer in the
present meaning of the word.
From the conflicting statements made in regard to Witherings during the
course of his official life, it is perhaps now impossible to arrive
at any true estimate of his character. He lived in a troublous time,
surrounded by enemies covetous of his office, and during a period
of civil war, when to steer a course free from strife and collision
would be impossible. He must have been a man of originality and of
persevering disposition. In a negative sense, it may be said that he
was no tin-plate man, devoid of stability, reflecting only the opinions
of others, and capable of being cut into any shape by the scissors of
expediency; he was possessed of fight and determination, and must have
lived a trying and exciting life. What his pursuits or predilections
were, apart from business, it is not now possible to determine. During
his official career he was twice sequestered in his office; once he was
put in prison; twice his property was seized; and twice he was declared
to be, or was charged with being, a delinquent. The probabilities are
that the worries and anxieties of office thrust him into his grave, for
he died a comparatively young man. From the point of view of work done,
he has some claim to be regarded as an early Rowland Hill; it was he
who first organised the inland posts generally in Britain for the use
of the public; though it is to the credit of the deputy postmasters on
the road from London to the West of England, that they had anticipated
Witherings by several years in setting up a horse post for the benefit
of the people on that line of road. He was the forerunner of a long
line of able, zealous, and accomplished men, whose lives have been
spent in, and have adorned, the Post Office for two centuries and
a half, whose work has been swallowed up in the ever-advancing tide
of improvement, and whose names, when their work was done, have
disappeared from view and have hardly left an echo behind.