CHAPTER VII._Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells With Geological Considerations and Examples of Wells Executed

EXAMPLES OF WELLS EXECUTED, AND OF DISTRICTS SUPPLIED BY WELLS.

PERMIAN STRATA.

_Durham._--Large quantities of water are pumped from the lower Permian

sandstone beneath the magnesian limestone of this county, and are used

for the supply of the towns of Sunderland, South Shields, Jarrow, and

many villages. The quantity, calculated by Daglish and Foster to reach

five millions of gallons a day, is obtained from an area of fifty square

miles overlying the coal measures. The water-level has not been lowered

in the rock by these operations. Along the coast it is that of mean

tide, and inland rises to a level of 180 feet. In the coal measures

below there is little water, and that little is saline. Sedgwick gives

the strata as red gypseous marls, 100 feet; thin bedded grey limestone,

80 feet; red gypseous marls, slightly salt, 200 feet; magnesian

limestone, 500 feet; marl slate, 60 feet; lower red sandstone, 200 feet.

_Coventry._--Warwickshire. The town is supplied with 750,000 gallons of

water a day from two bore-holes made in the bottom of the reservoir. The

bore-holes are respectively 6 inches and 8 inches diameter, and 200 feet

and 300 feet deep. The town is situated on the Permian formation, but

Latham states that the supply is procured from the red sandstone, and,

from observations made, it has been found that the two bore-holes yield

water at the rate of 700 gallons a minute.

TRIAS STRATA.

_Birkenhead._--There are here several deep wells belonging to the

Tranmere Local Board, the Birkenhead Commissioners, and the Wirral

Water Company, yielding together about 4,000,000 gallons a day. Figs.

222, 223, show a section and plan of the No. 2 or new engine well at the

Birkenhead Waterworks. The shaft is 7 feet diameter for 105 feet, with a

bore-hole 26 inches for 35 feet, 18 inches for 16 feet, 12 inches for 99

feet, and 7 inches for 150 feet, or a total depth from surface of 405

feet. The water-level is about 95 feet from surface when the engine is

not at work. At the upper water-level, shown in the 26-inch hole, the

yield was at the rate of 1,807,400 gallons in twenty-four hours, at the

lower level at the rate of 2,000,000 gallons in the same time. At the

water-level indicated in the 7-inch bore, water was met with in large

quantities. The old engine well is almost identical.

[Illustration: NEW ENGINE WELL, BIRKENHEAD WATERWORKS.

Fig. 222.]

[Illustration: PLAN.

Fig. 223.]

[Illustration: Fig. 224.

WELL AT ASPINALL'S BREWERY, BIRKENHEAD.]

[Illustration: Fig. 225.

PLAN]

[Illustration: Enlarged Parts.

_at_ A. A.

_at_ B. B.

_at_ C. C.

_at_ D. D.

_at_ E. E.

Fig. 226.]

Figs. 224, 225, are a section and plan, and Fig. 226 enlarged parts of

the well at Aspinall's brewery, Birkenhead. It consists of a shallow

shaft 5 feet in diameter and steined, continued by means of iron

cylinders 3 feet 3 inches in diameter and 50 feet in depth. When sand

with much water of poor quality was met with, a series of lining tubes

was introduced from the point A A, the space between these and the

cylinders being filled with concrete. The tubes were discontinued at the

sandstone, and the lowest portion of the hole, 3 inches in diameter, is

unlined. The water overflows.

Figs. 227, 228, are a section and plan of the well at Cook's brewery,

Birkenhead. The shaft is 6 feet diameter, lined with 9-inch steining,

and is 66 feet deep. At 29 feet from surface it is enlarged for the

purpose of affording increased storage room for the water. There is a

16-inch pipe at bottom of shaft 49 feet deep, continued by a 12-inch

bore-hole 13 feet into the red sandstone. The water-level is 27 feet

from the surface of the ground.

_Birmingham._--Out of the 7,000,000 gallons a day supplied to the town

in 1865 by the Waterworks Company, 2,000,000 were derived from wells in

the new red sandstone. In that year an Act was passed authorizing the

sinking of several new wells, whereby the quantity may be greatly

increased.

_Burton-on-Trent._--Fig. 229 is a section of the well at the London and

Colonial Brewery. Extraordinary precautions were taken in constructing

this well to obtain the water from the lower strata perfectly free from

admixture with that from above. There is a steined shaft within which is

an iron cylinder, and this again is lined with brick steining backed

with concrete. The bore-hole, 182 feet deep and 4 inches diameter, is

lined throughout with copper tubes. At the top the bore-hole is

surrounded with a short tube upon which a thread is cut, so that, if

necessary, a pipe may be screwed on and up to surface. The water rises

to within 6 feet 3 inches of the level of the ground. Fig. 230 is an

enlarged section of the arrangements at the top of the bore-hole, and

Fig. 231 an enlarged section of the pipe joints.

_Crewe._--Cheshire. A very plentiful supply of water for the supply of

the town and works of Crewe is obtained from a well sunk in the new red

sandstone. The water is said to be very pure, and from the analysis of

Dr. Zeidler it appears that there are only 6·10 grains of solid matter

to the gallon.

_Leamington._--The well in this town is situated at the foot of Newbold

Hill, and is 5 feet in diameter and sunk to a depth of 50 feet. At the

bottom of the well a bore-hole, part of the way 18 inches and the

remainder 12 inches in diameter, is carried down 200 feet. It passes

through alternating beds of marl and sandstone, and the surface water

met with has been bricked or puddled out. The yield is about 320,000

gallons in twenty-four hours. Previously to this well being made, a

trial boring, of which Figs. 232, 233, are sections, was made. This

boring was lined with iron tubes 9 inches in diameter for 17 feet,

inside this 8 inches in diameter for 22 feet 9 inches, and within this

again a 5-inch tube. It was continued by a 5-inch bore reduced to 4-1/2

inches, and at bottom to 3 inches.

[Illustration: WELL AT COOK'S BREWERY, BIRKENHEAD.

Fig. 227.]

[Illustration: PLAN A.B.

Fig. 228.]

[Illustration: WELL AT LONDON AND COLONIAL BREWERY, BURTON-ON-TRENT.

Fig. 229.]

[Illustration: _Top of Bore-hole_

Fig. 230.]

[Illustration: _Enlarged Section of Pipe Joints_

Fig. 231.]

_Liverpool._--The oldest wells are at Bootle, to the north of the town;

these consisted in the first instance of three lodges or excavations in

the rock, covering about 10,000 feet super and about 26-1/2 feet deep.

These were covered with timber or slate roofs, and in them 16 bore-holes

were sunk, of various diameters and at depths ranging from 13 feet to

600 feet. In 1850 the yield of one of these bore-holes was 921,192

gallons in twenty-four hours, and the total yield in the same time only

1,102,065. The water was collected in the lodges and conveyed by a

tunnel 255 feet to a well 8 feet in diameter and 50 feet deep, from

which it was pumped. The yield of the Bootle well in 1865 was 643,678

gallons a day. Since this time a new well of oval form, 12 feet by 9

feet and 108 feet deep, has been sunk, and at its completion the yield

rose to 1,575,000 gallons a day, but it has again diminished

considerably.

The Green Lane wells were commenced in 1845, the surface being 144 feet

above the sea-level and their depth 185 feet, or 41 feet below the

sea-level. Headings extend in all about 300 feet from the shafts in

various directions, three separate shafts being carried up to the

surface. At first the yield was 1,250,000 gallons a day. A bore-hole, 6

inches in diameter, was then driven to a depth of 60 feet from the

bottom of the well, when the yield increased to 2,317,000 gallons. In

June, 1856, the bore-hole was widened to 9 inches and carried down 101

feet farther, when the yield amounted to its present supply of over

3,000,000 gallons a day.

The large quantity of water yielded by the Green Lane well is probably

due to the existence of a large fault which is considered to pass in a

north-westerly direction by the well. In 1869 a bore-hole, 24 inches in

diameter at the top and diminishing to 18 inches in diameter, was sunk

from the bottom of a new shaft, 174 feet deep, to a depth of 310 feet,

and the additional quantity of water derived from the new hole was about

800,000 gallons a day.

The Windsor Station well is of oval form, 12 feet by 10 feet and 210

feet deep, with a length of headings of 594 feet, and a bore-hole 4

inches in diameter and 245 feet deep. The yield is 980,000 gallons a

day.

The Dudlow Lane well is also oval, 12 feet by 9 feet, and is sunk to a

depth of 247 feet from the surface of the ground. Headings have been

driven from the bottom of the well for a total distance of 213 feet, and

an 18-inch bore-hole has been sunk to a depth of 196 feet from the

bottom of the well, which is chiefly in a close hard rock, with

occasional white beds from which the water is mainly obtained. The yield

is nearly 1,500,000 gallons a day.

[Illustration: TRIAL BORING FOR WELL AT LEAMINGTON.

Figs. 232, 233.]

The total weekly supply from wells in Liverpool is upwards of 41,000,000

gallons, and there are also a great number of private wells drawing

water from the sandstone, and their supply may be roughly estimated at

30,000,000 gallons a week.

[Illustration: PLAN OF WELLS AT LONGTON.

Fig. 234.]

_Longton_, Staffordshire.--The Potteries obtain a portion of their

supply from a series of wells at Longton, which are shown in the

diagrammatic sectional plan, Fig. 234. The well marked No. 1 is 12 feet

in diameter, and 135 feet deep in the new red sandstone. When finished

the water rose to within 35 feet from the surface. The cost of the first

45 feet was 3_l._ 10_s._ a yard; of the second 45 feet, 6_l._ 10_s._ a

yard; and the third 45 feet, 9_l._ a yard. When this well was 36 feet

down, a large quantity of water was met with, so a heading was driven at

that depth in the direction of No. 2 well; this, after 30 feet, passed

through a fault which drained off the water, and the sinking of No. 1

was proceeded with. After the engine had been erected and pumping some

short time, it was proposed to drive headings from the bottom; but owing

to the pumps taking up so much room in the shaft, there was not space

enough for sinking operations to be carried on, and No. 2 well was

therefore sunk for convenience sake, at the cost of about 30_s._ a yard.

When No. 2 was down 54 feet, a trial bore-hole 3 inches diameter was put

down, and water rose in a jet about 3 feet high. The well was then

continued to the level of No. 1, and a heading, 39 feet long, driven

between the two shafts. No. 2 has now a 12-inch bore-hole at bottom,

down 54 feet.

[Illustration: WELL AT BOLCKOW AND VAUGHAN'S, MIDDLESBOROUGH.

Fig. 235.]

[Illustration: PLAN AT A A.

Fig. 237.]

[Illustration: PLAN AT B B.

Fig. 238.]

[Illustration: WELL AT BOLCKOW AND VAUGHAN'S, MIDDLESBOROUGH

Fig. 236.]

Headings have also been driven W. and N. of No. 2 well, at a cost of

30_s._ a yard. The western heading is 213 feet long, driven with a

slight rise, and gave much water. There are two headings N., running in

the direction of the railway, one over the other. The lower was driven

level with the bottom of the shaft, but no water met with; the upper is

36 feet from the surface, and is intended to carry away surplus water

down to a line of earthenware pipes which are led along the railway to a

low-level reservoir.

In the eastern heading there is a rise of 4 feet, owing to the nature of

the strata; and after it had been driven 510 feet, well No. 3 was sunk

for ventilation and for drawing out material. A bed of very hard

sandstone, 63 feet long, was passed, cost 4_l._ 10_s._ a yard, and

beyond came marl, in which driving cost 45_s._ a yard. This heading was

continued 330 feet beyond No. 3, and an air-hole 3 inches diameter put

down 126 yards deep, but no water was met with. The bed of hard

sandstone was also found in driving the lower N. heading, which was

discontinued after going into it some 5 or 6 feet. The yield from these

wells is about 600,000 gallons a day, and recently a new bore-hole at

No. 3 well, when down 350 feet, gave some 380,000 gallons a day

additional.

_Leek._--The Potteries waterworks have also wells at the Wallgrange

Springs, near Leek; these rise from the conglomerate beds, and are

stated to yield 3,000,000 gallons daily. The water from these springs is

pumped into Ladderidge reservoir, and is distributed from thence into

the town of Newcastle-under-Lyme and the Potteries.

[Illustration: WELL AT ROSS, HEREFORDSHIRE.

Fig. 239.]

[Illustration: PLAN.

Fig. 240.]

_Middlesborough._--The Figs. 235 to 238 are sections and plans of a

well at the works of Messrs. Bolckow and Vaughan, Middlesborough, made

under the direction of S. C. Homersham, C.E. A trial hole was first put

down to a depth of 398 feet 6 inches, and a shaft afterwards sunk by

Messrs. Docwra and Son to that depth, through alternating beds of clay,

sand, gypsum, and sandstone. At the bottom of the shaft a bore-hole of

18 inches diameter throughout was made with Mather and Platt's apparatus

to a depth of 1312 feet; the first 1160 feet of which were through new

red sandstone interspersed with beds of clay, white sandstone, red

marl, and gypsum. Next came 40 feet of gypsum, hard white sandstone, and

limestone; and the remaining 100 feet were through red sandstone, pure

salt rock, occasional layers of limestone, and then salt rock to the

bottom. The gross time spent in sinking this bore-hole was 510 days, or

an average of 2 feet 5 inches a day.

_Ross_, Herefordshire.--The well at the Alton Court Brewery is shown in

Figs. 239, 240. The shaft, 5 feet in diameter and 27 feet deep, is

steined with 9-inch brickwork for a distance of 17 feet. At the bottom

is a 12-inch bore-hole 100 feet 9 inches deep, unlined. The water is

abundant. At level of the bore a heading, 6 feet high, 5 feet wide, and

27 long, has been driven, to afford storage room.

_Wolverhampton._--This town is partially supplied from wells sunk in the

new red sandstone. There are two shafts, 7 feet in diameter and 300 feet

deep, a heading 459 feet long, and in this a boring of 390 feet. The

yield when first completed was 211,000 gallons a day.

[Illustration: WELL AT SWANAGE, DORSET.

Fig. 241.]

[Illustration: PLAN.

Fig. 242.]

_St. Helens_, Lancashire.--Supplied with about 570,000 gallons daily

from two wells, each 210 feet deep, in the new red sandstone. Each well

has a bore-hole at the bottom.

OOLITIC STRATA.

_Northampton._--The well at the waterworks is sunk and bored 253 feet 3

inches in the lias. The shaft is steined with brickwork and iron

cylinders in the following order: for 16 feet 9 inches in depth the well

is 7 feet 6 inches in diameter, lined with brickwork; at this depth two

cast-iron cylinders 5 feet 6 inches diameter are introduced, which are

again succeeded by 9-inch brickwork, commencing at 5 feet 6 inches

internal diameter and widening out to 7 feet 6 inches in diameter. The

bottom of the shaft is floored with bricks at a distance of 120 feet

from surface. At this point the bore-hole commences, and for the first

31 feet it is lined with 14-inch pipes, which rise into the shaft 5

feet above the floor. The remaining portion of the bore-hole, 102 feet,

is 9 inches diameter.

_Swanage_, Dorset.--The section and plan, Figs. 241, 242, are of a well

at Swanage, sunk 60 feet and bored 53 feet, the lining tube rising 8

feet into the shaft, which is 5 feet 6 inches in diameter, and lined

with 9-inch steining. The strata passed through are clays and

limestones, and may perhaps be referred to the Purbeck beds. At first

this well yielded little or no water, but it now gives a sufficient

supply.

CRETACEOUS STRATA.

_Bishop Stortford._--The waterworks and well are situate west of the

town, near the farm buildings known as Marsh Barns. The shaft is 160

feet deep, the bore-hole 140 feet. The following is a section of the

strata;--

Feet.

BOULDER CLAY 17

LONDON CLAY, 54 feet;--

Brown Clay 14

Black Clay 2

Black Sandy Loam, with iron pyrites 12

Black Clay, with lignite 11

Dark Grey Sand, with large pieces of

sandstone and shells 15

READING BEDS, 45-1/2 feet;--

Black Clay 2

Brown Clay 20

Light Brown Sand 0-1/2

Variegated Sand 18

Brown Clay 4

Flints and Pebbles 1

-------

To Chalk 116-1/2

CHALK 183-1/2

-------

Total 300

-------

The water rises to within 140 feet of the surface of the ground. The

yield is 10,000 gallons a minute; only 25 gallons a minute from the

bore; the rest from the headings driven north and south respectively at

a depth of 154 feet.

_Braintree._--The well sunk for the Local Board is in a field near Pod's

Brook. The shaft is 8 feet in diameter, steined with 9-inch steining,

and carried down 55 feet, the remainder of the well being bored.

Strata;--

DRIFT, 14 feet;-- Feet.

Sandy Gravel 5

Drift Clay 9

LONDON CLAY, 136 feet;--

Clay, with sand, shells, and septaria,

the bottom part more sandy 126

Dark Sand, with a few shells, yielding

much water 10

READING BEDS, 45 feet;--

Mottled Plastic Clays, getting more sandy

lower down, and with specks of chalk 44

Coarse Black Sandy Clay 1

THANET SAND (?), 33 feet;--

Light-coloured Sands, firm and hard, getting

darker and more friable lower down 20

Light-coloured Sands, firm, changing to

coarse and dark 13

To Chalk 228

CHALK, with much water, rising to about

12 feet from the surface 17

----

Total 245

----

The level of the ground is 140 feet above the sea-level; water stands 29

feet deep; yield about 11,500 gallons an hour.

_Brighton._--This town has always been supplied from wells sunk in the

chalk. One well is sunk near the Lewes Road, and has a total length of

2400 feet of headings driven in a direction parallel with the sea, and

at about the coast-level of low water. These headings intercept many

fissures and materially add to the yield.

A second well was sunk in 1865, at Goldstone Bottom, and headings driven

to the extent of about a quarter of a mile across the valley parallel to

the sea.

Goldstone Bottom is a naturally formed basin in the chalk, the lowest

side of which, nearest the sea, is more than 60 feet higher than the

middle or bottom of the basin. The water is obtained as at Lewes Road,

from fissures running generally at right-angles to the coast-line, but

they are of much larger size and at far greater distances from each

other; whereas at the Lewes Road well it is rare that 30 feet of

headings were driven without finding a fissure, and the yield of the

largest was not more than 100 to 150 gallons a minute. At Goldstone

nearly 160 feet were traversed without any result, and then an enormous

fissure was pierced which yielded at once nearly 1000 gallons a minute;

and the same interval was found between this and the next fissure, which

was of a capacity nearly as large. The total length of the headings at

Goldstone Bottom is 13,000 feet. The yield from each well is about

3,000,000 gallons daily.

_Chelmsford._--The well belonging to the Local Board of Health, situated

at Moulsham, yields about 95,000 gallons of water a day. It is sunk for

200 feet; the rest bored. Water overflowed at first, but now that the

well is in use and pumped from, the water only rises to 76 feet from the

surface. The following strata were pierced;--

Feet. In.

BLACK SOIL (Mould) 3 0

DRIFT, 63-1/2 feet;--

Yellow Clay 2 6

Gravel 12 6

Quicksand 44 6

Sand, with stones 4 0

LONDON CLAY, 186-1/2 feet;--

Clay 104 0

Clay, with sand 50 0

Dark Sand 12 6

Clay Slate (? septaria) 0 9

Clay and Shells 4 0

Clay Slate (? septaria) 0 3

Dark Sand and Clay 9 6

Sand and Shells 4 0

Pebbles 1 6

WOOLWICH BEDS;--

Sand 7 0

Red Clay 12 0

Clay and Sand 64 0

DARK THANET SAND 30 0

-------

To Chalk 366 0

CHALK, 202 feet;--

Chalk 88 0

Rubble 1 0

Chalk 113 0

-------

Total 568 0

-------

_Cheshunt, New River Company._--Situate at the engine-house between the

two reservoirs. The well is 171 feet deep, and is steined partly with

brickwork and partly with iron cylinders. For 12 feet in depth the well

is 11 feet 6 inches in diameter, and steined with 14-inch brickwork; for

a farther depth of 44 feet it is 9 feet diameter, and steined with

9-inch brickwork; of the 44 feet, 41 feet are lined with cast-iron

cylinders, 8 feet diameter, which are also carried to a depth of 105

feet from the surface. There are fifteen cylinders of this size in use,

and they are succeeded by others 6 feet 10 inches diameter, of which

there are six in use; these are again succeeded by two cylinders 6 feet

diameter. The whole of the cylinders are 6 feet in depth. The bottom of

the last cylinder is 118 feet from the surface, at which point they rest

upon a foundation of 9-inch brick steining 7 feet in depth. At the

bottom of the 6-feet cylinders the well widens out in the form of a cone

12 feet 6 inches diameter at the floor, which is 26 feet below the

bottom of the 6-feet cylinder. In the centre of the well a bore-hole, 3

inches diameter and 27 feet deep, was made, and the well is provided on

the floor-level with headings.

SECTION OF STRATA. Feet. In.

SURFACE EARTH 1 6

GRAVEL 8 0

LONDON CLAY, 47 feet;--

Blue Clay 45 0

Yellow Clay 2 0

READING BEDS, 51 feet;--

White Sand 12 0

Dark Sand 39 0

--------

To Chalk 107 6

CHALK 63 6

--------

Total 171 0

--------

_Dorking_, Surrey, obtains its water supply from a well sunk into the

outcrop of the lower greensand, at the south side of the town. The shaft

is 11 feet in diameter and 160 feet deep, steined with 9-inch work laid

dry. The yield is not more than 30 gallons a minute, owing to the

unfortunate position of the well, but might be considerably increased if

suitable means were adopted.

_Harrow Waterworks._--The well is situate 430 yards to the west of the

church. The surface of the ground is 226 feet above the Ordnance datum.

There is a shaft for 193-1/2 feet; the rest is a bore. In a bed of dark

red sand 144 feet down, the water was very foul. Strata;--

Feet. In.

Light Blue Clay, with light-coloured stone 19 11

Brown Clay, with white stone 54 11

Dark Mottled Clay 15 0

Similar Clay, with dark and green sand 4 0

The same, very hard 3 0

The same, very hard, and dark sand 2 0

Lighter-coloured Hard Clay 5 0

The same, and dark sand 6 0

Large Pebbles 0 6

Clay and Sand 5 0

Light Blue Clay 0 4

Light-coloured Stone, with red and blue spots 1 3

Mottled Clays 7 11

Yellow, Light Blue, and Green Clay 1 0

Dark Green Clay, with black veins and spots 5 0

Blue Clay 1 6

Very Hard Brown, Yellow, and Blue Clay 4 0

Light Brown Running Sand, with water 2 6

Hard Mottled Clays 6 6

Light Brown Dead Sand 8 8

Black Peat, with dark pebbles 0 6

Brown and Green Gravel, with flints 3 2

Green Clay 0 4

--------

To Chalk 158 6

Chalk, with beds of flint 4 to 15 inches

in thickness, 15 to 24 inches apart;

395-1/2 feet down, from surface, a bed

of flint 6 feet thick 254 0

--------

Total 412 6

--------

Water rises to a height of 125 feet below the surface. The yield is

about 190 gallons a minute.

[Illustration: WELL AT HIGHBURY.

Fig. 243.]

[Illustration: Plan.

Fig. 244.]

[Illustration: Pipes Enlarged.

Fig. 245.]

_Highbury_, Middlesex.--Well at the residence of H. Rydon, Esq., New

Park. Figs. 243 to 245. The shaft is 4 feet 6 inches diameter, and 136

feet deep, steined with 9-inch work set in cement. The bore was

commenced with a 12-inch hole, but the character of the ground was such

that the successive reductions in size, shown in the enlarged section of

the lining tubes, Fig. 245, had to be made. When in the chalk the bore

was continued some 48 feet unlined. The strata passed were;--

GRAVEL 3 feet.

LONDON CLAY, 111 feet;--

Blue Clay 110 "

Claystone 1 "

READING AND THANET SAND, 85 feet;--

Mottled Clay 25 "

Coloured Sand 60 "

----

To Chalk 199 "

CHALK 50 "

----

Total 249 "

----

_Kentish Town._--This well was sunk under the supposition that as the

outcrop of the subcretaceous formations was continuous around the margin

of the cretaceous basin surrounding and underlying the London

tertiaries, except at the eastern border, those subcretaceous formations

would be found under London, just as they actually were at Paris. This

proved to be the case until the gault was passed, when a series of

sandstones and clays was encountered, occupying the place of the lower

greensand, but evidently of older geological character, and having many

of the features of the new red sandstone.

[Illustration: BORING AT KENTISH TOWN, LONDON.

Figs. 246. 247.]

The surface of the ground, Fig. 246, is 174 feet above Thames

high-water mark. There is a shaft for 539 feet; the remainder being

bored. The following detailed account of the strata is due to Prestwich.

[Illustration: BORING AT KENTISH TOWN, LONDON--_continued_.

Figs. 248, 249.]

LONDON CLAY, 236 feet;-- Feet. In.

Yellow Clay 30 6

Blue Clay, with septaria 205 6

READING BEDS, 61-1/2 feet:--

Red, Yellow, and Blue Mottled Clay 37 6

White Sand, with flint pebbles 0 6

Black Sand, passing into the bed below 2 0

Mottled Green and Red Clay 1 0

Clayey Sand 3 0

Dark Grey Sand, with layers of clay 9 6

Ash-coloured Quicksand 6 6

Flint Pebbles 1 6

THANET SAND, 27 feet;--

Ash-coloured Sand 10 0

Clayey Sand 4 0

Dark Grey Clayey Sand 11 0

Angular Green-coated Flints 2 0

CHALK, WITH FLINTS (? UPPER CHALK), 244-1/2 feet;--

Chalk, with flints 119 6

Hard Chalk, without flints 8 0

Chalk, softer, with a few flints 31 6

Nodular Chalk, with three beds of tabular flints 13 6

Chalk, with layers of flint 32 6

Chalk, with a few flints and patches of sand 9 6

Very Light-grey Chalk, with a few flints 30 0

CHALK, WITHOUT FLINTS (LOWER CHALK), 341 feet;--

Light Grey Chalk, and a few thin beds of marl 133 0

Grey Chalk Marl, with compact and marly beds

and occasional pyrites 161 0

Grey Marl 20 0

Harder Grey Marl, rather sandy and with occasional

pyrites 27 0

CHALK MARL, 59-1/4 feet;--

Hard Rocky Marl (? Tottenhoe Stone) 0 6

Bluish Grey Marl, rather sandy, lower part more

clayey 58 9

UPPER GREENSAND;--

Dark Green Sand, mixed with grey clay 13 9

GAULT, 130-1/2 feet;--

Bluish Grey Micaceous Clay, slightly sandy 39 0

The same, with two layers of clayey greensand 6 7

Micaceous Blue Clay; at base a layer full of phosphatic

nodules 84 11

LOWER GREENSAND (?), 188-1/2 feet;--

Red and Yellow Clayey Sand and Sandstone 1 0

Compact Red Clay, with patches of variegated

sandstone 4 0

Dark Red Clay 4 7

Red Clay, Whitish Sand, and Mottled Sandstone 3 0

Hard Red Conglomerate, with pebbles from the

size of a marble to that of a cannon-ball 2 0

Micaceous Red Clay, mottled in places 26 0

Layers of White Sandstone and Red Sand 3 8

Mottled Sandstone 0 4

Red Sand and Sandstone, with pebbles (a spring) 2 0

Layers of Red Sandstone and White Sand 4 0

Pebbly Red Sand and Sandstone 1 0

White and Red Sandstone 5 0

Fine Light Red Sand 2 9

Hard Sandstone 0 3

Very Fine Light Red Sand 4 0

Red Clay 2 0

Clayey Sand 1 3

Red Sandy Micaceous Clay, with sandstone 2 5

Compact Hard Greenish Sandstone 10 0

Very Micaceous Red Clay 1 0

Grey and Red Clayey Sand 1 1

Light-coloured Soft Sandstone 2 1

Red Sand and Sandstone 6 2

Greenish Sandstone 4 0

White and Grey Clayey Sand, with iron pyrites 2 0

Reddish Clayey Sand, with layers of sandstone 3 8

Micaceous Red Clay 18 4

Greenish Sandstone 0 5

Red Mottled Micaceous Clay, with patches of sand 34 6

Red Quartzose Micaceous Sandstone 2 0

Brownish-red Clayey Sand and Sandstone 4 0

Very Hard Micaceous Sandstone, with pebbles of

white quartz 4 0

Light Red Clayey Sand 10 0

Red Micaceous Quartzose Sandstone 8 0

Light Red Clayey Sand, small fragments of chalk 2 0

Whitish and Greenish Hard Micaceous Sandstone 6 0

--------

Total 1302 0

--------

The engravings, Figs. 246 to 249, which are on the authority of G. R.

Burnell, do not exactly agree with Prestwich's section, but in the main

they are both alike. The following summary may be found of service;--

Feet. In.

London Clay 236 0

Lower London Tertiaries 88 6

Chalk 644 9

Upper Greensand 13 9

Gault 130 6

Lower Greensand (?) 188 6

[Illustration: WELL AT MICHELMERSH.

Fig. 250.]

_Michelmersh_, Hants.--Fig. 250 shows a section of a well in this

village, comprised within the writer's practice. The shaft is 4 ft. 6

in. in diameter and 400 feet deep, steined both above and below the

chalk with 9-inch work, the upper course having rings of cement at every

12 inches.

The strata pierced were;--

Feet. In.

Surface Soil 4 0

Dark Clay 27 0

Chalk 250 0

Band of Calcareous Sand 2 6

Upper Greensand 17 0

-------

Total 300 6

-------

The water rises some 19 feet in the shaft, and is abundant, although up

to the present its quantity has not been tested.

_Mile End_, Middlesex.--Well at Charrington, Head, and Co.'s brewery.

Figs. 251 to 253. The surface is 33-1/2 feet above Trinity high-water

mark.

In the upper part there are three iron cylinders built upon 9-inch

brickwork, which is carried down into the mottled clay. A 9-inch iron

cylinder, partially supported by rods from the surface, rises some 28

feet into the brick shaft into which it is built by means of rings.

Another iron cylinder is carried down into the chalk, the space between

the cylinders being filled in with concrete.

The strata passed were;--

Feet. In.

MADE EARTH 7 0

VALLEY DRIFT, 6 feet;--

Sand 3 0

Gravel 3 0

LONDON CLAY, 86 feet;--

Blue Clay 7 0

Hard Brown Clay, with claystones 68 0

Brown Sandy Clay 2 0

Hard Brown Sandy Clay, rotten at bottom 9 0

WOOLWICH AND READING BEDS 63 0

THANET SAND, 40 feet;--

Green Sand 2 0

Brownish-green Quicksand and Pebbles 2 0

Brown Sand 2 0

Grey and Brownish-green Sand 2 0

Green Sand and Pebbles 2 0

Brown Sand 2 0

Green Sand and Pebbles 15 0

Grey Sand and small Pebbles 2 0

Dark Grey and Green Sand 10 6

Green Sand and Green-coated Flints 0 6

-------

To Chalk 202 0

Chalk Flints 0 6

Hard Chalk and Water 2 0

-------

Total 204 6

-------

The water-level is some 103 feet from surface, and the yield 60,000 to

70,000 gallons a day.

[Illustration: WELL AT CHARRINGTON'S, MILE END.

Figs. 251-253.]

_Norwich_.--Well at Coleman's works. After a few feet of alluvium the

borer passed through hard chalk with flints at distances of about 6 or 7

feet apart, for 700 feet, with the exception of 10 feet at the depth of

500 feet where the rock was soft and of a rusty colour, thence the

flints were thicker, namely, about 4 feet apart to the depth of 1050

feet. After this 102 feet were pierced of chalk, free from flints, to

the upper greensand, a stratum of about 6 feet, and then gault for 36

feet. The whole boring being full of water to within 16 feet of the

surface.

Section of strata;--

Feet.

Alluvium 12

Hard Chalk, with flints 483

Soft Chalk 10

Hard Chalk 190

Hard Chalk, flints closer 350

Chalk without flints 102

Upper Greensand 6

Gault 36

----

Total 1189

----

[Illustration: GEOLOGICAL SECTION FROM NIORT TO VERDUN, THROUGH THE

PARIS BASIN.

Horizontal scale, 90 miles the inch.

Vertical scale, 1500 feet the inch.

Fig 254.]

_Paris_.--The wells sunk in the Paris basin, of which Fig. 254 is a

section, are very numerous, and many of them of great depth. Fig. 255 is

a plan indicating the position of the principal wells, and Figs. 256 to

258 sections giving each a summary of the nature and thickness of the

formations passed through.

For boring these wells special tools had to be used, which have already

been described at length in Chap. VI.

A large Artesian well was, in 1867, being constructed by Dru at

Butte-aux-Cailles, Fig. 255, for the supply of the city of Paris, which

is intended to be carried down through the greensand to a depth of 2600

or 2900 feet to reach the Portland limestone. The boring in 1867 was 490

feet deep, and its diameter 47 inches.

During the previous 2-1/2 years, M. Dru was engaged in sinking a similar

well of 19 inches diameter for supplying the Sugar Refinery of M. Say,

in Paris, Fig. 255; 1570 feet deep of this well had been bored in 1867,

see Fig. 258.

The well at Grenelle was sunk by Mulot in 1832, and after more than

eight years' incessant labour, water rose on the 26th of February, 1842,

from the total depth of 1806 feet 9 inches. The diameter of the

bore-hole is 8 inches, ending, as is seen in the detail sections, Figs.

259 to 262, in the lower greensand.

The well of Passy was intended to be executed in the Paris basin which

it was to traverse with a diameter, hitherto unattempted, of 1 mètre

(3·2809 feet); that of the Grenelle well being only 20 centimètres (8

inches). It was calculated that it would reach the water-bearing stratum

at nearly the same depth as the latter, and would yield 8000 mètres or

10,000 cubic mètres in twenty-four hours, or about 1,786,240 gallons to

2,232,800 gallons a day.

Figs. 263 to 266 show a detail section of the strata passed.

[Illustration: Fig. 255.

Reference.--P. Passy. G. Grenelle. B. Butte-aux-Cailles. R. Sugar

Refinery.]

[Illustration: PASSY.

Fig. 256.]

[Illustration: GRENELLE.

Fig. 257.]

[Illustration: SUGAR REFINERY.

Fig. 258.]

The operations were undertaken by Kind under a contract with the

Municipality of Paris, by which he bound himself to complete the works

within the space of twelve months from the date of their commencement,

and to deliver the above quantity of water for the sum of 300,000

francs, 12,000_l_. On the 31st of May, 1857--after the workmen had been

engaged nearly the time stipulated for the completion of the work, and

when the boring had been advanced to the depth of 1732 feet from the

surface--the excavation suddenly collapsed in the upper strata, at about

100 feet from the ground, and filled up the bore. Kind would have been

ruined had the engineers of the town held him to the strict letter of

his contract; but it was decided to behave in a liberal manner, and to

release him from it, the town retaining his services for the completion

of the well, as also the right to use his patent machinery. The

difficulties encountered in carrying the excavation through the clays of

the upper strata were found to be so serious that, under the new

arrangement, it required six years and nine months of continuous

efforts to reach the water-bearing stratum, of which time the far larger

portion was employed in traversing the clay beds. The upper part of this

well was finally lined with solid masonry, to the depth of 150 feet from

the surface; and beyond that depth tubing of wood and iron was

introduced. This tubing was continued to the depth of 1804 feet from the

surface, and had at the bottom a length of copper pipe pierced with

holes to allow the water to enter. At this depth the compound tubing

could not be made to descend any lower; but the engineers employed by

the city of Paris were convinced that they could obtain the water by

means of a preliminary boring; and therefore they proceeded to sink in

the interior of the above tube of 3.2809 feet diameter, an inner tube 2

feet 4 inches diameter, formed of wrought-iron plates 2 inches thick, so

as to enable them to traverse the clays encountered at this zone. At

last, the water-bearing strata were met with on the 24th of September,

1861, at the depth of 1913 feet 10 inches from the ground-line; the

yield of the well being, at the first stroke of the tool that pierced

the crust, 15,000 cubic mètres in 24 hours, or 3,349,200 gallons a day;

it quickly rose to 25,000 cubic mètres, or 5,582,000 gallons a day; and

as long as the column of water rose without any sensible diminution, it

continued to deliver a uniform quantity of 17,000 mètres, or 3,795,000

gallons a day. The total cost of this well was more than 40,000_l._,

instead of 12,000_l._, at which Kind had originally estimated it.

[Illustration: BORING AT GRENELLE, PARIS.

Figs. 259, 260.]

[BORING AT GRENELLE, PARIS--_continued_.

Figs. 261. 262.]

[Illustration: BORING AT PASSY, PARIS.

Figs. 263, 264.]

[Illustration: BORING AT PASSY, PARIS--_continued_.

Figs. 265, 266.]

It may be questioned whether the engineers of the town were justified in

passing the contract with Kind to finish the work within the time, and

for the sum at which he undertook it; but they certainly treated him

with kindness and consideration, in allowing him to conduct the work at

the expense of the city of Paris, for so long a period after the

expiration of his contract. It seems, however, that the French

well-borers could not at the time have attempted to continue the well

upon any other system than that introduced by Kind; that is to say, upon

the supposition that it should be completed of the dimensions originally

undertaken. Experience has shown that both steining and tubing were

badly executed at the well of Passy. The masonry lining was introduced

after Kind's contract had expired, and when he had ceased to have the

control of the works; the wrought-iron tubing at the lower part of the

excavation being a subsequent idea. It has followed from this defective

system of tubing--the wood necessarily yielding in the vertical

joints--that the water in its upward passage escaped through the

joints, and went to supply the basement beds of the Paris basin, which

are as much resorted to as the London sand-beds for an Artesian supply;

and, in fact, the level of the water has been raised in the neighbouring

wells by the quantity let in from below, and the yield of the well

itself has been proportionally diminished, until it has fallen to

450,000 gallons a day. That the increased yield of the neighbouring

wells is to be accounted for by the escape of the water from the

Artesian boring is additionally proved by the temperature of the water

in them; it is found to be nearly 82° Fah., or nearly that observed in

the water of Passy. This was an unfortunate complication of the bargain

made between Kind and the Municipal Council; but it in no respect

affects the choice of the boring machinery, which seems to have complied

with all the conditions it was designed to meet. The descent of the

tubes and their nature ought to have been the subject of special study

by the engineers of the town, who should have known the nature of the

strata to be traversed better than Kind could be supposed to do, and

should have insisted upon the tubing being executed of cast or

wrought-iron, so as effectually to resist the passage of the water. At

any rate, this precaution ought to have been taken in the portions of

the well carried through the basement beds of the Paris basin, or

through the lower members of the chalk and the upper greensand.

[Illustration: WELL AT PONDERS END.

Figs. 267, 268.]

_Ponders End_, Middlesex.--At the works of the London Jute Company. It

will be seen from the Figs. 267, 268, that this well is bored all but

the top 4 feet, which is 5 feet across and steined with 9-inch work. The

uppermost tube is 12 inches in diameter, decreased to 9 inches, and then

to 8 inches, and ending with a 6-inch bore, unlined, in the chalk.

The strata passed were;--

ALLUVIUM, 6 feet;-- Feet. In.

Clay and Mud 3 6

Peat 2 6

SAND AND SHINGLE (GRAVEL). 7 0

LONDON CLAY, 15 feet;--

Blue Clay 8 0

Sandy Clay (basement bed?) 7 0

READING BEDS, 49-1/2 feet;--

Dead Sand 10 0

Mottled Clays 22 0

Sand and Metal (pyrites?) 1 0

Sandy Clay 3 0

Sand and Pebbles 4 0

Dead Sand 1 6

Dead Sand and Pebbles 1 0

Sand and Pebbles 7 0

THANET SAND (?), 35 feet;--

Green Sand 27 0

Dead Sand 8 0

--------

To Chalk 112 6

IN CHALK 290 6

--------

Total 403 0

--------

The water at this well overflows.

* * * * *

_Freshwater_, Isle of Wight.--Well, Figs. 269, 270, sunk at Golden Hill

for H.M. Government. The diameter of the shaft is 4 feet 6 inches,

brickwork 9 inches thick, there are 3 feet in cement at the top of the

well, and 3 feet 9 inches at the bottom. There are four courses in

cement every 5 feet, internal work four courses in cement every 10 feet.

The bore-hole is lined throughout with pipes of 6 inches, 5 inches, and

4 inches diameter respectively.

[Illustration: WELL AT FRESHWATER, ISLE OF WIGHT.

Figs. 269, 270.]

_Winchfield_, Hants.--Well, Figs. 271 to 273, at the brewery of Messrs.

W. Cave and Son. The shaft above the steining is lined with iron

cylinders into which the bore-pipe is carried up.

The strata passed were;--

Feet.

Made Earth, Soil, Gravel, Blue Clay and Dead Sand 350

Dark Sandy Clay 3

Black Pebbles 2

Coloured Clay 5

Stone (septaria?) 2

Coloured Clay 22

Coarse Shifting Sands 7

---

Total 391

---

[Illustration: WELL AT WINCHFIELD, HANTS.

Figs. 271-273.]

The following Table, compiled from the Government Memoirs and other

reliable sources, furnishes in a condensed form the most important

particulars relating to wells, and trial bore-holes comprised within the

geographical area known as the London Basin.

The first column gives the name of the place where the well is situated,

the second column that of the county, and the third column the precise

locality. The following abbreviations have been employed: B. for

Bedfordshire; Berks, Berkshire; Bucks, Buckinghamshire; E., Essex; H.,

Hampshire; Herts, Hertfordshire; K., Kent; M., Middlesex; S., Surrey.

O.D. stands for, above Ordnance Datum; T., above Trinity high-water

mark.

PARTICULARS OF WELLS.

+-------------+-------+-------------+----------------------------------------+

| Name of | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+--------|

| | | +-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

|Abridge | E. |Brewery | 100 | 190 | 290 | -- | 30 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Acton | M. |Mr. | | | | | |

| | |Engleheart's | -- | -- | 284 | 119 | 12 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Mr. Wood's | -- | -- | 315 | 135 | 40 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto, East| " |Mr. Davis's | -- | -- | 267 | 68 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Albany Street| " |London | -- | -- | 182 | 125 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Aldershot | H. | -- -- | -- | -- | 194 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " | -- -- | -- | -- | 148 | 69-1/2| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Amwell End | Herts.|New River | 72 |347-3/4| 36 |383-3/4| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Arlesey | B. |Asylum | 100 | 365 | 7 | 120 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Ash | S. |S.W. Railway | -- | 600 | 370 | 230 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bank of | M. |London | 137 |197-1/2| 234-1/2| 100 | 88 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bagshot | S. |Orphan Asylum| 123 | 523 | 646 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Balham Hill | " |Near Clapham | -- | -- | 347 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Barking | E. |Byfron's | 140 | -- | 140 | -- | 30 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Barnet, East | Herts.|Lion's Down | 122 | 270 | 162 | 230 | 130 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto, New | " |Near Railway | 137 | 302 | 159 | 280 | 130 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Battersea | S. |Jones's Works| 249 | -- | 249 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Beaufoy's | 240 | -- | 240 | -- | -- |

| | | | day. |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bearwood |Berks. |Mr. Walters's| -- | -- | 350 | 15 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Beaumont |Herts. |Near Cheshunt|183-1/2| -- | 126-1/2| 57 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Belleisle | M. |Pashes and | -- | -- | 185 | 118 | 118 |

| | |Co.'s | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Berkeley | " |London | 160 | 156 | 224 | 92 | 80 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bermondsey | S. |Crimscott | -- | -- | 120 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Donkin's | -- | 232 | 91-1/2 |140-1/2| 16 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Berry Green |Herts. |Hadham | 40 | 20 | 60 | -- | 8 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bexley | K. |Brickfield | 65 | 110 | 129-1/4| 45-3/4| 60 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bishop |Herts. |Waterworks | 160 | 140 | 116-1/2|183-1/2| 140 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Hockerill | 85 | 125 | 90 | 120 | 78 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |New Road | | 77 | -- | 56 | 21 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Blackfriars | M. |Apothecaries'| -- | -- | 218 | 76 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Blackheath | K. |Near Enfield | -- | -- | 109 | 30 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Boston Heath | " |Near | -- | -- | 130 | 70 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bow | M. |Starch Works | 176 | 148 | 174 | 150 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Boxley Wood | K. |Near |386-1/2|213-1/2| 3 | 600 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Braintree | E. |Near Pod's | 55 | 190 | 228 | 7 | 216 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Brentford | M. |Brewery | 30 | 338 | 315 | 53 | 5 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bromley | K. |Gas Works | 50 | 120 | 150 | 20 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Widmore Kiln | 52 | 98 | 140 | 10 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | | Ditto | 55 | 85 | 120 | 10 | 61 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Tylney Road | 77 | 85 | 137 | 25 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Waterworks | -- | -- | 70 | 180 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Broxbourne |Herts. | -- -- | 84 | -- | 84 | 6 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Bushey | " |Near | 142 | 24 | 145 | 21 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Camberwell | S. |The Grove | -- | -- | 208 | 300-1/2| 90 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Camden | M. |L. and N.W. | 180 | 220 | 234 | 166 | 150 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Camden Town | M. |Pickford's | -- | -- | 215 | 82 | 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Whitaker's | 235 | 75 | 210 | 90 | 190 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Canterbury | K. |Orphan Asylum| -- | -- | 145 | -- | 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Caterham | S. |Waterworks | -- | -- | 89 | 349 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Chelmsford | E. |Moulsham | 200 | 368 | 366 | 202 | 76 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Cheshunt |Herts. |New River | 144 | 27 |107-1/2| 63-1/2| 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Theobald's | 71 |131-1/2|121-1/2| 81 | 65 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Chiswell | M. |Whitbread's | 183 | 150 | 183 | 150 | 132 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Chiswick | " |Griffin | 204 | 200 | 297 | 107 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Lamb Brewery | 203 | 194 | 293 | 104 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " | Ditto | 8 | 339 | 297 | 50 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | |bottom's | 42 | 294 | 270 | 66 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Wycombe | 20 | 246 | 169 | 97 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Colnbrook | M. |Paper Mills | -- | -- | 207 | 175 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Colney Hatch | " |Asylum | 137 | 193 | 189 | 141 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Covent Garden| " |Market | 140 | 218 | 260 | 98 | 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Cricklewood | " |Near | 225 | 85 | 291 | 19 | 110 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Croydon | S. |Well for | 77 | -- | 11 | 62 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |New Well | -- | -- | 15 | 137 | 11-1/2 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Dartford | K. |Paper Mills | 34 | 49 | 33 | 50 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " | Ditto | 10 |240-1/2| 30 |220-1/2| 2 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Denham |Bucks. |Tile House | 110 | 85 | 67 | 128 | 85 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Deptford | K. |Waterworks | 27 | -- | 14 | 13 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Dulwich | S. |Champion | -- | -- | 210 | 298 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Level | E. |Works | 25 | 175 | 117 | 83 | 2 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Edgware | M. |Mr. Day's | -- | -- | 290 | 45 | 40 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Edgware Road | " |The Hyde | -- | -- | 101 | 37 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Edlesborough |Bucks. |Well, near | -- | 301 | -- | -- | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Eltham | K. |Dr. King's | 46 | -- | 46 | -- | 17 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |The Moat | 110 | -- | 100 | 10 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Mr. Tuck's | 44 | 123 |122-1/2| 44-1/2| 25 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Well Hall | -- | 107 | 104 | 3 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto Park | " | -- -- | -- | -- | 122 | 94 | 170 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Enfield Lock | E. |Small Arms | 45 |239-1/2|152-1/2| 132 | 4 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Epping | " |Waterworks | 275 | 129 | 400 | 4 | 260 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Erith | K. |Mineral Oil | 166 | -- | 146 | 20 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Farnham | S. |Near Hale | 176 | -- | 80 | 96 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Fleet Street | M. |London, | 100 | 225 | 100 | 225 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Fulmer |Bucks. |J. Kay's | 85 | -- | 47-3/4| 37-1/4| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Golden Lane | M. |Baths and | 158 | -- |151-1/2| 6-1/2| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Gravesend | K. |Church Street| 10 | 234 | 120 | 124 | 8 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Greenwich | " |Brewery | 22 | 158 | 80 | 100 | 11 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |East Street | 189 | -- | 159 | 30 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Hospital | 155 | 150 |124-1/2|180-1/2| 19 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hackney Road | M. |Wiltshire | 96 |315-3/4|152-3/4| 259 | 80 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Haggerstone | " |Imperial Gas |118-1/2| 302 |164-1/2| 256 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hainault | E. | -- -- | 165 | -- | 110 | 55 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Halstead | " |The White | -- | -- | 170 | 30 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hammersmith | M. |Average of | -- | -- | 245 | 68 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hampstead | " |Lower Heath | 320 | 130 | 378 | 72 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hampstead | " |Eagle | 138 | 94 | 146 | 86 | 147 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Reservoir | 244 | -- | 152 | 92 | 106 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hanwell | " |Asylum | 230 | 90 | 290 | 30 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Harrow | " |Waterworks |193-1/2| 219 |158-1/2| 254 | 125 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Haverstock | |Orphan | 230 | 160 | 312 | 78 | 196 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hayes | " |Dawley | 19 | 300 | 231 | 88 | 27 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hendon | " |Mr. Booth's | -- | -- | 244 | 132 | 76 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Highbury | " |Brewery | 104 | 210 | 180 | 134 | 95 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |New Park | 136 | 113 | 199 | 50 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hoddesdon |Herts. |New River | 52 | 234 |24-1/2 |261-1/2| 2 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Holloway | M. | -- -- | 140 | 200 | 240 | 100 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |City Prison | -- | -- | 217 | 102 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Hanley Road | -- | -- | 67 | 13 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Redcap Lane | -- | -- | 210 | 90 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Islington | 234 | 306 | 299 | 250 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hornsey | " |Near Church | -- | -- | 202 | 48 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |The Priory | -- | -- | 225 | -- | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Horselydown | S. |Anchor | 100 | 162 | 158 | 104 | 50 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hoxton | M. | -- -- | 152 | 10 | 151 | 11 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Hyde Park | " |St. | 200 |137-1/4|319-1/4| 18 | 100 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Ickenham | " |Public Well | 64 | 80 | 64 | 80 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Isle of Dogs | " |Oil Mills | 27 | 337 |124-1/2|239-1/2| 10 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Isle of Grain| K. |Fort | 180 | 140 | 320 | -- | 20 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Isleworth | M. |Sion House | -- | -- | 420 | 115 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Mr. | -- | 327 | 327 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Islington | |Webb's | -- | 320 | 176 | 144 | 200 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kensington | " |Brewery | -- | -- | 197 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| | |Brewery | 100 | 170 | 270 | -- | 88 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Horticultural| 200 | 201 | 317 | 84 | 100 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Workhouse | -- | -- | 270 | 100 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Gardens | " |Serpentine | 263 | 58 |263-1/4| 57-3/4| 105 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kentish Town | " |Waterworks | 539 | 763 |324-1/2|644-3/4| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kilburn | " |Brewery | 250 | 30 | 235 | 45 | 150 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kingsbury | " |Brent | 101 | 139 | 132 | 108 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Kingston- | S. |Brook | 90 | 380 | 371 | 99 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Knightsbridge| M. | -- -- | 240 | -- | 240 | -- | 50 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Lambeth | S. |Beaufoy's | 100 | 275 | 201 | 174 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |South Lambeth| 25 | 166 | 187 | 4 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Bethlehem | 30 | 161 | 191 | 20 | 15 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Lion Brewery,| -- | -- | 245 | 173 | 40 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Duke Street, | 26 | 184 | 210 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Lea Bridge | M. |Waterworks | 118 | -- | 100 | 18 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Leicester | " | | | | | | |

|Square | |Alhambra | 150 | 195 | 244 | 101 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Limehouse | " |Johnson's, | 90 | 110 | 190 | 10 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Brewery, | -- | -- |139-1/2| | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Liquorpond | " |Reid's |222-1/2| 40 | 136 |126-1/2| 121 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Long Acre | " |Combe & Co.'s| 263 | 228 | 223 | 268 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Loughton | E. | -- -- | -- | 535 | 324 | 211 | 90 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Lower Morden | S. |On the Green | 20 | 365 | 340 | 45 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Luton | B. |Waterworks | 50 | 272 | -- | 322 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Maldon | E. |Waterworks | 234 | -- | 234 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Margate | K. |Cobb's | 31 | 243 | -- | 374 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Marylebone | M. |London; | 186 | 101 | 232 | 55 | 156 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Mile End | " |Mann's | 195 | -- | 185 | 10 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Charrington's| 204 | -- | 202 | 2 | 103 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto Road | M. |City of | -- | -- | 175 | 10 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Millbank | " |Distillery | 115 | 190 | 205 | 100 | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Westminster | -- | -- | 225 | 70 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Mitcham | S. |Nightingale's| -- | 211 | 189 | 22 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Monkham Park | E. |Near Waltham | 225 | 125 | 304 | 76 | 50 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Mortlake | S. |Mortlake | 30 | 288 | 287 | 31 | 50 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Mr. Randell's| -- | 365 | 315 | 50 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|New Cross | K. |Naval School | 50 | 130 | 125 | 55 | 60 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Northolt | M. |Near Harrow | 12 | 228 | 180 | 60 | 4 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Notting Dale | " |Near Notting | -- | -- | 244 | 12 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Notting Hill | " |Mr. Knight's | -- | -- | 230 | 200 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Old Kent Road| S. |Welsh Ale | -- | -- | 30 | 170 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Old Windsor |Berks. |Pelham Place | -- | -- | 222 | 9 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |The Union | 60 | 180 | 240 | 47 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | |Gallery | 174 | 126 | 250 | 50 | 115 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Oxford Street| " |Star Brewery | 166 | 170 | 158 | 178 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Peckham | S. |Marlborough | -- | -- | 100 | 123 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Penge | " |Palace | 250 | 310 | 358 | 202 | 90 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Pentonville | M. |Brewery, |219-1/2| -- |219-1/2| 45 | 180 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Prison | 170 |200-1/2|219-1/2| 151 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Pimlico | " |Cubitt's | 188 | -- | 188 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Brewer Street| 30 | 368 | 271 | 127 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Simpson's | -- | -- | 231 | 100 | 36 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Pinner | " |Hatch End | 140 | -- | 60 | 80 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Plaistow | E. |Odam's Manure| -- | -- |170-1/2| 128 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Ponders End | M. |London Jute | 4 | 399 |112-1/2|290-1/2| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Crape Works | 20 | 42 | 62 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Local Board | -- | -- | 106 | 96-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Waterworks | 23 | 181 | 97 | 107 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Pudsey Hall | E. |Near | 297 | -- | 297 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Ratcliffe | M. |Queen's Head | -- | -- | 160 | 200 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Marine | 16 | 236 | 150 | 102 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Ravenhill's | -- | 137 | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Regent's Park| " |Colosseum | 150 | 100 | 171 | 79 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Mr. Day's | -- | -- | 184 | 216 | 80 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Zoological | 183 | 91 | 224 | 50 | 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Richmond | S. |Old | -- | -- | 276 | 103 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Star and | -- | -- | 416 | 76 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Romford | E. |Ind, Coope, | 155 | -- | 145 | 10 | |

| | |& Co. | | | | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Rotherhithe | S. |Brandram's | 30 | 222 | 107 | 145 | 27 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Tunnel | -- | -- | 125 | 135 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Ruislip | M. |Near "The | 15 | 90-3/4| 75-3/4| 30 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Saffron | E. | -- -- | -- | -- | -- | 1000 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Sandhurst |Berks. |Well at | -- | 603 | -- | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Sandwich | K. |The Bank | 70 | -- | 62 | 8 | 20 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Sheerness | " |Waterworks | 300 | 84 | 384 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Dockyard | 330 | 125 | 455 | -- | 53 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Shoreditch | M. |Truman's | 300 | 230 | 199 | 331 | 120 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Fort | K. |Near | 112 | -- | 77-1/2| 34-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

|Shortlands | " |Near | 59 | 150 | 109 | 100 | 61 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Slough |Bucks. |Eton Union | 28 | 103 | 107 | 24 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Royal Nursery| -- | -- | 94 | 17-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Upton Park | -- | -- |102-1/4|170-1/4| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Waterworks | 117 | -- | 90 | 27 | 7 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Smithfield | M. |Booth's | -- | -- | 230 | 70 | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Southend | E. |Waterworks | 417 | -- | 417 | -- | 100 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Southwark | S. |Barclay's | 115 | 288 | 212 | 211 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Guy's | 132 | 173 | 196 | 109 | 84 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Staines | M. |Ashby's | -- | -- | 369 | 154 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Stifford | E. |S.E. of | 63 | -- | 33 | 30 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Stockwell | S. |Waltham's | 100 | 210 | 210 | 100 | 46 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Hammerton's | 25 | 186 | 211 | 154 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Stratford | E. |Great Eastern| 56 | 344 | 106 | 294 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Savill Bros.'|112-1/2| -- |109-1/2| 3 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Langthorn | 60 | 395 | 132 | 323 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Streatham | S. |The Common | 100 | 185 | 285 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Sudbury | M. |London and | 200 | -- | 120 | 80 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Tottenham | " |Warne's | -- | -- | 147 | 104 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Long Water | -- | -- |149-1/2|101-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Tottenham | -- | 253 | 153 | 100 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Tottenham | |Meux's | 188 | 622 | 156 | 654 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Tower Hill | " |Royal Mint |195-1/2| 202 |195-1/2| 202 | 80 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Trafalgar | " |London | 168 | 228 | 248 | 148 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Upchurch | K. |Burntwick | -- | 236 | 236 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Milford Hope | -- | 304 | 210 | 94 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Upper Thames | M. |City of | 90 | 415 | 210 | 295 | 10 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Uxbridge | " |The Dolphin | 121 | -- | 81-1/2| 39-1/2| 3 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Near Market | -- | -- | 104 | 28 | 15-1/2 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Page's Lane | 98 | -- | 98 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Town Well | -- | -- | 109 | 30 | 19 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Near | 24 | 84 | 108 | -- | 19 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |New Year's | 63 | -- | 63 | -- | 51 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Hurdle Yard | 78 | 39-1/2| 78 | 39-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Near Meeting | 41-1/2|109-1/2| 115 | 36 | 39 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |The Union | 51 | 162 | 175 | 38 | 29 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Vauxhall | S. |Burnett's | 140 | 186 | 224 | 102 | 55 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Waltham Abbey| E. |Brewery | 164 | -- | 160 | 4 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Walthamstow | " |East London | -- | -- | 152 | 140 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|Wandworth | S. |Young & | 170 | 164 | 274 | 60 | 45 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Prison | -- | -- | 357 |126-1/2| 80 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |County Asylum| -- | -- | 331 | 6 | 30 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Westbourne | M. |Hippodrome | 240 | 67 | 300 | 7 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|West Drayton | " |Victoria | 12 | 274 | 186 | 100 | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Vitriol Works| -- | -- |133-1/2| 45-1/2| |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Drayton | 3 | 146 | 149 | -- | -- |

| | | | | | | | |

|West Ham | E. |Mr. Tucker's | -- | -- | 132 | 306 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Union | -- | -- | 110 | 55 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|West India | M. |South of | -- | -- | 120 | 240 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Westminster | " |Artillery | -- | -- | 230 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Chartered | -- | -- | 225 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Vickers' | 116 | 184 | 249 | 51 | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Swallow | -- | -- | 210 | -- | 60 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Whitechapel | " |Furze's | 130 | 218 | 248 | 100 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Smith's | 106 | 264 | 210 | 160 | 36 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Smith, Druce,|141-1/2| -- |141-1/2| -- | 85 |

| | |& Co.'s |39 feet T. |

| | | | | | | | |

|Willesden | " |Mr. Kilsby's | -- | -- | 273 | 97 | 30 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Wimbledon | S. |Convalescent | 200 | 367 | 537 | 30 | 50 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto, New | " |Opposite | | | 193 | 75 | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Windsor |Berks. |Clower Lodge | 40 | 175 | 175 | 40 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Royal | 72 | | 72 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

| | |Brewery | | | 30 | 500 | 12 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Winkfield | " |Captain | | | 304 | 126 | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Witham | E. | -- -- | -- | -- | 306 | -- | 5 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Woodley Lodge|Berks. |3 miles east | 95 | 35 | 130 | | |

| | | | | | | | |

|Woolwich | K. |Well of | -- | -- | 54-1/2|311-1/2| 37 |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Paper | -- | 550 | 5-1/2|544-1/2| -- |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |Dockyard | -- | 608 | 20 | 588 | 70 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Wormley |Herts. |Nunsbury | 26 | 76-1/2| 80-1/2| 22 | |

| | | | | | | | |

| Ditto | " |West End | 85 |150-1/2| 72 | 63-1/2| 62 |

| | | | | | | | |

|Wormwood | M. | -- -- | -- | -- | 250 | 116 | 5 |

+-------------+-------+-------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+

Water Supply: the Present Practice of Sinking and Boring Wells With Geological Considerations and Examples of Wells Executed · 第 7 / 8 章