Part I. ENGLAND, 16mo., 3s. 6d.

E-text prepared by Michael Ciesielski, Jeannie Howse, and the Project

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A WOMAN'S PART IN A REVOLUTION

by

MRS. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND

Longmans, Green, and Co.

39 Paternoster Row London

New York and Bombay

1897

PREFACE

To the American Public, whose sympathy was my chief support through

days of bitter trial, this book is gratefully dedicated. My personal

experience forms the subject of my story. The causes of the Revolt in

Johannesburg, and the ensuing political questions, are but lightly

touched upon, in deference to the silence enforced upon my husband as

one of the terms of his liberation by the Boer Government.

NATALIE HAMMOND.

BOUGHTON: BICKLEY, KENT.

February, 1897.

A WOMAN'S PART IN A REVOLUTION

I hope I may be able to tell the truth always, and to see

it aright according to the eyes which God Almighty gives

me.--THACKERAY.

I.

Totsey the terrier lay blinking in the hot African sun, while Cecilia

Rhodes, the house kitten, languished in a cigar box wrapped about with

twine to represent bars of iron. Above her meek face was a large label

marked 'African Lion.' Her captor, my young son Jack, was out again

among the flower-beds in quest of other big game, armed with my

riding-crop. The canvas awnings flapped gently in the cool breeze.

Every now and then a fan-like arm of one of the large Madeira chairs

would catch the impetus and go speeding down the wide red-tiled

verandah. I looked up from the little garment which I was making, upon

this quiet picture. It was the last restful moment I was to know for

many long months--such months of suffering and agonised apprehension

as God in His mercy sends to few women.

David, my husband's black coachman, drove rapidly through the gate,

and, coming up to me, handed me a letter. It was from his master and

briefly written. Jameson had crossed the Border; Johannesburg was

filled with strange people, and he thought it wise for me to move with

our family and servants into town. Rooms had been secured for us at

Heath's Hotel, and he would meet us that night at dinner. This summons

was not entirely unexpected. For many months the political kettle had

been simmering. Johannesburg had grown tired of sending petitions in

to the Government to be answered by promises which were never

redeemed. An appalling death-rate of fifty-six in each thousand,

directly traceable to lack of proper sanitation, resulting from bad

government, spurred the general discontent, and a number of

representative citizens, unwilling longer to wait upon gods and

Government, finding all attempts to obtain redress of their grievances

by constitutional means ineffectual, determined to enforce their

demands for right by arms if necessary. As arms for the Uitlander

under the law of the Transvaal could only be obtained by a permit,

guns and ammunition were smuggled into the country, hidden away in oil

tanks and coal cars.

My husband had vast interests in his charge; many million pounds

sterling had been invested at his instance in the mining industry of

the country, and, actuated by a sense of duty and responsibility to

those who had confided in him, he felt in honour bound to take an

active part in the movement, for the protection and preservation of

the property placed under his control.

My leaving for the Cape, in case affairs should assume a dangerous

phase, was frequently discussed between us, but I could not make up my

mind to leave my husband, feeling that the separation would be more

trying than if I remained, even should a conflict be forced upon us.

In addition to my wish to be with him, I knew that many of his staff

had their wives and children in Johannesburg, and would be unable to

send them away, and for me, the wife of their chief, 'to bundle to the

rear' would subject my husband, as well as myself, to harsh, and not

unjust, criticism.

The Leonard Manifesto was published December 26th, setting forth the

demands of the Uitlander.

'We want,' it reads:

'1. The establishment of this Republic as a true Republic.

'2. A Grondwet or constitution which shall be framed by

competent persons selected by representatives of the whole

people, and framed on lines laid down by them; a

constitution which shall be safeguarded against hasty

alteration.

'3. An equitable Franchise law and fair representation.

'4. Equality of the Dutch and English languages.

'5. Responsibility to the Legislature of the heads of the

great departments.

'6. Removal of religious disabilities.

'7. Independence of the Courts of Justice, with adequate and

secured remuneration of the judges.

'8. Liberal and comprehensive education.

'9. An efficient Civil Service, with adequate provision for

pay and pension.

'10. Free Trade in South African products.'

It was further planned to hold another meeting of the 'National

Union,' and afterward make a last demand upon the Government to

redress our wrongs.

Arrangement meanwhile was made with Dr. Jameson, who was encamped on

the western border of the Republic with a body of the Chartered

Company's troops. In case of a disturbance he was to come to the aid

of Johannesburg with at least a thousand men and 1,500 guns. It was

also distinctly understood between him and the five gentlemen who were

the recognised leaders of the movement, that he should not start until

he had received instructions to do so directly from them.

I gathered my household about me, explained the situation, and gave

the servants their choice, whether they would go into town or remain

in the house. The four white servants decided to remain, but the

native boys begged leave to depart under various pretexts. One to get

his missis from Pretoria because he was afraid the Boers might kill

her. Another to tell his mother in Natal that he was all right.

Another frankly said, that as the white men were going to fight among

themselves, this was no place for Kaffirs.

I arranged to leave Mr. Hammond's secretary in charge of the house.

We hastily packed up a few of our most precious belongings, and left,

to take possession of four tiny rooms at the hotel in town. With a

full heart I looked back at my pretty home. The afternoon shadows were

beginning to lengthen; I saw the broad verandah, the long easy chairs

suggestive of rest; my books on the sill of the low bedroom window;

the quiet flower garden, sweet with old-fashioned posies associated

with peace and thrift. We were going to--WHAT?

II

My diary carries the story on:--

DECEMBER 30.--We find the town intensely excited, but there is no

disorder. Men are hurrying about in cabs and on foot with

determined-looking faces, but no other visible evidence of the day's

tragedy.

My husband ran in to see how we were faring about 8 o'clock this

evening. I had not seen him since early morning. He told me that a

Reform Committee had been formed of the leading men of the city. Also

that the Americans had called a meeting in the course of the afternoon

to hear the results of a Special Deputation, consisting of Messrs.

Hennen Jennings and Perkins, to President Kruger. Mr. Jennings

reported the President as having listened to them attentively while

they conveyed to him what they believed to be the sentiment of the

Americans on the Rand. They assured him that, although the Americans

recognised the rights of the Boers as well as those of the Uitlanders,

unless he could in some way meet the demand of the unenfranchised

people of the Transvaal he could not expect their support when the

revolution came. They also told him that the Americans wanted to see

the Republic preserved, but on a truer basis. And when questioned by

the President if in case of rebellion the Americans would be with or

against the Government, they answered bluntly, 'They would be against

the Government.'

President Kruger dogmatically declared 'this was no time for

discussion, but a time for the people to obey the law,' and with this

they were dismissed.

A Committee of three is appointed to visit Pretoria to-morrow and

again lay before the President a statement of the demands of the

Uitlanders, the attitude of the Americans and their wish to preserve

the integrity of the Republic, but also to warn him that, if the

Government insists upon ignoring these just demands, and thus

precipitates war, the Americans must array themselves on the side of

the other Uitlanders.

A large mass meeting is called to receive these gentlemen on their

return from Pretoria and to decide upon the Americans' future course

of action.

The mail train to Cape Town was crowded with hundreds of

terror-stricken women and children sent away by anxious husbands to a

place of safety. The ordinary accommodation was far too inadequate to

supply the sudden rush. They were crowded like sheep on cattle trucks.

I fear the journey of a thousand miles will be one of great

discomfort.[1]

There are many anxious souls in Johannesburg to-night.

Betty and I are sitting up. The night is sultry, and we have dragged

our chairs out on to the verandah which overhangs the street.

MIDNIGHT.--The town has quieted down. Once a wild horseman clattered

down the street towards the 'Gold Fields' shouting, 'A despatch, men!

a despatch. We've licked the Dutchmen!' A few heads peered out of

windows--but that was all.

DECEMBER 31.--My husband came in at 4 o'clock this morning, looking

very tired. He was on the point of going to bed, when a messenger came

from the 'Gold Fields' and hurried him away.

The streets are alive at a very early hour, and the excitement

increases. The Reform Committee sits in perpetual session in the

offices of the 'Gold Fields.' They are appointing sub-committees for

the safeguard and comfort of the town; 51,000_l._ for the relief of

the poor has already been raised. Messengers are sent out to call in

all the women and children from the mines. Arrangements are being made

for the housing and feeding of these. Nothing is forgotten, and

everything goes on with the utmost method and precision. It is like a

great, splendid piece of machinery.

The merchants have sent up a deputation to try to bring the President

to reason. He has temporarily removed the dues from food stuffs as a

result of the interview. The Government has prohibited all telegraphic

communication. _We are cut off from the world_.

The Reform Committee repudiates Dr. Jameson's inroad, but publishes

its intention to adhere to the National Union Manifesto, and

'earnestly desires that the inhabitants should refrain from taking any

action which can be construed as an overt act of hostility against the

Government.' A certain tone of security and dignity pervades all the

notices of the Reform Committee. The town is sure of success.

In order to silence rumours in regard to the hoisting of the English

flag, Mr. Hammond after some difficulty secured a flag of the

Transvaal, and took it into the committee room this morning. The

entire body of men swore allegiance with uncovered heads and upraised

hands. The flag now floats from the roof of the 'Gold Fields.' The

merchants have closed their shops and battened up the windows with

thick boards and plates of corrugated iron. Boer police are withdrawn

from the town. Excitement at fever heat, but everything running

smoothly. No drunkenness nor rioting. The streets are filled with

earnest-looking men. Near the Court House arms are being distributed.

At another point horses are given over to the newly-enrolled

volunteers.

4 P.M.--I have driven from one end of the town to the other, through

busy crowded streets, without seeing one disorderly person, or being

regarded a second time by one of the thousands of men filing solemnly

past my carriage. They would form into squads and march gravely to

their posts of duty. A splendid-looking set of men, ranging in age

from 25 to 35. Men from every walk in life, professional men, robust

miners, and pale clerks, some among the faces being very familiar. My

eyes filled when I thought of what the future might be bringing them.

At the hotel dinner Mrs. Dodd, Betty and I were the only women

present. The room was crowded with men who spoke excitedly of a

possible war and exchanged specimen cartridges across the table. I

hear that one thousand Lee-Metford rifles have been given out. The

town is now policed by Uitlanders under Trimble.

The Americans have held another meeting. Five hundred men were

present, and with only five dissenting votes determined to stand by

the Manifesto. After this meeting, the George Washington Corps of 150

members was formed.

Following are the names of the various Brigades:--

Australian, Scotch, Africander, Cycle, Colonial, Natal, Irish,

Northumbrian, Cornish, and Bettington's Horse and the Ambulance Corps.

Most of the mines are closing down. Women and children are still

flying from the town. Alas! some men, too, who are heartily jeered by

the crowd at the railroad station.[2]

St. John's Ambulance Society is advertising for qualified nurses or

ladies willing to assist.

Natives are in a state of great panic. One of the Kaffir servants in

the hotel gave me a tremendous shock this morning by rushing into my

room to fling himself at my feet, sobbing and imploring me not to

allow the Boers to kill him.

LATER.--The sultry day has cooled down into a calm, moonlit night.

This evening the Reform Committee received a deputation from the

Government consisting of Messrs. Marais and Malan; these gentlemen

showed their authority from the Government, and were duly accredited.

They are both progressive Boers and highly respected by the

Uitlanders. They stated that they had come with the olive branch, that

the Government had sent them to the Reform Committee to invite a

delegation of that Committee to meet in Pretoria a Commission of

Government officials, with the object of arranging an amicable

settlement of the political questions. They emphatically asserted that

the Government would meet the Reform Committee half-way--that the

Government was anxious to prevent bloodshed, &c. That they could

promise that the Government would redress the Uitlander grievances

upon the lines laid down in the Manifesto, but that of course all the

demands would not be conceded at once, and both sides must be willing

to compromise. The Reform Committee met to consider this proposal,

and after long discussion decided to send a deputation to Pretoria.

These gentlemen leave with Messrs. Malan and Marais on a special train

to-night for Pretoria.

Johannesburg is quiet as ever was country town. The streets deserted.

Nothing to suggest a city girt around by a cordon of soldiers, and yet

such it is.

At midnight my husband ran in for a moment to see how we had stood the

strain of the day.

'Is the news from Jameson really true?' I asked, still hoping it was

rumour.

'I am afraid so.'

'And are those heavy wagons just going down the street carrying the

big guns to the outskirts?'

'Yes. Good-night, dear.' He was gone.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: The sufferings of this hapless crowd were acute.

Provisions were hard to obtain at the way stations. The water supply

gave out. A little child died of exposure, and the heart-broken mother

held the lifeless body twenty-four hours on her lap. There was no room

to lay it to one side. Another woman gave birth to an infant.]

[Footnote 2: The Cornish miners were politely presented at Kimberley

and other places en route with bunches of white feathers by the

howling mob. One Cornishman afterwards related that he was pulled out

at every station and made to fight. After the fourth mauling he turned

round and went back to Johannesburg, preferring to take his chances

with the Boers.]

III

January 1, 1896.--With the dawn of day I am out of bed and at the

window waiting for the cry of the newsboy.

What will the New Year bring us?

With nervous dread I opened the paper brought to my door. In large

headlines it told of disaster.

The Natal train filled with refugee women and children has been

wrecked, with great loss of life. The papers say forty have been

killed outright, and many fearfully injured. Entire families have been

wiped out in some cases. Mr. ---- has lost his wife, his sister, and

three little children. This is the result of a Boer concession. The

accident was caused by the Netherlands carriages being poorly built

and top-heavy. In rounding a curve they were swung off the

track--collapsed at once like card-houses, crushing and mangling the

helpless and crowded occupants.

The deputation to Pretoria did not leave last night, as was expected.

They go this morning instead.

My husband is greatly disturbed at the delay. He says time is all

important, and the Reform Committee's hands should not be tied while

the Boers gain time.

Reports of Jameson's meeting the enemy have been amplified. Now it is

said that fifty of his men have been killed and three hundred Boers.

Sir John Willoughby is believed to be shot.

I drove out to my home to reassure my women, Mr. Sharwood having

brought in word that the coachman Adams had almost caused a panic by

his garish tipsy account of 'what was going on in town,' and 'the many

risks he ran when taking the mistress out.'

Parker was overjoyed to see me, and so was Totsey. I found all

staunch, and ready, not only to protect themselves, but to fight

anything, particularly the valiant Adams.

On my way back to town I heard firing beyond the ridge east of us.

Some men at practice probably, but it gave me a wrench and detracted

from Adams's dignified bearing. More organising and drilling of

troops. I hear there is much suffering among them. The book-keeper,

clerks, and indoor men find the unaccustomed exposure and fatigue

trying in the extreme. But they are a plucky lot, and stand for hours

on guard in the scorching sun, and walk miles with their poor

blistered feet with pathetic cheerfulness; swooning in many cases at

their posts rather than give in; to a man, eager to fight.

Betty and I began our daily visits to the women and children at the

Wanderers' and Tattersall's to-day. At the Wanderers' alone are nearly

three hundred. The wonderful provision made for their health and

comfort spoke well for the intelligence as well as heart of the

Reform Committee, and Mr. Lingham, an American, who has that especial

department in charge. We found the dancing-hall of the Wanderers'

converted into a huge dormitory, the supper-room into a sick ward, and

the skating-rink reserved for women newly confined--fright and

excitement having brought on many premature births. There is a matron

in charge of the sick, and a medical inspector, who comes twice a day

to visit the different wards. I overheard him soundly berate a mother

who kept her children too much indoors. The food was good, and there

was plenty of it. Fresh cow's milk was supplied to the children. I

noticed a large vessel of galvanised iron marked 'Boiled water for

drinking purposes.' The little children were romping and tumbling

about with great energy. The women were wonderfully patient, I

thought, and firm in their adherence to the cause. This in some cases

was but vaguely understood, but there was a general belief that there

was 'goin' to be some fighten,' which was sure to make us all better

off. I heard but one complaint, and that from a hulking slouch of a

man who had sneaked in from duty to take a nap on the foot of his sick

wife's pallet. He complained of the food, showing me the remains of

dainties given out to the sick woman, and _which he had helped her to

eat_. The woman looked up at me with haggard eyes: 'It ain't the

vittles, but the pain that's worrying me, ma'am.'

A touching sight were the yelping dogs of every breed, family pets

tethered to the fence outside. All canteens are closed by order of the

Reform Committee as a precautionary measure, and where there was doubt

of these precautions being observed, the liquors were bought and

thrown away.

Hundreds of varying rumours are afloat, which rush and swirl along

until lost in distorting eddies.

This afternoon a horseman went through the town distributing a

Proclamation from the High Commissioner, Sir Hercules Robinson:--

PROCLAMATION BY

_His Excellency the Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robinson,

Bart., Member of Her Majesty's Most Hon. Privy Council,

K.C.B., of the Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and

St. George, Governor, Commander-in-Chief of Her Majesty's

Colony of the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, and of the

Territories, Dependencies thereof, Governor of the Territory

of British Bechuanaland, and Her Majesty's Commissioner,

&c., &c_.

'Whereas it has come to my knowledge that certain British

subjects, said to be under the leadership of Dr. Jameson,

have violated the territory of the South African Republic,

and have cut telegraph wires, and done various other illegal

acts; and

'Whereas the South African Republic is a friendly State in

amity with Her Majesty's Government; and whereas it is my

desire to respect the independence of the said State:

'Now therefore I hereby command the said Dr. Jameson and all

persons accompanying him, to immediately retire from the

territory of the South African Republic, on pain of the

penalties attached to their illegal proceedings; and I do

further hereby call upon all British subjects in the South

African Republic to abstain from giving the said Dr. Jameson

any countenance or assistance in his armed violation of the

territory of a friendly State.

'GOD SAVE THE QUEEN.

'Given under my hand and seal this 31st day of December,

1895.

'HERCULES ROBINSON,

'High Commissioner.

'By command of His Excellency the High Commissioner.'

Johannesburg is dumfounded!

The sixth edition of the 'Star' this evening says that Jameson is only

fifteen miles away, and that he has had a second encounter with the

Boers. The populace has recovered from the Proclamation, and their

wild enthusiasm can scarcely be restrained. They want to go out to

meet Jameson and bring him in with triumphal outcry. It is hard to be

only a 'she-thing' and stay in the house with a couple of limber-kneed

men, when such stirring happenings are abroad.

11 P.M.--Mr. Lionel Phillips has just addressed the crowd collected

around the 'Gold Fields' waiting for news. He told them that the

Reform Committee Delegation--of which he was one--had been received

with courtesy by the Government Commission, the Chief Justice of the

Republic acting as chairman.

They were assured that their proposals should be earnestly considered.

Mr. Phillips then explained what was wanted, and reiterated the Reform

Committee's determination to stand by the Manifesto. He also told the

Commission that the leaders of the Reform Committee had arranged with

Jameson to come to their assistance when necessary, but that

unfortunately he had come before required, probably through some

misunderstanding or false report. While the Reform Committee regretted

Jameson's precipitate action, they would stand by him. And as they had

no means of stopping him they offered to prove their good faith by

giving their own persons as hostages that Jameson should leave

Johannesburg peacefully if he were allowed to come in unmolested. This

offer was rejected by the Commission, but a list of the names of the

Reform Committee was asked for.[3]

As a result of this interview the Government decided to accept the

offer made by Her Majesty's High Commissioner to come to Pretoria to

settle differences and avoid bloodshed. An armistice was then agreed

upon pending the High Commissioner's arrival. Mr. Phillips was often

interrupted by the crowd, some with cheers and others hooting. One

voice called out, 'And how about Jameson?' Mr. Phillips answered, 'I

am instructed by the Reform Committee to state to you, as I did to the

Government, that we intend to stand by Jameson. Gentlemen, I now call

upon you to give three cheers for Dr. Jameson.' There was prolonged

and enthusiastic cheering.

The Reform Committee has sent out J.J. Lace to escort a messenger from

the British Agent, who carries the Proclamation, and also to explain

the situation to Dr. Jameson.

It is said that Lieutenant Eloff was captured by Jameson some miles

beyond Krugersdorp. Eloff declaring he had official orders to obstruct

his advance, Jameson expressed his determination to go on, but added

that he had no hostile intentions against the Government.

JANUARY 2.--Betty and I sat up all night. The excitement is too

intense to admit of hunger or fatigue. We know nothing beyond the

rumours of the street. Jameson is said to be at Langlaagte, fighting

his way into town, the Boers in hot pursuit.

Mademoiselle has asked leave to go to the Convent to make her will.

In the streets, private carriages, army wagons, Cape carts and

ambulances graze wheels. Every hour or two a fresh edition of the

'Star' is published; public excitement climbing these bulletins, like

steps on a stair. We sit a half-dozen women in the parlour at Heath's

Hotel. Two sisters weep silently in a corner. Their father is manager

of the 'George and May'; a battle has been fought there a couple of

hours ago. No later news has come to them. A physician, with a huge

red-cross badge around his arm, puts his head in at the door, and

tells his wife that he is going out with an ambulance to bring in the

wounded. At this we are whiter than before, if it were possible.

Poor Mademoiselle returned an hour ago and was obliged to go to bed,

done up with the nervous tension.

Jacky is loose on the community; in spite of energetic endeavours

(accompanied by the laying-on of hands in my case) his Aunt Betty and

I cannot restrain his activity. He is intimate with the frequenters of

the hotel bar, and on speaking terms with half the town. The day seems

endless.

Things have gone so far, men want the issue settled, and perhaps the

irresponsible are eager for a little blood-letting; there are certain

primitive instincts which are latent in us all, and the thought of war

is stimulating.

Mr. Lace returned this afternoon and reported that he had ridden

through the lines to Jameson. He had had very little speech with the

doctor, as the time was short, and the messenger bearing the

proclamation of the High Commissioner was also present. Jameson asked

where the troops were. Lace told him that he could not rely on any

assistance from the Uitlanders, as they were unprepared, and an

armistice had been declared between the Boer Government and the people

of Johannesburg.

LATER.--News is brought of a battle fought at Doornkop this forenoon,

and _Jameson has surrendered_. Johannesburg has gone mad.

MIDNIGHT.--My husband has just come in, his face as white and drawn as

a death mask.

We talked earnestly, and then I insisted upon his going to bed, and

for the first time in three days he drew off his clothes and lay down

to rest. The exhausted man now sleeps heavily; I sit beside him

writing by the spluttering candle. Now, while it is fresh in my mind,

I am trying to put down all that I have just heard from my husband.

He told me the Reform Committee were greatly surprised when they

received the report of Mr. Lace, as Jameson had no right to expect

aid and succour from Johannesburg for the following reasons:--

_First_.--In answer to a telegram from Jameson, expressing

restlessness at the delay, my husband wired him on December 27 a

vigorous protest against his coming.

_Second_.--Strong and emphatic messages were taken by Major Heaney,

one of Jameson's own officers, to the same effect, also by Mr. Holden.

Major Heaney went by special train from Kimberley, and Mr. Holden on

horseback across country.

These messages informed Dr. Jameson that the time had not arrived for

his coming; that the people of Johannesburg were without arms, and

that his coming would defeat the aim and purposes of the whole

movement; and, further, that he could not expect any aid or

co-operation from the people of Johannesburg.

Notwithstanding all this, Jameson left Pitsani Sunday night, and the

first intimation which Johannesburg had of his advance was through

telegrams received Monday afternoon.

The Reform Committee, thus informed of Jameson's coming, and knowing

that he was fully aware of their unarmed condition, believed that he

relied only on his own forces to reach Johannesburg; and the Committee

were assured by Major Heaney and Captain White (two of Jameson's

officers, the latter having two brothers with the invading force) that

no Boer force could stop him in his march; and this was confirmed by

one of Jameson's troopers, who came from him this morning of the

surrender, and reported that he was getting along well; that, although

his horses were tired, he would reach Johannesburg within a few hours,

and that he needed no assistance.

The hope of the Committee was that, after receiving the proclamation

of the High Commissioner, Jameson would retrace his steps instead of

pushing on.

Monday, when we first heard of his starting, there were only 1,000

guns, and very little ammunition in the country, and these were

hidden away at the different mines. One thousand five hundred more

guns arrived next day. So desperate was the extremity, these guns were

smuggled in at great risk of being discovered by the Boer Custom House

officials, under a thin covering of coke on ordinary coal cars. But

for the bold courage of several men, who rushed the coke through, they

would have fallen into the hands of the Boers. The leaders had taken

as few men as was possible into their confidence, so as to reduce to a

minimum all liability of their plans being discovered by the

Government. They had made almost no organisation, and Jameson's sudden

oncoming placed them in a terrible position. To confess at this

juncture that the Reform Committee was short of guns would have

demoralised the people, and placed Johannesburg entirely at the mercy

of the Boers. These leaders played a losing game with splendid

courage. Realising that all would be lost if the true situation were

suspected, and feeling the fearful responsibility of their position,

they kept their counsel, and turned bold faces to the world,

continuing to treat with Government with the independence of

well-armed men, and men ready to fight.

When the news of Jameson's surrender was confirmed this evening, the

surging crowd around the 'Gold Fields' became an excited and dangerous

mob. Pressing thickly together, in their frenzy, they began to mutter

threats against the Reform Committee, and demanded, 'Where is Jameson?

We thought you promised to stand by Jameson! Why didn't you give us

guns and let us go out to help Jameson?'

Plans were made to blow up the 'Gold Fields' where the Reformers sat

in session. Several gentlemen of the Committee essayed to speak from

the windows, but were received with howls and curses from the stormy

tumult below. At last Mr. Samuel Jameson, brother to Dr. Jameson, made

himself heard:--

'I beg you, for my brother's sake, to maintain a spirit of calm

restraint. We have done everything in our power for him, and used our

very best judgment. In face of the complicated circumstances, no other

course could have been taken.'

It was as oil on the troubled waters.

JANUARY 3.--

FROM THE REFORM COMMITTEE.

The Reform Committee issued the following notice at noon:--

'_Resolved_: That in view of the declaration by the

Transvaal Government to Her Majesty's Agent that the

mediation of the High Commissioner has been accepted, and

that no hostile action will be taken against Johannesburg

pending the results of these negotiations, the Committee

emphatically direct that under no circumstances must any

hostile action be taken by the supporters of the Reform

Committee, and that in the event of aggressive action being

taken against them, a flag of truce be shown, and the

position explained.

'In order to avoid any possibility of collision, definite

orders have been given. The matter is now left with the

mediation of the High Commissioner, and any breach of the

peace in the meanwhile would be an act of bad faith.

'By order of the Committee.'

Deep and universal depression follows upon the great excitement.

Jameson and his men are prisoners of war in Pretoria. Armed Boer

troops encircle the town.

One man said to me to-day: 'If we do get the franchise after losing

only thirty men, how much we will have gained and at how cheap a

price.'

It was a man's view; birth and death could never mean so little to a

woman!

JANUARY 4.--The High Commissioner has arrived at Pretoria.

They say poor Dr. Jameson is greatly dejected, and never speaks to a

soul.

JANUARY 5.--This beautiful Sunday, quiet and serene, dawns upon us

free of the sounds of the past week. No cries of newspaper boys nor

hurry of wheels. A couple of bands of recruits drilled for a while

sedately on Government Square, and then marched away. It is wonderful

to an American woman, who still retains a vivid recollection of

Presidential Elections, to see two warring factions at the most

critical point of dispute mutually agree to put down arms and wait

over the Sabbath, and more wonderful yet seems the self-restraint of

going without the daily paper. The George Washington Corps attended a

special service. The hymns were warlike and the sermon strong and

anything but pacific.

JANUARY 6.--The Government issues an ultimatum: Johannesburg must lay

down its arms.

The letter of invitation signed by Messrs. Charles Leonard, Francis

Rhodes, Lionel Phillips, John Hays Hammond and George Farrar, inviting

Dr. Jameson to come to the succour of Johannesburg under certain

contingencies, was printed in this morning's paper. It was picked up

on the battlefield, in a leathern pouch, supposed to be Dr. Jameson's

saddle-bag. _Why in the name of all that is discreet and honourable

didn't he eat it!_

Two messengers from the High Commissioner, Sir Jacobus de Wet, the

British Agent, and Sir Sydney Shippard, were received by the Reform

Committee this morning. De Wet told them that Johannesburg must lay

down its arms to save Jameson and his officers' lives; that unless

they complied with this appeal, which he made on behalf of the High

Commissioner, who was in Pretoria ready to open negotiations,

Johannesburg would be responsible for the sacrifice of Jameson and his

fellow prisoners. It would be impossible for the Government to conduct

negotiations with the High Commissioner for redress of grievances

until arms were laid down. He urged them to comply with this appeal to

prevent bloodshed, and promised that they could depend upon the

protection of the High Commissioner, and that not 'a hair of their

heads would be touched.' After much discussion, the Committee agreed

to lay down their arms.

Betty and Mrs. Clement were busy all the morning giving out books and

flowers which had been generously sent by various ladies and

commercial firms for distribution among the women and children at the

Wanderers' and Tattersall's. Betty says the women were most grateful.

They are busy, hard-working women, and the enforced leisure is very

trying to them. She spoke with the manager of Tattersall's; he thanked

her for her gifts, remarking, with some weariness in his tone: 'You

don't know, Miss, how hard it is to keep the women amused and

contented--and several of them have been confined!' as if that, too,

were a proof of insubordination.

My husband tells me that the Committee is to hold a meeting at

midnight, and another at six to-morrow morning. He says that Lionel

Phillips nearly fainted from exhaustion to-day. Mr. Phillips is

consistent and brave, and George Farrar, too, is proving himself a

hero. Dear old Colonel, with the kind thoughtfulness so characteristic

of him, never fails to ask how we are bearing the trial.

JANUARY 7.--Sir Jacobus de Wet and Sir Sydney Shippard addressed the

populace from the Band Club balcony, exhorting them to accept the

ultimatum.

LATER.--I have had such a reassuring conversation with Sir Sydney

Shippard this evening. He is a most intelligent man, and speaks with

such fluent decisiveness that all he says carries conviction. I am

told that Sir Jacobus's speech was a rambling, poor affair and weak;

the crowd showed a restlessness that at one time threatened to become

dangerous. He was fortunately pulled down by his coat-tails before the

crowd lost self-control.

Sir Sydney's speech, on the contrary, was strong and full of feeling.

He told the people that he sympathised deeply with them in their

struggle for what he believed to be their just rights, but that being

an English Government official he could take no part. He reminded them

that Jameson was lying in prison, his life and the lives of his

followers in great jeopardy. The Government had made one condition for

his safety: the giving up of their arms. 'Deliver them up to your High

Commissioner, and not only Jameson and his men will be safe, but also

the welfare of those concerned in this movement--I mean the leaders.'

He continued: 'I, whose heart and soul are with you, say again that

you should follow the advice of the High Commissioner, and I beg you

to go home and to your ordinary avocations; deliver up your arms to

your High Commissioner, and if you do that you will have no occasion

to repent it.'

JANUARY 8.--Arms are being delivered up. About 1,800 guns already

handed in. The Government assert that we are not keeping our agreement

and are holding back the bulk of the guns. My husband tells me that

these are being given up as fast as possible, but that there are not

over 2,700 among the entire Uitlander population. The Reform Committee

has assured the High Commissioner that they are keeping good faith,

but that they never had more than about 2,700. The disarmament is

universally considered the first step to an amicable settlement. The

Reform Committee has sent out orders and the guns are coming quietly

in. Everybody feels a certain relief now that the strain is eased; the

members of the Committee are dropping down into all sorts of odd

places to make up for the lost sleep of the past week. Dozens are

stretched on the floor of the club rooms. Some steady-going gentlemen

of abstemious habit are unprejudiced enough to allow themselves to be

found under the tables wrapped in slumber as profound as that of

infancy.

In contrast to my feelings of yesterday I am almost joyous. But for

poor impetuous Jameson and the newly dead and wounded of Doornkop, I

could laugh again.

The women are going back to the mines. Many brave little men who have

remained in the shade to comfort their wives now step boldly to the

front and tell us what they would have done if it had really come to a

question of fighting. There is so much talk of _moral courage_ from

these heroes, I fear it is the only kind of courage which they

possess. One gentleman, not conspicuous for his bravery during the

preceding days, gravely said to me: 'If there had been war, I wonder

if I should have had the moral courage to keep out of the fight?' I

looked into his face, and, seeing there his character, answered with

dryness, 'Oh! I suspect you would.' He was too complaisant to

appreciate the sarcasm. God made little as well as great things! I

suppose we should love all humanity, even if it be in the spirit of a

collector of curios.

The protracted excitement has caused several deaths from heart

failure, and I heard of two cases of acute mania. There would

doubtless have been a far greater mortality but for the fact that

Johannesburg is populated by young and, for the most part, vigorous

men and women.

I hear that Dr. Jameson answered, when asked after his first night in

the Pretoria jail if there was anything he would like to have,

'Nothing, thank you, but flea powder.'

I sat on the verandah with Sir Sydney Shippard and Betty this evening

and watched the 'Zarps'[4] take control of the town. There was no

remonstrance on the part of the populace.

LATER.--It is rumoured that a Commando of Boers will attack the town

to-night. The place is practically defenceless; most of the men having

returned to their work and the companies being disbanded.[5]

JANUARY 9.--There is a fearful impression abroad this morning that the

Reform Committee, or at least the leaders, will be arrested. My

husband comforts me by saying the Government could not pursue such a

course after having recognised the Reform Committee and offered not

only to consider, but reform the grievances which have brought all

this trouble about. He declares that Great Britain would not allow

this after commanding her subjects to disarm and promising them her

protection, and to see that their wrongs were righted.

'It would be the worst sort of faith,' he insists.

NOON.--The situation is very strained. I can see that my husband is

trying to prepare me for his possible arrest. 'It will merely be a

matter of form.' Ah me! I can read in his grave face another truth.

May God in His mercy grant us a happy issue out of all our

afflictions.

At a quarter to ten on the night of January 9, my husband, with two

dozen others of the Reform Committee, was arrested and thrown into

jail on the charge of rebellion and high treason. They had heard that

this was probable several hours earlier in the day.

The four leaders were secretly offered a safe conduct over the border,

but refused to forsake their comrades and the Cause. Leaving word

where he was to be found, and with the further stipulation that no

handcuffs were to be used in his arrest, or 'he would blow the brains

out of the first man who approached him,' my husband hastened to

break the news gently to us. I packed a tiny handbag with necessaries

and filled his pockets with cakes of chocolate; chocolate was

nourishing, and would sustain a hungry man hours, even days. We sat

down hand in hand to wait for the officer, Betty in delicacy having

left us alone together.

The Australians were giving a banquet below stairs, and as we clung to

each other we could hear their shouts of boisterous mirth and

hand-clapping. We started up at a tap on the door. A friend to tell us

the officer was waiting at the street entrance. I helped my husband

into his coat and we kissed each other good-bye. He was filled with

solicitude for me. My thoughts were of the two thousand excited Boers

laagered between Johannesburg and Pretoria, but recollection of my

unborn child steadied me and gave me self-command.

Kind Mrs. Heath came to me, and, putting her arms about my shoulders,

led me gently back into the bedroom, 'Mrs. Heath, will you please

tell my sister-in-law that I am alone?' and Betty knew what had

happened and came to me at once. Some time later Mr. John Stroyan

brought a note from my husband:--

Johannesburg Jail--2 A.M.

'We are well--a couple of dozen--waiting for the train to

Pretoria. Don't worry.

'Yours, J.H.H.'

Then nature came to my relief. My overtaxed nerves refused to bear any

more--they were paralysed. I threw myself across the foot of my little

boy's bed, and lay like a dead woman until the morning broke....

Many days afterward I heard further details of the arrest. Some of the

incidences were amusing, as was the polite borrowing and making use of

Mr. King's carriage--he being one of the Reformers--for conveyance of

the prisoners to the gaol. At the Rand Club there was so large a

collection of Reformers, that the carriages, even over-crowded, could

not carry them all. Lieuts. de Korte and Pietersen, the officers in

charge, said in the most friendly manner, 'Very well, gentlemen, some

of you must wait until we can come back for you.' And they _did_ wait.

Colonel Rhodes was taken from his own home; roused from his bed, he

stood brushing his hair with martial precision, and expressing to the

officer his regret at putting him to the trouble of waiting while he

dressed, Mr. Seymour Fort meanwhile packing his valise. 'Fort, old

man, put in some books,' said the Colonel, who is a great reader; 'all

the books you can find;' and Mr. Fort threw in book after book--big

ones and little ones; and for this lavish provision the poor Colonel

paid dearly some hours later, in company with several husbands, whose

wives in excess of tenderness had provided them with every known

toilette luxury filled into silver-topped cut crystal bottles. The

sight of these afflicted men carrying their heavy burdens from the

station to the prison at Pretoria was both amusing and dramatic. At

times their speech reached the epic.

The sad side was poor Sam Jameson, crippled and broken with

rheumatism--a seriously ill man--accompanied to the very prison gates

by his ever-faithful wife; and the second lot of Reformers, sent to

Pretoria the following morning, met with an experience which some of

them have never since been able to speak of without turning white. By

the hour of their arrival the whole country round about Pretoria knew

of their coming, and a large and violent mob was gathered at the

railroad station to receive them. Through some misadventure, an

inadequate guard was detailed to march them to the gaol. The prisoners

were set upon by the mob, reviled, stoned, and spat upon, the officers

in charge trampling them under their horses' hoofs, in their vain and

excited endeavours to protect them. The poor prisoners reached the

jail in a full run, bruised and breathless, but thankful for the

asylum the prison door afforded them from their merciless pursuers.

They were quickly locked into cells. For many hours they had not

tasted food. The first Reformers imprisoned slipped in to them a part

of their own provisions, but as it was quickly and stealthily done one

cell would receive the pannikin of meat, another the tin of potatoes,

&c. The cells were in a filthy condition. As has been truly said, a

Boer prison is not built for gentlemen. It was an unavoidable

misfortune that this prison, which had up to this time housed only

refractory Kaffirs, should by force of circumstance become the

domicile for six long dreary months, and through a hot tropical

summer, of gentlemen nurtured in every decency. Captain Mein told me

that he stood the greater part of that first night rather than sit

upon the filthy floor, but exhaustion at length conquered his

repugnance. These were times which proved men's natures. It distilled

the very essence of a man, and if anywhere in his make-up was the salt

of selfishness, it was pretty sure to appear. Many who before had

appreciated Charlie Butter's open hospitality, realised now that it

was more than kindliness which prompted him to give up his last

swallow of whisky to a man who was older or weaker than himself. And

they tell me that my own good man's cheery spirits helped along many a

fellow of more biliary temperament.

The four leaders were put into a cell 11 feet by 11 feet, which was

closed in by an inner court. There was no window, only a narrow grille

over the door. The floor was of earth and overrun by vermin. Of the

four canvas cots two were blood-stained, and all hideously dirty. They

were locked in at 6 o'clock--one of them ill with dysentery--and there

they remained sweltering and gasping through the tropical night until

six of the morning. For two weeks they remained in this cell.

Meanwhile, I knew nothing of my husband's plight, being mercifully

deceived by both him and our friends, every day Mr. Heath bringing to

Parktown telegrams from my husband assuring me of his good treatment

by the Government, and imploring me not to worry.

The Reform Committee consisted of seventy-eight members; sixty-four

were arrested. One of this number subsequently committed suicide in a

temporary fit of insanity caused by protracted anxiety and prison

hardship.

The Committee was composed of men of many nationalities and various

professions--lawyers, doctors, and, with only one or two exceptions,

all the leading mining men on the Rand. The Young Men's Christian

Association was well represented, and a Sunday-school Superintendent

was one of the list.

I returned to my home, and was in the doctor's care, and attended by a

professional nurse.

By my Journal I see how good was Mr. Seymour Fort and how faithful Mr.

Manion, the American Consular Agent, during this time of trial. From

the flat of my back I listened to and took into consideration many

plans suggested for the liberation of my husband. One lady proposed

getting up a petition, which she would take to England to the Queen.

It was to be headed with my name, as wife of one of the leaders: Mrs.

Lionel Phillips being in Europe, and Mrs. George Farrar at the Cape;

Colonel Rhodes a bachelor. I had small hopes of the success of things

which had to be sent to Court, or placed before Courts. The subject

was dismissed.

Then there was another plan thought out by a very shrewd man, and

brought to my bedside, 'news which concerns your husband' being a

passport to any one. I was to go at once to Cape Town, see Mr. Cecil

Rhodes, and demand one hundred thousand dollars from him.

'What for?' I asked.

'You see,' said the gentleman, 'your husband and those other men are

going to be tried _sure_, and we need money to lobby Pretoria.'

I was stupid--it was my first Revolution--and I hadn't the least idea

what lobbying Pretoria meant. My friend gave me a sketchy view of its

meaning, and assured me it was usually done in grave cases.

'But it will kill me to leave my bed and start for Cape Town

to-morrow,' I exclaimed.

My adviser delicately hinted that my husband's life was of more value

than my own. On this point we agreed. I was to make Mr. Rhodes

understand that we didn't want any more 'tom-fool military men up here

to ball up the game.'

He was to give the money to me unconditionally, to be disbursed as my

friend saw fit. We rehearsed the part several times; I was hopelessly

dull!

'And now,' he questioned, 'if Rhodes refuses to give you the money,

what will you do?'

I thought of Jael and Charlotte Corday, and all the other women who

had to do with history, and said, 'I suppose I'll have to shoot him.'

My preceptor looked discouraged. We went over the part once again.

It is but fair to say that he had made every provision for my comfort.

Attendants were ready, and at the right moment I have no doubt but

that a neat pine coffin could have been produced. Reflection, however,

showed me the inadvisability of this project; but I was happily spared

the embarrassment of drawing back from promised compliance.

There was a higher power ruling. The next morning's papers announced

the sailing of C.J. Rhodes for England.

The morning of January 10th, Johannesburg disarmed, and the Reformers

in prison, the President of the Transvaal Republic issued a

proclamation offering pardon to all who should lay down their arms,

and declaring them to be exempt from prosecution on account of what

had occurred at Johannesburg--'_with the exception of all persons or

bodies who may appear to be principal criminals, leaders, instigators,

or perpetrators of the troubles at Johannesburg and suburbs_. Such

persons or bodies will justify themselves before the legal and

competent Courts of this Republic'

The principal criminals, leaders, instigators, or perpetrators were

the same to whom was tendered the olive-branch brought from Pretoria

by Messrs. Malan and Marais, acting envoys by the unanimous vote of

the Executive; and three of these same principal criminals, leaders,

instigators, or perpetrators were received seven days since, as

representatives of the Reform Committee, in a conciliatory spirit by

the Government's Special Commission, and told that their demands would

be earnestly considered. During the intervening seven days Dr. Jameson

had been conquered at Doornkop and made a prisoner of the State. The

Reform Committee, in obedience to Sir Jacobus de Wet's long and prolix

solicitation, and the strong appeal of Sir Sydney Shippard, assuring

them that Jameson's life was in imminent danger, and the Government

had made Johannesburg's disarmament the one condition of his safety,

laid down their arms to preserve the life of a man already protected

by the terms of his own surrender. 'Placing themselves,' cables the

High Commissioner to Mr. Chamberlain, 'and their interests

unreservedly in my hands, in the fullest confidence that I will see

justice done them.' The sixty-four Reformers were then promptly driven

into jail, and their property placed under an interdict.

Six months later, the four principal leaders were tried and sentenced

to be hanged by their necks until they were dead, by a judge _brought

from a neighbouring Republic, the Orange Free State_, for that

purpose.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 3: This list was used as a roll-call a week later in the

arrest of the Sixty-four members.]

[Footnote 4: Abbreviated term for South African police.]

[Footnote 5: The following cablegram will show that there were very

substantial grounds for the rumour:--

'Sir Hercules Robinson (Pretoria) to Mr. Chamberlain.--8th

January--No. 3. Since my telegram No. 1 of this morning matters have

not been going so smoothly. When the Executive Council met I received

a message that only 1,814 rifles and three Maxim guns had been

surrendered, which the Government of the South African Republic did

not consider a fulfilment of the ultimatum, and orders would be

immediately issued to a Commando to attack Johannesburg. I at once

replied that the ultimatum required the surrender of guns and

ammunition for which no permit of importation had been obtained, and

that onus rested with the Transvaal Government to show that guns and

ammunition were concealed for which no permit had been issued. If

before this was done any hostile step were taken against Johannesburg

I should consider it a violation of the undertaking for which I had

made myself personally responsible to the people of Johannesburg, and

I should leave the issue in the hands of Her Majesty's Government ...']

IV

SUNDAY, JANUARY 12.--Mr. and Mrs. Perkins called this morning to

advise Betty's not going immediately to Pretoria, as was her

intention. Mr. Perkins said that the Boer feeling was very bitter, and

foreign women were insulted in the streets. Advocate Wessels has also

written to me, insisting upon my waiting two or three days, as my

presence in Pretoria could do no good, and might prejudice my

husband's cause. A little trunk was packed and sent to my husband last

night. I got out of bed to superintend, and felt tragically tender as

I watched the things laid in. A fresh suit of clothes, some personal

and bed linen, towels, shoes, family photographs, flea powder,

ginger-snaps, beef essence, soap, my little down pillow, and his

beloved and well-read Shakespeare. I was able to sit up for an hour

this afternoon to receive Sir Sydney Shippard, Mr. Seymour Fort, and

Mr. Manion.

Yesterday the Governor of Natal, Sir Walter Hely Hutchinson, started

for Pretoria to confer with the High Commissioner in regard to the

transport of Dr. Jameson and his men through Natal. They are to be

handed over to the English Government.

Search parties of mounted Boers are going about looking for hidden

guns. The Robinson Mine seems to be the spot most suspected.

Yesterday's 'Volksstem'--a Government organ--recalled to the minds of

the Boers the Slachter Nek affair of eighty years ago--a story of

Boers hung by Englishmen for their insistence in punishing a negro

slave according to established custom. What a cruel sinister

suggestion underlies this![6]

Keen resentment is felt here against the young German Emperor and his

indiscreet message to Kruger. I never dreamed years ago, when I used

to see him, a tall, slender-legged boy in Berlin, that in maturity I

should have so strong a desire to chastise him. England has

commissioned a Flying Squadron, and the forces at Cape Town are to be

strongly augmented.

JANUARY 13.--Mr. Manion showed me to-day a cable from the United

States Secretary of State, Mr. Olney. 'Take instant measures to

protect John Hays Hammond, and see that he has fair play.' It brought

such a feeling of confidence and comfort! All he wants _is_ fair play,

and I pray to God that he may be protected until he gets it.

Many business meetings had to be postponed to-day on account of the

large number of influential men in jail. I hear from Mr. ---- that on

Thursday and Friday it was most difficult to keep the Boers from

storming the town. President Kruger dissuaded them by promising each a

new suit of clothes. These they have since been seen carrying, tied

to the cantle of their saddles.

Feeling is strong and bitter against the leaders; they are held

responsible for all the trouble brought about by the Jameson invasion.

Commandant Cronje's Burgher force paraded the street this

morning--they are the men who captured Jameson. Jameson is the god of

the hour, and Johannesburg resented the intrusion; but for the sake of

their hero, still in the power of the Government, there was no

indication of intolerance beyond a few audible sarcasms; remarks which

were answered in kind by the Burghers.

Betty says they were an interesting-looking body of men;

strong-framed, heavy-featured, with long unkempt hair and beards. They

rode shaggy, moth-eaten-looking little ponies, each man with a bundle

of hay bound to his saddle and a sausage in his wallet. Fathers among

them as hale as the brawny sons by their sides. They looked capable

of any amount of fatigue.

Numbers of stray dogs and cats attest the many deserted homes.

JANUARY 15.--Every train brings women and children, hobby-horses and

canary birds back to their homes in Johannesburg. Betty has returned,

accompanied by Mr. Seymour Port, from Pretoria. She gives a very

spirited account of her visit. Through Mr. Sauer, one of the advocates

retained by the Reformers, a visiting permit was obtained. She and Mr.

Fort were obliged to wait several hours, in company with a crowd of

wives, at the prison gates, under a broiling sun. All were loaded down

with offerings.

Betty's own donation was several green-lined umbrellas (a god-send in

a whitewashed court beat upon by a tropical sun). After being admitted

each lady was taken into a private room and 'felt all over by a Boer

woman,' who was so fat, Betty declares, 'she must have grown up in

the room, as she could not possibly have got through the door, even

sideways.'

In the prison court the prisoners were sitting about in great

diversity of costume, pyjamas predominating. The weather was

suffocatingly hot. To while away the tedious time some were playing

marbles, others reading, and a few of the most active brains on the

Rand were caught dozing at midday, in a strip of shadow the width of

one's hand, the sole shade in the whole enclosure. Colonel Bettington

sat on a bench near the entrance in a peculiar and striking costume

which proved to be, to those who had courage to linger and analyse,

pyjama drawers rolled to the knees, a crash towel draped with happy

blending of coolness and perfect propriety around body, noble Bedouin

arrangement of wet crash towel on head, single eyeglass in eye, merry

smile. Mr. Lace was the only one of the company who could suddenly

have been set down in Piccadilly without confusion to himself and

beholders. He wore a neat brown suit, pale pink shirt, and a

_stylish_ straw sailor hat. The prisoners showed a touching interest,

Betty says, in the distribution of their gifts. One husband asked his

wife almost before she was within arm's length what she had brought

him. She had brought him a box of Pasta Mack tabloids, and

unfortunately there was not at that time a bath in the whole prison.

Another gentleman was presented with a Cologne spray. He was the envy

of the jail; within twenty-four hours every Cologne spray in Pretoria

was bought up and in the possession of the Reform Committee.

The four leaders are kept apart. After much ceremony my husband was

allowed to see his sister at the door of the inner court where they

are housed. Jameson and his men are in a tiny cottage by themselves,

and no communication whatever is allowed between the prisoners.

Arrangements have been made with the authorities to allow food to be

served to the Reformers from the Pretoria Club at the prisoners'

expense. The head jailer, Du Plessis, is a cousin of Kruger's. A

ponderous man with a wild beard, a blood-shot eye, and a heavy voice.

He is said to have gone to the President several days after the arrest

and said, 'Those men are not like us, they are gentlemen, and cannot

stand such hardships.' $250,000,000 are estimated as being represented

by the men within the four walls of the Pretoria jail.

President Kruger suggests the adjournment of the Volksraad. Every one

feels this to be a wise move while party spirit runs so high. The

Hollanders in the Transvaal are much more rabid against the Reformers

than the Boers.

Mr. Chamberlain has cabled to the High Commissioner respecting the

leaders in the recent rising. He points out that their imprisonment

may disorganise the mining industry, and inquires as to what will be

the likely penalties.

America has asked Great Britain to protect Americans arrested in

Johannesburg. I hear that a Burgher, who saw some of the great iron

pipes of the Waterworks Company being put in the ground, reached

Pretoria in a state of intense excitement, exclaiming that he had seen

'miles of big guns at Johannesburg.'

Mr. Andrew Trimble, chief detective and head of the Uitlander police,

quitted Johannesburg the night of the arrest with much precipitation;

unfortunately, before indeed he had filed away his most important

private papers. Following his hasty flight his office was carefully

guarded by Zarps; no one was allowed to enter--'Oh yes, the Kaffir boy

might go in to clean up.' A good friend of Mr. Trimble's, with stern

aspect, instructed the boy to make a 'good job' of the room and burn

all the papers strewn over the floor and desks. This was faithfully

done by the unconscious negro, to the entire satisfaction of all save

the Zarps in charge.

It is said Dr. Jameson entered the Transvaal with his despatch-box

filled with important papers in cypher, _and the cypher code with

it_. I cannot believe this of any man in his sound senses.

The High Commissioner left Pretoria by special train yesterday. This

was the man who offered his service as Mediator and was accepted by

both Uitlander and Boer. To placate the Boer he refrained from

visiting Dr. Jameson and his men imprisoned at Pretoria, nor did he

permit Sir Jacobus de Wet to visit them. He never acquainted himself

with the terms of Dr. Jameson's surrender. He commanded Johannesburg

to disarm to appease the Boer, and this being successfully

accomplished through the self-control of the Reform Committee, he

departed with his gout and other belongings, leaving the unarmed

betrayed Reformers to shift for themselves. Was this being a Mediator?

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 6: This affair was the result of an interference by the

English. It arose out of the ill-treatment of a negro slave. The Boers

resisted arrest, there was a clash of arms, and four of the Boers were

hanged.]

V

JANUARY 21.--The Burghers are disbanding and returning to their homes.

Trade is thoroughly unsettled, and business of every kind is in an

unsatisfactory condition. Great disorder prevails in the town.

Scarcely a night but there is some sort of disturbance between

citizens and police; the latter are mostly raw German recruits.

Dr. Jameson and his officers left Pretoria yesterday. Dr. Jameson

looked very downcast, and sat gazing stolidly before him until the

train started. They were cheered at many places along the route. The

United States Government has thanked Mr. Chamberlain for his offer to

protect Americans in the Transvaal.

All travellers coming into the country must submit to a rigorous

personal search for firearms at Vereeniging. In one case even the

infant of the party was overhauled for guns and ammunition before

being handed over to the loving father, who had come down to meet his

little family.

LATER.--I came up to Pretoria this afternoon with Betty and the sick

nurse. We were stopped at the station while the officials examined our

handbags for cannon. This delay would have been irritating, but the

men were so universally good-natured--little dull-witted, with no

appreciation of fitness, but good-natured. We drove at once to the

Grand Hotel, and I went to bed that I might look rested when I saw my

husband on the morrow. Lady de Wet and Dr. Messum, the prison

physician, called to tell me the four men had been moved into the

Jameson Cottage, but I was asleep, and not allowed to be roused. There

is comfort in being this much nearer to my poor prisoner. The hotel is

full of Reformers' wives, and there is much excitement and coming and

going. We are warned to be cautious in what we say in public places,

because of spies. Every woman has a nervous look on her face, and some

of them shut the windows and doors before uttering even the most

commonplace remarks.

Pretoria lies in a shallow basin in the heart of the hills--a fitting

home for the Sleeping Princess. It is hushed and drowsy and overrun by

a tangle of roses. Weeping willows edge the streets, which are wide

and as neglected as a country road. Open gutters carry off, or rather

contain, the sewage of the town. Its altitude is lower than that of

Johannesburg, and the climate very relaxing. Every month or couple of

months the town is full of stir and life. The Boers trek in from

neighbouring farms with their long span of oxen, as many as eighteen

and twenty being yoked to a wagon. They buy and sell, and partake of

the Nacht Maal, or sacrament, laagered around the Dopper Church; and

with their dogs, Kaffirs, and oxen make of that square a most

unsavoury spot.

JANUARY 24.--I have been several times to the prison, and have seen my

husband. He looks thin, but his face is much rested. He was greatly

distressed on my first visit at the change in my appearance, which I

declared was most ungrateful, as I had put on my best clothes for the

occasion. His mouth showed a tendency to grow square at the corners; I

had seen his children's do the same a thousand times in our nursery,

and I turned away to conceal my emotion.

The leaders are still kept apart from the other Reformers, a chalked

line showing the margin of their liberty. They are fairly comfortable

in the Jameson Cottage. It contains two tiny rooms; in one all four

sleep, and the other is used for a sitting-room. These are kept very

clean and bright. Mr. Farrar is housekeeper, and 'tidies up' with such

vigour that his three comrades threaten to give up their lodgings and

decamp.

'Hang it all,' says Mr. Phillips, 'we never sit down to a meal that

George does not begin to sweep the floor'; 'And he takes our cups away

and begins washing them before we've finished our coffee,' complains

the Colonel. Mr. Farrar reproaches me for my husband's want of order.

He says I have not trained him at all, which is quite the truth. Each

man has his chief treasures on a little shelf above his bed. The three

husbands have photographs of wife and children; Colonel Rhodes, the

bachelor, a sponge-bag and pin-cushion. Every day I find a short list

of things which they want got for them. It is many a long year since

they had such simple desires: bed-sheets and pillow-cases, a shade for

their window, Dutch dictionary, and lead pencils.

JANUARY 25.--The Reformers, with the exceptions of Messrs. Lionel

Phillips, George Farrar, Colonel Rhodes, John Hays Hammond, and Percy

Fitzpatrick, are released to-day on bail of ten thousand dollars

each. They are not permitted to leave Pretoria however.

JANUARY 27.--Dr. Jameson has sailed on the 'Victoria' for England. The

Governor of Natal was hooted at Volksrust for congratulating President

Kruger on his defeat of Jameson.

We are again in Pretoria. I have asked for an interview with the

President.

* * * * *

_My First Prison Pass_

BEWIJS VAN TOEGANG

Aan den Cipier van de Gevangenis te

Pretoria.

Verlof wordt verliend aan Mrs. Hammond

en Miss Hammond en Lady de Wet

Om den gevangene genaamd Hammond,

Phillips, Rhodes en Farrar te bezoeken in

Uwe tegenwoordigheid.

Den 22nd--1--1896.

VI

Sir James Sivewright said, as I left my rooms for the President's

house, 'I am glad that you are going. You will find a man with a rough

appearance but a kind heart.' Mr. Sammy Marx accompanied me.

The home of the President of the South African Republic is an

unpretentious dwelling, built of wood and on one floor. There is a

little piazza running across the front, upon which he is frequently

seen sitting, smoking his pipe of strong Boer tobacco, with a couple

of his trusted burghers beside him. Two armed sentinels stood at the

latch gate. I hurried through the entrance. A negro nurse was

scurrying across the hall with a plump baby in her arms. A young man

with a pleasant face met me at the sitting-room door and invited me

to enter. It was an old-fashioned parlour, furnished with black

horse-hair, glass globes, and artificial flowers. A marble-topped

centre table supported bulky volumes bound in pressed leather with

large gilt titles. There were several men already in the room, Boers.

Those nearest the door I saw regard me with a scowl. I was a woman

from the enemy's camp. At the further end of the long room sat a large

sallow-skinned man with long grizzled hair swept abruptly up from his

forehead. His eyes, which were keen, were partly obscured by heavy

swollen lids. The nose was massive, but not handsome. The thin-lipped

mouth was large and flexible, and showed both sweetness and firmness.

A fine mouth! He wore a beard. It was President Kruger. He was filling

his pipe from a moleskin pouch, and I noticed that his broad stooping

shoulders ended in arms abnormally long. We shook hands, and he

continued to fill and light his pipe. Mr. Grobler, the pleasant-faced

young man, grandson and Secretary to the President, observing that I

was trembling with fatigue and suppressed excitement, offered me a

chair. We sat opposite each other, the President in the middle. I

spoke slowly, Mr. Grobler interpreting. This was hardly necessary,

President Kruger answering much that I said before it was interpreted.

I could understand him perfectly from my familiarity with German and

especially _Platt-Deutsch_.

I explained that I had not come to talk politics. 'No, no politics,'

interrupted the President in a thick loud voice. Nor had I come to ask

favour for my husband, as I felt assured that the honesty of his

motives would speak for themselves at the day of his trial; but I

_had_ come as a woman and daughter of a Republic to ask him to

continue the clemency which he had thus far shown, and to thank Mrs.

Kruger for the tears which she had shed when Johannesburg was in

peril.

President Kruger relaxed a little. 'That is true, she did weep.' He

fixed me with his shrewd glance. 'Where were you?' he asked abruptly.

'I was in Johannesburg with my husband.'

'Were you not afraid?'

'Yes, those days have robbed me of my youth.'

'What did you think I was going to do?'

'I hoped that you would come to an understanding with the Reformers.'

His face darkened.

'I was disappointed that the Americans went against me,' he said.

Mr. Sammy Marx rose and left the room. I was seized with one of those

sudden and unaccountable panics, and from sheer embarrassment--my mood

was far too tragic to admit of flippancy--blurted out, 'You must come

to America, Mr. President, as soon as all this trouble is settled, and

see how _we_ manage matters.'

Kruger's face lighted up with interest. 'I am too old to go so far.'

'No man is older than his brain, Mr. President'; and Kruger, who knew

that in all the trouble he had shown the mental vigour of a man in his

prime, accepted my praise with a hearty laugh. This was joined in by

the Boers from the other end of the room.

Mrs. Kruger refused to see me, and I liked her none the less for her

honest prejudice. I stood to go. President Kruger rose, removed the

pipe from between his teeth, and, coughing violently, gave me his

hand.

Mr. Grobler escorted me to the gate. 'Mrs. Hammond, I shall be glad to

serve you in any way possible to me,' he said with courtesy.

'Then will you say to Mrs. Kruger that I am praying to the same God

that peace may come?'

MONDAY, FEBRUARY 3.--The preliminary trial of the Reform Committee

prisoners was called this morning. The hearing was in the second

Raadzaal. Although the accommodation for the public was limited there

was a large crowd of Johannesburgers present.

Shortly before ten o'clock an armed escort marched up to the jail for

Messrs. Hammond, Phillips, Farrar, Fitz-Patrick, and Rhodes. The other

Reformers stood in a bunch at the entrance of the hall. All the

principal Government officials were present. Sir Jacobus de Wet

appeared, accompanied by Mr. J. Rose Innes, Q.C., who had come from

the Cape to watch the case on behalf of the Imperial Government.

Punctually at ten the State Attorney, Coster, took his seat, and,

beginning with my husband's name, called the accused into Court.

The sixty-four prisoners were assigned to rows of cane-bottomed chairs

in the north-west corner of the building. The proceedings were in

Dutch, and continued throughout the day. With the exception of a few,

none of the Reformers understood Dutch. The hall was without

ventilation, and overcrowded, and sixty-four more bored and

disconsolate-looking men, I believe, were never brought together. Some

of them fanned vigorously with their hats, others gave themselves up

to circumstance and sank into apathy. On the second day, profiting by

experience, fans and paper-backed novels were brought into the Court

room by the arraigned.

When the Reformers filed in I noticed my husband was not amongst them.

Captain Mein caught my eye and beckoned me to come down from the

ladies' gallery. I hurried to him in some alarm. He told me that my

husband was not well, and handed me a permit which Advocate Sauer had

procured for me. I went at once to the prison, and found my husband

with acute symptoms of dysentery, a feeble pulse, and a heart which

murmured when it beat.

'Jack,' I said, 'I am going to dig you out of this jail!'

He looked incredulous, and said despondently, 'I'd rather stay _here_

than go to the prison hospital.'

'I'm not thinking of the prison hospital,' simply to reassure him, and

with absolutely no plan of procedure in mind I smiled wisely.

On my way back to the hotel I was perplexed and uncertain which end to

try first--the American Government or the Government of the Transvaal.

I decided upon the latter, and, assisted by Advocate Scholtz, set to

work with such good effect that by the end of the day I had received

permission to remove my invalid into a private house and personally

attend him. Captain Mein cabled to Mr. David Benjamin, who was in

England, for the use of his cottage. An answer returned within a few

hours, granting us cordial possession.

I was told that we should be kept under strict guard and that an

officer would be lodged in the house with us. Colonel Bettington

advised me to ask the Government that this officer might be Lieutenant

de Korte, who was a gentleman, and a man of kindly instincts. This I

did, and again my wishes were generously considered. My first act in

the cottage home was to cable the United States Secretary of State of

my privilege; Betty and my faithful housemaid, Parker, were allowed to

be with us.

Thirteen men were stationed on guard around the tiny flower-covered

cottage. No letters or telegrams were allowed to be sent or received

without first being read by Lieutenant de Korte; visitors were obliged

to obtain permits to see us, and many were the times I saw my best

friends hang disconsolate faces over the garden gate, because the

prescribed number of passes had already been distributed.

The ladies of the house were allowed to go out twice in the week. I

never accepted this freedom. Betty did once, and returning after hours

was refused entrance by the sentinel. Fortunately Mr. de Korte came

to the rescue. Another time, in consequence of a change of guard, he

himself was obliged to show his papers before being allowed to leave

the premises. Lieutenant de Korte was excessively strict, as was his

duty to the Government, but throughout the two weeks we were under his

care he proved himself entirely worthy of Colonel Bettington's praise,

'A gentleman and a man of kindly instincts!' One piece of kindness I

particularly appreciated. _He never wore his uniform in the house_.

When he sat down to table it was in the usual evening dress of a man

of the world, and our conversation was always on pleasant subjects. We

never forgot, however, that we were prisoners. My husband and I slept

like Royalty in the throne-room, with all the Court assembled. One

guard sat at our bedroom door, gun in hand, and two others on the

verandah just outside the low window. I could hear their breathing

throughout the night. My husband and I could never exchange a private

word; sometimes I would write a message which was hurriedly burnt in

the bedroom candle. The day we moved into the cottage I saw a rose in

the garden which I thought would please and refresh my patient. I

stepped over the threshold to find my nose in conjunction with the

highly-polished barrel of an unfriendly rifle. There was no necessity

for me to understand the guttural speech of the guard, to appreciate

that he desired me to return into the house at once. I did so. Efforts

to induce Mr. Hammond to take a little exercise in the garden I soon

gave over. After a few steps (a guard only two feet behind him) he

would be utterly exhausted, and would almost faint away on reaching

his chair again. Under these petty irritations my husband showed an

angelic patience and fortitude that alarmed me. It was so unlike his

normal self. I longed to hear him cuss a cosy swear; it would have

braced us both. But he was gentle, and appreciative of little

kindnesses; so, to keep from weakening tears, I took to swearing

myself.

Pretoria was like a steam bath. Frequent thunderstorms were followed

by a blazing sun. Vegetation grew inches in a day, and emitted a rank

smell. People were sallow and languid, and went about with

yellow-white lips. My husband was losing strength perceptibly.

I called upon Dr. Messum, and begged that he would summon Dr. Murray,

our family physician, from Johannesburg, in consultation. He preferred

a Hollander. I would have none of them! We haggled, and he gave in.

Dr. Murray came to Pretoria. He was very grave when he came out of my

husband's sick room. His report to the Government gained the allowance

of a daily drive, but even for this slight exertion the sick man was

soon too feeble. I wanted to take him to the bracing heights of

Johannesburg, but lawyers and physicians advised me not to make this

request. Johannesburg was still a red rag to the Government, and I

would be sure to meet with a rebuff. Notwithstanding, I went one night

at eleven o'clock, escorted by Lieutenant de Korte, carrying a

glimmering lantern, to interview Dr. Schaagen van Leuwen, and laid the

case before him.

My husband would surely die if kept in Pretoria; the Government

physician who had been attending him could attest the truth of my

statement. I begged to be allowed to take him to his home in

Johannesburg, under whatever restrictions or guard the Government

might choose to impose. _Johannesburg was my desire_, and I positively

refused to accept any alternative. Dr. Schaagen van Leuwen was very

kind, and promised to do all he could to help me, and he gave me good

reason to hope that my request would be considered.

In the morning I went again to visit Dr. Messum, this time with Mr.

Percy Farrar. I urged him to send in his report of my husband's case

at once, as he seemed inclined to let the matter drift. Mr. Farrar

and I also drew his attention to the condition of the Jameson Cottage.

The walls were covered with mildew from the recent rains and the floor

damp with seepage water. Mr. Phillips was suffering from lumbago, and

Mr. Fitzpatrick with acute neuralgia.

Next day we were pleasantly surprised by a call at the cottage from

Messrs. Phillips, Farrar, and Colonel Rhodes, liberated under the same

conditions as was my husband--a bail of 50,000 dollars and a heavy

guard. They were then on their way to a cottage at Sunnyside. Mrs.

Farrar and I hugged each other with joy, and were quite ready to do

the same to the lawyers who had been so successful in attaining this

end. When I learned a little later that consent had been given for Mr.

Hammond to be taken to Johannesburg my measure of happiness seemed

indeed complete.

With all speed Parker and I tied up our belongings. Lieutenant de

Korte, with nine guards, was to attend us as far as Johannesburg. A

bed was made for the sick man on one of the seats, and frequent

stimulants helped him bear the journey. The thought of going home did

as much as the cordials to stay his strength, I shall always believe.

A number of gentlemen of my husband's staff were at the station to

meet us. Mr. Catlin's kind face I could see above all the others, and

dear Pope Yeatman's. Before we could exchange greetings we were

whisked off into our carriage by the officer whose duty it was to take

us in charge. A soldier hopped up on the box, and another planted

himself on the seat opposite to us--to my inconvenience, and Parker's

intense indignation. Our home was alight. There was a good dinner on

the table, and my husband, with his natural hospitality, invited the

officer to share it with us. I think I should have shot him if he had

accepted--but he did not accept.

There had been a fearful dynamite explosion at Fordsburg, a suburb of

Johannesburg, late in the afternoon, and he was busied with bringing

in the wounded. Very politely he asked me to take him through the

house. This I did, grimly remarking, as I pointed to the window in my

dressing-room, 'That is the one he will escape by when we have made up

our minds to run.' This cheap wit cost me weeks of inconvenience, for

the literal Hollander took me at my word, and posted a guard directly

opposite this window. Being a Vrywilliger[7] and a gentleman, this

poor man suffered as sharply from his position as did I. That night

two armed men stood at our chamber door. One was stationed at each of

our bedroom windows. Another guarded the house entrance, and the

remainder of the guard were dispersed around the yard. Their guns were

loaded, and a bandolier of cartridges crossed their breasts. All this

to restrain a poor, broken man, who could not walk a dozen yards!

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 7: A volunteer.]

VII

ASH WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 19.--The dynamite explosion was something

terrific. Fifty-five tons exploded at one time, wounding 700 people,

killing 80, and leaving 1,500 homeless. It ripped a chasm in the earth

deep enough to hold an Atlantic steamer with all her rigging. The

Kaffirs thought the sun had burst. Betty says the noise of the report

was something awful. Little Jacky was digging in the garden at the

time. He returned to the house at once with a very troubled face. The

coachman coming from town an hour later told of the dreadful

catastrophe. Jacky took his aunt aside: 'Aunt Bet, I heard that great

big noise when I was diggin' and I thought I had dug up hell.'

The explosion was the result of neglect. For four days fifty-five and

a half tons of dynamite lay under a hot sun at the Netherlands

Railroad junction, left in charge of an inexperienced youth of twenty

who had 'forgotten to remove it' as was ordered the day before the

explosion occurred.

Fordsburg is populated by poor Dutch and Boers. With generous

disregard of recent conflicts, the Uitlanders at once gave help and

sympathy to the afflicted. Seven of the members on the Relief

Committee were Reformers; and Reformers' wives were among the first to

nurse the wounded. President Kruger came over to Johannesburg to visit

the scene of the accident. He visited the wounded at the Wanderers'

and hospital, and seemed greatly affected. He made a speech in which

he begged the sufferers to turn their eyes to the Great Healer, who

alone could comfort. He also said that he was gratified to hear that

the subscriptions in aid of the distressed had reached so high a

figure; 'Johannesburg had come nobly to the rescue, and he was glad to

know it.' He quoted the words of the Saviour, 'Blessed are the

merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.' In benefiting others he

declared they would benefit themselves.

FEBRUARY 23.--I am housed with my ill husband. Betty comes in and goes

out in constant service to the sufferers from the dynamite explosion.

We can think of nothing else. All the tragic stories we hear from

friends and read in the papers fill our days with sadness.

A friend of my cook's was visiting a neighbour at Fordsburg. She stood

on the threshold, an infant in her arms, and a three-year-old boy at

her side. The explosion came. Her baby was killed outright, and the

child clinging to her skirts dropped with one leg ripped entirely from

the socket. The mother was not even scratched. Another woman was

sewing on a sewing machine. After recovering from the shock, she found

herself unhurt, her house collapsed, and the sewing machine entirely

disappeared. Most of the houses fell outward and not inward, and

those persons near the explosion describe their experience of the

shock as falling asleep or going off in a trance.

The society women of Johannesburg are doing noble work. Dr. Murray

says it is astonishing how intelligently alert and self-sacrificing

they are proving themselves to be. A story has been told me of a Boer

woman who was fearfully mangled; she bore the necessary surgical

operation with fortitude, but wept copiously when a green baize

petticoat, which she had recently made out of a tablecloth, was taken

off. Only a solemn promise from Mrs. Joel, her lady nurse, to keep the

garment safe until her recovery, appeased her outcries.

I asked the officer in charge yesterday if I might see some of my

friends who called, the sentinels having thus far denied them

entrance. 'Yes, but there are some women in the place whom I do not

care to have come here.' 'And who might they be?' I asked. 'The wives

of the Reformers,' he answered. 'Then,' I flashed out, 'I do not care

to accept _any_ favours at your hands; those women are my personal

friends, and the only persons under existing circumstances whom I wish

to see.'

(We were under this gentleman's surveillance for some time, and he

afterwards proved very friendly, _so my husband says_, but I never

spoke to him again. I did not like him. His voice was unpleasant and

he had a high, hard nose, and I do not fancy people with hard, high

noses.)

A poor little two-year-old baby was found wandering among the ruins at

Fordsburg, with only a slight scratch on her wrist. It is supposed

that she has been lying unconscious under the débris.

A Malay woman was discovered cowering over the ruins of what was once

her home, crooning to a dead child at her breast.

The Netherlands Railroad Company, _under whose auspices_ the accident

took place, have donated 50,000 dollars to the Relief Fund; and the

Transvaal Government has set aside 125,000 dollars for the same

purpose; the Uitlanders, 325,000 dollars, which was collected within a

few hours after the explosion.

FEBRUARY 25.--Business continues stagnant.

A deputation of mining men go to Pretoria in regard to the depression

in the mining industry resulting from the imprisonment of the leaders.

I hear many of the mines will have to shut down.

England's Queen and President Kruger have exchanged messages over the

explosion.

A Kaffir has been found in the wrecked station at Fordsburg; although

he had been imprisoned five days in the débris, he was still alive,

and revived promptly after being given food. (He succumbed however,

some days later to pneumonia brought on by the exposure).

1,500 of the survivors from the dynamite disaster are now encamped at

the Agricultural Show Yard. The Relief Committee are doing all

possible to assuage their sufferings. Poor people! many of them are

utterly crushed, and sit about dazed and listless; while the little

children, unconscious of the despair surrounding them, frolic about

with the chickens, and make mud-pies as if nothing had happened. But

for the thoughtless elasticity of childhood, how few of us could live

to grow up!

VIII

The preliminary trial dragged its undignified course through the

Courts with a fortnight's interruption, because a youth named

Shumacher refused to give his opinions on a certain subject to the

Attorney-General, and was committed to prison for contempt.

The High Commissioner was going through genuflexions before the Boer

President. Peace, peace, at any price! at the cost of broken promises,

humiliating compromises, and the lives of sixty-four Reformers, if

need be.[8]

Mr. Chamberlain had caught the infection, and was salaaming across the

world to Mr. Kruger, like a marionette out of a box. Thoughtful people

began to wonder if he were swung by a heavy weight, which was unknown

to us. Sir William Harcourt was giving the House of Commons, in

England, ill-founded and flippant assurances that 'the Uitlanders

desired no interference from the outside, whether British or other,

but preferred rather to work out their own salvation.' He added many

unpleasant remarks about the Reformers. I said to one of his

countrymen, 'Why does he, in his safety, flourish about, pinning us

deeper down in the wreckage?'

'Don't let that distress you. Everybody understands that he belongs to

the other party. If he were of the party in power he would be howling

for the Reformers. Remember, Mrs. Hammond, that our system of party

politics seems to call for such attitudes of injustice.' I didn't

quite understand the argument, but the gentleman spoke with

conviction, and I was willing to accept his proffered comfort.

In our quiet home at Park Town we had settled down to domestic

routine. The guard had gone to housekeeping in a tent under the

dining-room window. They had made friends with Totsey, and then with

Totsey's master, little Jack. Although I never recognised them beyond

a formal bow, in answer to their salute as we drove in and out of the

grounds, I realised that they were kind-hearted men. They were

Burghers belonging to the Volunteer Corps, and were quite a different

grade altogether from the men who composed our guard at Pretoria. At

first we had thirteen, then the number was diminished to nine. Each

man was paid $5.00 a day out of my good man's pocket, fed, and cab

fare provided (to fetch and carry the relief squad from and to the

town).

It was very like boiling a kid in its mother's milk, but I had the

gratification of remarking once or twice with casual superiority

during conjugal conversation, that revolutions were expensive things,

and that was _some_ comfort.

My invalid's health, which at first showed a decided change for the

better, began to wane again. Massage was tried, and tonics were freely

administered. Dr. Murray and I thought of Cape Town and the sea; but I

must own up, it was _the officer in charge_ who was most influential

in obtaining a permit for my husband to leave the Transvaal. The bail

bond was increased to a hundred thousand dollars. Fearing _somebody_

might change his mind, I insisted on Dr. Murray's starting at once

with my husband for the Cape. Jacky was thrown in as a bonus. Parker

and I were to follow on the mail train two days later.

The guard, who were by this time genuinely attached to their charge,

begged him to be photographed in a group with themselves. To their

great pride this was done. I missed my husband just before his

departure, and Jacky, joining in my search from room to room, gave

the information, 'Papa is playing with his guard outside.' Weak though

he was, he had crawled out to the tent, with a big bottle of

champagne, and when I stepped to the study window I saw, in the pale

twilight, Mr. Hammond standing with the men about him. They lifted

their glasses to him, and their hearty cheers shook me through.

The travellers were despatched, and, according to our plan, I followed

with the maid. My dear husband was well enough to meet us in Cape Town

at the depot, and Jacky was in high feather--he had a tin steamboat;

he was inclined to swagger; and showed a personal complacency not

warranted by his appearance, for some of his clothes were put on with

great care, _hind-part before_.

We found lodgment at Muizenburg, near Cape Town--sun, wind, and

primitive discomfort, this last mitigated by the never-failing

kindness of the proprietor. His little children fell over one another

in eager service to my invalid; they were always sure of appreciative

recognition from him, and every child is sensitive to kindness.

Mr. Joseph Story Curtis, the Reformer, joined us, brought down from

the Rand by his physician and sick nurse; he was suffering from

partial paralysis, induced by the excitement of the revolution and

preliminary trial.

Young Shumacher had come to the coast for building up, also Mr. Van

Goenert, who had carried a gun on duty when Johannesburg was under

arms. We were a saddened little circle at Muizenburg, and we used to

watch the great ships sail out for 'home' with a lump in our throats.

The strong salt breeze buoyed us up to fresh hope. A new friend came

to me: a woman with all a woman's tenderness, and the simple

necessities of life had a fresh meaning when supplied by you, dear

Jessie Rose Innes!

Dr. Murray was obliged to leave us.

An untimely sea-bath brought back most serious symptoms to my

patient, and I was the prey every afternoon to a low fever which

sapped my strength. Although at first this fever bore a horrible

menace, it proved a disguised blessing. For two or three hours each

day I was absolutely free of care, and would lie with quick pulse and

mildly intoxicated brain dreaming I was with my elder boy on the

border of England. I saw him in his little Eton jacket and broad

turned-down collar, his sweet young face fresh as the morning. Or I

would dream of the pretty home under the hill, in far-off California.

The fragrance of thick beds of violets would seem to float to me over

the long waste of sea, and I could see the tall roses nodding in the

white summer fog. My temples beat like the winter rain on the roof,

and the light before my eyes was the library fire, picking out, in its

old familiar way, the gilt lettering on the books ranged about. It was

sweet to go back to all this, even down the scorching path of fever.

Our stay at Cape Town was coming to its close.

The first trial was called for April 24, and my husband insisted upon

going back to meet his sentence. Drs. Thomas and Scholtz declared this

most unadvisable. His heart was in such condition, any shock might

prove fatal. Their reports were forwarded to the Transvaal Government,

and I begged for a few days' reprieve, cabling my urgent request to

Mr. Olney in Washington, Dr. Coster at Pretoria, and our faithful

friend, Mr. Robert Chapin, United States Consul at Johannesburg. Mr.

Olney _at once_ petitioned the Boer Government in our behalf. Dr.

Coster answered curtly by wiring Mr. Chapin that John Hays Hammond was

summoned to appear before the High Court of the Transvaal on the

morning of April 24, at 10 o'clock. To me he vouchsafed no word.

Letters came from friends in Johannesburg begging my husband not to

return, and cables from the United States to the same effect. The

sentence was sure to be a death sentence or a term of long

imprisonment.

From important sources, which for obvious reasons I cannot quote, I

received private messages and letters informing of a plan on foot to

lynch the leaders. The beam from which four Boers had been hung years

before at Schlaagter's Nek (Oh! that poisonous suggestion in the

'Volksstem') had already been brought from the Colony for this special

purpose. Mr. Manion, the Consular Agent, and Mr. K.B. Brown, an

American just arrived in Cape Town from the Rand, took me aside and

laid the case in all its bare brutality before me. _To allow my

husband to return to Pretoria was for him to meet certain death_. If

he were not lynched by the excited Boers, he was sure to get a death

sentence. Mr. Brown showed feeling as he plead with me to use a wife's

influence to save her husband's life. My head was swimming. I could

only repeat in a dull, dogged way: 'He says his honour takes him

back. He is the father of my sons, and I'd rather see him dead than

dishonoured.'

Somehow I got to my room, and the page-boy stumbled over me at the

door some time afterward, and ran for Mrs. Cavanagh. When I felt a

little recovered, I put on my hat, and, not waiting for my husband's

return from an appointment with Dr. Thomas, I drove to the office of

Mr. Rose Innes. He was not in, and his clerk declared he did not know

when he would be in. 'Very well, then; I'll wait until he does come

in.'

I was given a comfortable chair, and a dictionary was dusted and

placed under my feet. Mr. Rose Innes at length appeared. He was

greatly astonished to find me waiting for him. I began abruptly: 'Dear

Mr. Innes, I am in need of a friend; my distress is so great that I

can no longer distinguish right from wrong.' I told him everything;

showed him the letters which I had received, and, facing him, asked,

'What is my duty? I can appeal to my husband--for my sake, to save

the life of our child--and perhaps dissuade him! _My God, it is a

temptation!_'

Mr. Rose Innes sat deep in thought.

'If you think his going back is a needless throwing away of a valuable

life,' I began, with a timid hope beginning to grow in my heart--'I

will chloroform him and have him taken to sea!'

Mr. Rose Innes leaned forward, and took my hand gently between his

own: 'Mrs. Hammond, your husband is doing the right thing in going

back; don't try to dissuade him. If he were my own brother I would say

the same'--and I accepted his decision.

For a further strong but ineffectual effort to gain a few days' longer

leave of absence for Mr. Hammond, I am indebted to this good friend.

Also for many personal kindnesses which I can never forget. Miss

Louisa Rhodes was a most helpful friend as well; the anxiety in

common brought us very close together. She was a veritable

fairy-godmother, bringing us wines and dainty food from Groote

Schuur's well-stocked larder to tempt us to eat.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 8: Cablegram of the High Commissioner to Mr. Chamberlain,

January 8, 1896:--

'I intend, if I find that the Johannesburg people have substantially

complied with the Ultimatum, to insist on the fulfilment of promises

as regards prisoners and consideration of grievances, and will not

allow, at this stage, the introduction of any fresh conditions as

regards the London Convention of 1884. Do you approve?']

IX

At Cape Town I saw the High Commissioner--a gentle old man with

delicate hands. He had lived two-thirds of his life, and passed the

virile period.

The responsibility of taking my husband to Pretoria was more than I

could assume alone; my strength was nearly spent. Doctors Thomas and

Scholtz assisted me in every way. Although called separately, and not

in consultation, these two gentlemen were far too broad-minded and

generously interested in our welfare to stand upon professional

etiquette. Dr. Scholtz accepted the post of medical attendant on the

journey up-country, and one of the last faces which I saw at Cape Town

as our train drew out was that of Dr. Thomas, who had left a critical

case to hurry down in order to wish us God-speed.

Jessie Rose Innes had come too, wild night though it was. Under her

tweed cape she had brought from her home at Rondebosch a basket filled

with food--fresh butter, chicken jelly, extract of coffee, and a

home-made cake for 'Jacky boy.' Dear heart of gold! there was no need

of words between us that sorrowful night.

Trotting along beside the slowly-moving train, Sir James Sivewright

held my hands thrust through the open window.

'When the worst comes, you'll do all you can to help us, Sir James?' I

asked.

'Indeed I will,' was the hearty response.

The trip was a wearisome one. The weather was hot, and there was much

dust. Little Jack was the leaven of our heavy days, and a sweet

letter, tucked away in a safe place, from the boy in England, wrung

and cheered my aching heart. It bade us to 'brace up.' He had heard

all about the troubles, and was glad his father was not idle when men

were needed. His house had won the football match. There were only a

few more weeks to wait, and we would all be together again! Fate

carried a smile in her pocket for me so long as that boy kept well!

At night we reached Vereenigen, on the border of the Transvaal. We

were delayed there two hours (120 minutes, 7,200 seconds) while the

Custom House officials examined the luggage. Faint and exhausted, my

husband lay on the seat before me. I sat at the open window

waiting--waiting with every nerve strained and a fearful rushing sound

in my ears, for the possible attack of excited Boers or a stray shot

from some fanatic's rifle. Jacky, trying to clamber over my lap, would

whimper under the fierce clutch of my fingers as I dragged him down

from the window.

As is usual, the passengers' names had been telegraphed ahead, and a

crowd of Boers had gathered at the station to see the man who had come

back to get his sentence. They were a wild, uncouth-looking crowd

from the adjacent farms. I could hear them ask, 'Where is he?' 'In

there,' another would answer, pointing with his thumb over his

shoulder to our compartment. In threes and fours they would shuffle

into our car and gaze with dull, stupid curiosity upon the prostrate

man, as sheep gaze at a dead member of the flock. Dr. Scholtz,

keen-eyed and watchful, stood on guard in the doorway. Platinum would

have melted under the courteous warmth of his manner to the officials.

Our train at last under way, I found some one had thrust a bunch of

fresh grapes into my little boy's hand.

Nearing Johannesburg Dr. Scholtz came to me: 'Your husband is

exhausted. I think it best for him to pass the night at his home,

going to Pretoria on the mid-day train to-morrow.'

It was well we did this, for between Johannesburg and Pretoria this

train met with one of the collisions so frequent on the Netherlands

Railway. Only the engineer and a brakeman were killed, but the shock

would certainly have been most disastrous to us.

SUNDAY, NOON, APRIL 26.--My husband with Dr. Scholtz started for

Pretoria. I was unable to leave my bed, but it was agreed that Betty

and I should follow on the early train of the morrow.

The Reform trial which was begun on Friday, April 24, was resumed on

Monday.

Repeated wires from Mr. Hammond and Dr. Scholtz prevailed upon me to

remain at my home to rest another day. 'It would probably be a long

trial.'

X

My husband reached Pretoria Sunday evening, April 26. The information

that we had received en route, regarding the pleas of guilty entered

by the imprisoned Reformers, was confirmed by his associates: the

other three leaders, Messrs. Rhodes, Farrar, and Phillips, had entered

a plea of guilty under count one of the indictment for high treason,

the fifty-nine Reformers entering a like plea of guilty under the

count of lese-majesté. As conjectured by us when we heard of this

action of the Reformers, the prisoners had received certain assurances

before making such pleas:

_First_.--That they should not be tried under the comparatively

obsolete Roman Dutch Law, which punished the crime of treason with

death; but they would be tried and punished under, and in accordance

with, the code laws of the Transvaal Republic, which imposed penalties

of fine and imprisonment for the crime charged in the indictment.

_Second_.--The leaders were further assured that this action on their

part would measurably mitigate the sentences of the other fifty-nine

Reformers.

On Monday, the 27th, the Court reconvened in the market hall, the

_imported_ Judge Gregorowsky occupying the bench.

Mr. Hammond took his place with the three leaders, attended by his

physician, Dr. Scholtz, who remained at his side during the entire

trial.

After some preliminary matters were disposed of, Mr. Hammond, actuated

by the same influences that were brought to bear on his associates,

entered a plea of guilty to count one of the indictment, and placed

his signature to the written statement which had been previously

signed by Messrs. Rhodes, Phillips, and Farrar.

This written paper was in substance as follows:--

That for a number of years the Uitlanders had earnestly and

peacefully sought relief for their grievances by the

constitutional right of petition. That what they asked was

only what was conceded to new-comers by every other South

African Government.

That petition after petition was placed before the

authorities--one bearing 40,000 signatures, asking

alleviation of their burdens and wrongs; that they could

never obtain a hearing, and that the provisions of law

already deemed obnoxious and unfair were being made more

stringent; and, realising that they would never be accorded

the rights they were entitled to receive, it was determined

to make a demonstration of force in support of their just

demands.

The statement then recites the coming of Jameson against

their express commands and understanding with him, and all

the subsequent acts of the Transvaal Government, the High

Commissioner, and De Wet, Her Majesty's Agent, which are

now matters of history.

The paper concluded as follows:--

'We admit responsibility for the action taken by us. We

practically avowed it at the time of the negotiations with

the Government, when we were informed that the services of

the High Commissioner had been accepted with a view to a

peaceful settlement.

'We submit that we kept faith in every detail of the

arrangement. We did all that was humanly possible to protect

both the State and Dr. Jameson from the consequences of his

action; that we have committed no breach of the law which

was not known to the Government at the time; and that the

earnest consideration of our grievances was promised.

'We can now only put the bare facts before the Court, and

submit to the judgment that may be passed upon us.'

After the examination of several witnesses and the introduction of the

celebrated cipher telegrams, the Court was adjourned for the day.

TUESDAY, THE 28TH.--There was a vast concourse gathered at the Market

Hall on this day of the trial. The chamber was crowded to its utmost

limit by anxious and interested listeners. Many ladies were present.

His Lordship (the imported Judge) was late in ascending the bench,

unnecessarily prolonging the suspense of the waiting crowd.

The proceedings were commenced with every formality that could render

them impressive. A large number of armed men were stationed at the

entrance and about the Court-room. A prominent object in the

Court-room, one which immediately struck the eye of those entering, as

this was its first appearance during the trial, was a plain wooden

dock, low in front, high at the back, and large enough to hold four

men.

As in the preliminary examination, the Court proceedings were

conducted in the Dutch language, an unfamiliar tongue to a majority

of the accused.

After the despatch of some minor matters, Mr. Wessels, counsel for the

defence, made his address to the Court, closing by reading the written

statement of the four leaders, and asking the clemency of the Court.

He made no reference or protest to the tribunal as constituted--a

Court presided over by a Judge _not a_ citizen of the country whose

sovereignty had been offended by the treasonable acts charged.

Mr. Wessels was followed by the State Attorney, Dr. Coster, in a

bitter and vindictive speech.

He demanded that the prisoners at the bar should be punished under the

_Roman Dutch Law_, and that the four leaders should receive the

_death_ penalty.

This demand of the State Attorney was apparently a surprise to Mr.

Wessels, for he sprung to his feet in an excited manner and protested

most vigorously against the demand of Dr. Coster; his language and

manner were such as to impress many present that it was provoked by a

breach of good faith.

At the conclusion of the speech of the State Attorney, Gregorowsky

(the imported Judge) summed up the case at length, and held that the

prisoners were guilty of high treason as charged in the indictment,

and that the Roman Dutch Law governed in such cases; and that the

sentences imposed would be in accordance therewith.

The Sheriff then with a loud voice commanded silence whilst the

sentence of death was pronounced.

A deep hush fell upon the Court-room--a profound, breathless silence

that became oppressive before the next official utterances disturbed

it.

'Lionel Phillips, George Farrar, Francis Rhodes, John Hays Hammond!'

called the Registrar.

In response these four were singled out from the rest of the prisoners

and conducted to the new dock.

It was the Registrar who again spoke.

'Lionel Phillips, have you any legal reasons to urge why sentence of

death should not be passed upon you, according to law?'

'No,' was the response.

This was followed by the sentence.

In like manner, Farrar and Rhodes were interrogated and sentenced.

Mr. Hammond was then called to his feet and the same formal question

asked.

Although pale and weak from protracted illness, Mr. Hammond responded

in a firm voice to the Registrar's question.

The Judge, then addressing the prisoner, said: 'John Hays Hammond, it

is my painful duty to pass sentence of death upon you.

'I am only applying the punishment which is meted out and laid down

according to law, leaving it to his Honour the State President, and

the Executive Council, to show you any mercy which may lie in their

power.

'May the magnanimity shown by his Honour the State President, and this

Government, to the whole world, during the recent painful events be

also shown to you.

'I have nothing to do with that, however.

'I can only say, that in any other country you would not have a claim

on their mercy. The sentence of the Court is, that you be taken from

this place where you are now, and be conveyed to the jail at Pretoria,

or any such other jail in this Republic as may be appointed by law, to

be kept there till a time and place of execution shall be appointed by

lawful authority, that you be taken to the place of execution to be

there hanged by the neck till you are dead.

'May Almighty God have mercy on your soul!'

Whilst the sentences were being passed upon the four leaders the

auditors were wrought up to the highest pitch; sobs were heard on

every side, tears were on many cheeks, and even stolid old Boers were

seen to weep. One man was carried from the room in a fit.

The four Reform leaders, who had borne themselves during this trying

time in a brave and fearless manner, then stepped out of the dock

firmly and unhesitatingly, and were taken to the Pretoria jail.

The other fifty-nine prisoners were then called to the bar and

sentenced each to pay a fine of ten thousand dollars, and to suffer

two years' imprisonment.

Thus ended this remarkable trial, a judicial trial unprecedented in

the annals of jurisprudence.

A mockery of justice and a travesty upon civilisation.[9]

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 9: The foregoing regarding the trial and sentence of the

Reformers is from information derived from eye-witnesses and the local

Press.]

XI

By a strange providence Betty and I missed the early train. I had not

reckoned on the delay in dressing which sorrow and fatigue could

occasion.

The paper had announced that the sentence was to be given at noon.

Though I had no intention of being present in the Court-room, I wished

to be within reach of my husband in case he should need me. We took

the local train which left Johannesburg at 10.30.

Our journey came to an end. I saw Mr. Rose Innes and Dr. Scholtz on

the platform.

'Is it the death sentence?'

Mr. Rose Innes, with both hands on my shoulders to keep me from

falling, said 'Yes.'

There were many other friends, I have since learned, who were there to

receive me. I have a hazy recollection of Mr. Barnato, good

kind-hearted 'Barney,' begging me 'not to fret'; that he had brought

my husband to Africa and he meant to stand by him till he got out of

Africa. Mrs. Clement and Betty remained beside me. The day was without

hours to me, a dry aching stretch of time; I had no tears to shed!

At some time in the afternoon Mrs. Joel brought me a flower and a note

from my husband, beseeching me to keep up a brave heart, and assuring

me that he was all right and as comfortable as was possible under the

circumstances.

After the death sentence had been pronounced and the Court dismissed,

Mrs. Joel, with woman's thoughtfulness, put a flask of brandy in her

pocket and started for the prison. In the confusion of receiving the

prisoners she managed to slip in and went at once to the condemned

cell. Her visit was a God-send to the four unhappy men, who were much

worn by months of anxiety, ill-health, and this final strain of the

death sentence. They were bearing up wonderfully well, she said.

One of the lawyers came and sat at the end of my sofa. He burst into

tears. 'We've been played! we've been played!' he exclaimed, with

vehemence. Remembering how the lawyers for the Reformers had muddled

everything from the beginning of the trial, how they had

conscientiously and persistently walked into every trap laid for them,

I sat upright to look squarely into his face. 'My God! when haven't

you been played?'

The effect of the death sentence on Johannesburg was extreme: all

shops and the Stock Exchange were closed, and the flags of the town

were placed at half mast.

This, from the 'Standard and Diggers' News'--a tribute from the

enemy's paper--goes to my heart:--

'One respects the probity of the man who, dangerously ill and totally

unfit for the hardship of a prison, preferred to take his stand in the

dock, rather than sacrifice his self-respect by flight from Cape Town;

Mr. Hammond has worthily upheld the reputation of a nation which

claims its sons as men who "never run away."'

It was decided by the Executive this same night to commute the death

sentence, but this was not communicated to the condemned men until the

following morning. The night of suspense passed under the eye of the

death watch with a dim light burning was a needless cruelty; it made

the President's subsequent magnanimity more dramatic, but with that I

naturally felt no sympathy.

I have often been asked since if I did not realise that the Boers

would never have _dared_ execute my husband? And many dear friends who

were thousands of miles away assure me now that they never had a

moment's real apprehension for his safety. We however, who were in

Pretoria, at the time, a helpless handful in the power of a primitive

population of narrow experience, a people inflamed by long years of

racial feud and recent victory, were by no means so sure that all

would end well. Two prominent men, standing high in authority,

confessed to me later that they were most anxious and fearful of

results, although at the time their sustaining support helped to keep

my body and soul together. _The gallows was prepared, and the order

was to hang the four victims simultaneously_.

The night following the sentence, Mr. Chapin, the U.S. Consul, and his

wife came to me. They were then and for months afterwards as tender

and faithful as people of my own kindred. Mr. Chapin was tireless in

his efforts in behalf of the Americans in trouble, and the high

personal regard in which he was held by the Boer, as well as

Uitlander, did much subsequently to ameliorate their circumstances.

Mr. Chapin at once interviewed Mr. Wessels, chief advocate for the

Reformers--and he told me immediately after the interview the result

of their meeting. Mr. Wessels distinctly said that, although it was

not put in writing, it was understood between the State Attorney and

himself 'as between man and man' that if the prisoners pleaded guilty

he would not press for severe punishment. (Mr. Wessels has since, for

reasons only known to himself, denied this both privately and

publicly.)

APRIL 29.--The commutation was published. Mrs. George Farrar had come

from Johannesburg, and together we went to see our husbands. Our visit

was limited to five minutes. We found the four men haggard, but

apparently cheerful. The condemned cell had an earthen floor. It had

been newly whitewashed and reeked of antiseptics. Four canvas

stretchers, a tin pail filled with water, and a dipper, furnished it.

A negro murderer had been its last occupant. I sat on one of the

canvas cots with an arm around my husband and holding Colonel Rhodes'

hand. Mrs. Farrar was sitting on the opposite cot, locked in her

husband's embrace. The guard came to order us out. Poor Mrs. Farrar

looked so frail and white, I put my arm about her to give her support.

In the courtyard we stopped to speak to one of the Reformers. The

guard became furious, and, swinging his arms in a threatening manner,

rushed at us with curses. We were driven violently out of the yard

like depredating dogs. Surely the sun never looked upon two women in

sadder case. She was just up from her confinement, and I was far

advanced in pregnancy.

XII

No cable of political purport could be sent from Pretoria safe from

mutilation. I therefore despatched Mr. Hammond's secretary to Cape

Town with a message to the American press, reporting Mr. Wessels' plea

for the Reformers, the statement of the four leaders, and the

sentence. I did this, believing that, if the American public fully

understood the circumstances of the case, popular sympathy would allow

no stone to remain unturned to protect their unfortunate countryman

from so violent and unjust a sentence.

Pretoria seethed with overwrought wives. In the prison the men were

suffering real hardship. The sanitary arrangements were shocking.

Twenty-two Reformers were crowded into a room thirty feet by ten.

This room had been hastily built of corrugated iron, and leaked at

every seam. Draughts were strong enough to blow the hair about their

temples; the men slept on straw mattresses laid on the floor, and

there was scarcely room enough for a man to get out of bed without

stepping on his neighbour. Rations of mealie pap--a coarse, insipid

porridge--with a hunk of hard, dark-coloured bread were given to each

prisoner in tin pannikins--not particularly clean. At mid-day a little

greasy soup and soup meat were added. This unsavoury fare caused many

of the Reformers to go hungry rather than eat it. Others ate it, but

their stomach afterwards rejected it. They were locked in the cells at

5 o'clock and without lights. Prison regulations were most strict at

this period.

Mr. S., one of the Reformers, had the misfortune to have his teeth

drawn a short while before the trial. A new set was completed the day

after his incarceration, and although his friends used every effort

to convince the jailers of the perfect harmlessness of these false

teeth, and explained Mr. S.'s painful predicament in being without

them when he had nothing but hard food to chew, they insisted upon

considering them contraband, and would not allow them to pass. Poor

Mr. S. lived for three days on a half-tin of condensed milk, smuggled

in by the wife of a fellow-prisoner. The world has never seen such

wholesale smuggling as was practised by these devoted women. Mrs.

Solly Joel as she passed daily through the prison gate was a complete

buttery. The crown of her hat was filled with cigars; suspended from

her waist, under her dainty summer silk skirt, hung a bottle of cream.

Tied to her back by way of a bustle was a brace of duck, or a roasted

fowl wrapped neatly in linen. She said this gave her a slightly

out-of-date appearance, but she did not mind that. Under her cape Mrs.

Clement wore a good-sized Bologna sausage around her waist as a belt;

this was in time adroitly removed by Mr. Clement. Another lady

supplied the prisoners with tins of sardines and beef essence, which

she carried concealed in her stockings. Occasional vagaries on the

part of these affectionate wives were subsequently explained to the

complete satisfaction of their captive lords. Mrs. Butters' coyness

and refusal to be embraced because of the flask of coffee in her bosom

is an instance of this. All this sounds very funny now, but it was

desperately earnest work then. In time the stringent rules relaxed.

The prisoners were allowed to buy their own food, and Mr. Advocate

Sauer made the same arrangement with the Pretoria Club to supply food

for the Reformers as had been done during their former imprisonment.

Those were boom times for little Pretoria. Hotel-keepers and tradesmen

coined money, and the cab-drivers were able to open an account with

the bank.

Mrs. Lionel Phillips closed up her beautiful home in Johannesburg,

sent her babies to her people at the Cape, and took permanent lodgings

in Pretoria. She was most faithful in her visits to the prison, and

was kind to the three room-mates of her husband in many ways.

XIII

My diary continues through May:

FIRST WEEK.--Petitions in favour of the Reformers are being signed all

over the country. All feeling against the Reform Committee has veered

round, and the strongest sympathy is now felt for them. Only the

extreme of the Boer and Hollander factions chant the old story of

their trying to subvert the Government--conniving with Jameson, and

then deserting him, &c., &c.

Landdrost Schutte and Captain Shields quarrel over who shall have

charge of the jail. Apparently it is an appointment of honour, or

large emolument.

Gregorowski is publicly hooted on his return to Bloemfontein. I hear

that as soon as Gregorowski had pronounced the death sentence, Judge

Morice dashed from the Court-room and ran hatless through the streets

of Pretoria to withdraw Gregorowski's name, which had been put up at

the Club, at his request. This is a sample of the feeling among

honourable men. Judge Morice is a Burgher and a prominent Judge of the

Transvaal Court. The Jury of Burghers called for the final trial,

which was never empanelled, were greatly surprised and affected by the

fearful sentence--some of them wept like children. And they were the

first to draw up a petition for commutation.

Prisoners are still wearing their own clothes, although it is said

that enough jumpers of prison sacking are waiting to breech the lot.

They suffer severely from cold and dampness, the prison accommodations

offering little or no protection from the weather. Many of them are

ill. There is talk of separating the Reformers and sending them to

jail in various districts--Barberton, Rustenburg, and Lydenburg. This

threat causes much apprehension, for their one solace is being

together.

Rumour of English troops gathering on the Border.

President Kruger and the High Commissioner exchanging opinion over the

uneasiness. Kruger calls out, 'I see Bugaboos in your front yard,' and

Sir Hercules responds, 'Oh no; that's our tame cat.'

Petitions come in from the country districts of the Transvaal. From

Durban and Pietermaritzburg, with over a thousand signatures, from

Lorenço Marques, a second from Durban, and one from the Orange Free

State, expressing sympathy and the hopes of President Steyn.

Natal sends a petition signed by 4,000 Burghers.

The sentences are commuted, but nobody knows to what.

General Joubert is sent off with a ten days' leave of absence to take

his annual bath.

Messrs. Rose Lines and Solomon visit the jail daily.

SECOND WEEK.--In spite of hardships my dear husband's health improves.

He vows the death sentence has cured him. From day to day we are

promised a final decision from the Executive, but matters are still

drifting. Nothing will probably be done in this direction until

General Joubert returns to Pretoria, as he is one of the members of

the Executive Council. It is suggested to me by one of the Government

circle that a visit from me to Mr. Kruger would be timely. All which I

wished to say I would not be allowed to say, and just to pay an

aimless visit seemed a foolish thing to do, and, being outspoken, I

said so. A friend in whom I had implicit confidence advised me to go

by all means. I was possibly being used as a political pivot. After

some delay I did go, splattering through the mud in a wheezy old cab

behind a splayfooted white horse driven by a hunchbacked negro boy.

The interview lasted five minutes, and was perfectly meaningless. I

suppose it was meant to be that. Ten fathoms down under many other

things I could see that Kruger had strong heart qualities. Educated

and morally matured, he would be one of those grand characters who

make epochs in the world's history. We shook hands at parting and went

out of each other's lives for ever.

Mr. G. told me, as he helped me into the cab at the door, that Mr.

Kruger had received a cable from America in my husband's behalf,

signed by the Vice-President and a large number of the Senate and

House of Representatives. This information opened my eyes. I now saw

why a visit from me would be 'timely.'

Within an hour news was cabled by _some one_ to all parts of the

civilised world that the wife of the American prisoner, John Hays

Hammond, had received audience of the President of the Transvaal. 'The

interview was of long duration. What transpired was of a private

character, but it is believed to be very hopeful and satisfactory.'

THIRD WEEK.--Delays, shiftings, postponements, delays with excuses,

and delays without excuses. Each day strong petitions sent in to the

Executive. A continual stream of disheartened wives and friends on

their way to the Presidency, many going in the early dawn, as the

President--an early riser and of simple habit--was known then to be

easy of access. A pitiful picture lingers in my mind of a dozen

Reformers' wives in the deep golden yellow of an African sunrise

sitting on the edge of the broad side-walk with their feet in the dust

waiting for the President to return from burying a Landdrost's wife. I

cannot remember that Mr. Kruger made any specific promises. 'All shall

come right,' he said frequently. 'Wait; don't hurry me. I must go

slow, or my Burghers will get out of hand.' We waited, and the men

inside of the prison walls one after another sickened and lost heart.

On May 12, Dr. Messum sent the following report in to the Landdrost:--

Dear Sir,--I have, on the 29th and 30th April, written to the

Inspector of Jails about the state of the jail. I do not know if I am

to report to you or to the Inspector of Jails; in any case, I have the

honour again to report that as yet no alteration has been made in the

sheds in which the political prisoners are kept. I must repeat again

that they are too small and unhealthy for the number of prisoners

placed in them. I find now, on account of their immediate vicinity to

the native section, that vermin is beginning to trouble the political

prisoners. There are amongst the political prisoners very old and

sickly men, whose lives, on account of the insufficient accommodation,

are placed in danger. There is not yet any proper hospital room for

the sick, who are thus obliged to remain amongst the others. I find

that the accommodation is very insanitary and unhealthy.

About the prisoner F. Gray I wish to make special mention, because he

is showing signs of developing melancholia (lunacy), caused by the

uncertainty of the future and what he has gone through during the last

few months.

I also fear that he later on will develop suicidal tendencies. I would

recommend that his sentence should be taken into immediate

consideration, and to discharge him at once from the jail.

I have the honour to be, etc.,

GORDON MESSUM, M.D.,

_District Surgeon_.

Unfortunately this report was not considered, and on the 16th day of

May poor Gray, distraught by his sufferings, cut his throat.

Mr. Fred Gray was a man of high business standing. He was married, and

the father of six children. His tragic death was a shock to every one.

Johannesburg turned out in a body ten thousand strong to carry his

remains to the burial-place. Inside the jail, his fellow prisoners had

formed in procession and with uncovered heads followed the body as far

as the prison gates, the limit of their freedom, not a man with dry

eyes.

_The first prisoner was liberated_.

FOURTH WEEK.--The decision still withheld. President Kruger excuses

this by saying it is due to the fact that only half the captive

Randites have signed the petition for commuting the banishment and

imprisonment clauses to fines.

The suspense is heartbreaking, and night brings no forgetfulness.

Those long voiceless nights of South Africa! Not a bird's call, nor a

chirp from the tiny creatures which hide in the grass. A white moon, a

wide heaven filled with strange stars, and the tall moon-flowers at

the gate lifting up their mute white trumpets to the night wind.

The little boy beside me rouses from his sleep to ask:--'Mother dear,

why do you laugh and shake the bed so?'

Fearing an illness, I yearned for a last interview with my husband. It

was a Saturday that I went to Pretoria, and although the prison was

supposed to be closed on that day to visitors, I had several times

gained admittance through the kindness of those in authority. I went

to the Landdrost who had the dispensing of permits.

'Will you please make an exception in my favour and allow me to see my

husband? I am ill, and must return to my home in Johannesburg at

once.'

'What does she say?' roared the Landdrost, who for some reason was in

a furious temper. He turned to a Boer in the room. 'Tell her she may

whine as much as she pleases, she can't see her husband on Saturday.

_Nobody_ can go in the prison on Saturday. If she wants to see her

husband she must wait until next Monday!' The man turned fiercely

towards me, but seeing my patient face, or perhaps for the sake of

some Boer woman on a distant farm, his voice broke, and became quite

gentle as he delivered the message.

With one exception this was the only time I ever received harsh

treatment from a Boer official. Of course I sometimes met with a

_strictness of manner_ which was to be expected, and which I was quite

prepared to submit to. Brutal unkindness I never experienced but

twice.

Reaching the jail, whither I had directed the cabman to drive me, I

found Advocate Sauer and Mr. Du Plessis standing at the gate. They

almost dropped at sight of my face. Dignity had deserted me. I was

actually howling in my distress,

'Please, _please_ let me in to my husband!'

Du Plessis, rough and violent as he was to most people, was always

kind to me. He opened the wicket and pushed me gently through. That

was his answer. My sudden entrance, a ball of a woman with the tears

dripping down on to her breast, surprised the warders. They regarded

me with stricken faces. One at last rallied. With his eyes still

fastened upon me, he called,

'Mister H-a-m-mond, Mister H-a-m-mond, your missis is here!' and my

husband came rapidly across the yard.

I went home to my bed. Dr. Murray came in charge.

'Poor little woman! There is nothing to prescribe but oblivion in a

case like this.' He ordered narcotics. Two weeks later I was told that

I had been dangerously ill. In that darkened room I had suspected my

jeopardy. Surely there is a special place in heaven for mothers who

die unwillingly.

From distant parts of the world kind letters came to me--and from

Johannesburg messages, sweet, with full-hearted sympathy--many of

these from people whom I had never seen, nor ever shall in this life.

I found friends in the days of my trouble, as precious as rare jewels,

whom I shall wear on my heart until it stops its beating.

The Government most generously allowed my husband to come to my

bedside. He was accompanied by the chief jailer, Du Plessis. He wore

some violets in his buttonhole, I remember, which the jailer's child

had given him. Mr. Du Plessis asked to see me. He had news to tell me

which would cheer me up, he said. Brought to my bedside, all he could

say, and he said it over and over again in his embarrassment, was:

'Don't be unhappy; your husband won't be many years in prison.'

This did not bring the cheer intended. Playing the part of guest was

irksome to Du Plessis. He went home to Pretoria the second

day--leaving Mr. Hammond, who was not on parole, or even under bail,

entirely free. No point in my husband's career has ever given me so

entire a sense of gratification as the confidence in his honour thus

manifested by the Boer Government. In my convalescence he returned to

Pretoria and gave himself up at the prison.

'You might have waited another day,' said the warder in charge; 'we

don't need you yet.'

XIV

One day the 'Star' (in a third edition) announced the great decision

was at last concluded. The sixty-three Reformers were to be divided

into four groups and sentenced in lots. Ten were to be liberated

because of ill-health. Some were to be imprisoned twelve months,

others five, and still others three months. The four leaders were

sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment, which, if carried out, was

equivalent to death. However, this sentence was provisional, and it

was understood petitions would be entertained.

This news was first taken into the jail by two wives who had outrun

the messenger. My husband says that when he saw Mrs. X. throw herself

weeping and speechless into her husband's arms, he thought 'it was all

up with him.'

X. wasn't half the offender he was, and the sentence was evidently

something too dreadful to tell. Mr. X. was one of the three months'

men, I believe.

These sentences, although unpopular, relieved to a certain extent the

awful strain. But what was Johannesburg's wrath to hear two days later

that the sentences were not for the periods mentioned, _but that at

the expiration of these periods the prisoners could make fresh

applications to be again considered!_ This was juggling with human

souls! Everybody believed it to be the work of Dr. Leyds. A man more

execrated than Dr. Leyds, I believe, does not live!

Three more weeks of cruel suspense followed.

Mr. Chamberlain continued to tumble down the Boer back stairs head

over heels, yelling out excuses as he descended. He publicly denied on

the 29th that Great Britain had promised to protect the Reformers,

and added that they were not being unfairly treated. I will never make

statesmen of my sons. I'd rather set them to ploughing.

Mark Twain came to the Rand. He visited the men at Pretoria. My

husband did the honours of the prison, and introduced him to the

Reformers. He talked a long while to them, sitting on a dry goods box.

Expressed his satisfaction at finding only one journalist in the

crowd, and no surprise that the lawyers were largely represented. He

assured them that they were to be congratulated and envied, although

they did not know it. There was no place one was so safe from

interruption as in a jail. He recalled to their minds Cervantes and

Columbus--it was an honour to share captivity with such men as these.

They have sent another member of the Executive away to the baths, and

later his absence will be given as an excuse for delay.

MAY 30.--All the Reformers with the exception of Davies and Sampson,

and the four leaders, are released after paying ten thousand dollars

each, and giving their oath to abstain in future from discussing or

participating in Transvaal politics.

JUNE.--Meetings are called by the labourers on the Rand. They send a

monster petition to Pretoria. The miners and mechanics also send a

petition. The famous Innes petition is being circulated all over South

Africa, and the mayors of all the large towns are preparing to go in a

body to Pretoria to present their petitions for the release of the

leaders. The President promises and postpones from day to day. The

retention of the leaders is acknowledged to be only a question of the

amount of fine.

An influential deputation from the Cape Town branch of the Africander

Bond wait upon President Kruger, and a petition signed by sixty

members of the Cape Parliament is read to him. Another deputation

comes from the Chamber of Commerce. The Mayor of Durban forwards

through the Colonial Secretary a petition bearing 1,250 names, and the

Kimberley branch of the Bond send a petition. Nothing comes of it all.

The President appoints the 7th to be a day of humiliation and prayer,

and Dr. Leyds doubles his bodyguard.

JUNE 10.--The whole of South Africa is appealing to President Kruger

to let the leaders free. The entire white population--two millions of

people--give voice to this desire and hope of United South Africa. One

hundred and fifty mayors, representing 200 towns and many of the rural

districts, are in Pretoria waiting for audience with the Executive

Council.

This evening, Thursday, June 11, the leaders were given their liberty

after paying each a fine of 125,000 dollars, and taking an oath to

abstain from taking part in the politics of the Transvaal. Colonel

Rhodes refused, being an English officer, to take the oath, and was

banished, not to appear again in the Transvaal, under pain of death.

The Executive then politely announced its decision to receive the

Mayoral delegates on _Saturday morning_ next. Perhaps the Mayors were

not mad! Some of these men had trekked for days in ox-wagons before

reaching the railroad to take train for Pretoria. A large banquet was

given in their honour. They insisted upon the liberated leaders being

invited as guests--but those criminals, leaders, and instigators did

not attend, deeming it injudicious under the circumstances.

My husband flew to me, who am still kept indoors. He came with a light

in his face I had not seen for months. 'We are free!'

JUNE 12.--This is a gala day in Johannesburg. Everybody is

joyous--Kruger's name is cheered everywhere. Several thousand people

were at the station to receive the leaders. Messrs. Phillips and

Farrar were the only two left of the four to step off the train. They

were caught up shoulder-high and carried by the crowd. Cheers rent the

air. The horses were unyoked from their victoria, and willing hands

grasped the shafts; and like returning conquerors, instead of

criminals, these instigators were dragged triumphantly down the heart

of the town followed by a vociferous multitude.

As the invited guests of Cape Colony we travelled on a special train

to Cape Town--by 'we,' I mean a dozen or two Reformers with their

families. The heartfelt ringing cheers as we pulled out of the station

I can never forget. The cheers again at Bloemfontein and the strangers

who came forward to shake hands and congratulate have enriched my

life. One man at a way station in the Free State rode up shouting:

'Where is the American, John Hays Hammond?' My husband came forward.

'Mr. Hammond, I have come miles from an ostrich farm to shake hands

with you. You are a white man, and Americans are proud of you!'

The Mayor of Cape Town received us, and dear friends were there to

tell us with brimming eyes of their joy in our release.

XV

Those good people who have followed me thus far will see that a

woman's part in a revolution is a very poor part to play. There is

little hazard and no glory in it.

The day we made Southampton, as we stood, a number of Reformers and

Reformers' wives, on the 'Norham's' deck, one of the gentlemen who had

come to welcome us asked:

'Mrs. Hammond, what did _you_ do in the revolution?'

'She helped us bear our trouble,' said Lionel Phillips, and his words

were sweet praise to my ears.

A few weeks later, in my lovely English home, a third son was born to

us. There was something very appropriate in this child of war-times

being first consigned to the professional arms of a Miss Gunn.

'He is perfect,' were his father's first words to me as he leaned over

the new-born infant, and every mother will know all that meant to me.

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