areoles, that is, the surface is broken up into little areas or patches.
Flesh thick, white, red under cuticle. +Tubes+ greenish-yellow, turning
dark green, adnato-decurrent, that is, broadly attached to the stem and
running down it, ⅛ inch long. +Stem+ 2½ inches long, stuffed with
brownish fibres, reticulated near apex, paler color than cap, curved.
+BOLETUS PACHYPUS = thick.+
+The Thick-stemmed Boletus.+
+Cap+ tan color, 4 to 8 inches broad, convex, somewhat covered with
long, soft hairs pressed closely to surface, subtomentose; flesh thick,
whitish, changing slightly to blue. +Tubes+ rather long, depressed
around the stem, mouths round, pale yellow, at length tinged with green.
+Stem+ 2 to 4 inches long, thick, firm, reticulated, at first ovate,
bulbous, then lengthened, equal, tinted pale yellow and red. The stem in
the specimen was ¼ inch thick, swelling from apex downward, but it often
measures 2 inches in thickness. This Boletus is considered poisonous.
+BOLETUS SUBTOMENTOSUS = almost velvety.+
+The Yellow-cracked Boletus.+
+Cap+ dark brown, 1 to 4 inches broad, convex or nearly plane, soft,
dry, covered with soft, weak, appressed hairs, almost olivaceous, of the
same color beneath the cuticle, often marked with cracks and divided
into little patches; flesh white or pallid. +Tubes+ adnate, or depressed
around the +stem+, yellow, mouths large, angular. +Stem+ 1 to 2½
inches long, 2 to 5 lines thick, stout, somewhat ribbed, or scurfy,
with minute dots. The cap varies in color, it may be yellowish-brown.
We found the dark brown species growing on decaying wood, in pine woods,
during the month of September.
+BOLETUS PIPERATUS = peppery.+
+The Peppery Boletus.+
+Cap+ reddish-brown or ochraceous, 1 to 3 inches broad, convex or nearly
plane, smooth, slightly viscid when moist, flesh white or yellowish,
taste acrid, peppery. +Tubes+ long, large, unequal, plane or convex,
adnate or nearly decurrent, reddish, ferruginous. +Stem+ 1½ to 3
inches long, 2 to 4 lines thick, slender, almost equal, tawny yellow;
at the base a bright yellow. The cap in our specimen was marked with
cracks and patches, and the margin obtuse. The stem was rather curved,
and the same color as the cap. Flesh yellow. Tubes a dark-reddish,
decided color, which makes it a striking-looking mushroom. Taste
peppery.
+BOLETUS SORDIDUS = dingy.+
+The Dingy-colored Boletus.+
+Cap+ a dingy, dark brown, about 2 inches broad, flesh white, tinged
with red. +Tubes+ long, nearly free, ⅜ inch long, white, turning a dark
bluish-green. +Stem+ tapering toward apex, 2½ inches long, curved,
solid, ½ inch thick, brownish, marked with darker streaks. The mouths
of tubes were angular, and the stem striate in our specimen. Found in
the woods in August.
+BOLETUS SUBLUTEUS = almost, and yellow.+
+The Small Yellow Boletus.+
+Cap+ brownish yellow, 1½ to 3 inches broad, convex or nearly plane,
viscid or glutinous when moist, often obscurely streaked (virgate).
Flesh whitish or dull yellowish. +Tubes+ plane or convex, adnate, small,
nearly round, yellow, becoming ochraceous. +Stem+ 1½ to 2½ inches
long, 2 to 4 lines thick, equal, slender, pale or yellowish, dotted
above and below the ring with reddish, brownish, moist, or sticky dots
(glandules). +Ring+ almost soft, glutinous, at first concealing the
tubes, then collapsing and forming a narrow whitish or brownish band
around the stem. Our Boletus had a brownish ring. The cap was covered
with a sticky, skin-like layer, called the pellicle or cuticle, both
terms having the same meaning.
+BOLETUS AFFINIS = related.+
+The Related Boletus.+
+Cap+ reddish-brown, fading to yellow, 2 to 4 inches broad, convex above
and almost plane, nearly smooth, flesh white. +Tubes+ plane or convex,
adnate or slightly compressed around the stem, at first white and
stuffed, then yellowish, turning to rusty ochraceous when wounded.
+Stem+ 1½ to 3 inches long, 4 to 8 lines thick, nearly equal, even,
smooth, paler than the cap. Our specimen had a few yellowish spots on
the cap, and is called Var. maculosus. (Edible.)
+PAXILLUS LEPTOPUS = thin and a foot.+
+The Thin-stemmed Paxillus.+
This is the only specimen of the genus Paxillus that we have found.
There is another species, P. involutus, which Professor Peck says is
edible. Stevenson says that P. leptopus is a remarkable species, that it
is distinguished from P. involutus by having the gills simple at the
base, not united by interlacing or transverse veins (anastomosing).
+Cap+ was a light brownish-yellow; it varies from 1½ to 3 inches in
breadth, eccentric or lateral, depressed in the middle, dry, covered
with dense down, soon torn into scales, which are a dingy yellow. Flesh
yellow. +Stem+ short, scarcely 1 inch, tapering downward, yellow inside.
+Gills+ decurrent, tense and straight, crowded, narrow, yellowish, then
darker in color. It was growing on the ground in September.
[Illustration:
1. Boletus edulis.
2. Hypholoma perplexum.
3. Marasmius rotula.
4. Calostoma cinnebarinus.]
MUSHROOMS WITH PURPLE OR VIOLET-COLORED CAP.
+CORTINARIUS ALBO-VIOLACEOUS = white and violet.+
+The Violet-colored Cortinarius.+
+Cap+ whitish-violet, 2 to 3 inches broad, fleshy, convex, broadly
umbonate or gibbous, dry, beautifully silky and becoming even; flesh
juicy, a bluish-white color. +Stem+ 2 to 4 inches long, solid, firm,
bulbous, club-shaped, ½ to 1 inch thick. It is, both outside and inside,
of a whitish violet color, often fibrillose above, with the cortina, and
sometimes with the white veil, in the form of a zone at the middle.
+Gills+ adnate, 2 to 3 lines broad, somewhat distant, slightly
serrulated, of a peculiar ashy violaceous color, at length slightly
cinnamon from the spores. It has no odor and the taste is insipid. We
found this in the woods in the month of October, growing on dead leaves;
a pretty fungus from the violet tints.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME FAMILIAR MUSHROOMS WITHOUT REGARD TO COLOR.
Here follows a list of fungi that we constantly see, but which cannot be
classified by the color of the cap.
POLYPOREI, PORE-BEARING FUNGI.
+FISTULINA HEPATICA = liver.+
+The Beefsteak Fungus.+
This species grows on trees, oaks or chestnuts, in hot weather. +Cap+ is
of a dark-red color, which probably suggested the name. It is generally
2 to 6 inches broad, but often grows to an immense size. The surface is
rough, the flesh thick, viscid above, soft when young, when old tough,
covered with tenacious fibres. +Stem+ short and thick. +Pores+ at first
pallid or yellowish-pink when young; they become brownish ochraceous
when old. It is changeable in form, is sometimes sessile (without a
stem), or it has a short lateral stem.
The genus Fistulina, to which this mushroom belongs, has the under
surface of the cap covered with minute hollow pores, which are separate
from one another and stand side by side. The shape varies. It is
sometimes long, shaped like a tongue, or roundish. It is
peculiar-looking. It is considered good for food and nourishing, but the
taste is said to be rather acid. The specimens we found varied from 2 to
5 inches in diameter. They were of a dark-red color, and were tough and
old. They grew upon a tree in a large forest, and were not found
anywhere else.
+POLYPORUS BETULINUS = birch.+
+The Birch Polyporus.+
We shall meet a great many fungi on our walks that belong to the genus
Polyporus. They are generally leathery (coriaceous) fungi, and many grow
on wood. A few are edible, but are not recommended as food. The species
P. betulinus is found on living and dead birch trees. The specimens we
found grew in great quantities, of all sizes, from 1½ to 6 inches
broad. They were at first pure white, and then assumed a brownish tinge.
The edges were obtuse, the caps fleshy, then corky, smooth, the upper
ends not regular, oblique in the form of an umbo or little knob, the
pellicles or outside layers thin and easily separated. Pores short,
small, unequal, at length separating. The shape of the fungus is
peculiar, a sort of semi-circular outline that may be called dimidiate.
The margins were involute. They protruded from a split in the bark of
a dead birch tree which lay prostrate on the ground, several feet in
length, and it was literally covered with the fungi, some an inch
wide and snow white, and the largest 5 or 6 inches in width, and of a
brownish-gray tinge. These specimens became as hard as wood after they
had been kept for some time. The thin skin peeled off easily and
disclosed the snowy flesh beneath.
+POLYPORUS PERENNIS = perennial.+
+The Perennial Polyporus.+
+Cap+ is cinnamon-colored, then of a date brown, leathery, tough,
funnel-shaped, becoming smooth, zoned. +Pores+ minute, angular, acute,
at first sprinkled with a white bloom, then naked and torn. +Stem+
slightly firm, thickened downward, velvety. This is a common species,
and one meets with it everywhere on the ground, and on stumps, from July
to January. The cap is 1½ to 2 inches broad, and the stem 1 inch long.
+POLYPORUS PICIPES = pitch and foot.+
+The Black-stemmed Polyporus.+
+Cap+ pallid color, then turning chestnut, often a pale yellowish livid
color, with the disc chestnut, fleshy, leathery, rigid, tough, even,
smooth, depressed at disc or behind. Flesh white. +Stem+ eccentric and
lateral, equal, firm, at first velvety, then naked, and dotted black up
to the pores. +Pores+ decurrent, round, very small, rather slender,
white, then slightly pale and yellowish. This fungus grows on the trunks
of trees, and is found as late as the middle of winter.
+POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS = brimstone.+
+The Sulphury Polyporus.+
This mushroom gains its name from the color of its pores, which are of a
bright sulphur color. It grows in tufted layers (cæspitose), sometimes 1
to 2 feet long, and it cannot be mistaken. +Cap+ may measure 8 inches in
breadth, and is of a reddish-yellow color, overlapping like the shingles
of a roof (imbricated). It is wavy and rather smooth. Flesh light
yellowish, then white, splitting open. +Pores+ are minute, even, sulphur
yellow. They retain their color much better than the pileus. The plants
are generally without a stem, but there may be a short stem, which is
lateral. They grow in clusters, all fastened together and one above the
other, and of all sizes. We saw this fungus first in a dense woods,
where its bright color at once attracted our notice. It was growing in a
large cluster, closely packed one over the other. It is said to be good
for food when young and tender.
+POLYPORUS LUCIDUS = bright.+
+The Shining Polyporus.+
One can never mistake this fungus. Its surface looks as if covered with
varnish, rather wrinkled, a bright dark-red color, and its shape is
varied and singular. We have seen it sometimes shaped like a fan, and
like a lady’s high comb, or in some fantastic form. Stevenson says it is
a light yellow color and then becomes blood red chestnut. It is first
corky, then woody. +Stem+ lateral, equal, varnished, shining, of the
same color as cap. +Pores+ are long, very small, white and then cinnamon
color. It grows on and about stumps during the summer. +Cap+ is from 2
to 6 inches broad, and the stem 6 to 10 inches long, and 1 or more
thick.
+POLYPORUS VERSICOLOR = changeable.+
+The Changeable Polyporus.+
This species is also common. It is found on dead wood, in all forms and
colors. +Cap+ variegated with different-colored zones; leathery, thin,
rigid, depressed behind, becoming velvety. +Pores+ minute, round, acute
and torn, white, turning pale or yellow.
+POLYPORUS ELEGANS = elegant.+
+The Elegant Polyporus.+
+Cap+ 2 to 4 inches broad, of one color, pallid, ochraceous or orange,
shining, equally fleshy, and then hardened, becoming woody, flattened,
even, smooth. Flesh white. +Stem+ eccentric or lateral, even, smooth,
pallid at first, abruptly black and rooting at the base. +Pores+ plane,
minute, somewhat round, yellowish-white, pallid. The cap differs in
shape from others that have been described; it is not funnel-shaped nor
streaked, and is scarcely depressed, and the flesh is thick to the
margin. It grows on trunks of trees from July to November.
CLAVARIEI, OR CLUB-SHAPED FUNGI.
We now come to another order, Clavariei, of which the first genus is
Clavaria, from a word meaning a club. They are fleshy fungi, not
coriaceous. They have no distinct stem and generally grow on the ground.
We will mention a few of those we often see. They somewhat resemble
coral in growth but not in color.
+CLAVARIA STRICTA = to draw tight.+
+The Constricted Clavaria.+
This Clavaria grows on trunks of trees. It is of a pale yellowish color,
becoming a dusky brown (fuscous) when bruised. The base is about 3 lines
long, thick and much branched. The branches and branchlets are tense and
straight, crowded, adpressed and acute. Stevenson says that this species
is uncommon in Great Britain.
+CLAVARIA FLAVA = yellow.+
+The Pale Yellow Clavaria.+
Stevenson does not mention this species, so it may be peculiar to this
country. +Stem+ is short and stout, thick, and abruptly dissolves into a
dense mass of erect branches nearly parallel. The tips are yellow but
fade when old. It branches below and the stems are whitish. Flesh white.
It is recommended as well flavored and edible.
+CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS = a pestle.+
+The Large Club Clavaria.+
This species belongs to the largest of the unbranched kind. It is
generally 3 to 5 inches high, and ½ to ⅔ of an inch thick at top.
Light yellow color, then reddish, and dingy brown in decay. It is smooth
and the flesh soft and white. It is rounded at the top and club-shaped.
It tapers downward toward the base. Stevenson gives the height from 6 to
12 inches, but Professor Peck says he has not seen it as large in this
country. It is found in open grassy places. It was late in the autumn
when we discovered it. (Edible.)
+CLAVARIA INEQUALIS = unequal.+
+The Unequal Clavaria.+
This fungus is yellow and fragile. The clubs are alike in color, simple
or forked, and variable. It is common in woods and pastures. We found it
in September in the woods, rather wrinkled in appearance. It is not
classed among the edible species.
+TYPHULA = reed mace.+
One may sometimes see among the dead leaves in the woods, minute slender
bodies with thread-like stems, springing up from the ground, 2 to 3
inches high, of a white color and cylindrical in shape. They look like
slender stems from which the blossoms have been plucked. They are called
Typhula. They grow on dead leaves, on mosses, or on dead herbaceous
stems. The name is taken from the Cat Tail family, the Typhaceae, which
they somewhat resemble in miniature.
+SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE = to split, a leaf and common.+
+The Common Schizophyllum.+
There is but one species given by Stevenson of this genus, and, as the
name demonstrates, it is common, at least in this country. In Great
Britain it is rare. It grows on dead wood and logs. It has zones, either
of gray or white color, and it is turned up at the edge (revolute).
There is no flesh, and the pileus is dry. The gills are branched
fan-wise. It is not a typical Agaric, but is more like some Polyporei.
The gills are split longitudinally at the edge, and the two lips
commonly turn backward (revolute).
+HIRNEOLA AURICULA JUDAE.+
+The Jew’s Ear.+
There is one species belonging to the order Tremellodon that is quite
common. It is called the Jew’s ear. It is a very peculiar-looking
fungus, shaped somewhat like the human ear, of all sizes, and grows in
great quantities in the same place. It looks as if it were composed of a
thick jelly, and becomes soft and tremulous when damp. Its color is
dark, sometimes almost black. It is tough and cup-shaped, with ridges
across it like an ear. The generic name, Hirneola, means a jug, and the
specific name, Auricula Judae, a Jew’s ear.
GASTEROMYCETES, OR STOMACH FUNGI.
+SCLERODERMA VULGARE = hard, skin, common.+
+The Common Hard-skinned Mushroom.+
This species closely resembles the common potato in shape and color. It
generally measures 2 to 3 inches across, and is of a pale brown color.
It grows close on the earth, is folded toward the base, and firm in
texture. The cuticle is covered with warts or scales.
+CRUCIBULUM VULGARE = crucible, common.+
+The Common Crucible.+
This little fungus is about ¼ of an inch across. It resembles a tiny
bird’s-nest with eggs in it. At first it looks like a cottony knot,
closely covered; its apex is closed by a membrane, then its covering is
thrown off, and the apparent tiny eggs are merely smaller envelopes,
called the peridiola. These are lentil-shaped and pale, and are fastened
to the inside of the covering by a long cord, which can be seen only
through a strong lens.
+CYATHUS VERNICOSUS = varnished.+
+The Varnished Cup.+
This differs from the crucible in color, form and habitat. It is about ½
an inch high. It is bell-shaped, becoming broadly open like a trumpet,
and of a slate or ash color. The mouth and lining shine as if varnished,
and hence its name. The plants grow on the ground, on wood and on
leaves.
+LYCOPERDON CYATHIFORME = cup-shape.+ The Cup-shaped Puff-ball.+
This species of puff-ball is round with a contracted base. It is 4 to 10
inches across, a white or pinkish-brown color, afterward becoming a
darker brown and covered with small patches. When the spores mature the
upper part of the covering (peridium) becomes torn and only the lower
part remains. It looks like a dark-colored cup with a ragged margin, and
may be seen by the excursionist in the spring on the roadside. It has
survived the winter frosts and storms. It is split and shabby looking.
In August it is a whitish puff-ball, in the spring only a torn, brown
cup.
+LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME = pear-shape.+
+The Pear-shaped Puff-ball.+
This species is shaped like a pear. It is from 1 to 4 inches high and is
covered with persistent warts so small as to look like scales to the
naked eye. It is of a dingy white or brownish-yellow. Its shape
separates it from the puff-balls, especially from the warted puff-ball,
L. gemmatum, which is nearly round with a base like a stem, an ashy-gray
color, and the surface is also warty, but unequally so, and as the warts
fall off they leave the puff-ball dotted. The pear-shaped puff-ball has
little fibrous rootlets, and the plants grow in crowds on decaying
trees.
+GEASTER HYGROMETRICUS = moisture, measure.+
+The Wandering Earth Star.+
This earth star is from 2 to 3½ inches wide. It is sessile, of a
brownish color, and changes its form accordingly as the weather is moist
or dry, hence the name. It is contracted and round in dry weather, and
star-like in damp atmosphere, with its lobes stretched out on the earth.
The covering consists of three layers, the two outermost split from the
top into several acute divisions, which spread out like the points of a
star. The innermost layer is round and attached by the base. There are
one or more openings at the top for the escape of the spores.
+PHALLUS IMPUDICUS = disgusting.+
+The Fetid Wood Witch.+
In the first stages the plant is white, soft and heavy, in shape and
size like a hen’s egg. It is covered by three layers, the outer one
firm, the middle one gelatinous, the third and inner one consists of a
thin membrane. This phallus develops under the ground until its spores
are mature. At length the apex is ruptured by the growth of the spore
receptacle, and the stem expands and elongates, escaping through the
top, and elevates the cap into the air. The stem at the early stage is
composed of cells filled with a gluten. The stem afterward becomes open
and spongy, owing to the drying of the gelatinous matter. The spores are
immersed in a strong-smelling, olive-green gluten. They are on the
outside of the cap and embedded in its ridges. A part of the volva
remains as a sheath at the base of the stem. This plant develops so
rapidly as to attain in a few hours the height of seven inches, the stem
is of lace-like structure, pure white, and its appearance suggests the
silicious sponge so ornamental in collections, commonly known as Venus’
basket. The drooping cap is also lacey with a network, and the spores
drip mucus and then dry up, in the meantime spreading around a
carrion-like, fetid smell. The Phallus, therefore, differs greatly in
appearance from the other genera of the order when it is seen above
ground, but if one is successful in finding it at an early stage, under
the surface of the earth, he will realize its relationship to the
general group, and find it an interesting subject of study.
ASCOMYCETES, OR SPORE-SAC FUNGI.
+PEZIZA AUKANTIA = golden.+
+The Golden Peziza.+
This species is 2 to 3 inches in diameter, its disc is bright orange
color, while its exterior is pale and downy, owing to the presence of
short, stout hairs. It is sessile or nearly so, and grows in tufts on
the ground near stumps of trees. At first the disc is thin and brittle,
with a raised margin, much waved, becoming incised, and finally spreads
flat on the ground.
+MORCHELLA ESCULENTA = food.+
+The Edible or Common Morel.+
This is 2 to 4 inches high, stem about ½ inch in diameter. The cap is of
a dull yellow color, olivaceous, darkening with age to a brownish tinge.
It is oval-shaped, with dark hollows.
+HELVELLA INFULA = name of a woollen head-dress.+
+The Cap-like Helvella.+
This species is named Infula, because it is supposed to resemble in
shape the sacred woollen head-dress worn by priests of Rome, by
supplicants and victims, tied around the head by a ribbon or bandage,
which hangs down on both sides. The stem is surmounted with a lobed cap,
with two to four irregularly drooping lobes of reddish or cinnamon-brown
color, and is about 3 inches in diameter. The stem is 2 or 3 inches
high, usually smooth, but sometimes pitted. We found our specimen in the
woods in August.
[Illustration: Cortinarius distans.
Photographed by C. G. Lloyd.]
DIRECTIONS FOR USING KEYS.
Let us suppose that the beginner finds a mushroom and wishes to name it.
He has learned its component parts. He has remarked the names of the
classes into which mushrooms are divided. How then shall he make use of
the Keys? We will imagine that he has found a Cantharellus. The cap is
yellow color, so let him turn to the list of fungi described under the
section “Yellow and Orange,” and see if it agrees in appearance with
anyone of these. (It is necessary before consulting a key to find the
color of the spores. This is done by cutting off the cap, and placing
it, gills downward, on paper, and leaving it there for two or three
hours. Having followed these directions in this case it will have been
seen that the spores are white.)
After consulting the list of “Yellow and Orange” he will find that the
first one mentioned is Cantharellus cibarius, the Chantarelle. The
description resembles that of the mushroom found in every particular.
Now let the beginner go further, and prove the correctness of the name
in another way. Turning to the section called “General Helps to the
Memory,” on page 68, and reading the names of the different genera under
the headings until he comes to the name Cantharellus, he will find it in
the table called “Mushrooms with gills running down the stems
(decurrent).” This distinction is apparent in the specimen found. Again,
let him turn to the list of white-spored Agarics, page 73, and he will
find the name of the genus Cantharellus there. Now, as an additional
test, let him turn to the key at the end of this work, the key to
Hymenomycetes. He must have learned enough by this time to know that his
mushroom belongs to this class, namely, the one that has spores produced
upon the lower part of the cap, and, also, that it is an Agaric, from
its having gills on the under side. Let him begin with Section A, “with
cap.” 1. Mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps (Agarics). The key
then follows: 1. Plants fleshy, soon decaying. 2. Turn to number 2.
There are two descriptions, juice milky and juice watery; he will choose
the second one, which is followed by the number 3. Then follows, stem
central or nearly so; this agrees with the plant, and leads to 4. The
first line reads “white spores,” which is correct; then comes 5. There
are four lines with descriptions, the last one, “no ring and no volva,”
is right, which leads to 7. There are here two lines belonging to 7, the
second one, “gills in the form of folds, obtuse edge,” is correct, and
points to 10. This reads, “Gills decurrent, plant terrestrial,
Cantharellus.” The Key gives the name of the _genus_ only. In the list
of descriptions an attempt is made to mention some of the commonest
species. These directions apply to all the keys alike.
DIVISION I.
Key to Hymenomycetes, Membrane Fungi.
Hymenomycetes or membrane fungi are divided into two sections:
Section A, with cap.
Section B, without cap.
Section A is divided into four classes:
I. Mushrooms with radiating gills beneath caps, gill-bearing
mushrooms (Agarics).
II. With pores or tubes beneath caps (Polyporei).
III. With spines or teeth beneath the cap or branches (Hydnei).
IV. Where the spore-bearing surface beneath the cap is even, smooth,
or slightly wrinkled (Thelephorei).
Section B is divided into two classes:
I. Plants club-shaped and simple, or bush-like and branched
(Clavariei).
II. Plants gelatinous and irregular (Tremellinei).
SECTION A.
Class I. Key to Gill-bearing Mushrooms (_Agarics_).
1. Plants fleshy, soon decaying, 2.
Plants leathery, woody, persistent, 12.
2. Juice milky, white, or colored, Lactarius.
Juice watery, 3.
3. Stem central, or nearly so, 4.
Stem lateral, eccentric or wanting, 11.
4. Spores white, 5.
Spores rosy, pink or salmon color, 15.
Spores yellowish-brown, ochre color, 17.
Spores dark brown, 21.
Spores black, 24.
5. With volva and ring, Amanita.
Volva and no ring, Amanita
(sub-genus Amanitopsis).
Ring and no volva, 6.
No ring and no volva, 7.
6. Gills free, ring movable, pileus scaly, Lepiota.
Gills adnate, pileus generally smooth, Armillaria.
7. Gills thin, edge acute, 8.
Gills in the form of folds, obtuse edge, 10.
8. Gills decurrent or stem fleshy. Clitocybe.
Gills sinuate, notched behind, stem fleshy, Tricholoma.
Gills adnate, not decurrent, stem cartilaginous, Collybia.
Stem fleshy, cap often bright color, 9.
9. Plants rigid, gills even, cap bright, Russula.
Plants with waxy gills, Hygrophorus.
10. Gills decurrent, plant terrestrial, Cantharellus.
11. Spores white, Pleurotus.
Spores yellowish or brown, Crepidotus.
12. Gills serrated on their edges, stem central or
lateral, Lentinus.
Gills entire, stem central, 13.
Stem lateral or wanting, 14.
13. Gills simple, pileus dry, soon withering, then
reviving when moist, Marasmius.
14. Gills deeply splitting, with weak hairs, Schizophyllum.
Gills united by veins, plant corky, Lenzites.
15. Volva, no ring, Volvaria.
No volva, ring present, Annularia.
No volva, no ring, 16.
16. Gills free, rounded behind, cohering at first, Pluteus.
Gills adnate or sinuate, stem fleshy, soft, waxy,
cap fleshy, margin incurved, Entoloma.
Gills decurrent, stem fleshy, Clitopilis.
17. Ring continuous, pileus with scales, Pholiota.
Ring cobwebby or evanescent, not apparent in old
specimens, 18.
Ring wanting, 19.
Stem with cartilaginous rind, 21.
18. Gills adnate, plants on the ground, Cortinarius.
19. Gills decurrent, stem fleshy, gills easily
separating, Paxillus.
Gills not decurrent, stem fleshy, 20.
20. Pileus fibrillose, or silky, Inocybe.
Pileus smooth and sticky, Hebeloma.
21. Veil remaining attached to margin of pileus,
often not seen in old specimens, Hypholoma.
Veil on stem as a ring, 22.
Margin of cap incurved when young, Naucoria.
22. Gills separate on the stem, Agaricus or Psalliota.
Gills united with stem, Stropharia.
Gills adnate or sinuate, 23.
23. Margin of pileus incurved when young, Psilocybe.
Margin of pileus always straight, Psathyra.
24. Pileus of normal form, 25.
25. Pileus fleshy, membranaceous or deliquescent, 26.
26. Gills deliquescent--inky fluid, Coprinus.
Gills not deliquescent--ring present, Annellaria.
Gills not decurrent--ring wanting, 27.
27. Pileus striate--plants small, Psathyrella.
Pileus not striate, stem fleshy, margin
exceeding the gills, Panaeolus.
Class II. Key to Pore-bearing Fungi (_Polyporei_).
1. Pores readily separating from cap, spores
whitish or brownish, Boletus.
2. Stems strictly lateral, pores in the form
of tubes, mouths are separate from
each other (growing on wood), Fistulina.
3. Tubes not separable from each other,
round, angular, or torn, fleshy,
leathery or woody, Polyporus.
(Key to species of Boleti may be found in Professor Peck’s work on
Boleti.)
Class III. Key to Spine-bearing Fungi (_Hydnei_).
1. Spines awl-shaped, distinct at base, Hydnum.
Spines awl-shaped, equal; plant gelatinous,
tremulous, Tremellodon.
Class IV. Key to Smooth Surface Fungi (_Thelephorei_).
1. Spores white, on ground, fleshy, tubiform,
cap blackish, scaly, stem hollow, Craterellus
Cornucopioides.
2. Coriaceous or woody, somewhat zoned,
entire, definite in form, Stereum.
SECTION B.
Class I. Key to Clavariei.
1. Fleshy, branched or simple, without distinct stem,
growing on the ground, Clavaria.
2. Growing on trunks, yellowish, becoming dark, much
branched, tense and straight, C. stricta.
3. Yellow, stuffed, clubs simple or forked, of the
same color, C. inequalis.
4. Color changeable, becoming dark, light yellow,
then reddish, simple, fleshy, stuffed, obovate,
clavate, obtuse, C. pistillaris.
DIVISION II.
Key to Gasteromycetes and Ascomycetes.
Section A. Fungi that have the spores inside the cap. (Stomach fungi or
Gasteromycetes.)
Section B. Fungi that have the spores in delicate sacs. (Spore sac fungi
or Ascomycetes.)
SECTION A.
1. Fungi covered with a hard rind, Scleroderma.
2. In which the spores when ripe turn to dust, 4.
Where spores are at first closed in a cup-like sac
that resembles a bird’s-nest, 3.
3. Fungi with the outside covering bowl-shaped Crucibulum,
of one cottony layer, the Crucible.
Outside covering tubular, trumpet-shaped, Cyathus,
of 3 layers, the cup.
Outside covering opening with a torn mouth, Nidularia,
bird’s-nest.
4. Outer covering splitting into star-like points, Geaster,
earth star.
Outer covering opening by a single mouth Lycoperdon,
at the top, puff-ball.
Spores at first borne in an egg-like sac, Phallus,
when ripe elevated on a cap at the top of stink-horn
the stem, no veil, has an odious smell, fungus.
SECTION B.
1. Where the sacs soon become free, no special Peziza,
covering, mostly fleshy, cup-like fungi, cup fungus.
Sacs opening from the first, caps pitted
or furrowed, 2.
2. Cap lobed, irregular, saddle-shaped, Helvella,
yellowish fungus.
Cap oval or conical, upper surface with Morchella or Morel,
deep pits formed by long ridges, honey-combed fungus.
(The genera described under Section B. all belong to the order of
Discomycetes, fungi that have the spore sacs collected in a flattened
disc.)
GLOSSARY.
Acute´. Gills when called acute have sharp edges or are pointed at
either end.
Adnate´. Spoken of gills when they are firmly attached to the stem.
Adnex´. A less degree of attachment of gills than adnate.
A´garic. A mushroom that bears gills.
Aluta´ceous. A light leather color.
Anas´tomosing. Interlacing of veins, spoken of gills that are united by
cross veins or partitions.
An´nulus. The ring on the stem of a mushroom, formed by the separation
of the veil from the margin of the cap.
A´pex. The top. The end of the stem nearest to the gills.
Ap´ical. Relating to the apex.
Appendic´ulate. Hanging in small fragments.
Arach´noid. Like a cobweb.
Ar´cuate. Shaped like a bow.
Are´olate. Any surface divided into little areas or patches.
Axis. Stipe or stalk.
Band. A broad bar of color.
Basid´ium (plural basidia). Mother cells in the hymenium.
Behind. Posterior, the end of a gill next to the stem is said to be the
posterior end.
Bifur´cate. Two-forked.
Bulbous. Spoken of the stem when it has a bulb-like swelling at the
base.
Cæs´pitose. Growing in tufts.
Campan´ulate. Bell-shaped.
Cap. The pileus.
Cartilag´inous. Gristly, tough.
Casta´neus. Chestnut color.
Cell. A mass of protoplasm, with or without an enclosing wall.
Chlorophyll. The green coloring-matter contained in plants.
Cla´vate. Club-shaped.
Close. Crowded together--term used in describing gills.
Cohe´rent. Sticking together.
Con´cave. Having a rounded inwardly curved surface.
Concen´tric. With a common centre, as a series of rings, one within the
other.
Con´nate. Growing together from the first.
Constric´ted. Contracted.
Contin´uous. Without interruption.
Convex. Elevated and regularly rounded.
Con´volute. Covered with irregularities on the surface, like the human
brain.
Coria´ceous. Leathery in texture.
Cor´rugated. Wrinkled.
Corti´na. A veil of cobwebby texture. It gives the name to the genus
Cortinarius.
Cre´nate. In wavy scallops.
Cu´ticle. Pellicle, a skin-like layer on the outside surface of the cap
and stem.
Cy´athiform. Cup-shaped.
Decid´uous. Falling off when mature at the end of the season.
Decur´rent. Gills that run down the stem are called decurrent.
Dehis´cence. The opening of a peridium, when ripe, to discharge the
spores.
Deliques´cent. Turning to liquid when mature.
Dichot´omous. Two-forked, regularly dividing by pairs from below upward.
Dimid´iate. Divided into two equal parts, applied to gills that only
reach half-way to the stem, and to the cap when it is semi-circular or
nearly so.
Disc. The central part of the upper surface of the cap.
Distant. Gills when they are far apart.
Emar´ginate. A gill which has a sudden curve in its margin close to the
stem.
Entire. An edge that is straight, has no notch.
Ep´iphytal. Growing on the outside of another plant.
Equal. A stem is equal when it is of uniform thickness, gills when they
are of equal length.
Eccen´tric. A stem which is not in the centre, but is attached to the
cap between the margin and centre.
Fascic´ulate. Growing in clusters.
Ferru´ginous. Color of iron rust.
Fi´brous. Composed of fibres.
Fis´tulose. Tubular, hollow.
Fleshy. Composed of juicy cellular tissue.
Floccose. Woolly, downy.
Free. Gills when not attached to the stem.
Fungus (plural Fungi). A plant that has no chlorophyll, and obtains its
nourishment from dead or living organic matter.
Fus´cous. Dingy dark-brown, or gray color,
Gelat´inous. Of the nature of jelly.
Genus. A number of species that have the same principal characteristics.
Gib´bous. Swollen unequally--applied to the cap.
Gill. Lamella, a radiating plate under the cap of an Agaric.
Gla´brous. Smooth.
Glo´bose. Nearly round.
Gran´ular. Consisting of or covered with grains.
Grega´rions. Growing in groups.
Hab´itat. Place of growth.
Homoge´neous. Of like nature.
Hyme´nium. The fruit-bearing surface, a continuous layer of spore mother
cells.
Hy´phæ (singular Hypha). Elementary threads of a fungus, cylindrical,
thread-like bodies, developing by growth at the apex.
Im´bricated. Overlapping like the tiles of a roof.
Incras´sated. Thickened.
Inferior. Applied to a ring that is far down on the stem.
Infundibuliform. Funnel-shaped.
Involute. Rolled inward.
Labyrin´thine. Like a labyrinth.
Lac´erate. Torn.
Lamel´la. See gill.
Line. 1/12 of an inch.
Mac´ulate. Spotted.
Me´dial or median. When the ring is situated in the middle of the stem.
Membrana´ceous. Thin, soft, like a membrane.
Mica´ceous. Covered with shining particles, like mica.
Mother cell. A cell from which another is derived.
Myce´lium. The vegetative part of fungi, commonly called the spawn.
Mycol´ogist. One who is versed in the study of fungi.
Obo´vate. Having the broad end turned toward the top.
Ob´solete. Nearly imperceptible.
Obtuse. Blunt.
Ochra´ceous. Light brownish-yellow.
Ovate. Egg-shaped.
Par´asite. A plant growing on another living body, from which it gains
its nourishment.
Pel´licle. See cuticle.
Peren´nial. Growing from year to year.
Perid´ium. The outer covering of the spores in some fungi, as in
puff-balls.
Peridi´olum. The inside peridium containing the spores.
Pi´leus. See cap.
Pir´iform or pyriform. Pear-shaped.
Plane. Level surface.
Pores. The tubes in Polyporei.
Poste´rior. Term applied to the end of the gill next to the stem.
Pru´inose. Covered with a bloom or powder.
Pulver´ulent. Covered with powder or dust.
Putres´cent. Decaying.
Rad´icating. Taking root.
Retic´ulated. Marked with cross lines like a net.
Rev´olute. Rolled upward or backward.
Ri´mose. Cracked.
Rim´ulose. Covered with small cracks.
Ring. Annulus.
Riv´ulose. Marked with lines like rivers in maps.
Rotund´. Round.
Ru´gose. Wrinkled.
Sap´id. Agreeable to the taste.
Sap´rophyte. A plant that lives on decaying matter.
Scab´rous. Rough.
Scis´sile. Easily split.
Sep´arating. Spoken of gills when they easily separate from the stem.
Ses´sile. Stemless.
Sin´uate. Wavy, A gill that has a sudden curve near the stem.
Sor´did. Dingy.
Spore. The same body that answers to the seed of flowering plants.
Spo´rophore. That part which bears the spores or spore mother cells.
Squa´mose. Scaly.
Stalk. A stipe or stem.
Stel´late. Star-shaped.
Stipe. See stalk.
Strobil´iform. Shaped like a pine-cone.
Stuffed. When a stem is filled with pith or a spongy substance.
Suc´culent. Juicy, fleshy.
Sul´cate. Grooved.
Supe´rior. Spoken of a ring that is high up on the stem.
Tes´sellated. In small squares, or checkered.
To´mentose. Covered with matted wool.
Tra´ma. The substance proceeding from and of like nature with the part
that bears the hymenium--the framework of the gills.
Trem´elloid. Jelly-like.
Tu´bæform. Trumpet-shaped.
Umbil´icate. Having a central depression.
Um´bo. Arising or mound in the centre of the cap.
Veins. Swollen wrinkles on the sides and at the base between the gills.
Ven´tricose. Swelling in the middle.
Ver´nicose. Varnished.
Vil´lose. Covered with weak, soft hairs.
Vires´cent. Greenish.
Vir´gate. Streaked.
Vis´cid. Sticky.
Vis´cous. Gluey.
Zones. Circular bands of color.
INDEX TO DESCRIPTIONS OF FUNGI.
GENUS. ENGLISH OR COMMON NAMES. GREEK OR PAGE.
LATIN NAMES.
Agaricus. The flat-capped mushroom, A. placomyces. 104
Agaricus. The common or edible mushroom, A. campestris. 103
Amanita. The death cup, A. phalloides. 108
Amanita. The fly Amanita, A. muscaria. 89
Amanita. Frost’s Amanita, A. Frostiana. 90
Amanita. The poisonous Amanita, A. virosa. 107
Amanita. The shining Amanita, A. nitida. 109
Amanita. The sheathed Amanita, A. vaginata. 101
Amanita. The warted Amanita, A. strobiliformis. 100
Boletus. The bitter Boletus, B. felleus. 102
Boletus. The bluing Boletus, B. cyanescens. 96
Boletus. The chestnut Boletus, B. castaneus. 123
Boletus. The chrome-footed Boletus, B. chromapes. 85
Boletus. The dingy Boletus, B. sordidus. 126
Boletus. The edible Boletus, B. edulis. 121
Boletus. The golden Boletus, B. chrysenteron. 123
Boletus. The granulated Boletus, B. granulatus. 96
Boletus. The gray Boletus, B. griseus. 103
Boletus. The half-golden Boletus, B. hemichrysus. 95
Boletus. Murray’s Boletus, B. Murrayi. 85
Boletus. The ornate stemmed Boletus, B. ornatipes. 119
Boletus. The peppery Boletus, B. piperatus. 126
Boletus. The deceiving Boletus, B. illudens. 124
Boletus. The yellow-cracked Boletus, B. subtomentosus. 125
Boletus. The related Boletus, B. affinis. 128
Boletus. The rough Boletus, B. scaber. 122
Boletus. The short-stemmed Boletus, B. brevipes. 120
Boletus. The small yellowish Boletus, B. subluteus. 127
Boletus. The thick-stemmed Boletus, B. pachypus. 124
Boletus. The white Boletus, B. albus. 113
Cantharellus. The Chantarelle, C. cibarius. 88
Cantharellus. The funnel-shaped
Chantarelle, C. infundibuliformis. 94
Cantharellus. The golden Chantarelle, C. aurantiacus. 94
Clitocybe. The waxy Clitocybe, C. laccata. 83
Clavaria. The club-shaped Clavaria, C. pistillaris. 138
Clavaria. The constricted Clavaria, C. stricta. 137
Clavaria. The pale yellow Clavaria, C. flava. 138
Clavaria. The unequal Clavaria, C. inequalis. 139
Collybia. The oak-loving Collybia, C. dryophila. 118
Collybia. The tufted Collybia, C. acervata. 115
Coprinus. The inky Coprinus, C. atramentarius. 105
Coprinus. The glistening Coprinus, C. micaceous. 100
Cortinarius. The cinnamon-colored
Cortinarius, C. cinnamomeus. 115
Cortinarius. The violet-colored
Cortinarius, C. albo violaceous. 129
Cortinarius. The wrinkled Cortinarius, C. corrugatus. 102
Cortinarius. The zoned Cortinarius, C. armillatus. 82
Crucibulum. The common crucible, C. vulgare. 141
Cyathus. The varnished cup, C. vernicosus. 142
Fistulina. The beefsteak mushroom, F. hepatica. 131
Geaster. The wandering earth star, G. hygrometricus. 143
Helvella. The cap-shaped Helvella, H. infula. 146
Hirneola. The Jew’s ear, H. auricula Judae. 140
Hygrophorus. The blood-red Hygrophorus, H. puniceus. 87
Hygrophorus. The scarlet color Hygrophorus, H. coccineus. 87
Hygrophorus. The vermilion Hygrophorus, H. mineatus. 86
Hypholoma. The gray-gilled mushroom, H. capnoides. 117
Hypholoma. The perplexing mushroom, H. perplexum. 118
Hypholoma. The tufted mushroom, H. fasciculare. 89
Lactarius. The delicious Lactarius, L. deliciosus. 92
Lactarius. The colorless Lactarius, L. ichoratus. 81
Lactarius. The fleecy Lactarius, L. vellereus. 112
Lactarius. The mild Lactarius, L. mitissimus. 82
Lactarius. The orange brown Lactarius, L. volemus. 80
Lactarius. The peppery Lactarius, L. piperatus. 111
Lepiota. The smooth Lepiota, L. naucinoides. 110
Lepiota. The tall Lepiota, L. procera. 120
Lycoperdon. The cup-shaped puff-ball, L. cyathiforme. 142
Lycoperdon. The pear-shaped puff-ball, L. pyriforme. 143
Marasmius. The fairy ring mushroom, M. oreades. 99
Morchella. The edible Morel, M. esculenta. 146
Paxillus. The thin stemmed Paxillus, P. leptopus. 128
Peziza. The golden cup-shaped mushroom, P. aurantia. 145
Phallus. The fetid wood witch, P. impudicus. 144
Pholiota. The fat Pholiota, P. adiposa. 97
Pholiota. The showy Pholiota, P. spectabilis. 98
Pleurotus. The elm Pleurotus, P. ulmarius. 113
Pleurotus. The palatable Pleurotus, P. sapidus. 114
Pluteus. The fawn-colored Pluteus, P. cervinus. 105
Polyporus. The birch Polyporus, P. betulinus. 132
Polyporus. The black-stemmed Polyporus, P. picipes. 134
Polyporus. The changeable Polyporus, P. versicolor. 136
Polyporus. The elegant Polyporus, P. elegans. 136
Polyporus. The perennial Polyporus, P. perennis. 133
Polyporus. The sulphury Polyporus, P. sulphureus. 134
Polyporus. The shining Polyporus, P. lucidus. 135
Psathyrella. The widely-spread Psathyrella, P. disseminata. 116
Russula. The blood-red Russula, R. sanguinea. 78
Russula. The elegant Russula, R. lepida. 80
Russula. The forked Russula, R. furcata. 107
Russula. The green Russula, R. virescens. 106
Russula. The nauseating Russula, R. emetica. 77
Russula. The rosy-stemmed Russula, R. roseipes. 79
Schizophyllum. The common Schizophyllum, S. commune. 140
Scleroderma. The hard-skinned mushroom, S. vulgare. 141
Stropharia. The dry Stropharia, S. siccapes. 93
Tricholoma. The canary-colored Tricholoma, T. equestre. 91
Tricholoma. The imbricated Tricholoma, T. imbricata. 119
Tricholoma. The sulphury Tricholoma, T. sulphureum. 91
Typhula. The reed mace mushroom, T. phacorrhiza. 139
APPENDIX.
A GUIDE FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF AGARICS,
COMPRISED IN FOUR TABLES, ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO THE COLORS
OF THE SPORES, VIZ.:
Table I. White spores.
Table II. Red and pink spores.
Table III. Ochraceous spores.
Table IV. Dark purple and black spores.
NOTE.
In using this table the student should first ascertain the color of the
spores of the specimen under investigation. This will determine the
particular table to be applied to its further examination. If, for
instance, he finds its spores to be white, he will know that Table I.
is the one to be consulted. Turning to that table, he should recall the
place of its growth, its habitat. Now, suppose it to have been found
growing on a stump, he will, by looking at the first column, Habitat,
of Table I., be informed that it must be one of the four genera named
in the column with the heading “On Stumps.” Let him then examine its
“gills.” If he finds them to be “adnate,” he will be assured that it
must be an “Armillaria,” as no other genus is shown in the column as
growing “on stumps” and which has gills that are adnate. But to make
assurance doubly sure, he may proceed further to discover whether the
specimen has also the ring called for in column headed “Ring.” If it
has, and was found growing in the summer, he may feel quite safe in
classifying it as Armillaria. Sometimes the same genus will be found in
more than one column. This ought not to mislead or confuse the beginner.
In Table I., column headed “Volva,” Amanita is mentioned, and also in
the column headed “Ring,” but this indicates that an Amanita has both
the Volva (the universal veil) and the Ring. So in the columns headed by
“Stem,” Pleurotus is represented as having a lateral or eccentric stem,
and also as having no stem. The meaning is, that some species of the
genus have no stem, while there are others in which the stem is lateral
or eccentric.
[Transcriber’s Note:
In this e-text, empty categories have been omitted from each table.
Variations in spelling and phrasing are as in the original. The
complete structure, with all options included, would be:
Size of plants, small.
Plants deliquescent.
Time of growth,
summer.
autumn.
Habitat
In woods, in uncultivated places, on ground.
In grass and fields, on ground.
On other plants--epiphytal.
On stumps.
On wood.
On manure.
Gills,
free.
adnate.
decurrent.
sinuous.
serrated.
distant.
in folds.
Volva.
Veil adhering to margin of cap.
Ring.
Stem,
cartilaginous.
lateral, or eccentric.
none.
brittle.
Pileus,
scaly or warted.
campanulate.
silky, cracked or fibrillose.
umbonate.
umbilicate.
striate.
Pileus and Gills milky.]
Table I.--White Spores.
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Size of plants, small. | Collybia,[1] |
| | Mycena, |
| | Omphalia, |
| | Marasmius. |
+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Time of growth, | summer. | Amanita, |
| | | Collybia, |
| | | Mycena, |
| | | Omphalia, |
| | | Lepiota, |
| | | Pleurotus, |
| | | Russula,[2] |
| | | Lactarius. |
| +---------------------+-------------------+
| | autumn. | Amanita, |
| | | Clitocybe, |
| | | Collybia, |
| | | Mycena, |
| | | Omphalia, |
| | | Hygrophorus, |
| | | Lepiota, |
| | | Marasmius, |
| | | Armillaria, |
| | | Pleurotus, |
| | | Tricholoma, |
| | | Russula, |
| | | Cantharellus, |
| | | Lactarius.[3] |
+---------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Habitat | In woods, in uncultivated | Amanita, |
| | places, on ground. | Armillaria, |
| | | Tricholoma,[4] |
| | | Clitocybe, |
| | | Collybia,[5] |
| | | Hygrophorus, |
| | | Lactarius, |
| | | Russula, |
| | | Cantharellus.[6] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | In grass and fields, | Lepiota, |
| | on ground. | Tricholoma.[7] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On other plants--epiphytal. | Mycena, |
| | | Omphalia, |
| | | Marasmius, |
| | | Collybia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On stumps. | Panus, |
| | | Armillaria, |
| | | Lenzites, |
| | | Lentinus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On wood. | Trogia, |
| | | Pleurotus, |
| | | Schizophyllum,[8] |
| | | Cantharellus.[9] |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Gills, | free. | Amanita, |
| | | Lepiota. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | adnate. | Armillaria, |
| | | Clitocybe, |
| | | Collybia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | decurrent. | Omphalia, |
| | | Clitocybe, |
| | | Cantharellus, |
| | | Hygrophorus, |
| | | Lactarius.[10] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | serrated. | Lentinus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | sinuous. | Tricholoma, |
| | | Pleurotus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | distant. | Marasmius, |
| | | Clitocybe. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | in folds. | Cantharellus, |
| | | Trogia. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Volva. | Amanita. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Veil adhering to margin of cap. | Tricholoma. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ring. | Amanita, |
| | Armillaria, |
| | Lepiota. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Stem, | cartilaginous. | Marasmius, |
| | | Mycena, |
| | | Omphalia, |
| | | Collybia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | lateral, or eccentric. | Pleurotus, |
| | | Panus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | none. | Lenzites, |
| | | Pleurotus, |
| | | Trogia, |
| | | Schizophyllum, |
| | | Panus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | brittle. | Russula. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Pileus, | scaly or warted. | Amanita, |
| | | Lepiota. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | campanulate. | Mycena. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | silky, cracked or | Tricholoma, |
| | fibrillose. | Clitocybe, |
| | | Pleurotus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | umbonate. | Mycena. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | umbilicate. | Omphalia, |
| | | Lactarius.[11] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | striate. | Omphalia, |
| | | Mycena. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Pileus and Gills milky. | Lactarius. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
[Footnote 1: Some small.]
[Footnote 2: In late summer.]
[Footnote 3: Generally in autumn.]
[Footnote 4: Large species.]
[Footnote 5: Few.]
[Footnote 6: Some.]
[Footnote 7: Small species.]
[Footnote 8: Sometimes on rotten wood.]
[Footnote 9: Some on rotten wood.]
[Footnote 10: Adnato decurrent.]
[Footnote 11: Becomes depressed in centre.]
Table II.--Red and Pink Spores.
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Size of plants, small. | Leptonia. |
+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Time of growth, | summer. | Volvaria, |
| | | Pluteus, |
| | | Enteloma, |
| | | Leptonia, |
| | | Nolanea, |
| | | Eccilia. |
| +---------------------+-------------------+
| | autumn. | Volvaria, |
| | | Pluteus, |
| | | Nolanea, |
+---------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Habitat | In woods, in uncultivated | Volvaria,[1] |
| | places, on ground. | Enteloma, |
| | | Clitopilus, |
| | | Leptonia,[2] |
| | | Nolanea,[3] |
| | | Claudopus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | In grass and fields, | Nolanea. |
| | on ground. | |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On stumps. | Pluteus.[4] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On wood. | Volvaria,[5] |
| | | Claudopus. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Gills, | free. | Nolanea, |
| | | Pluteus, |
| | | Annularia, |
| | | Volvaria. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | adnate. | Nolanea, |
| | | Enteloma.[6] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | decurrent. | Eccilia, |
| | | Clitopilus, |
| | | Claudopus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | sinuous. | Enteloma, |
| | | Claudopus. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Volva. | Volvaria. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Veil adhering to margin of cap. | Enteloma. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ring. | Annularia. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Stem, | cartilaginous. | Nolanea, |
| | | Leptonia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | lateral, or eccentric. | Claudopus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | none. | Claudopus. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Pileus, | scaly or warted. | Leptonia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | campanulate. | Leptonia, |
| | | Nolanea. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | silky, cracked or | Entoloma, |
| | fibrillose. | Pluteus.[7] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | umbonate. | Pluteus.[8] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | umbilicate. | Leptonia, |
| | | Eccilia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | striate. | Nolanea. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
[Footnote 1: Damp ground.]
[Footnote 2: Dry hills.]
[Footnote 3: Wet places in woods.]
[Footnote 4. On or close to stumps.]
[Footnote 5: On rotten wood.]
[Footnote 6: Almost free.]
[Footnote 7: Often fibrillose or floccose.]
[Footnote 8: Somewhat.]
Table III.--Ochraceous Spores.
+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Time of growth, | summer. | Pholiota, |
| | | Inocybe, |
| | | Naucoria. |
| +---------------------+-------------------+
| | autumn. | Inocybe, |
| | | Flammula, |
| | | Pholiota, |
| | | Galera, |
| | | Hebeloma, |
| | | Crepedotus, |
| | | Naucoria, |
| | | Cortinarius. |
+---------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Habitat | In woods, in uncultivated | Inocybe, |
| | places, on ground. | Pholiota,[1] |
| | | Hebeloma, |
| | | Flammula, |
| | | Paxillus, |
| | | Cortinarius, |
| | | Naucoria, |
| | | Galera. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | In grass and fields, | Cortinarius. |
| | on ground. | |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On other plants--epiphytal. | Naucoria. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On stumps. | Pholiota, |
| | | Paxillus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On wood. | Claudopus, |
| | | Flammula, |
| | | Crepidotus, |
| | | Naucoria. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Gills, | free. | Naucoria. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | adnate. | Naucoria, |
| | | Pholiota,[2] |
| | | Flammula, |
| | | Cortinarius, |
| | | Hebeloma. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | decurrent. | Flammula, |
| | | Paxillus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | sinuous. | Hebeloma. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Veil adhering to margin of cap. | Hebeloma, |
| | Cortinarius, |
| | Inocybe. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ring. | Pholiota, |
| | Cortinarius.[3] |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Stem, | cartilaginous. | Tubaria, |
| | | Naucoria, |
| | | Galera. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | lateral, or excentric. | Crepidotus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | none. | Crepidotus. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Pileus, | scaly or warted. | Flammula, |
| | | Inocybe. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | campanulate. | Galera, |
| | | Pluteolus. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | silky, cracked or | Inocybe. |
| | fibrillose. | |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | umbonate. | Inocybe. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | striate. | Pluteolus, |
| | | Galera. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
[Footnote 1: Damp ground.]
[Footnote 2: Somewhat free.]
[Footnote 3: Some with rings.]
Table IV.--Dark Purple and Black Spores.
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Size of plants, small. | Psathyrella. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Plants deliquescent. | Coprinus, |
| | Bolbitius. |
+-----------------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Time of growth, | summer. | Coprinus, |
| | | Stropharia, |
| | | Panaeolus. |
| +---------------------+-------------------+
| | autumn. | Coprinus, |
| | | Psaliota, |
| | | Panaeolus, |
| | | Hypholoma. |
+---------+-------+---------------------+-------------------+
| Habitat | In woods, in uncultivated | Stropharia, |
| | places, on ground. | Psathyra. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | In grass and fields, | Psaliota. |
| | on ground. | |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On other plants--epiphytal. | Stropharia. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On stumps. | Hypholoma, |
| | | Psathyra. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On wood. | Psathyra,[1] |
| | | Hypholoma. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | On manure. | Stropharia, |
| | | Panaeolus, |
| | | Psathyrella, |
| | | Coprinus, |
| | | Bolbitius. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Gills, | free. | Chetonia, |
| | | Psalliota, |
| | | Psathyrella, |
| | | Coprinus, |
| | | Bolbitius. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | adnate. | Stropharia, |
| | | Hypholoma, |
| | | Psathyrella. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | decurrent. | Gomphidius. |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | sinuous. | Hypholoma. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Veil adhering to margin. | Hypholoma. |
+---------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Ring. | Stropharia |
| | Psalliota, |
| | Gomphidius.[2] |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Stem, | cartilaginous. | Psathyra, |
| | | Psilocybe. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
| Pileus, | campanulate. | Psathyra, |
| | | Psathyrella,[3] |
| | | Coprinus, |
| | | Gomphidius.[4] |
| +-----------------------------+-------------------+
| | striate. | Psathyra, |
| | | Psathyrella. |
+---------+-----------------------------+-------------------+
[Footnote 1: On rotten wood.]
[Footnote 2: A floccose ring.]
[Footnote 3: At first, adpressed to stem.]
[Footnote 4: Top shaped.]