The problems of hypnotism and suggestion are too old to permit the mere
mention of a few books, and are too new to permit the interpretation of
the enormous literature. In my “Manual for Examining Judges,” I have
already indicated the relation of the subject to criminal law, and the
proper attitude of criminalists to it. Here we have only to bear in mind
the problem of characteristic suggestion; the influence of the judge on
the witnesses, the witnesses upon each other, the conditions upon the
witnesses. And this influence, not through persuasion, imagination,
citation, but through those still unexplained remote effects which may
be best compared with “determining.” Suggestion is as widespread as
language. We receive suggestions through the stories of friends, through
the examples of strangers, through our physical condition, through our
food, through our small and large experiences. Our simplest actions may
be due to suggestion and the whole world may appear subject to the
suggestion of a single individual. As Emerson says somewhere, nature
carries out a task by creating a genius for its accomplishment; if you
follow the genius you will see what the world cares about.
This multiple use of the word “suggestion” has destroyed its early
intent. That made it equivalent to the term “suggestive question.” The
older criminalists had a notion of the truth, and have rigorously
limited the putting of suggestive questions. At the same time,
Mittermaier knew that the questioner was frequently unable to avoid them
and that many questions had to suggest their answers. If, for example, a
man wants to know whether A had made a certain statement in the course
of a long conversation, he must ask, for good or evil, “Has A said that
...?”
Mittermaier’s attitude toward the problem shows that he had already seen
twenty-five years ago that suggestive questions of this sort are the
most harmless, and that the difficulty really lies in the fact that
witnesses, experts, and judges are subject, especially in great and
important cases, to the influence of public opinion, of newspapers, of
their own experiences, and finally, of their own fancies, and hence give
testimony and give judgments in a way less guided by the truth than by
these influences.
This difficulty has been made clear by the Berchthold murder-trial in
München, in which the excellent psychiatrists Schrenck-Notzing and
Grashey had their hands full in answering and avoiding questions about
witnesses under the influence of suggestion.[353] The development of
this trial showed us the enormous influence of suggestion on witnesses,
and again, how contradictory are the opinions concerning the
determination of its value--whether it is to be determined by the
physician or by the judge; and finally, how little we know about
suggestion anyway. Everything is assigned to suggestion. In spite of the
great literature we still have too little material, too few
observations, and no scientifically certain inferences. Tempting as it
is to study the influence of suggestion upon our criminalistic work, it
is best to wait and to give our attention mainly to observation, study,
and the collection of material.[354]
APPENDIX A.
_Bibliography including texts more easily within the reach of English
readers._
ABBOTT, A. Brief for the Trial of Criminal Causes. New York, 1889.
2d ed., Rochester, 1902.
ABBOTT, B. V. Judge and Jury. New York, 1880.
ANTONINI, G. Studi di psicopatologia forense. 1901.
ARCHER, T. The Pauper, the Thief and the Convict; Sketches of
Names, Haunts and Habits. London, 1865.
ARNOLD, G. F. Psychology applied to Legal Evidence and other
Constructions of Law. New York & Calcutta, 1906.
ASCHAFFENBURG, G. Das Verbrechen und seine Bekämpfung;
Kriminalpsychologie für Mediziner, Juristen und Soziologen; ein
Beitrag zur Reform der Strafgesetzgebung. Heidelberg, 1903; 2d ed.,
1906.
ASCHAFFENBURG, G., SCHULTZE, E., and WALLENBERG. Handbuch der
gerichtlichen Psychiatrie. Berlin, 1901.
BATTAGLIA. La dinamica del delitto. Napoli, 1886.
BECK, T. R. and J. B. Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. 5th ed.
Philadelphia, 1835. 7th ed., 1838. 10th ed., 1850. 11th ed., 1860.
12th ed., 1863.
BEGGS, T. Extent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity. London, 1849.
BELL, J. S. The Use and Abuse of Expert Testimony. Philadelphia,
1879.
BENEKE, H. F. Gefängnisstudien mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der
Seelsorge im Untersuchungsgefängnis. Hamburg, 1903.
BEST, W. M. Law of Evidence. 1st ed., London, 1849. 2d ed., 1855.
3d ed., 1860. 4th ed., 1866. 5th ed., by Russell, 1870. 6th ed., by
Russell, 1875. 7th ed., by Lely, 1882. 8th ed., by Lely, 1893.
BEVILL, R. Homicide and Larceny. London, 1799.
BIDWELL, G. Forging his own Chains; the story of George Bidwell.
1891.
BILLIOD, E. Wie Man stiehlt und mordet. Leipzig, 1906.
BLACKET, J. Social Diseases and Suggested Remedies. Stockwell,
1905.
BLASHFIELD, D. C. Instructions to Juries, Civil and Criminal. St.
Paul, 1902.
BOONE, A. B. Increase of Crime and its Cause. Boston, 1872.
BRAGG, J. (ed. Ardill, G. E.). Confessions of a Thief. Sydney, N.
S. W., 189-.
BRESLER. Greisenalter und Kriminalität. Halle, 1907.
BROWN. The Dark Side of the Trial by Jury. London, 1859.
BROWNE, H. C. B. Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity. 2d ed., San
Francisco, 1875.
BUCHANAN, W. Juvenile Offenders. Remarks on the causes and state of
juvenile crime in the metropolis; with hints for preventing its
increase. London, 1867.
BUCHNET. The Relation of Madness to Crime. New York, 1884.
BUCKHAM, T. R. Insanity considered in its medico-legal relations.
Philadelphia, 1883.
BUCKNILL, J. C. Criminal Lunacy. Phil., 1856.
BUCKNILL, J. C. and TUKE, D. H. Psychological Medicine. 3d ed.,
London, 1874.
BURRILL, A. M. Circumstantial Evidence. New York, 1868.
CAMPBELL, J. Experience of a Medical Officer in the English Convict
Service. London, 1884.
CHAPPLE, W. A. The Fertility of the Unfit. Melbourne & London,
1903.
CHITTY, J. Practical Treatise on the Criminal Law. 2d Eng. ed., 4
vols., London, 1826.
---- Practical Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence. London, 1834;
Philadelphia, 1886. (Part I only published.)
CHRISTIAN. Crime of Medical Legislation. 1907.
CHRISTISON, J. S. Crime and Criminals. Chicago, 1897.
CHRISTISON, J. S. The Confessions of Ivins. Chicago, 1906.
CHRISTISON, R. Poisons. 2d ed., Edinburgh, 1832; 1st Amer. from 4th
Eng. ed., Philadelphia, 1845.
CLARK, C. An Analysis of Criminal Liability. London, 1880.
CLARK. Heredity and Crime in Epileptic Criminals. Braunn, 1880.
COLE, W. R. Criminal Informations and Quo Warranto. London, 1843.
COMSTOCK, A. W. Drunkenness in Extenuation of Murder. Phil., 1890.
(In Johnson’s Prize Essays on Legal Subjects.)
CARR, W. W. Insanity in Criminal Cases. Phila., 1890.
CROCQ. L’hypnotisme et le crime. Bruxelles, 1894.
DELBRUECK, A. Die pathologische Lüge und die psychisch abnormen
Schwindler. Stuttgart, 1891.
DELMAN, G. Der Verbrecher. Ein psychologisches Problem. Leipzig und
Wien, 1896.
DESPINE. Psychologic naturelle. Essai sur les facultés
intellectuelles et morales dans leur état normal et dans leur
manifestations anomales chez les aliénés et chez les criminels. 3
vols., Paris, 1868.
DOBBINS, E. S. Errors; chains forged and broken. 1883.
DRAEHMS, A. The Criminal; his personnel and environment; a
scientific study. New York, 1900.
DUGDALE, R. L. The Jukes. A study in crime, pauperism, disease and
heredity. 1st ed., New York, 1877; 5th ed., 1895.
ELLIS, H. The Criminal. 1st ed., London & New York, 1890; 2d ed.,
1901; 3d ed., 1907.
---- Criminal Sociology.
ELWELL, J. J. Malpractice and Medical Evidence. 4th ed., New York,
1881.
EVANS, D. M. Facts, Failures, and Frauds; revelations, financial,
mercantile, criminal. London, 1859.
FLYNT, J. A. The World of Graft. New York, 1901.
---- Notes of an Itinerant Policeman. Boston, 1900.
---- Tramping with Tramps. 1903.
---- tr. German, by du Bois-Raymond. Berlin, 1904.
---- The Powers that Prey.
---- My Life. New York, 1908.
FOURGUET. Les faux témoins; Essai de psychologie criminelle.
Châlon-sur-Saône, 1901.
GRASSERIE, R. de la. De la classification des actes criminels.
Paris, 1902.
---- De la criminologie des collectives. Paris, 1903.
GRAVES, W. W. Law for Criminal Catchers. 1906.
GREEN, S. M. Crime; its nature, causes, treatment and prevention.
Philadelphia, 1889.
GREENWOOD, J. The Prisoner in the Dock; my four years’ daily
experiences in the London police courts. London, 1902.
GROSS, H. Die Ehrenfolge bei strafgerichtlichen Verurtheilungen.
Graz, 1875.
---- Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der
Kriminalistik. (tr. English by Adam J. & J. C., s. t. Criminal
Investigation. Calcutta, New York, 1907.)
---- Enzyclopädie der Kriminalistik, 1st ed., Leipzig, 1901; 2d
ed., 1904.
---- Zurechnung und strafrechtliche Verantwortlichkeit in positiver
Beleuchtung. Berlin, 1903.
HALL, C. R. Uncodified Crimes. Albany, 1890.
HARRIS, G. E. Treatise on the Law of Identification. Albany, 1892.
HILL, F. Crime: its Amount, Causes, and Remedies. London, 1853.
HIRSCHL, A. J. Legal Hygiene. Davenport, 1890.
HOPPE, H. Alkohol und Kriminalität in allen ihren Beziehungen.
Wiesbaden, 1906.
HOPPE, J. Die Zurechnungsfähigkeit und die Kriminal-Anthropologie.
1903.
HORSLEY, J. W. Jottings from Jail. 1887.
---- Prisons and Prisoners. New York, 1899.
HRDLICKA, A. Anthropological Investigation of one thousand white
and colored Children of both sexes, the inmates of the New York
Juvenile Asylum. New York and Albany.
JOY, H. H. Evidence of Accomplices. Dublin, 1836; Philadelphia,
1844.
---- Admissibility of Confessions. Challenge of Jurors in Criminal
Cases Dublin, 1842; Philadelphia, 1843.
KELLOR, F. A. Experimental Sociology. Descriptive and analytical.
Delinquents. New York, London, 1901.
KERR, N. Inebriety or Narcomania; its etiology, pathology,
treatment and jurisprudence. 3d ed., London, 1894.
KOVALEVSKY, P. La psychologic criminelle. Paris, 1903.
KRAFFT-EBING, R. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Psychopathologie. 1st
ed., Stuttgart, 1875; 2d ed., 1881; 3d ed., 1892 (1899?).
---- Grundzüge der Criminalpsychologie auf Grundlage der deutschen
und österreichischen Strafgesetzgebung; für Juristen. 2d ed.,
Stuttgart, 1882.
KUBELLA, H. G. Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers: Grundzüge der
kriminallen Anthropologie und Kriminalpsychologie; für
Gerichtsärtzte, Psychiater, Juristen und Verwaltungsbeamte.
Stuttgart, 1893.
LOMBROSO, C., and FERRERO, G. tr. English, ed., Morrison, s. t. The
Female Offender. New York, 1895.
MACDONALD, A. Criminology. 2d ed., New York, 1893.
---- Abnormal Man, being essays on education and crime and related
subjects. Washington, 1893.
(Pub. as Bureau of Education Circular of Information No. 2, 1893.)
---- Statistics of Crime, Suicide, Insanity, and other forms of
Abnormality, and Criminological Studies, with a bibliography.
Washington, 1903; reprinted 1908.
(Pub. as U. S. Sen. Doc. No. 12, 58th Cong., Spec. sess.)
---- Man and abnormal Man, including a study of children. Wash.,
1903.
(Pub. as U. S. Senate Doc. No. 187, 58th Cong., 3d sess.)
---- Juvenile Crime and Reformation, including stigmata of
degeneration. Washington, 1908.
(Pub. as U. S. Senate Doc. No. 532, 60th Cong., 1st sess.)
MAYHEW, H. Criminal Life. London, 1860.
MEREDITH, MRS. A book about Criminals. London, 1881.
MILLER, D. R. The Criminal Classes; causes and cures. Dayton, 1903.
MILLS. Arrested and Aberrant Development and Gyres in the Brain of
Paranoiacs, Criminals, Idiots, Negroes. Philadelphia, 1889.
MITTERMAIER, C. J. A. Treatise in German; tr. English, by Gushing
s. t. Effect of Drunkenness on Criminal Responsibility. Edinburgh,
1841.
MOORE, C. C. A Treatise on Facts, or the Weight and Value of
Evidence. 2 vols., Northport, N. Y., 1908.
MOTET. Les faux témoignages des enfants devant la justice. Paris,
1887.
MUENSTERBERG, H. On the Witness Stand; Essays on Psychology and
Crime. New York, 1908.
NEGRI, ED C. La delinquenza in Italia dal 1890 al 1905. Roma.
NICOLAY. Les enfants mal éléves. Paris, 1890.
NOELLNER, F. Criminal-psychologische Denkwürdigkeiten. Stuttgart,
1858.
PARIGOT, J. Moral Insanity in relation to Criminal Acts. N. Y.,
1861.
PARMELEE, M. The Principles of Anthropology and Sociology in
Relations to Criminal Procedure. New York, 1908.
PLOWDEN, A. C. Grain or Chaff? The Autobiography of a Police
Magistrate. London, 1903.
RHOADES, M. C. The Case Study of Delinquent Boys in the Juvenile
Court of Chicago. Chicago, 1907.
ROSCOE, H. Law of Evidence in Criminal Cases. 2d ed., London, 1840;
9th ed., 1878; 11th ed., by Smith and Kennedy, 1890; 12th ed., by
Keep, 1898.
---- U. S.: 2d ed., 1840; 4th ed., 1852; 6th ed., 1866; 7th ed., by
Sharswood, Philadelphia, 1874; 8th ed., by Sharswood and Wayland, 2
vols., Philadelphia, 1888.
RUSSELL, C. E. B., and RIGBY, L. M. The Making of the Criminal.
London, New York, 1906.
RYAN, W. B. Infanticide; its law, prevalence, prevention, and
history. London, 1862.
RYLANDS, L. G. Crime, Its Causes and Remedy. London, 1889.
SAWIN, C. D. Criminals. Boston, 1890.
SEAGER, C. Magistrate’s Manual. Toronto, 1901.
SOMMER, R. Kriminalpsychologie und strafrechtliche Psychopathologie
auf naturwissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Leipzig, 1904.
SPOONER, L. Essay on Trial by Jury. Boston, 1852.
STEPHEN, HERBERT. Prisoners on Oath, Present and Future. London,
1898.
STEVENS, J. G. Indictable Offences and Summary Convictions.
Toronto, 1880.
STOLE, J. Cause and Cure of Crime; with a treatise on Capital
Punishment. Philadelphia, 1880.
STRAHAN, S. A. K. Instinctive Criminality. London, 1891.
---- Suicide and Insanity. 1893.
TARDE, G. La criminalité comparée. 1st ed., Paris, 1886; 5th ed.,
1902.
---- L’opinion et la foule. Paris, 1901.
---- L’homme souterrain. Paris, 19--.
THOMPSON. Physiology of Criminality. 1870.
THOMPSON, S. D., and MERRIAM, E. G. Organization, Custody and
Conduct of Juries. St. Louis, 1882.
TOURRENC, E. État mental des incendiaires. Paris, 1906.
TRAIN, A. C. The Prisoner at the Bar; sidelights on the
administration of Criminal Justice. New York, 1906; 2d ed., N. Y.,
1908.
VALETTE, P. De l’érostratisme, ou, Vanité criminelle. Lyon, 1908.
WASSERMANN, R. Beruf, Konfession und Verbrechen. München, 1907.
WEINGART, A. Kriminaltaktik. Ein Handbuch für das Untersuchen von
Verbrechen. Leipzig, 1904.
WEY, H. Criminal Anthropology. Elmira, 1890.
WHEATON, E. R. Prisons and Prayer. Tabor, Ia., 1906.
WHITEWAY, A. R. Recent Object-Lessons in Penal Science. 1st series,
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WIGMORE, J. H. A Treatise on the System of Evidence in Trials at
Common Law, 5 vols., Boston, 1904-1907.
WILMANNS. Zur Psychopathologie des Landstreichers. Leipzig, 1906.
WILSON, G. R. Clinical Studies in Vice and Insanity. Boston.
WINSLOW, R. Youthful Eccentricity a Precursor of Crime. N. Y.,
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WOODS, C. H. Woman in Prison. 1869.
WOODS, L. Essay on Native Depravity. 1885.
WOOLDRIDGE, C. R. The Grafters of America, who they are and how
they work. Chicago, 1906.
WULFFEN, E. Handbuch für den exekutiven Polizei-und
Kriminalbeamten, für Geschworene und Schöffen, sowie für
Strafansaltsbeamte. Dresden, 1905.
---- Psychologic des Verbrechers. 2 vols., Gross-Lichterfelde-Ost,
1908 (in Langenscheidt’s Enzyclopädie der modernen
Kriminal-statistik.)
_SERIALS_
(o. p.) Indicates that the journal is known to have ceased publication.
* Indicates that the journal is continued from the date given.
UNITED STATES.
(o.p.) Criminal Law Magazine. Jersey City, Vols. I-XVIII,
1890-1896.
Medico-Legal Journal, ed. Bell, C. New York, 1884.*
(o.p.) Psychological and Medico-Legal Journal. New York, 1874-1875.
AUSTRIA.
Archiv für Kriminal-Antropologie und Kriminalistik. ed. Gross, H.
Graz, Leipzig, 1899.*
FRANCE.
Archives d’anthropologie criminelle, de criminologie, et de
psychologic normale et pathologique (entitled, till Vol. 8,
Archives de l’anthropologie criminelle et des sciences penales).
Founded Laccassagne, Garraud, et al.; ed. Dubuisson. Paris, Lyon,
1886.*
GERMANY.
Abhandlungen des kriminalistischen Seminars an der Universität
Berlin. ed. Liszt, F. von. Berlin, 1888 * (irregular; new ser.,
Vol. V, 1908.)
Allgemeine deutsche Criminalzeitung. ed. Roskoschny. Leipzig, 18--.
Blätter für gerichtliche Anthropologie, etc. See _Friedreich’s
Blätter_.
Juristisch-psychiatrische Grenzfragen. ed. Finger, A., Hoche, A.,
and Bresler, J. Halle, 1905 * (irregular; Vol. VI, 1908).
Monatsschrift für Kriminalpsychologie und Strafrechtsreform. ed.,
Aschaffenburg, Kloss, von Lilienthal, and von Liszt. Heidelberg,
1904.*
Zeitschrift für angewandte Psychologie und psychologische
Sammelforschung (continuation of Beiträge zur Psychologie der
Aussage). ed. Stern, L. W., and Lipmann. O. Leipzig, 1907.*
(o.p.) Zeitschrift für Criminal-Anthropologie, Gefängniswissenchaft
und Prostitutionswesen. ed. Wenge, W. 1 vol., Berlin, 1897.
ITALY
Archivio di psichiatria, scienze penale, ed. antropologia criminale
(formerly entitled, Archivio di psichiatria, neuropathologia,
antropologia criminale, e medicina legale). Dir., Lombroso, C.,
Garofalo, B. R., and Ferri, E.; ed. Andenino. Torino, 1880.*
SOUTH AMERICA
Archivos de criminologia, medicina legal y psiquiatria. ed. Ramos e
Ingegnieros, J. Buenos Aires, 1902.*
Criminologia moderna. ed. Gori, P. Buenos Aires, 1899.*
APPENDIX B.
_Works on Psychology of General Interest._
ANGELL, JAMES R. Psychology. New York. H. Holt & Co. 1904.
BALDWIN, J. M. Handbook of Psychology. New York, 1891.
BELL, SIR CHARLES. The Hand--Its Mechanism and Vital Endowments.
Philadelphia, 1835.
BINET, A. Le fatigue intellectuelle. Paris, 1898.
BOURDON, B. L’expression des émotions et des tendances dan le
langage. Paris, 1892.
CHAMBERLAIN, ALEXANDER FRANCIS. The Child: a study in the evolution
of man. London, 1907.
COWLES, E. The Mental Symptoms of Fatigue. New York, 1893.
DEWEY, JOHN. Psychology. 3d ed. New York.
EBBINGHAUS, H. Psychology. An Elementary Text-book (translated by
Max Meyer). Boston, 1908.
FREUD, S. Zur psychopathologie des alltagslebens, etc. 2e aufl.,
Berlin, 1907.
---- Die Traumdeutung.
HALL, G. STANLEY. Youth; its Educative Regimen and Hygiene. New
York, 1907.
JAMES, W. The Principles of Psychology. 2 vols. New York, 1890.
JANET, PIERRE. L’automatisme psychologique. Paris, 1889.
---- The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. N. Y., 1907.
JASTROW, J. The Subconscious.
JONES, E. E. The Influence of Bodily Posture on Mental Activities.
N. Y., 1907.
JUDD, C. H. Psychology. N. Y., 1907.
KING, IRVING. The Psychology of Child-development. Chicago, 1904.
2d ed.
MACDONALD, A. Abnormal Man. Washington, 1893 (United States Bureau
of Education Circular of Information, 1893, No. 4).
MANASEINE, MARIYA. Sleep, its physiology, pathology, hygiene and
psychology. London, 1908.
MARSH, H. D. The Diurnal Course of Efficiency. N. Y., 1906.
MERCIER, CHARLES A. Psychology, normal and morbid. London, 1901.
MOORE, C. C. A treatise on facts or the weight and value of
Evidence. 2 vols. Northport, 1908.
MOSSO, A. Fatigue. (Tr. by Margaret Drummond and W. B. Drummond.)
N. Y. and London, 1906.
NORSWORTHY, NAOMI. The psychology of mentally deficient children.
N. Y., 1906.
OFFNER, MAX. Das Gedächtnis, etc. Berlin, 1909.
PAULHAN, F. La fonction de la memoire et le souvenirs affectif.
Paris, 1904.
PILLSBURY, W. B. Attention. New York, 1908.
RIBOT, T. The Psychology of the Emotions. London, 1897.
SCOTT, W. D. The Psychology of Public Speaking. Phil., 1907.
SIDIS, B. The Psychology of Suggestion. N. Y., 1898.
SIGHELE, SCIPIO. La foule criminelle: essai de psychologie
collective. Paris, 1901.
STOUT, G. F. Manual of Psychology. London, 1907.
TARDE, G. L’opinion et la foule. 2d éd. Paris, 1904.
TITCHENER, E. B. Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling
and Attention. N. Y., 1908.
---- A Text-book of Psychology. N. Y., 1909. (New ed. with
additions.)
WELLS, FREDERIC L. Linguistic Lapses. With especial reference to
the perception of linguistic sounds. N. Y., 1906.
INDEX.
A
ABERCROMBIE, 216, 274.
Accompaniments, imitative, of action, 48.
Accuracy, psychological, and requirements of law, 107.
Affection, and passion, in judges, 417;
in witnesses, 418;
and hatred, 418.
After-images, 442.
Aged, memory of, 272.
Aim, of applied psychology of states of mind, 3.
ALEMBERT, 172.
ALFIERI, 393.
ALTMANN, 481.
Amnesia, retrograde, 274.
Analogy, 144;
danger of, 145, 147;
justification of, 146.
ANDRESEN, 469.
Anger, 286;
as motive, 72;
against object, 71;
against self, 75.
ANGELL, 187.
Apriorism, 127.
ARISTOTLE, 101, 160, 165, 188, 254, 271, 302.
ARNHEIM, 210.
Arrest, influence of, 67.
Association, 254;
difficulties of, 255;
physical expression of, 256.
Assumption, 148, 149.
Astonishment, described, 92;
causes of, 93;
significant in law, 93.
Attention, effect of, 40;
and the subconscious, 248.
Attitude, intellectual, varieties of, 376;
emotional, 377;
of indifference, 378;
influence of bodily conditions on, 380.
Attraction, feeling of, 286.
AUBERT, 169, 191, 199, 202, 203, 205, 206, 225, 247, 428.
AUERBACH, 192.
Authority, 242.
Autodidacts, 393.
Avocation, and error, 65.
B
BAER, 85, 415.
BAËTS, 5.
BAIN, 75.
BALDWIN, 364.
BALZAC, 102, 342, 353.
BAZERQUE, 272.
BECHTEREW, 245.
BECKER, 302.
BELL, 44, 84, 101.
BEN DAVID, 67.
BENEDICT, 410.
BENEKE, 223, 229, 330.
BERGSON, 43, 76.
BERKELEY, 260.
BERNARD, 125.
BERNHARDI, 72.
BERNSTEIN, 191, 200, 434.
BERGQVIST, 192.
BERILLON, 492.
BERZÉ, 79.
BEZOLD, 211.
BINET, 367.
Blank, expression of the eyes, 98.
BLEULER, 2.
Blind spot, 207.
BLUMRÖDER, 77.
Blushing, 50;
how prevented, 51;
evidential value, 52;
relation to age, artificial, 53.
BOCCACCIO, 29.
BOIS-REYMOND, 182, 227, 282, 411, 463.
BOLTON, 271.
BOLTZMANN, 124.
BONFIGLI, 2.
BORÉE, 85.
BORST, 227, 377.
BOURDIN, 368.
BOURDON, 259.
Boys, as witnesses, 366.
BRAUN, 320.
Brief, and jury, 164.
Brightness and clearness, 199.
BROUSSAIS, 369.
Brow, contraction of, 97.
BUCKLE, 410.
C
Captivation of visual capacity, 439.
CARLIER, 480.
CARPENTER, 453.
CARUS, 24, 84, 101.
CATTELL, 231, 259.
Causal principle, as method, 118;
mistakes in inference of, 119;
nexus of, and observation, 120;
and habit, 126.
Causation, law of, neglected, 5.
Cause, similarity to effect, 121;
and impulse, 121;
danger of argument from, 123;
and immediately preceding condition, 123;
not a priori, 126.
Chance, 159;
and law, 161;
theory of, 160.
Change, in effect, 12.
Character, correlated with crime, 55;
and promises, 58;
and religion, 387;
and laughter, 396.
Character-units, somatic, 69.
Child-murder, 358.
Children, 364;
as subjects of, physiognomics, 87;
justice in, 365;
sexual differences, 366;
as witnesses, 366;
in city and country, 367;
senses of, 367;
representation in, 368;
time-sense of, 368;
practical and unpractical, 369;
delinquency of, 371;
egoism of, 371;
memory of, 270.
CHOULANT, 1.
CICERO, 165, 265.
Circumstances, irrelevant to proof, 114.
CLAPARÈDE, 49, 50, 227.
Classes, the conscienceless, 17.
Clearness, and brightness, 199;
influences of background on, 199.
Color, 204;
existence of, 205;
disappearance of in darkness, 206.
COMBE, 487.
Comparison, influence of bodily conditions on, 381;
and inference, 170.
Conceit, causes guarded statement, 8;
caused by sexuality, 325;
influence of, on knowledge, 328.
Conception, 221;
basis of, 225;
subjective nature of, 225;
influenced by environment and training, 228;
feminine, 333.
Concomitants, accidental, and cause, 127.
CONDILLAC, 188.
Conditions, influence of on language, 291;
constantification of, 11.
Confession, 31;
and secrets, 31;
motives of, 32, 109, 114;
begins judge’s work, 33;
not proof, 33;
uses of, 34;
suggestive influence of, 36;
how offset, 36;
truth of, 114;
partial, 110;
accusing, 112;
reliability of, 114.
Connection, logical, and experience, 142.
Consequences, and knowledge, 184.
Conservatism, of woman, 340.
Constantification, of conditions, 11.
Contact, reaction-time to, 218.
Contraction, of brow, 97;
significance of, 98.
Contradiction, insurance against, 7.
Conviction, self-developed, 68.
COPERNICUS, 222, 223.
CORRE, 2, 307.
Correctness, formal vs. material, 4;
influence of effort on, 142.
COTTA, 84.
COURNOT, 153.
CRAMER, 427, 492.
Crime, objective, 3;
and desire, 68;
and need, 57;
and woman, 310.
Criminalist, 2.
Crooks, underestimated, 428.
Cruelty, related to bloodthirstiness, etc., 77;
and sex, 77;
and epilepsy, 78;
feminine, 355.
Custom, influence of on visual perception, 203.
D
DALLEMAGNE, 2.
“Dark” perceptions, 228.
Darkness, vision in, 204.
DARWIN, 44, 46, 51, 73, 74, 76, 84, 87,
88, 90, 92, 99, 104, 237, 287, 330, 410, 411.
Deafness, 211.
DEBIERRE, 410.
Defiance, 94.
Deformity, evil results of maltreating, 70.
DEHN, 213.
DEKTEREW, 416.
DELBOEUF, 433.
DELBRÜCK, 479.
Delinquency, juvenile, 369;
influence of puberty on, 370;
exaggerated accounts of, 370.
Deprivation, 95.
Derision, 95.
DESCARTES, 188.
Desire, 67;
and crime, 68.
DESPINE, 411.
DESSOIR, 492.
Dialect, 293.
DIEHL, 21, 259.
DIETZ, 436.
Dilettantes, 393.
Dimension, third, and image, 235.
Discursiveness, help against, 19.
Dishonesty, in women, 341;
causes hypocrisy, 343.
Dispositions, 234;
and habit, 408.
Distribution, equal, and probability, 133.
Disturbance, factors of, 21.
DORNER, 192, 260, 403.
Dream, 481.
Dress, 82, 83.
DRILL, 410.
Drink, quantity of, 490.
DROBISCH, 180, 269, 282, 283, 374.
DRUCKER, 492.
Drugs, influence of on sense of touch, 215.
Duality, of causal problem, 118.
DUCHENNE, 85.
Duplication and imitation, 415.
Dying, memory of the, 274.
E
EBBINGHAUS, 259, 260, 262, 265, 271.
ECKARTSHAUSEN, 1.
Education; by examples, necessary, 24;
dangers of, 386;
of jury, 24;
one-sided, in witnesses, 392.
Effect, 11.
Effort, influence of on correctness, 142.
Ego, influence of dual nature of, 252.
Egoism, potent in law, 25;
important in examination, 26;
criterion of veracity, 28;
of children, 371;
of foolishness, 401;
and prejudice, 413.
ELLIS, 2.
Eloquence, of judge, 163;
and jury, 164;
of pleaders, 164.
Emotionalism of woman, 359.
Emotions, 283;
effect of, 100;
gradations in, 284;
how to judge, 287.
ENGEL, 85.
Ennui as submerged sexuality, 324.
Envy, 419.
EPICURUS, 160.
ERDMANN, 232, 248, 396, 399, 400.
Error, and avocation, 65;
how excluded, 13.
_Esprit de corps_, 64;
and evidence, 65.
ESSER, 102, 405.
Estimation, of optical magnitudes, 428.
EULENBERG, 421.
Events, psychical, and physical processes, 42.
Evidence, conditions of taking, 7;
method of taking, 7;
effect of persuasive, 36.
Examples, education by, necessary, 24;
dangers of, 251.
Excellences characterise, 252.
Exceptions and rules, 134, 135.
EXNER, 166, 174, 228, 230, 237, 238, 263, 377, 428, 441, 471.
Expectation, influence of, 251.
Experts, 14;
are human, 14;
their opinion of judiciary, 37;
and rules of inference, 133.
Exposition, influence of on meaning, 290.
Expression, incorrect forms of, 296.
Expressions, emotional, 43;
inheritance of, 43;
contradictory, 43;
Darwinian principles of, 88;
danger of mistaking, 89.
Eyes, closing of, 89.
F
Factors, of disturbance, 21.
Facts, why overlooked, 250.
Fainting, cause of, 76;
of women, 344.
Fallacies, 177;
the pathetic, 398.
Fancy, and memory, 264.
Far-sightedness, and myopia, 201.
Fatigue, and misunderstanding, 473.
Fear, described, 74;
and innocence, 420.
FECHNER, 188, 200, 220, 378, 437, 448, 458, 465.
FERRERO, 215, 315, 339, 480.
FERRI, 2.
FERRIANI, 364.
FICHTE, 259.
FICK, 150, 191.
Figures, memory for, 268.
FINK, 302.
FISCHER, E. I., 160, 191, 197, 221, 377.
FISCHER, KUNO, 352.
FLOURNOY, 450.
FODERÉ, 436.
FÖLDES, 179.
Foolishness, 253, 399;
Erdmann on, 400;
egoism of, 401;
intellection of, 405.
Foot, 104.
Forgetting, time of, 271.
Form, of life, 67;
and inference, 168;
visual perception of, 201.
FREUD, 161, 268, 467, 481.
FRIEDMANN, 416.
FRIEDREICH, 45, 52, 77, 309, 323, 370.
Friendships, of women, 353.
FRÖBEL, 20.
Function, feminine, defines woman, 304.
Funded thoughts, important, 21;
difficult to discover in jurymen, 22.
G
GALL, 84.
GALTON, 215, 259, 410.
GASSENDI, 188.
GEIGER, 240, 288, 296.
Generalizations, mistaken, 178.
General view, importance of, 55.
Germany, 1.
GEROCK, 161.
GERSTÄCKER, 53.
GESSMANN, 85, 101.
Gesticulation, observation of, 49;
compared with writing, 49.
Gesture, 43;
importance of, 44;
nature of, 45;
relation to voice, 48.
GIRAUDET, 85.
Girls, as witnesses, 366.
GNEIST, 5.
GOETHE, 25, 156, 239, 247, 249, 387, 388, 464, 468, 479.
GOLDSCHMIDT, 5.
GOLTZ, 85, 348.
GRASHEY, 115.
GRATIOLET, 87, 88.
GROHMANN, 1, 283, 370.
GROSS, O., 176, 179.
GUGGENHEIM, 7.
GURNILL, 180.
GUTBERLET, 181, 182, 391.
GYURKOVECHKY, 69.
H
HAACKE, 410.
Habit, 406;
and skepticism, 127;
and skill, 407;
and disposition, 408.
Hair, rising of the, 73;
turning white, 73.
HALL, 367.
Hallucinations, distinguished from illusions, 455;
causes of, 456.
Hand, the, 100;
effect of use on, 101;
bibliography of, 101;
described, 102;
evidential value of, 101, 103;
movements of, 104.
HARLESS, 100.
HARTENBERG, 75.
HARTENSTEIN, 60, 252.
HARTMANN, 167, 177, 281.
HASELBRUNNER, 39.
Hat, 53.
Hate, in women, 354.
Hatred, 286, 418.
HAUSNER, 31.
Hearing, problems of, 208.
HEERWAGEN, 482.
HEINRICH, 205.
HEINROTH, 1, 327.
HELLENBACH, 103.
HILLEBRAND, 105, 106.
HELMHOLTZ, 42, 189, 191, 197, 202, 204,
207, 218, 233, 241, 242, 380, 407, 429, 443, 449.
Help, against discursiveness, 19.
HELVETIUS, 188.
HENLE, 50.
HENRI, 367.
HENSEN, 259.
HERBART, 85, 188, 236, 259, 383.
Heredity, 410.
HERING, 259, 278, 403.
Heroification, 253.
HEUSINGER, 85, 309, 367.
HIGIER, 245.
HIPPEL, 56.
HIRSCH, 492.
HOBBES, 255.
HOFFBAUER, 1, 319, 488.
HÖFLER, 161, 243, 267, 464.
HOFMANN, 227.
HOLLAND, H., 274, 373.
HOLTZENDORFF, 2.
Home-sickness, influence of, 78.
Honor, 421.
HOPPE, 436, 456, 457, 465, 473.
HUBERT, 274.
HUGHES, 85.
HUMBOLDT, 160, 201.
HUME, 119, 126, 129, 130, 131, 157, 164, 171, 221, 240, 254, 260, 388, 406.
HUXLEY, 176.
Hypocrisy, feminine, depends on dishonesty, 343.
Hysteria, 331.
I
ICARD, 312.
Ideas, imaginative, 459;
personal equation in, 462;
observation of, 463;
and perception, 464;
and premonition, 466.
Idiots, memory of, 270.
Ignorance, 23;
to be generally presupposed, 23.
IHERING, 10.
Illumination, retrospective, of perception, 194;
differences of, 200.
Illusions, of memory, 275;
how discovered in witnesses, 423;
classification of, 424;
limits of, 424;
and false inference, 425;
optical, 428;
of movement, 435;
subjects of optical, 436;
reasons for, 437;
auditory, 443;
causes of, 444;
of normal people, 446;
tactual, 449;
of taste, 452;
olfactory, 453.
Image, 233;
difference from object, 233, 234;
and speech, 235;
and third dimension, 235;
and movement, 236;
alterations observable in, 236;
and time, 237.
Images, and truth, 224;
effect of on views of the uneducated, 391.
Imagination, 232;
difficulties of, 233;
ideas due to, 459.
Imitation, accompanying action, 48;
and the crowd, 415;
and duplication, 415.
Impatience, 19;
dangers of, 20.
Inanimate, perversity of the, 72.
Inclination, 393;
and vagabondage, 394.
Indifference, attitude of, 378.
Induction, 137;
and the lawyer, 138;
and analogy, 138;
difficulties of, 139;
sympathetic, 440.
Inference, 105;
relation to logic and psychology, 106;
and occupation, 167;
and form, 168;
unconscious, 168;
and comparison, 170;
and possibility, 170;
and historical truth, 171;
Hume on, 171;
and irregularity, 173;
made by witnesses, 175;
and MS., 175;
origin of mistakes in, 176;
false, compared with illusion, 425.
Influences, reciprocal, 121;
isolated, 406.
Information, source of, 62.
Innervation, muscular, and sight, 204.
Instinct, maternal, 321.
Instruction, public, and understanding, 241.
Intellection of foolishness, 405.
Intelligence, feminine, 332;
weakness of, 362.
Intercourse between judges and experts, 14;
and jurymen, 15.
Interest, 37;
importance in judge and expert, 38;
how aroused in witnesses, 39;
and attention, 39;
influences conception, 381.
Intermediaries, skipping of, 124.
Intoxication, 484;
and responsibility, 485;
and theft, 488;
Hoffbauer on, 488.
Irradiation, 442.
Irritation, causes crime, 77.
Isolation, effect of on character, 396;
on health, 397.
Issue, must be defined, 11.
Inventors as witnesses, 66.
J
JAMES, W., 187, 467.
Jealousy, in women, 351.
JESSEN, 186, 275, 482, 483.
JODL, 259.
JOST, 267.
Judge, 9;
relations to witness, 9;
and experts, 14;
and jury, 15;
and confession, 31;
importance of interest to, 14;
as persuader, 162;
affection and passion in, 417.
Judgment, 165;
and inference, 165;
and numbers, 174;
feminine, 336.
Jurisprudence a natural science, 10.
Jury, 24;
education of, 24;
to be studied, 165;
trial by, 106.
Justice, criminal, 1;
of women, 359.
K
KANT, 2, 45, 64, 131, 154, 160, 173, 188,
251, 263, 264, 267, 283, 361, 388, 401, 402, 403, 409, 421, 475.
KEMSIES, 270.
KIEFER, 478.
KIRCHMANN, 152.
Knowledge, 183;
and consequences, 184;
and truth, 184;
possibility of a priori, 7;
of human nature, important, 15;
compared with knowledge of law, 16;
feminine, influenced by conceit, 328.
KOCH, 2, 259.
KOSLOW, 410.
KRAFFT-EBING, 2, 313.
KRÄPELIN, 259, 277, 292.
KRAUS, 2, 68, 324, 371, 373, 401.
KRIES, 153, 192, 210, 263.
KÜLPE, 260, 276.
KURELLA, 2.
L
LAFONTAINE, 369.
LAGRAVE, 234, 492.
LANGE, 85, 259, 367.
Language, importance of, 287;
related to character, 288;
substitutions of, 289;
and tone, 290.
LAPLACE, 150.
LANDOIS, 81.
LANDSBERG, 101.
LARDEN, 435.
LAROCHEFOUCAULD, 58, 100, 123, 402.
LASCHI, 416.
LASSON, 259.
Laughter, cause of, 76;
and character, 396.
LAVATER, 83, 84.
Law, empirical, 136;
Weber’s, 188;
requirements of, and psychological accuracy, 107;
and understanding, 242.
LAZARUS, 25, 48, 54, 252.
Leaps, in inference, 167.
LE BRUN, 84.
Legal sciences backward, 5.
LEHMANN, 42, 259, 284.
LEIBNITZ, 135, 149, 188, 275, 385, 482.
LEROUX, 337.
LICHTENBERG, 238, 275.
LIEBMANN, 135, 199, 204.
Lie, the, 474;
the pathoformic, 479.
LIERSCH, 101.
Lines, position of, 429;
illusory, 431.
LIPPS, 138, 144, 234, 246, 254, 379, 427, 429.
LÖBISCH, 365, 368.
Locality, influence of, on recollection, 266.
LOCKE, 150, 188, 262.
LOHSING, 31, 280, 474.
LOMBROSO, 2, 45, 77, 195, 215, 315, 326, 339,
340, 341, 346, 355, 369, 373, 410, 416, 480.
LONGET, 212.
LOTZE, 28, 78, 85, 158, 160, 199, 264, 326, 328, 379, 427.
Love, in women, 309, 350.
Loyalty of women, 347.
LUCAS, 411.
M
MACH, 222.
MAGNUS, 85.
MANTEGAZZA, 85, 319, 334, 341, 343, 344, 355.
MARBE, 39.
MARCHAUD, 410.
MARION, 301.
MARRO, 2.
MARTINAK, 410.
MASARYK, 130.
MASCHKA, 2.
Master-lawyer, the, 9.
Material, source of, 4.
Maternal instinct, 321.
MAUDSLEY, 2, 48, 185, 237, 260, 264, 276, 368, 393, 465, 481.
MAYER, MAX, 117.
MAYER, VON, 184, 255.
Maxims, about women, dangerous, 308.
MEINONG, 119, 188, 459, 471.
Memory, 258;
and reproduction, 261;
and time, 261;
theories of, 262;
proportionate to activity, 263;
Kant on, 263;
of pain, 264;
and fancy, 265;
of the dying, 274;
of the senile, 375;
anomalies of, 272;
and wounds in the head, 273;
illusions of, 275.
Men of power as witnesses, 66.
MENGER, 5.
MENO, 7.
Menstruation, facts of, 312;
effects of beginning of, 313;
modifies perception, 314;
and sensibility, 315;
causes theft, 316.
Method, defined, 3;
of drawing out witnesses, 20.
METZGER, 1.
MEYER, L., 53.
MEYER, M., 448.
MEYNERT, 52, 85, 86.
MICHEL, 85.
MICHELET, 307.
MILL, 121, 123, 138, 153, 154, 155, 156, 173, 176, 178, 181, 223, 290, 388.
Mistakes, of inference, 176;
aprioristic, 177;
of observation, 177, 222;
of generalization, 177;
of confusion, 177;
of the senses, 422;
in practical affairs, 423.
Misunderstandings, verbal, 467;
through verbal substitutions, 470;
through fatigue, 473.
MITCHELL, 77.
MITTERMAIER, 32, 106, 149, 161, 175, 188, 303, 368, 389, 398, 492.
Mnemotechnique, 279;
dangers of, 280.
MOBIUS, 307.
MOLL, 477.
Money, and women, 338.
MÖNNIGSHOFF, 484.
Moral perversions associated with pathological phenomena, 45.
MORE, 236.
MOREAU, 369.
MOSSO, 85, 458.
Motives, apparent and real, 68.
Mouth, closing of, 90.
Movement, illusions of, 435;
and image, 236.
MÜLLER, J., 84, 86, 465.
MÜNCH, 1.
MÜNSTERBERG, 174, 179, 210, 259, 283, 469, 491.
N
NÄCKE, 45, 71, 77, 180, 181, 238, 300, 478.
Naïveté, 402.
Names, memory of, 268.
NASSE, 369.
NATORP, 259.
Natural science, method of, in daily routine, 9.
Nature, and nurture, 384.
Need, and crime, 57.
NEUMANN, 319.
NEWTON, 101, 251.
Nexus, causal, and observation, 120.
NOEL, 84, 252.
Normal people, auditory illusions of, 446.
Nostalgia, 77.
Number, and judgment, 174.
Nurture, and nature, 384;
influence of, 385.
O
Objectivity, feminine lack of, 334.
Observation, as corroboration, 55;
differences in, 376.
Obstinacy a form of egoism, 27.
Occupation, and inference, 167.
“Occurrence,” 256.
Officials, impose on witnesses, 8.
Old maid, the, 329.
Olfactory illusions, 453.
OLZELT-NEWIN, 385.
OPPENHEIM, 364.
Opportunity, 57.
Organisation, of case, 12.
Orientation, 230.
Orifice, influences size of object seen through it, 430.
ORTH, 255.
OSTWALD, W., 243.
ÖTTINGEN, 137.
OTTOLENGHI, 195, 215.
P
Pain, reaction-time to, 218;
memory of, 264.
Paling, 50.
PANUM, 483.
Paramnesia, 275;
causes of, 276.
PARISH, 427.
Passion, and affection, 417;
in judges, 417;
in witnesses, 418;
and hatred, 418;
process of, 420.
Pathetic fallacy, the, 398.
Patience, importance of, 18.
Peculiarities of recollection, 268.
Perception, purity of, 190;
visual, 198;
and size, 199;
relation to consciousness, etc., 221;
limitations of, 225, 226;
influence of environment and training on, 227;
“dark,” 228;
how to test differences in, 229;
of experts, 229;
subconscious, 230;
and orientation, 230.
PEREZ, 369.
Personal equation, the, 376.
Perspective, 430.
Perversions, moral, associated with pathological phenomena, 45.
Perversity of the inanimate, 72.
PESCH, 189.
PETRONIEVICS, 147.
PETRUSKEWISCH, 410.
Phenomenology, defined, 41.
Phrenology, relation to physiognomics, 85.
Photographs, judgment of the uneducated on, 390.
Physiognomics, bibliography of, 84;
defined, 85;
basis of, 86;
best studied in children and simple people, 87.
PIDERIT, 84, 87, 99.
PIESBERGEN, 484.
Piety, as submerged sexuality, 323.
PLATEAU, 443.
PLATNER, 1.
PLATO, 3, 4, 259.
PLÜSCHKE, 364.
Poets, the, on woman, 305.
Poisoning, a feminine crime, 356.
PORTA, 83.
Position, of lines influences size, 427.
Possibility, 157;
and inference, 170.
POTET, DU, 269.
POUCHET, 9, 73.
Practicality of scientific method, 11.
Pregnancy, 317.
Prejudices, 177, 412;
and egoism, 413;
and names, 414.
Premonitions, 466.
Prepossession, 412;
and egoism, 413;
and names, 414.
PREYER, 210, 368.
Principle, the fundamental, 4.
Probability, 131;
and skepticism, 131;
increases through repetition, 132;
and equal distribution, 133;
value of, 148;
conditioned and unconditioned, 151;
Kirchmann on, 152;
and criminal procedure, 157;
and rule, 158.
Promises, and character, 58.
Promoters as witnesses, 66.
Proof, irrelevant circumstances to, 114.
Propaedeutic, philosophical, 1.
Property, woman’s sense of, 346.
“Proved,” 147.
Psychological handling, correct and incorrect, 15.
Psychology, criminal, of law, 1;
a bone of contention, 2;
as psychiatry, 2;
as anthropology, 2;
form of, 2;
and statistics, 179.
Puberty, influence of, on juvenile delinquency, 370.
Punctuality, feminine, 340.
Q
Qualities, how related, 61.
QUANTZ, 206.
Quarrels with women, 338.
Questions, positive and negative, 139.
QUETELET, 160.
R
Rage, 96.
Recognition, 221, 260.
Reflex actions, 79;
how caused, 79;
distinguished from habit, 80;
not inevitable, 81;
require coöperation of brain, 82.
REGNAULT, 2, 292.
REICH, 85, 307.
REICHENBACH, 76, 313.
REID, 89, 130, 188, 259, 430.
Religion, and character, 387.
RENOOZ, 307.
Repetition and probability, 132;
and touch, 220;
influences perception, 228.
Reproduction, and memory, 261;
forms of, 263;
rules for helping, 265;
and locality, 266;
peculiarities of, 268;
field of, 269;
of idiots, 270;
of children, 270;
of the aged, 272.
Resignation, 96.
Resolution, importance as sign, 91;
in jurymen, 92.
Responsibility, and intoxication, 485.
RIBOT, 259, 385, 411.
RICHARDSON, 410.
RONCORONI, 215.
ROSEGGER, 63.
ROSENKRANZ, 160.
Rule, 158;
and exceptions, 134;
and probability, 158;
for helping recollection, 265.
RYKÈRE, 307.
S
Sadism, 77.
SAND, 352.
SANDER, 259, 275.
SAULLE, DU, 316.
SCHACK, 84.
SCHAUMANN, 2.
SCHEBEST, 85.
SCHIEL, 109, 147, 159, 160, 174, 222, 376, 381.
SCHMIDT, 54.
SCHNEICKERT, 266.
SCHNEIDER, 85.
SCHOPENHAUER, 56, 128, 343, 359, 384, 396, 464.
SCHRENCK-NOTZING, 77, 115.
SCHULTZE, 79.
SCHUPPE, 237.
SCHWARTZ, 120, 192.
SCHWEIGER-LERCHENFELD, 307.
SCHWOB, 317.
Scorn, 93;
in witnesses, 94.
Secrets, 28;
hard to keep, 29;
judge’s duty toward, 29;
as confession, 31;
damage through revelation of, 30;
how discovered, 31;
and women, 364.
Self, as centre of reference, 248.
Self-knowledge, a guide, 58.
Senility, 372;
in witnesses, 374;
types of, 374;
memory in, 375.
Sensation, subjective, 191;
and nervous system, 192.
Sense-perception, importance of, 187;
relation to optical and acoustical knowledge, 189;
and social status, 190.
Senses, of children, 367;
vicariousness of the, 193.
SERGI, 319, 350.
SERNOFF, 410.
Servants, as sources of information, 63.
Sex, as submerged cause of crime, 322;
as piety, 323;
as ennui, 324;
as conceit, 325.
Sexuality, of women, 320;
as maternal instinct, 320;
in criminal situations, 321.
SHINN, 364.
SICARD, 215.
Side-issues, confused with central ones, 116.
SIDIS, 481, 492.
SIGHELE, 416.
Sight, sense of, important, 196;
tested by touch, 197;
process of, 197.
SINSTEDEN, 434.
Size of lines influenced by position, 427.
Skepticism, 127;
and habit, 130;
and probability, 131.
Skill and habit, 407.
Skin, transpositions of, and tactile sense, 219.
SKRAUP, 85.
SLAUGHTER, 40.
Sleep, 481.
Smell, sense of, 213.
Smile, the, 94.
SMITH, 302.
Smuggling, and women, 345.
SOCRATES, 7, 169.
SOMMER, 276.
Sources, various, of evidence, 12.
Sound, direction of, 210;
conduction of, 210.
Sparkle, 206;
of the eyes, 96.
Specialist, 125.
Speech, and image, 235.
Speed, a test of knowledge, 231.
SPENCER, 44, 46, 74, 102, 360.
SPINOZA, 160, 260.
Spite, 94;
how treated, 95.
Statistics, and psychology, 179;
of suicide, 181.
Statutes, aprioristic, 5.
STEINTHAL, 298.
STERN, 192, 307.
STÖLZEL, 434.
STORCH, 236.
STRICKER, 48, 118, 122, 166, 204, 236, 255, 437.
STRINDBERG, 212.
STRUVE, 56, 68.
Stupidity, 398, 400.
Style, and character, 58.
Subconscious, the, 245.
Substitutions, and misunderstandings, 470.
Success, conditions of, 14.
Succession, importance of the order of, 13.
Suggestion, 491;
not involved in guidance, 9.
SULLY, 138, 259, 276, 451, 456, 464.
Symbol and symbolized, 244.
T
TAINE, 250, 274, 382, 410, 452, 465, 466, 471, 482.
TARDE, 385, 410, 415, 416.
Taste, 212;
illusions of, 452.
Tears, of women, 344.
Temperament, 395.
Temperature, sense of, 217.
TERTULLIAN, 169.
Testimony, blind acceptance of, 8;
contradictions in, 108;
interpretation of, 108;
of women, 310.
Thinking, mechanism of, 243;
and symbol, 244.
THOMPSON, 433.
THOMSON, 2.
TIGERSTEDT, 192.
Timbre, vocal, 46;
influence of emotions on, 47;
corroborative value of, 47.
Time, and image, 237;
of day and mental processes, 245;
children’s sense of, 368;
influence on conception, 383;
and isolation, 397.
Timidity, 75.
Toes, 104.
Touch, 215;
tests sense of sight, 197;
relation to other senses, 215;
influence of drugs on, 215;
how affected by transpositions of skin, 219;
and wetness, 219;
influence of repetition on, 220;
and form, 220;
bodily sensitiveness to, 220;
illusions of, 449.
TRACY, 364.
Training, of witnesses, 16.
Tramps, 17;
congenital, 18.
TRENDELENBURG, 146, 160.
Truth, and persuasion, 161;
and manner, 162;
historical and inference, 171;
and knowledge, 184.
TYLOR, 288, 290.
TYNDALL, 209.
U
Understanding, 238;
how gauged in witnesses, 239;
and public instruction, 241;
and law, 242.
Uneducated, views of the, 388.
Unit-characters, 46;
variety of recognition of, 46.
UPHUES, 260, 267, 472.
V
Vagabondage, 394.
Valuation, of evidence, 12.
Variation of conditions, 12.
VASCHIDE, 192.
VENN, 150.
Veracity, egoism a criterion of, 28.
Vicariousness of the senses, 193.
VIERORDT, 220.
Views, influence of on evidence, 377;
of the uneducated, 388.
VINCENT, 202.
VISCHER, 72.
VIRCHOW, 86.
Visual perception, artificial differences in, 202;
binocular, 203;
influence of custom on, 203;
in darkness, 204;
and form, 201;
and muscular innervation, 204.
Voice, relation of to gesture, 48.
VOISIN, 370.
VOLKMAR, 1, 15, 39, 60, 67, 74, 162, 244, 269, 299, 307, 375.
VURPASS, 192.
W
WAGNER, 180, 181, 385.
WAITZ, 51, 85.
WARNKÖNIG, 10.
We, as a character-mark, 60.
Weakness, of women, 362.
Weaknesses, shown to inferiors and servants, 62.
WEBER, 188, 217, 220, 441.
Weber’s law, 188.
WERNICKE, 455.
Wetness, and touch, 219.
WHATELY, 147.
WIENER, 85.
WIERSMA, 39.
Will, 281.
WINDELBAND, 160, 161, 233.
WINKELMANN, 102.
Wisdom, 403.
WITASEK, 464.
Witnesses, do not know what they know, 8;
imposed on by officials, 8;
wandering of, 17;
wordy, 18;
laconic, 19;
method of drawing out, 20;
difficulty with educated, 23.
Woman, 300;
basis of judging, 302;
status of, 302;
defined by her function, 304;
poet on, 305;
difference from man, 307;
danger of maxims about, 308;
and love, 309, 350;
crimes of, 310;
testimony of, 310;
quarrels with, 338;
and money, 338;
punctuality of, 340;
conservatism of, 340;
dishonesty in, 341;
hypocrisy in, 344;
tears of, 344;
fainting of, 344;
and smuggling, 345;
and property, 346;
loyalty of, 347;
jealousy of, 351;
friendships of, 353;
hatred in, 354;
cruelty in, 355;
emotionalism of, 359;
weakness of, 362;
and secrets, 364.
Words, and conception, 290;
influence on conception, 381.
Writing, like gesticulation, 49.
WUNDT, 85, 210, 260.
Z
ZÖLLNER, 433.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] W. Volkmann v. Volkmar: Lehrbuch der Psychologic (2 vols.). Cöthen
1875.
[2] J. Metzger: “Gerichtlich-medizinische Abhandlungen.” Königsberg
1803.
[3] Ernst Plainer: Questiones medicinae forensis, tr. German by
Hederich. Leipzig 1820.
[4] J. C. Hoffbauer: Die Psychologic in ihren Hauptanwendungen auf die
Rechtspflege. Halle 1823.
[5] G. A. Grohmann: Ideen zu einer physiognomischen Anthropologie.
Leipzig 1791.
[6] Johann Heinroth: Grundzüge der Kriminalpsychologie. Berlin 1833.
[7] Schaumann: Ideen zu einer Kriminalpsychologie. Halle 1792.
[8] Münch: Über den Einfluss der Kriminalpsychologie auf ein System der
Kriminal-Rechts. Nürnberg 1790.
[9] Eckartshausen: Über die Notwendigkeit psychologischer Kenntnisse bei
Beurteilung von Verbrechern. München, 1791.
[10] J. Fries: Handbuch der psychologischer Anthropologie. Jena, 1820.
[11] E. Regnault: Das gerichtliche Urteil der Ärzte über psychologische
Zustände. Cöln, 1830.
[12] J. B. Friedreich: System der gerichtlichen Psychologie. Regensburg
1832.
[13] Wilbrand: Gerichtliche Psychologie. 1858.
[14] Kraus: Die Psychologie des Verbrechens. Tübingen, 1884.
[15] v. Krafft-Ebing: Die zweifelhaften Geisteszustände. Erlangen 1873.
[16] Maudsley: Physiology and Pathology of the Mind.
[17] v. Holtzendorff--articles in “Rechtslexikon.”
[18] Lombroso: L’uomo delinquente, etc.
[19] Aschaffenburg: Articles in Zeitscheift f. d. gesamten
Strafrechtwissenschaften, especially in XX, 201.
[20] Dr. P. Näcke: Über Kriminal Psychologie, in the above-mentioned
Zeitschrift, Vol. XVII. Verbrechen und Wahnsinn beim Weibe. Vienna,
Leipsig, 1884. Moral Insanity: Ärztliche Sachverständigen-Zeitung, 1895;
Neurologisches Zentralblatt, Nos. 11 and 16. 1896.
[21] Kurella: Naturgeschichte des Verbrechers. Stuttgart 1893.
[22] Bleuler: Der geborene Verbrecher. München 1896.
[23] Dallemagne: Kriminalanthropologie. Paris 1896.
[24] Marro: I caratteri dei deliquenti. Turin 1887. I carcerati. Turin
1885.
[25] Havelock Ellis: The Criminal. London 1890.
[26] A. Baer: Der Verbrecher Leipzig 1893.
[27] Koch: Die Frage nach dem geborenen Verbrecher. Ravensberg 1894.
[28] Maschka: Handbuch der Gerichtlichen Medisin (vol. IV). Tübingen
1883.
[29] Thomson: Psychologie der Verbrecher.
[30] Ferri: Gerichtl. Psychologie. Mailand 1893.
[31] Bonfigli: Die Natugeschichte des Verbrechers. Mailand 1892.
[32] Corre: Les Criminels. Paris 1889.
[33] P. Jessen: Versuch einer wissenechaftlichen Begründung der
Psychologie. Berlin 1855.
[34] R. Gneist: Aphorismen zur Reform des Rechtsstudiums. Berlin 1887.
[35] A. Menger: in Archiv für soziale Gesetzgebung v. Braun II.
[36] A. Stölzel: Schulung für die Zivilistiche Praxis. 2d Ed. Berlin
1896.
[37] S. Goldschmidt: Rechtsstudium und Prüfungsordnung. Stuttgart 1887.
[38] A. v. Brinz: Über Universalität. Rektorsrede 1876.
[39] M. Guggenheim: Die Lehre vom aprioristischen Wissen. Berlin 1885.
[40] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv VI, 328 and VIII, 84.
[41] R. v. Ihering: Scherz und Ernst in der Jurisprudenz. Leipzig 1885.
[42] Warnkönig: Versuch einer Begründung des Rechtes. Bonn 1819.
[43] H. Spitzer: Über das Verhältnis der Philosophie zu den organischen
Naturwissenschaften. Leipzig 1883.
[44] Cf. Gross’s Archiv VIII 89.
[45] A. v. Öttingen: Moralstatistik. Erlangen 1882.
[46] Erdmann: Über die Dummheit. 1886.
[47] Ebbinghaus: Über das Gedächtniss. Leipzig 1885.
[48] J. S. Mill: System of Logic.
[49] Cf. Löwenstimm, in H. Gross’s Archiv, VII, 191.
[50] Pathological conditions, if at all distinct, are easily
recognizable, but there is a very broad and fully occupied border
country between pathological and normal conditions. (Cf. O. Gross: Die
Affeklage der Ablehnung. Monatschrift für Psychiatrie u. Neurologie,
1902, XII, 359.)
[51] Fröbel: Die Menschenerziehung. Keilhau 1826.
[52] K. Lange: Über Apperzeption. Plauen 1889.
[53] Diehl in H. Gross’s Archiv, XI, 240.
[54] Carus: Psychologie. Leipzig 1823.
[55] M. Lazarus: Das Leben der Seele. Berlin 1856.
[56] Lotze: Der Instinkt. Kleine Schriften. Leipzig 1885.
[57] Cf. Lohsing: “Confession” in Gross’s Archiv, IV, 23, and Hausner:
_ibid. _XIII, 267.
[58] Cf. the extraordinary confession of the wife of the “cannibal”
Bratuscha. The latter had confessed to having stifled his twelve year
old daughter, burned and part by part consumed her. He said his wife was
his accomplice. The woman denied it at first but after going to
confession told the judge the same story as her husband. It turned out
that the priest had refused her absolution until she “confessed the
truth.” But both she and her husband had confessed falsely. The child
was alive. Her father’s confession was pathologically caused, her
mother’s by her desire for absolution.
[59] C. J. A. Mittermaier: Die Lehre vom Beweise im deutschen
Strafprosess, Darmstadt 1834.
[60] Poe calls such confessions pure perversities.
[61] Cf. Elsenshaus: Wesen u. Entstehung des Gewissens. Leipzig 1894.
[62] Cf. above, the case of the “cannibal” Bratuscha.
[63] We must not overlook those cases in which false confessions are the
results of disease, vivid dreams, and toxications, especially toxication
by coal-gas. People so poisoned, but saved from death, claim frequently
to have been guilty of murder (Hofman. Gerichtliche Medizin, p. 676).
[64] v. Volkmar: Lehrbuch der Psychologie. Cöthen 1875.
[65] K. Haselbrunner: Die Lehre von der Aufmerksamkeit. Vienna. 1901.
[66] E. Wiersma and K. Marbe: Untersuchungen über die sogenannten
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[68] H. L. Helmholtz: Über die Wechselwirkungen der Naturkräfte.
Königsberg 1854.
[69] A. Lehmann: Die körperliche Äusserungen psychologischer Zustände.
Leipzig Pt. I, 1899. Pt. II, 1901.
[70] H. Bergson: Le Rire. Paris 1900.
[71] H. Spencer: Essays, Scientific, etc. 2d Series.
[72] Charles Bell: The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression. London 1806
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[73] J. B. Friedreich: System der Gericht. Psych.
[74] Cf. Näcke in Gross’s Archiv, I, 200, and IX, 253.
[75] C. Darwin: The Expression of the Emotions.
[76] S. Stricker: Studien über die Bewegungsvorstellungen. Vienna 1882.
[77] E. Claparède: L’obsession de la rougeur. Arch. de Psych. de la
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[78] Henle: Über das Erröten. Breslau 1882.
[79] Th. Waits: Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Pt. I). Leipzig 1859.
[80] Th. Meynert: Psychiatry. Vienna 1884.
[81] L. Meyer: Über künstliches Erröten. Westphals. Archiv, IV.
[82] Th. G. von Hippel: Lebenläufe nach aufsteigender Linie. Ed. v
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[83] G. Struve: Das Seelenleben oder die Naturgeschichte des Menschen.
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[84] La Roche-Foucauld: Maximes et Refléxions Morales.
[85] Grundbegriffe der ethischen Wissenschaft. Leipzig 1844.
[86] Menschenkunde oder philosophische Anthropologie. Leipzig 1831. Ch.
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[87] Etwas zur Charakterisierung der Juden. 1793.
[88] A. Kraus: Die Psychologie des Verbrechens. Tübingen 1884.
[89] V. Gyurkovechky: Pathologie und Therapie der männlichen Impotenz.
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[90] Cf. Näcke in H. Gross’s Archiv, I, 200; IX, 153.
[91] Cf. Bernhardi in H. Gross’s Archiv, V, p. 40.
[92] Revue de deux Mondes, Jan. 1, 1872.
[93] v. Volkmar: Lehrbuch der Psychologie. Cöthen 1875.
[94] A. Bain: The Emotions and the Will. 1875.
[95] Les Timides et la Timidité. Paris 1901.
[96] K. von Reichenbach: Der sensitive Mensch. Cotta 1854.
[97] c.f. H. Bergson: Le Rire. Paris 1900.
[98] Mitchell: Über die Mitleidenschaft der Geschlechtsteile mit dem
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[99] Blumröder: Über das Irresein. Leipzig 1836.
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[101] Cf. Näcke. Gross’s Archiv, XV. 114.
[102] Schrenck-Notzing: Ztschrft. f. Hypnotismus, VII, 121; VIII, 40,
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[103] Lotze: Medizinische Psychologie. Leipzig 1852.
[104] Bersé in Gross’s Archiv, I, 93.
[105] E. Schultse. Zeitschrift für Philosophie u. Pädagogie, VI, 1.
[106] L. Landois: Lehrbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. Vienna 1892.
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[109] F. J. Gall: Introduction au Cours du Physiologie du Cerveau. Paris
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[110] B. v. Cotta: Geschichte u. Wesen der Phrenologie. Dresden 1838.
[111] R. R. Noel: Die materielle Grundlage des Seelenbens. Leipzig 1874.
[112] S. Schack: Physiognomische Studien. Jena 1890.
[113] Darwin: Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals.
[114] Th. Piderit: Wissenschaftliches System der Mimik und Physiognomik.
Detmold 1867.
[115] Carus: Symbolik der Menschlichen Gestalt. Leipsig 1858.
[116] C. Bell: Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression. London 1847.
[117] Le Brun: Conferences sur l’Expression. 1820.
Reich: Die Gestalt des Menschen und deren Beziehung sum Seelenleben.
Heidelberg 1878.
P. Mantegazza. Physiognomik u. Mimik. Leipzig 1890.
Duchenne: Mechanismus des Menschlichen Physiognomie. 1862.
Skraup: Katechismus der Mimik. Leipzig 1892.
H. Magnus: Die Sprache der Augen.
Gessmann: Katechismus der Gesichtslesekunst. Berlin 1896.
A. Schebest: Rede u. Geberde. Leipzig 1861.
Engel: Ideen su einer Mimik. Berlin 1785.
G. Schneider: Die tierische Wille. 1880.
K. Michel: Die Geberdensprache. Köln 1886.
Wundt: Grundzüge, etc. Leipzig 1894.
C. Lange: Über Gemützbewegungen. 1887.
Giraudet: Mimique, Physiognomie et Gestes. Paris 1895.
A. Mosso: Die Furcht. 1889.
D. A. Baer: Der Verbrecher. Leipzig 1893.
Wiener: Die geistige Welt.
Lotze. Medizinische Psychologie.
Th. Waits. Anthropologie der Naturvölker. Leipzig 1877.
Lelut: Physiologie de la Pensée.
Monro: Remarks on Sanity.
C. F. Heusinger: Grundriss der physiologischen u. psychologischen
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Herbart: Psychologische Untersuchung. Göttingen 1839.
Comte: Systeme de Philosophie Positive. Paris 1824.
T. Meynert: Mechanik der Physiognomik. 1888.
F. Golts: Über Moderne Phrenologie. Deutsche Rundschau Nov.--Dec. 1885.
H. Hughes: Die Mimik des Menschen auf Grund voluntarischer Psychologie
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A. Borée: Physiognom. Studien. Stuttgart 1899.
[118] Psychiatrie. Vienna 1884.
[119] J. Müller: Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen. 1840.
[120] L. P. Gratiolet: De la Physiognomie et des Mouvements
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[121] Taylor: Early History of Mankind.
[122] J. Reid: The Muscular Sense. Journal of Mental Science, XLVII,
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[123] Wagner’s Handwörterbuch, III, i.
[124] C. Bell: The Human Hand. London 1865.
K. G. Carus: Über Grund u. Bedeutung der verschiedenen Hand. Stuttgart
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D’Arpentigny: La Chirognomie. Paris 1843.
Allen: Manual of Cheirosophy. London 1885.
Gessmann: Die Männerhand, Die Frauenhand, Die Kinderhand. Berlin 1892,
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[125] W. Esser: Psychologie. Münster 1854.
[126] F. Hillebrand: Zur Lehre der Hypothesenbildung.
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[128] J. Schiel: Die Methode der Induktiven Forschung. Braunschweig
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[129] Max Mayer: Der Kausalzusammenhang swischen Handlung und Erfolg in
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[130] Cf. S. Stricker: Studien über die Assoziation der Vorstellungen.
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[131] Meinong: Humestudien. Vienna 1882.
[132] Das Wahrnehmungsproblem von Standpunkte des Physikers, Physiologen
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[133] C. Bernard: Introduction à l’Etude de la Medécine Experimentale.
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[134] Schopenhauer: Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik.
[135] Cf. Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature.
[136] Masaryk: David Hume’s Skepsis. Vienna 1884.
[137] Liebman: Zur Analysis der Wirklichkeit. Strassburg 1888.
[138] Öttingen: Die Moralstatistik. Erlangen 1882.
[139] James Sully: “Die Illusionen” in Vol. 62 of the Internation.
Wissenschft. Bibliothek. Leipzig 1884.
[140] Th. Lipps: Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens. Bonn 1883.
[141] Manual for Examining Justices.
[142] B. Petronievics: Der Satz vom Grunde. Leipzig 1898.
[143] Of course we mean by “proof” as by “certainty” only the highest
possible degree of probability.
[144] Locke: Essay on the Human Understanding.
[145] Laplace: Essay Philosophique sur les Probabilités. Paris 1840.
[146] Venn: The Logic of Chance.
[147] Philos. Versuch über die Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Würsburg 1883.
[148] Über die Wahrscheinlichkeit. Leipzig 1875.
[149] J. v. Kries: Über die Wahrscheinlichkeit u. Möglichkeit u. ihre
Bedeutung in Strafrecht. Zeitschrift f. d. ges. St. R. W. Vol. IX, 1889.
[150] Windelband: Die Lehren vom Zufall. Berlin 1870.
[151] Cf. S. Freud: Psychopathologie des Alltagsleben.
[152] C. J. A. Mittermaier: Die Lehre vom Beweise.
[153] Cf. H. Gross, Korrigierte Vorstellungen, in the Archiv, X, 109.
[154] S. Exner: Entwurf zu einer physiologischen Erklärung der
psychischen Erscheinungen. Leipzig 1894.
[155] Studien über die Assoziation der Vorstellungen. Vienna 1883.
[156] von Hartmann: Philosophie des Unbewussten. Berlin 1869.
[157] Cf. Gross’s Archiv, I, 93; II, 140; III, 250; VII, 155.
[158] H. Aubert: Physiologie der Netzhaut. Breslau 1865.
[159] David Hume: Enquiry, p. 33 (Open Court Ed.).
[160] H. Münsterberg: Beiträge zur experimentellen Psychologie, III.
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[161] Cf. O. Gross: Soziale Hemmungsvorstellungen. H. Gross’s Archiv:
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[162] A paragraph is here omitted. Translator.
[163] O. Gross: Zur Phyllogenese der Ethik. H. Gross’s Archiv, IX, 100.
[164] Cf. B. Földes: Einige Ergebnisse der neueren Kriminalstatistik.
Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Strafrechts-Wissenschaft, XI. 1891.
[165] Näcke: Moralische Werte. Archiv, IX, 213.
[166] J. Gurnhill: The Morals of Suicide. London 1900.
[167] Näcke in Archiv VI, 325; XIV, 366.
[168] K. Gutberlet: Die Willensfreiheit u. ihre Gegner. Fulda 1893.
[169] Die sieben Welträtsel. Leipzig 1882.
[170] Henry Maudsley: Physiology and Pathology of the Mind.
[171] Jessen: Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begründung der
Psychologie, Berlin 1855.
[172] For a general consideration of perception see James, Principles of
Psychology. Angell, Psychology.
[173] Meinong: Über die Bedeutung der Weberschen Gesetzes. Hamburg and
Leipzig, 1896.
[174] T. Pesch: Das Weltphänomen.
[175] H. Helmholtz: Die Tatsachen der Wahrnehmung. Braunschweig 1878.
[176] E. L. Fischer: Theorie der Gesichtswahrnehmung. Mainz 1891.
[177] Cf. Archiv, XVI, 371.
[178] Vincent: Traité de Médecine légale de Légrand du Saule.
[179] W. Heinrich: Übersicht der Methoden bei Untersuchung der
Farbenwahrnehmungen. Krakau 1900.
[180] Physiologie der Netshaut. Breslau 1865.
[181] J. O. Quantz: The Influence of the Color of Surfaces on our
Estimation of their Magnitudes. Am. Journal of Psychology VII, 95.
[182] People of extreme old age do not seem to be able to hear shrill
tones. A friend of mine reports this to be the case with the composer,
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[183] W. Wundt: Grundzüge.
[184] A. Strindberg: Zur Physiologie des Geschmacks. Wiener Rundschau,
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[185] C. Lombroso and G. Ferrero. The Female Offender.
[186] E. H. Weber: Die Lehre vom Tastainn u. Gemeingefühl. Braunschweig
1851.
[187] Students who are members of student societies distinguished by
particular colors.
[188] K. Vierordt: Der Zeitsinn nach Versuchen. Tübingen 1868.
[189] The first paragraph, pp. 78-79, is omitted in the translation.
[190] E. L. Fischer: Theorie der Gesichtswahrnehmung. Mainz 1891.
[191] A sentence is here omitted.
[192] E. Benneke: Pragmatische Psychologie.
[193] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv, XV, 125.
[194] Cf. Borst u. Claparède: Sur divers Caractères du Temoignage.
Archives des Sciences Phys. et Nat. XVII. Diehl: Zum Studium der
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[195] Gericht. Medizin. Vienna 1898. p. 447.
[196] J. M. Cattell: Über die Zeit der Erkennung u. Benennung von
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[197] Cf. Windelband: “Präludien.”
[198] H. Gross: Korregierte Vorstellungen. In H. Gross’s Archiv X, 109.
[199] C. de Lagrave: L’Autosuggestion Naturelle. Rev. d’Hypnot. 1889,
XIV, 257.
[200] Several sentences are here omitted.
[201] Cf. E. Storch: Über des räumliche Sehen, in Ztachrft. v.
Ebbinghaus u. Nagel XXIX, 22.
[202] S. Stricker: Studien über die Bewegungsvorstellungen. Tübingen
1868.
[203] Cf. Näcke in Gross’s Archiv VII, 340.
[204] L. Geiger: Der Ursprung der Sprache. Stuttgart 1869.
[205] W. Ostwald: Die Überwindung des wissenschaftlichen Materialismus.
[206] A. Höfler: Psychologie. Vienna 1897.
[207] Volkmar: Psychologie. Cöthen 1875.
[208] Th. Lipps: Der Begriff des Unbewussten in der Psychologie. München
1896.
[209] Cf. Symposium on the Subconscious. Journal of Abnormal Psychology.
[210] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv, II, 140.
[211] H. Münsterberg: Beitrage I-IV. Freiburg 1882-1892.
[212] A. Mayer and J. Orth: Zur qualitativen Untersuchung der
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1, 1901.
[213] H. Münsterberg: Beiträge II, IV.
H. Ebbinghaus: Über das Gedächtnis. Leipzig 1885.
J. M. Cattell: Mind, Vols. 11-15. (Articles.)
J. Bourdon: Influence de l’Age sur la Memoire Immédiate. Revue
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Kräpelin: Über Erinnerungstäuschungen. Archiv. f. Psychiatrie, XVII, 3.
Lasson: Das Gedächtnis. Berlin 1884.
Diehl: Zum Studium der Merkfähigkeit. Beitr. s. Psychol. d. Aussage, II.
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[214] E. Hering: Über das Gedächtnis, etc. Vienna 1876.
[215] Cf. V. Hensen: Über das Gedächtnis, etc. Kiel 1877.
[216] Ethics. Bk. III, Prop. II, Scholium.
[217] G. K. Uphues: Über die Erinnerung. Leipzig 1889.
[218] H. Dorner: Das menschliche Erkennen. Berlin 1877.
[219] O. Külpe: Grundriss der Psychologie. Leipzig 1893.
[220] v. Kries: Beiträge zur Lehre vom Augenmass. Hamburg 1892.
[221] Cf. Schneikert in H. Gross’s Archiv, XIII, 193.
[222] Jost: Über Gedächtnisbildung.
[223] Cf. S. Freud: Psychopathologie des Alltagsleben.
[224] Du Potet: Journal du Magnetisme, V. 245.
[225] F. Kemsies: Gedächtnis Untersuchungen an Schülern. Ztsch. f.
pädago. Psych. III, 171 (1901).
[226] T. E. Bolton: The Growth of Memory in School Children. Am. Jour.
Psych. IV.
[227] L. Bazerque: Essai de Psychopathologie sur l’Amnesie Hystérique et
Epiléptique. Toulouse 1901.
[228] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. I, 337.
[229] J. Hubert: Das Verhalten des Gedächtnisses nach Kopfverletzungen.
Basel, 1901.
[230] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. XV, 123.
[231] W. Sander: Über Erinnerungstäuschungen, Vol. IV of Archiv für
Psychiatrie u. Nervenkrankheiten.
[232] Sommer: Zur Analyse der Erinnerungstäuschungen. Beiträge zur
Psych. d. Aussage, 1. 1903.
[233] James Sully: Illusions. London.
[234] H. Gross’s Archiv I, 261, 335.
[235] E. Hering: Über das Gedächtnis, etc. Vienna 1876.
[236] M. W. Drobisch: Die moralische Statistik. Leipzig 1867.
[237] Neues Archiv des Kriminal-Rechts. Vol. 14.
[238] H. Münsterberg: Die Willeshandlung and various chapters on will in
the psychologies of James, Titchener, etc.
[239] A. Lehman: Die Hauptgesetze des menschlichen Gefühlsleben. Leipzig
1892.
[240] Cf. Darwin: Descent of Man.
Jakob Grimm: Über den Ursprung der Sprache.
E. Renan: De l’Origine du Language, etc., etc.
[241] Ursprung u. Entwicklung der Sprache. Stuttgart, 1869.
[242] E. Regnault: La Langage par Gestes. La Nature XXVI, 315.
[243] Paragraph omitted.
[244] Paragraph omitted.
[245] Der Ursprung der Sprache. Stuttgart 1869.
[246] Cf. Zeitschrift für Völkeranthropologie. Vol. XIX. 1889. “Wie
denkt das Volk über die Sprache?”
[247] For the abnormal see--Näcke: Verbrechen und Wahnsinn beim Weibe
Leipzig 1894.
[248] H. Marion: Psychologie de la Femme. Paris 1900.
[249] Romantic Love and Personal Beauty. H. Fink. London 1887.
[250] Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.
[251] Bilder altgriechischer Sitte.
[252] Die Lehre vom Beweise. Darmstadt.
[253] E. Reich: Das Leben des Menschens als Individuum. Berlin 1881.
L. von Stern: Die Frau auf dem Gebiete etc. Stuttgart 1876.
A. Corre: La Mère et l’Enfant dans les Races Humaines. Paris 1882.
A. v. Schweiger-Lerchenfeld: Das Frauenleben auf der Erde. Vienna 1881.
J. Michelet. La Femme.
Rykère: Das weibliches Verbrechertum. Brussels 1898.
C. Renoos: Psychologie Comparée de l’Homme et de la Femme. Biblio. de la
Nouv. Encyclopaedie. Paris 1898.
Möbius: Der Physiologische Schwachsinn des Weibes.
[254] J. B.Friedreich: System der gerichtlich. Psychol. Regensburg 1852.
[255] Icard: La Femme dans la Periode Menstruelle. Paris 1890.
[256] Cf. Nessel in H. Gross’s Archiv. IV, 343.
[257] Cf. Krafft-Ebing: Psychosis Menstrualis. Stuttgart 1902.
[258] Der sensitive Mensch.
[259] C. Lombroso and G. Ferrero. The Female Offender.
[260] La Folie devant les Tribunaux. Paris 1864.
Traité de Medicine Légale. Paris 1873.
[261] Les Voleuses des Grands Magazins. Archives d’Anthropologie
Criminelle XVI, 1, 341 (1901).
[262] A. Schwob: Les Psychoses Menstruelles au Point du Vue
Medico-legal. Lyon, 1895.
[263] Neumann: Einfluss der Schwangerschaft. Siebold’s Journal f.
Geburtshilfe. Vol. II.
Hoffbauer: Die Gelüste der Schwangeren. Archiv f. Kriminalrecht. Vol. I.
1817.
[264] Archivio di Psichiatria. 1892. Vol. XIII.
[265] A. Kraus: Die Psychologie des Verbrechens. Tübingen 1884.
[266] Lehrbuch des Anthropologie. Leipzig 1822.
[267] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. VI, 334.
[268] Mantegazza: Fisiologia del piacere.
[269] Several sentences are here omitted.
[270] Chronique des Tribunaux, vol II. Bruxelles 1835.
[271] Cf. Lombroso and Ferrero, The Female Offender: Tr. by Morrison. N.
Y. 1895.
[272] Loco cit.
[273] Fisiologia del dolore. Firenze 1880.
[274] Bogumil Goltz: Zur Charakteristik u. Naturgeschichte der Frauen.
Berlin 1863.
[275] Sergi: Archivio di Psichologia. 1892. Vol. XIII.
[276] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. I, 306; III, 88; V, 207; V, 290.
[277] Wigand: Die Geburt des Menschen. Berlin 1830. Klein: Über Irrtum
bei Kindesmord, Harles Jahrbuch, Vol. 3. Burdach: Gerichtsärtztliche
Arbeiten. Stuttgart, 1839.
[278] Parerga and Paralipomena.
[279] Introduction to the Study of Sociology.
[280] Menschenkunde. Leipzig 1831.
[281] Tracy: The Psychology of Childhood. Boston 1894.
M. W. Shinn: Notes on the Development of a Child. Berkeley 1894.
L. Ferriani: Minoretti deliquenti. Milano 1895.
J. M. Baldwin: Mental Development in the Child, etc. New York 1895.
Aussage der Wirklichkeit bei Schulkindern. Beitrage z. Psych. d.
Aussage. II. 1903.
Plüschke: Zeugenaussage der Schüler: in _Rechtsschutz_ 1902.
Oppenheim: The Development of the Child. New York 1890.
[282] Löbisch: Entwicklungegeschichte der Seele des Kindes. Vienna 1851.
[283] Le Développement de la Mémoire Visuelle chez les Enfants. Rev.
Gen. des Science, V. 5.
[284] W. Preyer: Die Seele des Kindes: Leipzig 1890.
[285] “Irritation et Folie.”
[286] Des Causes Morales et Physiques des Maladies Mentales. Paris 1826.
[287] System der Gerichtlichen Psychologie. Regensburg 1852.
[288] Die Psychologie des Verbrechens. Tübingen 1884.
[289] The Female Offender.
[290] H. Gross: Lehrbuch für den Ausforschungsdienst der Gendarmerie.
[291] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv XIV, 83.
[292] Marie Borst: Recherches experimentales sur l’éducation et la
fidelité du temoignage. Archives de Psychologie. Geneva. Vol. III. no.
11.
[293] T. Lipps: Die Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens. Bonn 1883.
[294] R. H. Lotze: Medizinische Psychologie. Leipzig 1882.
[295] Handbuch der physiologischen Optik. Leipzig 1865.
[296] G. Tarde: La Philosophie Pénale. Lyon 1890. La Criminalité
Comparée 1886. Les Lois de l’Imitation. 1890. Psych. Économique, 1902.
[297] Kosmodicee. Leipzig and Vienna 1897.
[298] A. Wagner: Statistisch-anthropologische Untersuchung. Hamburg
1864.
[299] Die Lehre vom Beweise. Darmstadt 1843.
[300] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv, II, 140; III, 350; VII, 155.
[301] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv, VII, 160.
[302] Über das Gedächtnis etc. Vienna 1876.
[303] H. Gross’s Archiv. II, 140; III, 350; VII, 155; XIII, 161; XIV,
189.
[304] Benedict: Heredity. Med. Times, 1902, XXX, 289.
Richardson: Theories of Heredity. Nature, 1902, LXVI, 630.
Petruskewisch: Gedanken zur Vererbung. Freiburg 1904.
[305] Galton: Hereditary Genius. 2d Ed. London 1892.
Martinak: Einige Ansichten über Vererbung moralischer Eigenschaften.
Transactions, Viennese Philological Society. Leipzig 1893.
Haacke: Gestaltung u. Vererbung. Leipzig 1893.
Tarde: Les Lois de l’Imitation. Paris 1904. Etc., etc.
[306] Manual.
[307] Cf. Friedmann: Die Wahnsinn im Völkerleben. Wiesbaden 1901.
Sighele: La folla deliquente. Studio di psicologia Collettiva 2d Ed.
Torino 1895. I delitti della folla studiati seconde la psicologia, il
diritto la giurisprudenza. Torino 1902.
[308] A. Eulenberg: Sexuale Neuropathie. Leipzig 1895.
[309] For literature, cf. Edmund Parish: Über Trugwahrnehmung. Leipzig
1894.
A. Cramer: Gerichtliche Psychiatrie. Jena 1897.
Th. Lipps: Ästhetische Eindrücke u. optische. Taüschung.
J. Sully: Illusions, London, 1888.
[310] Cf. Lotze: Medizinische Psychologie. Leipzig 1852.
[311] Cf. Entwurf, etc.
[312] Die Grundtatsachen des Seelenlebens. Bonn 1883.
[313] Poggendorf’s Annelen der Physik, Vol. 110, p. 500; 114, 587; 117,
477.
[314] W. Larden: Optical Illusion. Nature LXIII, 372 (1901).
[315] H. Gross: Lehrbuch für den Ausforschungsdienst der Gendarmerie.
[316] Über die Quelle der Sinnestäuschungen. Magazin für Seelenkunde
VIII.
[317] Erklärung der Sinnestäuschungen. Würzburg 1888.
[318] Elemente die Psychophysik. Leipzig 1889.
[319] Studien über die Sprachvorstellung. Vienna 1880.
[320] Max Meyer: Zur Theorie der Geräuschempfindungen. Leipzig 1902.
[321] C. Wernicke: Über Halluzinationen, Ratlosigkeit, Desorientierung
etc. Monatschrift f. Psychiatrie u. Neurologie, IX, 1 (1901).
[322] James Sully. Illusions.
[323] J. J. Hoppe. Erklärungen des Sinnestauschungen.
[324] Cf. A. Mosso: Die Ermüdung. Leipzig 1892.
[325] Phantasie u. Phantasienvorstellung. Zeitschrift f. Philosophie u.
philosophische Kritik. Vol. 95.
[326] Cf. Witasek: Zeitschrift f. Psychologie. Vol. XII. “Über
Willkürliche Vorstellungsverbindung.”
[327] Psychologie. Wien u. Prag. 1897.
[328] Many omissions have been necessitated by the fact that no English
equivalents for the German examples could be found. [Translator.]
[329] Cf. S. Freud: Psychopathologie des Alltagsleben.
[330] Cited by James, Psychology, Buefer Course.
[331] S. Exner: Entwurf, etc.
[332] Die Wahrnehmung und Empfindung. Leipzig 1888.
[333] Cf. Lohsing in H. Gross’s Archiv VII, 331.
[334] Cf. my Manual, “When the witness is unwilling to tell the truth.”
[335] Kant: “Über ein vermeintliches Recht, aus Menschenliebe zu lügen.”
[336] A sentence is here omitted. [Translator.]
[337] A. Moll: Die konträre Sexualempfindung. Berlin 1893.
[338] E. Kiefer: Die Lüge u. der Irrtum vor Gericht. Beiblatt der
“Magdeburgischen Zeitung,” Nos. 17, 18, 19. 1895.
[339] Cf. “Manual,” “Die Aussage Sterbender.”
[340] Cf. Näcke: Zeugenaussage in Akohol. Gross’s Archiv. XIII, 177 and
H. Gross, I 337.
[341] Delbrück: Die pathologische Lüge, etc. Stuttgart 1891. “Manual,”
“Das pathoforme Lügen.”
[342] Cf. S. Freud: Traumdeutung. Leipzig 1900 (for the complete
bibliography).
B. Sidis: An Experimental Study of Sleep: Journal of Abnormal
Psychology. 1909.
[343] Maudsley. Physiology and Pathology of the Mind.
[344] Cf. Altmann in H. Gross’s Archiv. I, 261.
[345] F. Heerwagen: Statistische Untersuchung über Träume und Schlaf.
Wundt’s Philosophische Studien V, 1889.
[346] P. Jessen: Versuch einer wissenschaftlichen Begründung der
Psychologie. Berlin 1885.
[347] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. XIII 161, XIV 189.
[348] Zeitschrift f. Biologie, Neue Folge, Band I.
[349] Cf. H. Gross’s Archiv. XIII, 177.
[350] H. Gross’s Archiv. II, 107.
[351] Andrew Combe: Observations on Mental Derangement. Edinburgh 1841.
[352] J. C. Hoffbauer: Die Psychologie in ihren Hauptanwendungen auf die
Rechtspflege. Halle 1823.
[353] Schrenck-Notzing: Über Suggestion u. Errinerungsfälschung im
Berchthold-Prozess. Leipzig 1897.
[354] M. Dessoir: Bibliographic des modernen Hypnotismus. Berlin 1890.
W. Hirsch: Die Menschliche Verantwortlichkeit u. die moderne
Suggestionslehre. Berlin 1806.
L. Drucker: Die Suggestion u. Ihre forense Bedeutung. Vienna 1893.
A. Cramer: Gerichtliche Psychiatrie. Jena 1897.
Berillon: Les faux temoignages suggérés. Rev. de l’hypnot. VI, 203.
C. de Lagrave: L’autosuggestion naturelle. Rev. de l’hypnot. XIV, 257.
B. Sidis: The Psychology of Suggestion.
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
phenomonon=> phenomenon {pg 137}
pyschology have nothing to do=> psychology have nothing to do {pg 179}
stick appears bents=> stick appears bent {pg 190}
attention in biased=> attention is biased {pg 192}
men may perceived an enormous=> men may perceive an enormous {pg 192}
Ou the one side=> On the one side {pg 233}
without the knowedge=> without the knowledge {pg 278}
Eutwicklung der Sprache=> Entwicklung der Sprache {pg 288}
and from this along he may deduce=> and from this alone he may deduce
{pg 320}
the ides of boredom=> the idea of boredom {pg 324}
according to Stendthal=> according to Stendhal {pg 342}
the pyschological researches=> the psychological researches {pg 394}
attention to the familar fact=> attention to the familiar fact {pg 426}
equilibrum of vision=> equilibrium of vision {pg 436}
the old familar=> the old familiar {pg 437}
inadequate conprehension=> inadequate comprehension {pg 478}
BERGQUIST, 192.=> BERGQVIST, 192. {pg 203}
CLAPAREDE, 49, 50, 227.=> CLAPARÈDE, 49, 50, 227. {pg 504}
GERSTACKER, 53.=> GERSTÄCKER, 53. {pg 506}
MONNNIGSHOFF, 484.=> MÖNNNIGSHOFF, 484. {pg 509}
STÖRCH, 236.=> STORCH, 236. {pg 512}
WARKÖNIG, 10.=> WARNKÖNIG, 10. {pg 513}
WINKLEMANN, 102.=> WINKELMANN, 102. {pg 513}