CLASSES.
{I. _Wings_ covered
{ with scales. _Tongue_
{ spiral.
{ LEPIDOPTERA.
{
{II. _Wings_ membranous,
{ naked. _Mouth_
{ without teeth or tongue.
{ TRICHOPTERA.
{ EPHEMERINA.
{
{III. _Wings_ membranous,
{I. Four Wings { equal, reticulated.
{ without { _Mouth_ with teeth.
{ wing-cases { Rest of
{ { NEUROPTERA.
{ {
{ {IV. _Wings_ membranous
{ { unequal, nervures mostly
{ { longitudinal. _Mouth_
{ { with teeth. A _sting_
{ { or _borer_ in the
{ { female.
{ { HYMENOPTERA.
{ {
{ {V. _Wings_ membranous.
{ { _Tongue_ bent under
{ { the breast.
{ { HOMOPTERA Leach.
{
{ {VI. _Elytra_ half
{ { coriaceous and half
{ { membranous, crossed. A pair
{ { of membranous _wings_.
{ { _Tongue_ bent under the
{ { breast. HEMIPTERA
{II. Two Wings { Leach.
{ covered by {
{I. Having { two {VII. _Elytra_ coriaceous
{ wings { wing-cases { or semicrustaceous,
{ { { aliform. A pair of
{ { { membranous _wings_.
{ { { _Mouth_ with teeth.
{ { { ORTHOPTERA.
{ { {
{ { {VIII. _Elytra_ hard and
{ { { crustaceous. A pair of
{ { { membranous _wings_.
{ { { _Mouth_ with teeth.
{ { { COLEOPTERA.
{ {
{ { {IX. A pair of membranous
INSECTS { { { wings. A pair of
{ { { _poisers_. _Mouth_
{ { { with a tongue without
{ { { teeth. DIPTERA.
{ { {
{ {III. Two Wings {X. A pair of membranous
{ { uncovered { _wings_. No
{ { _poisers_, _tongue_,
{ { or _teeth_ in the _male_.
{ { No _wings_ but a _tongue_
{ { in the breast of the
{ { _female_. COCCUS L.
{
{ {IV. Undergoing {XI. No _wings_. Six _legs_.
{ { a { _Mouth_ with a tongue.
{ { metamorphosis { APHANIPTERA.
{ {
{II. Without { {XII. No _wings_. Six _legs_.
{ wings { { _Head_ and _Trunk_
{ { distinct. HEXAPOD
{ { APTERA, TERMES,
{ { PSOCUS.
{ {
{ {XIII. No _wings_. 8 or
{V. Undergoing { 10 _legs_. _Head_
{ no { united to the _trunk_.
{ metamorphosis { OCTOPOD APTERA,
{ ARACHNIDA,
{ CRUSTACEA.
{
{XIV. No _wings_. 14
{ _Legs_ or more. _Head_
{ separated from the trunk.
{ POLYPOD APTERA.
{ CRUSTACEA.
We next come to one of the greatest names in Entomology, the
celebrated De Geer, who united in himself the highest merit of almost
every department of that science. Both as a systematist, anatomist,
and physiologist, and as the observant historian of the manners
and economy of insects, his _Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des
Insectes_ are above all praise. His system[1397] is contained in a
posthumous volume published in 1778[1398].
This system, though built upon the instruments of flight; in its
ternary groups, equivalent to the Orders of Linné, adds likewise the
instruments of manducation, and is thus intermediate between that
of Linné and Fabricius, who perhaps from the consideration of it
might derive the first idea of assuming the last-mentioned organs
as the basis of a new method. But, though partaking of both, it is
nearer to nature than either; and had its illustrious author laid
less stress upon the number and substance of the organs of flight,
it would probably have been as near perfection in this respect
as most that have succeeded it. But following too strictly these
characters, he has been led to place in different Classes, or rather
Orders, insects that ought not to have been so separated,--as in the
case of the two sections of the _Hemiptera_, and the _Coccidæ_. In
other respects the whole of De Geer's _Mémoires_ are a storehouse
of valuable observations, in which he has furnished many a clue
for threading the labyrinth of nature, and given most complete and
interesting histories of the whole economy and habits of many tribes
and genera,--as of the _Trichoptera_, _Aphides_, _Ephemerina_, &c.
In this latter department of the science a light shone during part
of the era we are now considering, which eclipsed every one that
appeared before it, and has scarcely been equalled by any one that
succeeded it. The date of its first appearance, indeed, was a year
before that of Linné's first outline of his _Systema Naturæ_ before
alluded to; but it may properly be regarded as belonging to his era,
since it did not disappear till some years after that had begun. A
volume indeed would scarcely suffice to do justice to the preeminent
merits of Reaumur, as exhibited in his admirable _Mémoires pour
l'Histoire des Insectes_[1399]: I must therefore content myself
with observing, that in judgement and ingenuity in planning his
experiments; in patient assiduity in watching their progress; in the
elegance of his language, and the felicity of his illustrations, he
has rarely, if ever, been equalled. Every subject that he undertook
was thoroughly investigated, and in the true spirit of philosophical
inquiry. Every where you see him the same unprejudiced and profound
observer, attached to no system, anxious only for truth and the
advancement of science. If he has any fault, it is, perhaps, that
of being sometimes too prolix; but we must recollect that from the
nature of his subject much diffuseness was often necessary to render
his meaning clear. A greater objection is his total inattention
to all system, except with regard to _Lepidoptera_ and their
larvæ[1400], so that it is often difficult to ascertain the insects
whose history he gives. But with these exceptions, no observer
of nature, who wishes his discoveries to be at once profound and
interesting, can copy a better model or one nearer to perfection.
Next to that of Reaumur, the name of his admiring correspondent
Bonnet may be mentioned. This great physiologist, though still more
deficient in systematical knowledge[1401], was also an admirable
observer of the economy and manners of insects. In this sense he
became an Entomologist before he was seventeen years of age, in
consequence of an impression made upon him by the account of the
Antlion in that attractive work the _Spectacle de la Nature_. From
verifying its wonderful history with his own eyes, he entered with
enthusiasm upon the study of other insects, his observations on which
he regularly communicated to Reaumur. Amongst other interesting
inquiries, his experiments on that singular anomaly in nature the
generation of _Aphides_[1402] do him the highest credit, and have set
that question perfectly at rest[1403].
In another department of the science this period was distinguished
by a work which may almost be deemed a prodigy. I am speaking of
Lyonet's admirable treatise on the anatomy of the caterpillar of the
Cossus,--a work which will uphold his reputation as long as Entomology
shall be cultivated as a science, or the comparative Anatomist be
delighted to trace the footsteps of Divine Wisdom in the gradually
varying structure of animals. The plates to this publication, executed
by the hand of its excellent author, are as wonderful as the work
itself; and together, to use Bonnet's words, form a _demonstration_
of the existence of GOD. It is infinitely to be regretted that the
author of this incomparable monument of scientific ardour and patient
industry should have died before the full completion of his anatomical
description of the _pupa_ and _imago_ of the same insect; of which he
had prepared a considerable portion of the manuscript, and engraved
upwards of twenty of the plates[1404].
Numerous other writers in various departments of the science
appeared during this era; but it would be useless to enter into a
particular detail of their works and merits. I cannot however omit
noticing, on account of his inimitably accurate and chastely coloured
representations of _Lepidoptera_, Sepp's beautiful _Nederlandsche
Insecten_, in which the whole history of these animals, from the egg
to the fly, is described and portrayed. In our own country this era
was distinguished by no entomological work of any great eminence.
Albin, Wilks, and Harris produced the principal. Gould, however,
without having any thing of system, gave an admirable account of
English ants, which I formerly noticed[1405].
One of our first poets, the celebrated Gray, was also much devoted to
Entomology. From his interleaved copy of the _Systema Naturæ_, that
venerable and able naturalist, Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart. copied the
following characters of the genera of insects of Linné, drawn up in
Latin Hexameters, which he kindly communicated to me.
COLEOPTERA.
_Alas lorica tectas_ Coleoptera _jactant_.
*
Serra pedum prodit _Scarabæum_ et fissile cornu.
_Dermesti_ antennæ circum ambit lamina caulem
Qui caput incurvum timidus sub corpore celat.
In pectus retrahens caput abdit claviger _Hister_.
Occiput _Attelabi_ in posticum vergit acumen.
_Curculio_ ingenti protendit cornua rostro.
_Silpha_ læves peltæ atque elytrorum exporrigit oras.
Truncus apex clavæ, atque antennulæ _Coccionellæ_.
**
_Cassida_ sub clypei totam se margine condit.
_Chrysomela_ inflexa loricæ stringitur ora.
Gibba caput _Meloë_ incurvat thorace rotundo.
Oblongus frontem et tenues clypei exerit oras
_Tenebrio_. Abdomen _Mordellæ_ lamina vestit.
Curta elytra ostentat _Staphylis_ caudamque recurvam.
***
Tubere cervicis valet, antennisque _Cerambyx_.
Pectore _Leptura_ est tereti corpusque coarctat.
Flexile _Cantharidis_ tegmen, laterumque papillæ.
Ast _Elater_ resilit sterni mucrone supinus.
Maxillâ exsertâ est oculoque _Cicindela_ grandi.
_Bupresti_ antennæ graciles, cervice retractâ.
Nec _Dytiscus_ iners setosâ remige plantâ.
Effigiem cordis _Carabus_ dat pectore trunco.
_Necydalis_ curto ex elytro nudam explicat alam.
Curtum, at _Forficulæ_ tegit hanc, cum forcipe cauda.
HEMIPTERA.
_Dimidiam rostrata gerunt_ Hemiptera _crustam
Fœmina serpit humi interdum, volat æthera conjux._
Depressum _Blattæ_ corpus venterque bicornis.
Dente vorax _Gryllus_ deflexis saltitat alis.
Rostro _Nepa_ rapax pollet chelisque. _Cicada_
Fastigio alarum, et rostrato pectore saltat.
Tela _Cimex_ inflexa gerit, cruce complicat alas.
_Notonecta_ crucem quoque fert remosque pedales.
Cornua _Aphis_ caudæ et rostrum, sæpe erigit alas.
Deprimit has _Chermes_, dum saltat pectore gibbo.
_Coccus_ iners caudæ setas, volitante marito.
_Thrips_ alas angusta gerit, caudamque recurvam.
LEPIDOPTERA.
_Squamam alæ, linguæ spiram_ Lepidoptera _jactant_.
_Papilio_ clavam, et squamosas subrigit alas.
Prismaticas _Sphinx_ antennas, medioque tumentes:
At conicas gravis extendit sub nocte _Phalæna_.
NEUROPTERA.
_Rete alæ nudum atque hamos_ Neuroptera _caudæ_.
Dente alisque potens secat æthera longa _Libella_.
Caudâ setigerâ erectis stat _Ephemera_ pennis.
_Phryganea_ elinguis rugosas deprimit alas.
_Hemerinus_que bidens planas tamen explicat ille.
Et rostro longo et caudâ _Panorpa_ minatur.
_Raphidia_ extento collo setam trahit unam.
HYMENOPTERA.
_At vitreas alas, jaculumque_ Hymenoptera _caudæ.
Fœmineo data tela gregi, maribusque negata._
Telum abdit spirale _Cynips_, morsuque minatur.
Maxillas _Tenthredo_ movet, serramque bivalvem.
_Ichneumon_ gracili triplex abdomine telum:
Et valde aurato resplendet corpore _Chrysis_.
Haurit _Apis_ linguâ incurvâ, quod vindicat ense.
_Sphex_ alam expandit lævem, gladiumque recondit.
Alæ ruga notat _Vespam_, caudæque venenum.
Squamula _Formicam_ tergi, telumque pedestrem,
Dum minor alata volitat cum conjuge conjux.
_Mutilla_ impennis, sed cauda spicula vibrat.
DIPTERA.
Diptera _sub geminis alis se pondere librant_.
Os _Œstro_ nullum, caudâque timetur inermi.
Longa caput _Tipula_ est, labiisque et prædita palpis.
Palpis _Musca_ caret, retrahitque proboscida labris.
Qua _Tabanus_ gaudet pariter, palpis subacutis.
Os _Culicis_ molli e pharetrâ sua spicula vibrat.
Rostrum _Empis_ durum et longum sub pectore curvat.
Porrigit articuli de cardine noxia _Conops_.
Porrigit at rectum et conicum sitibundus _Asilus_.
Longum et _Bombylius_ qui sugit mella volando.
Unguibus _Hippobosca_ valet, vibrat breve telum.
APTERA.
Aptera _se pedibus pennarum nescia jactant_.
Exit tres setas cauda extendente _Lepisma_.
Saltatrix est cauda _Poduræ_ inflexa bifurca.
Armantur _Termis_ maxillis ora duabus.
Fert telum quod ab ore _Pediculus_ edat acutum.
_Pulicis_ inflexum rostrum est, telumque recondit.
Octo _Acarus_ pedibus duplicique instructus ocello est.
Lumina bis bina _octipedata Phalangia_ gestant.
Octo oculis totidem pedibusque se _Aranea_ jactat.
His etiam adjungit chelatos _Scorpio_ palpos.
Dena pedum natura dedit fulcimina _Cancro_.
_Unoculo_ bissena (duosque ambobus ocellos).
Quorum his chelatos gerit, ille gemellos.
Ovalis pedibus bis septem incedit _Oniscus_.
Innumeris pedibus _Scolopendra_ angusta movetur.
Secernit reliquis structura cylindrica _Iulum_.
During this era, and by the influence of Linné, in the year 1739 the
Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm was established, which did for
Natural History in Sweden what our own Royal Society had done for it
in England. Other societies, with a similar object, were formed in
different parts of Europe, and were attended by similar good effects.
At Paris, at Berlin, at St. Petersburg, at Moscow, at Turin, at
Lisbon, &c., the lovers of Nature, at that time and subsequently, have
associated for this purpose; and I may mention here, that I may not
revert to the subject, the great Natural History association of our
own country, THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, named after the illustrious Swede,
which was first instituted in 1788, and incorporated by royal charter
in 1802. In the _Transactions_ of this learned body, the Zoologist
in general, and particularly the Entomologist, will find much useful
information and many interesting observations connected with his
science. This flourishing society consists at this time of above 600
members, of whom more than 500 are Fellows;--a gratifying proof how
widely Natural History is cultivated in the British Empire[1406].
5. _Era of Fabricius, or of the_ Maxillary _System_.--We are now
arrived, if its consequences be considered, at one of the most
important epochs of the science. Fabricius, a pupil of Linné, who
highly estimated his entomological acquirements[1407], thinking
that the system of his master was not built upon a foundation
sufficiently fixed and restricted[1408], conceived the idea of doing
for Entomology what the latter had done for Botany. As the learned
and illustrious Swede had assumed the _Fructification_ for the basis
of his system in that science, so the emulous and highly-gifted
Dane, observing how happily those organs were employed as characters
in extricating the genera of Vertebrate animals, assumed the
_instruments_ of _manducation_, far more numerous and various in
insects, for the basis of a new system of Entomology; which,
from the _maxillæ_ being principally employed to characterize the
_Classes_ or rather _Orders_, may be called the _Maxillary_ System.
De Geer, indeed, as we have seen above, had, in the majority of his
Classes, to the organs of flight added the parts of the _mouth_: but
Fabricius pursued the idea much further, and made the _Trophi_[1409],
or _Instrumenta Cibaria_ as he called them, the sole corner-stone of
his whole superstructure. Though nothing seems to have been further
from his intention than to follow _Nature_, since he complains that
Linné by following her too closely had lost the Ariadnean thread
of system[1410], yet it is singular that, by building upon this
seemingly narrow foundation, he has furnished a clue, by the due use
of which, instead of deserting her, his successors have been enabled
with more certainty to extricate her groups: since the parts in
question being intimately connected with the functions and economy of
these animals, where they differ materially, indicate a corresponding
difference in their character and station.
The _first_ outline of his System, I believe, appeared in his
_Systema Entomologiæ_ published in 1775; and the _last_, in his
_Supplement_ to his _Entomologia Systematica_ in 1798. In this the
series and characters of his Classes (for so, after De Geer, he
denominates his primary groups) were as follows:--
*
1. ELEUTHERATA[1411]. (_Coleoptera_ L.) _Maxilla_ naked, free,
palpigerous.
2. ULONATA[1412]. (_Orthoptera_ Oliv.) _Maxilla_ covered by an
obtuse galea or lobe.
3. SYNISTATA[1413]. (_Neuroptera_ L., excluding the _Libellulina_,
and taking in _Termes_ L. and _Thysanura_ Latr.) _Maxilla_
geniculate at the base and connate with the labium.
4. PIEZATA[1414]. (_Hymenoptera_ L.) _Maxilla_ corneous,
compressed, often elongate.
5. ODONATA[1415]. (_Libellulina_ M^cL.) _Maxilla_ corneous,
toothed, two palpi.
6. MITOSATA[1416]. (_Myriapoda_ Leach.) _Maxilla_ corneous,
vaulted, not palpigerous.
**
7. UNOGATA[1417]. (_Pulmonary Arachnida_ Latr.) _Maxilla_
corneous, armed with a claw.
***
8. POLYGONATA[1418]. (_Isopod_ and _Branchiopod Crustacea_ Latr.)
_Palpi_ mostly six; _Maxillæ_ many _within_ the labium.
9. KLEISTOGNATHA[1419]. (_Brachyurous Decapod Crustacea_ Latr.)
Many _Maxillæ without_ the labium, closing the mouth.
10. EXOCHNATA[1420]. (_Macrurous Decapod Crustacea_ Latr.)
_Maxillæ_ many _without_ the labium, covered by palpi.
****
11. GLOSSATA[1421]. (_Lepidoptera_ L.) _Mouth_ with a spiral tongue
between reflexed palpi.
12. RYNGOTA[1422]. (_Hemiptera_ Latr.) _Mouth_ with a rostrum,
having a jointed sheath.
13. ANTLIATA[1423]. (_Diptera_ L., _Anoplura_ Leach., _Trachean
Arachnida_ Latr. &c.) _Mouth_ with a haustellum without joints.
The _Orders_ of Fabricius are equivalent usually to the _primary_
groups of the Linnean Orders, and are regulated chiefly by the
_antennæ_.
In estimating the value of the above system, we must bear in mind
that, according to the statement of its author, it was intended
to be partly artificial and partly natural: artificial as to its
_Classes_ and _Orders_; natural as to its _genera_, _species_, and
_varieties_[1424]. He admitted, however, that natural Classes, &c. do
exist; but he contended that artificial ones should be substituted
for them, till further discoveries had cleared the way for their
satisfactory development[1425]. As therefore his system, in its
primary and secondary groups, was confessedly artificial, and the
only use of an _artificial_ system being to facilitate the study of
any department of Natural History, its value must be estimated by
the facilities it affords to the entomological student. But here,
it must be allowed, that instead of enlarging the entrance to the
temple of his science, it has made it narrower, and has placed most
discouraging impediments in his way.
If you examine the definitions of his Classes, you will find them
in a variety of cases calculated rather to mislead than to instruct
a learner. Thus that of the _Eleutherata_ would equally well suit
the _Piezata_ and several others: that of the _Piezata_ is scarcely
to be found in it; since in this the maxilla, instead of being
_corneous_, is usually _coriaceous_[1426], and its lobe sometimes
nearly membranous. In the _Unogata_ he even mistakes the mandibles
for maxillæ. Let any young Entomologist endeavour to make out the
Fabrician class of a _Cicindela_ for instance; and finding its
maxillæ corneous and armed with a claw, he would conclude that it
belonged to the _Unogata_ rather than to the _Eleutherata_. Besides
all this, the necessity of examining minute parts not easily come at
without dissection, is very discouraging to a beginner.
From hence it is evident, that the system of Fabricius, considered
as an _artificial_ one or a _method_, was no improvement upon the
classification of his master Linné, but rather a retrograde movement
in the science.
As to that part of his system in which he professes to take _nature_
for his guide, his _genera_,--though even with respect to them he
seems fearful of following her too closely[1427],--he certainly
has rendered most essential services to Entomology, and laid the
foundation of all that has since been done for its improvement.
But it must be observed, that the series of his genera is often
altogether artificial; as where he separates and places far asunder
the Saprophagous and Thalerophagous Petalocerous beetles.
Entomology, however, in other respects was deeply indebted to this
great man. He first, as was lately observed, directed the attention of
her votaries to parts which enabled them better to follow the chain
of affinities, and to trace out natural groups. In his _Philosophia
Entomologica_, drawn up on the plan of Linné's _Philosophia Botanica_,
he bequeathed to the science a standard work that ought to be studied
by every Entomologist. His incredible labours in defining new genera
and describing new species, with which view he travelled into various
parts of Europe, and _seven_ times into Britain, have been of infinite
service[1428], and placed the science upon a footing much nearer to
that of Botany than it had ever before attained.
6. _Era of Latreille, or of the_ Eclectic _System_. The system of
Fabricius, though generally adopted in Germany and Switzerland, did
not meet with a _universal_ reception. It seems to have gained no
permanent footing in the North of Europe, Britain, or France. In
the latter country the Linnean phraseology and characters of the
Orders were retained by the celebrated Olivier; while at the same
time his definitions of genera were constructed, after the Fabrician
model, upon the antennæ and the oral organs. But a new and brilliant
genius had now appeared in France, whose indefatigable labours and
singular talents have thrown more light over entomological science
than those of all his predecessors. In 1796, about two years after
Fabricius had completed his _Entomologia Systematica emendata et
aucta_, M. Latreille published his _Précis de Caractères Génériques
des Insectes_; in which important work, walking in the steps
of his great compatriot Bernard de Jussieu, he disregarded all
_artificial_ systems of Entomology, and attempted to construct one
upon a _natural_ basis: and to this end, uniting the consideration
of the instruments of manducation with that of the organs for
flight and motion, and of other external characters,--or the system
of Linné with that of Fabricius,--he became the founder of the
modern or _Eclectic_ system[1429]; for he judiciously adopted that
sensible _dictum_ of Scopoli, "Classes et Genera naturalia, non
sola _instrumenta cibaria_, non solæ _alæ_, nec solæ _antennæ_
constituunt, sed structura _totius_, ac cujusque vel minimi
discriminis diligentissima observatio[1430]." His object has been
in the above and subsequent works, by dividing his Classes into
_natural_ Groups, from the Order to the Genus, to trace out in all
its windings, to its inmost recesses, the perplexing labyrinth of the
true system of the CREATOR:--of what he has effected, the subjoined
tables will give you a sufficient idea[1431].
1817.
_Entoma_
CLASS: I. Crustacea.
CLASS: II. Arachnida
ORDER: Pulmonariæ
FAMILY: Araneides
Sedintariæ
TRIBE: Territelæ.
TRIBE: Tubitelæ.
TRIBE: Inequitelæ.
TRIBE: Orbitelæ.
TRIBE: Laterigradæ.
Vagantes
TRIBE: Citigradæ.
TRIBE: Saltigradæ.
FAMILY: Pedipalpæ.
FAMILY: Scorpioides.
ORDER: Tracheariæ
FAMILY: Pseudoscorpiones.
FAMILY: Holetra
TRIBE: Phalangita.
TRIBE: Acaridia
SUBTRIBE: Trombidites.
SUBTRIBE: Riciniæ.
SUBTRIBE: Hydrachnellæ.
SUBTRIBE: Microphthiræ.
CLASS: III. Insecta
ORDER: 1. Myriapoda
FAMILY: Chilognatha.
FAMILY: Chilopoda.
ORDER: 2. Thysanura
FAMILY: Lepismenæ.
FAMILY: Podurellæ.
ORDER: 3. Parasita
FAMILY: Mandibulata.
FAMILY: Edentula.
ORDER: 4. Suctoria.
ORDER: 5. Coleoptera.
ORDER: 6. Orthoptera.
ORDER: 7. Hemiptera.
ORDER: 8. Neuroptera.
ORDER: 9. Hymenoptera.
ORDER: 10. Lepidoptera.
ORDER: 11. Rhiphiptera.
ORDER: 12. Diptera.
1825
_Hyperhexapi._
CLASS: I. Crustacea.
CLASS: II. Arachnides.
ORDER: Pulmonariæ
FAMILY: Pedipalpi
TRIBE: Scorpionides.
TRIBE: Tarentulæ.
FAMILY: Araneides
SECTION: Tetrapneumones.
SECTION: Dipneumones.
TRIBE: Tubitelæ.
TRIBE: Inæquitelæ.
TRIBE: Orbitelæ.
TRIBE: Laterigradæ.
TRIBE: Citigradæ.
TRIBE: Saltigradæ.
ORDER: Tracheariæ
FAMILY: Pycnogonides.
FAMILY: Pseudoscorpiones.
FAMILY: Phalangita.
FAMILY: Acarides.
FAMILY: Hydrachnellæ.
FAMILY: Riciniæ.
FAMILY: Microphthira.
CONDYLOPA.
CLASS: III. Myriapoda.
ORDER: Chilognatha
FAMILY: Anguiformia.
FAMILY: Penicillata.
ORDER: Chilopoda
FAMILY: Inæquipedes.
FAMILY: Æquipedes.
CLASS: _Aptera._
ORDER: Thysanoura
FAMILY: Lepismenæ.
FAMILY: Podurellæ.
ORDER: Parasita
FAMILY: Mandibulata.
FAMILY: Siphunculata.
ORDER: Siphonaptera.
_Hexapoda._
CLASS: IV. Insecta.
CLASS: _Alata_
ORDER: Coleoptera }
ORDER: Orthoptera }FAMILY:_Elytroptera_.
ORDER: Hemiptera }
ORDER: Neuroptera }
ORDER: Hymenoptera }FAMILY:_Anelytra_ _quadripennia_.
ORDER: Lepidoptera }
ORDER: Rhiphiptera }FAMILY:---------- _bipennia_.
ORDER: Diptera }