seamen and masters, pp. 9-10
——, duties of mates in, much like those of other countries, p. 10
——, in, masters of vessels are liable to actions of law if they
enforce their authority too severely, _ibid._
——, regulations adopted in the courts of, for the duties of masters
and mates, pp. 10-11
—— caused the first infringement of the principle of the old
Navigation Laws, p. 99
——, Protectionist farmers in, stop the importation of Canadian corn
into, p. 126
——, the policy of, with reference to the English repeal of the
Navigation Laws most important to ascertain, p. 212
——, general policy of, ever since her Independence, has been
Protectionist, p. 213, _note_.
——, the dwellers in, on the sea-board of the States, very strongly
Protectionist, p. 215
—— builds, in 1848, a new and very superior class of vessels for
trade from New York to California, and thence to China, p. 289
—— declines the convention with reference to privateering, p. 407
_American Captains_, memorial of, in 1820, to Congress complaining
of the differential duties levied by France, p. 4, and _note_.
_American Government_ had, for many years, to expend large sums for
destitute seamen, p. 15
—— at once accepts the conditions of the repeal of the Navigation
Laws, but withholds their own coasting trade, p. 286
_American Law_, careful provisions by, for all sailors employed in
their ships, p. 11
—— considers the masters and owners of ships common carriers, p. 20
—— as applied to mercantile matters very nearly the same as the
English, _ibid._
—— expressly provides that merchant seamen shall have full
opportunities of laying the complaints before their consuls
abroad, p. 23
_American merchant service_ offers more inducements than the
English for young men to enter it, p. 17
—— generally anxious that their captains should have a share in
vessels, _ibid._
——, hence, secures for officers in its ships, men of superior
position and attainments, _ibid._
——, nature of the contracts in, between owners and captains, p. 18
——, excellent schools provided by, for training boys, _ibid._
——, sailors employed in, can almost always read, write, and cypher,
_ibid._
——, spirit and character of the “shipping articles” usual in, as
affecting seamen, owners, masters, and consignees, pp. 19-20
——, conditions about wages, in, with securities for their due
payment, pp. 21-2
——, power given to the sailors employed in, to appeal to the
Admiralty courts, pp. 22-3
_American Navigation Laws_, conditions and peculiarities of, pp.
328-9
_American Seamen_, Act of 1803 and 1840 with reference to the
payment and discharge of, pp. 12-14
——, general character of, p. 25
_American ships_ (under the Navigation Law) might carry British
goods to British settlements in the East Indies, p. 95
—— allowed to clear from English ports to China, while English
merchants could not send a ship thither, p. 105
_American Shipowners_ require the masters of their vessels to have
knowledge of commercial pursuits as well as of navigation, p. 15
_American tonnage and classification_ differ from that of England,
p. 187
_American Vessels_, Masters of, far superior to those of English
ships during the first half of the present century, p. 15
_American War of Independence_, at the commencement of, the
Americans could neither import nor export, except in British
ships, p. 100
_Americans_ obtain, nearly, a monopoly of the trade between China
and Great Britain in 1849, p. 290
_Americans_ so outstripped by English sailing vessels, that English
ships are often chartered to bring early teas from China to New
York, pp. 418-20
_Americans of the West_, naturally hope for a free exit of their
goods to Europe, &c., from the mouth of the St. Lawrence, p. 125
—— and the Canadians naturally desire Free-trade, p. 125
_Ancel, M._, discouraging report of, pp. 458-9
_Ancona, Consul of_, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. 45
_Annatto_, case of ship laden with, pp. 119-20.
_Anne, Queen, Act of_, for securing seafaring apprentices, p. 183
_Anti-Corn-Law League_, object and action of, pp. 77-8
_Austria_, regulations of, with reference to the commanders of
their merchant vessels, p. 36
——, special Commercial Treaty made with, 1838-40, pp. 110-2
——, details of treaty with, in 1840, valuable as showing the
influence of the new civilizing power, steam, p. 111
_Austria, French War with_, caused a great demand for English
shipping, p. 398
_Bahia, the Consul at_, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular,
pp. 47-8
_Baker, Mr._, Consul at Riga, reply by, to Foreign Office Circular,
p. 43
_Bancroft, Mr._, has interviews with Lord Palmerston in the autumn
of 1847, p. 163
——, emphatic language of, at one of these, _ibid._
——, doubt if he meant all he said, pp. 163-4
——, letter from, to Lord Palmerston, Nov. 3, 1847, pp. 164-5
——, communications by, to the English Government, imply _complete
reciprocity_, p. 169
——, certain, that up to March 5, 1849, he had succeeded in
deceiving both Lord Palmerston and Mr. Labouchere, p. 223
_Bank Charter Act of 1844_ suspended for a second time, 1858,
causes the failure of many banks, p. 361
_Baring, Mr. T._, thinks that we ought in all cases to adhere to
the main principles of the Navigation Laws, p. 261
—— thinks if the merchants have really suffered as much as stated
from the laws, they would have complained, _ibid._
_Belvidere, The, or Royal Alfred Aged Seaman’s Institution_, great
value of, p. 37, _note_
_Bentinck, Lord George_, resumes the debate on the Navigation Laws
on June 9, 1848, the fourth night, p. 201
——, death of, Sept. 21, 1848, and universal respect to, shown on
the day of his funeral, p. 219
_Bergasse, M._, a Protectionist, gives evidence, practically,
confirming the Free-trade assertions, p. 454
_Berkeley, Captain_, evidence of, p. 186
_Board of Trade, Commission by_, May 17, 1847, to examine into
matters connected with the commercial marine, p. 50
——, _return of_, confirms the _general_ truth of the replies to Mr.
Murray’s Circular to the Consuls, _ibid._
_Booker, Mr., Vice-Consul of Cronstadt_, reply to the Foreign
Office Circular, pp. 42-3
_Boston_ sends ships to the East Indies and China as early as 1789,
p. 7
_Bouverie, Mr._, amendment proposed by, not accepted by even the
Shipowners, p. 249
—— urges that his amendment is strictly in accord with Free-trade
principles, pp. 251-2
——, amendment of, ultimately supported by only 15 members, p. 254
_Braysher, Mr._, evidence of (as Collector of Customs in London),
on the practical working of the Navigation Laws, pp. 153-5
——, peculiar anomalies in the Navigation Laws shown by, p. 154
_Bright, J., Mr._, energetically supports Mr. Cobden in his
exertions against Protection, pp. 77-8
—— urges in vain on Mr. Labouchere the importation of cotton, then
abundant at Havre, p. 155, _note_
_British Ships_, condition constituting previously to the repeal of
the Navigation Laws, pp. 93-95
——, the owner of, under the Navigation Law, could not live in
Paris, p. 117
—— are excluded from the trade between the Atlantic and Pacific
ports of the United States, p. 373
_British Ships and Seamen_, Acts of Parliament passed between 1849
and 1875 inclusive, relating to British ships and seamen, and
other Parliamentary Papers respecting thereto, Append. p. 634
_British Tonnage_, Returns of, if sufficiently extended, afford an
adequate estimate of the actual state of British shipping, p.
375
_Brougham, Lord_, splendid oration of, against the repeal of the
Navigation Laws, pp. 266-74
—— condemns with great severity Mr. Porter’s statistics, pp. 267-9
—— objects to sweep away all restriction without obtaining any
equivalent, p. 269
—— holds that the policy of the Navigation Laws rested on the
partial monopoly they gave to British shipping, p. 271
——, and that the fleets, with which we destroyed the power of
Bonaparte, were created by the Navigation Laws, p. 272
—— believes the repeal of the Navigation Laws would encourage the
infernal slave-trade, p. 273
_Buchanan, Mr._, replies to Mr. Crampton, by sending him the Act of
Congress of May 24, 1828, p. 212
—— distinctly states that a letter had been written on Nov. 3,
1846, urging a Free-trade treaty between America and England,
but _reserving the coasting-trade of both countries_, p. 214
_Bülow, Count_, replies on the part of Prussia that no pledge could
be given for future legislation, p. 216
_Buoyancy_, the reserve, no possible means of determining, p. 528
_Cabotage_, technical name for the French coasting-trade, p. 447
_Canada_, fleets from, respectively called, according to the time
of year, the “Spring” or the “Fall” fleets, p. 123
——, by great exertions, secures more rapid communication between
interior and the sea than America, _ibid._
——, _people of_, naturally hope that the German emigration to the
United States would pass through it, pp. 124-5
——, _produce of_, so long as protected, had little ground for
complaint, p. 130
——, could not be imported into England through New York, p. 131.
——, general results of the effect of the Navigation Laws as
regarding, pp. 132-3
_Canadians_, a large number of them, maintain that the effect on
Canada of Protection was, practically, mischievous, p. 127
—— assume that the opening of Canadian seaports to vessels of all
nations would restore their trade, p. 128
——, though for a modified Free-trade, which might benefit
themselves, were not prepared for it unconditionally, _ibid._
—— naturally hope that they may be able to engross the trade of
Western America, p. 130
_Canton_, American vessels allowed to trade there, though British
vessels were not, p. 106
_Cardwell, Mr._ (_now Lord Cardwell_) thinks the effect of
maintaining the “long-voyage” clause would defeat the policy of
the warehousing system, p. 237
—— asserts that the “warehousing system” was the result of a
judicious relaxation of the Navigation Laws, p. 238
——, remarkable action of, in the preparation of the Merchant
Shipping Act of 1854, p. 320, _note_
——, greatly increases the number of lighthouses, &c., p. 414
_Castro, Viscount de_, replies sarcastically to Lord Palmerston’s
letter of inquiry, pp. 216-17
_Chain cables_, great mistake to test them by enormous strains, as
these tend to destroy the fibre of the iron, p. 318, _note_,
and p. 480
—— and anchors, now tested through the agency of Lloyd’s Registry,
p. 557
_China, trade with_, passages of “Clipper Ships” engaged in,
Append. p. 611
_Clay, Mr._, though a Free-trader, declines to support Government
till the restrictions on Shipowners were done away with, p. 200
“_Clipper Ships_” first built at Aberdeen in 1846, to compete with
the Americans on the Chinese coasts, p. 288
_Coasting clauses_, in Mr. Labouchere’s Bill, withdrawn on the
receipt of Mr. Buchanan’s letter, p. 223
_Coasting Trade_ rigidly kept in the hands of England; indeed, made
more strict by the Act of 1825, pp. 106-7
—— thrown open, and manning clause repealed, in 1854, p. 353
——, we do not even now know the number of ships in our, p. 465
_Coasting Trade of America_ liable to be diminished on the opening
of the railway across Central America to Panama, p. 374
——, all parties agree that America has acted selfishly in
withholding her, p. 384
——, error in supposing it only a trade to San Francisco, p. 385
_Coasting Trade of North American Colonies_ still confined to
British vessels, p. 400
_Cobden, Richard_, letter from, to Mr. Lindsay, March, 1856, p. 75
and _note_
—— the chief of the new statesmen, who exploded the pernicious
fallacies of Protection, pp. 74-77
—— asserts that we can build better ships than the foreigners, and
cheaper too, quality considered, p. 201
—— that the sailor is as able to compete with foreigners as the
artisan, _ibid._
—— that the Shipowner pays none of the rates with which the
landowner was charged, p. 202
—— asserts that the constant assertion of maritime superiority
tends only to provoke other nations, _ibid._
—— first meets M. Chevalier at the Exhibition of 1851, p. 436
—— determines with him to modify the tariffs of France, _ibid._
_“Coffin” Ships_, if these still exist, this is not from any
neglect on the part of Parliament, p. 503
_Colbert_, in 1661, devotes much attention to French maritime
affairs, p. 423
_Collision, after_, masters of ships compelled, by Act of 1853, to
stand by and help, p. 513
_Colonie_, this name, in the strictest sense, confined to La
Guadaloupe, Martinique, and Bourbon, p. 434
_Colonie, or Colonie à Culture_, represents the English
_Plantation_, _ibid._
_Commercial Marine of France_, Commission to inquire into, 1870,
pp. 450-1
——, rival views with reference to, of the French Protectionists and
Free-traders, pp. 451-2
_Commercial Maritime Law_, in inextricable confusion, owing to the
multitude of Acts, p. 308
_Commercial Treaties_, various, passed between England and America
between 1794 and 1817, pp. 59-60
_Commission, Royal, on Unseaworthy Ships_, appointed unanimously,
in answer to Mr. Plimsoll’s appeals, p. 484
——, its members, their ability and impartiality, _ibid._
—— see, clearly, that increasing legislation will not remedy the
evils complained of, p. 486
——, opinion of, as to what “unseaworthiness” really means, _ibid._
—— determine to leave to the Shipowner the proper loading of his
ships, p. 488
—— consider that a Government survey would only remove the
responsibility from the Shipowners, p. 489
——, and, therefore, doubt its expediency, _ibid._
—— point out that, already, there are great complaints of
Government interference, _ibid._
——, decline to make the powers of the Board of Trade more
stringent, p. 491
—— are of opinion that the shipping offices have been of great
value, p. 496
—— propose a new scheme for training boys for sea, p. 498
—— doubt the expediency of the present form of certificate of the
Board of Trade as regards emigrant ships, p. 532
—— suggest the appointment of a permanent legal adviser to the
Board of Trade, p. 549
——, Report of, on the whole, most able, p. 501
_Committee of 1836_, for inquiring into shipping, form many sound
conclusions, p. 466
_Committee of 1843_, estimate by, of the loss of ships and lives,
pp. 467-8
—— confirms the Act of that of 1846, and adds much new and useful
matter, p. 471
_Congress, in 1789_, retaliates on British Commerce and Navigation,
pp. 57-8
——, conciliatory action of May, 1830, in reference to trade with
England, p. 63
_Coninck, M. de_, an ardent advocate of Free-trade, p. 453
——, evidence as to the real value of the complaints of the
Protectionists, _ibid._
_Conseil Supérieur_ publishes three large volumes of evidence, and
announces that great changes in the French law are imperative,
p. 445
_Consuls_, alike in America and England, forbidden to trade on
their own account, p. 13
_Convention of Commerce_ between Great Britain and France, 1826,
Append. p. 563
_Cooper, Mr. T. C._, graphic account of a race up Channel with two
American ships, p. 291, _note_
_Corn, enormous price of, in 1847_, and consequent disastrous
reaction, p. 159
_Council, Order in, July, 1823_, issued in opposition to the Act of
Congress of March, 1823, p. 62
——, further, July, 1826, directed against the action of Congress,
p. 63
—— can modify, in certain cases, the stringency of the Navigation
Laws, p. 96
——, power, given to relax or restrict trade with different places,
of the most capricious nature, p. 114
_Crisis, Commercial, of 1857-8_, various causes of, pp. 361-2
_Customs_ do not take notice of coasting vessels in ballast, or
with certain cargoes, p. 465
_Customs, Act of, 1825_, general effect, the throwing open English
ports to the rest of world, under certain exceptions, p. 61
_Dantzig, the Consul at_, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular,
pp. 45-6
_Decazes, Duke_, sensible views of, p. 460
_Denmark_, excellent system in, of education for the mates and for
the higher grades of the merchant service, p. 28
_Disraeli, Mr._, replies, sarcastically, to Mr. Cobden, pp. 202-3
——, on reporting progress, protests against the whole Bill as
already seriously damaged, pp. 254-5
—— thinks all that we had heard last year about the United States
must be taken as a _tabula rasa_, p. 263
_Draught of water_, very little advantage in publicly recording
this, p. 529
“_Droits de tonnage_” levied on all foreign vessels up to 1793, p.
424
—— on foreign ships, abolished, ultimately, in 1867, p. 432
_Drouyn de Lhuys, M._, letter from, declining the overtures of Lord
Palmerston for reciprocity, pp. 215-6
_Drummond, H._, amusing but illogical speech of, pp. 244-6
_East India, Trade with_, has been always exceptional, p. 103
——, conceded to ships not fulfilling the rules of the Navigation
Laws, _ibid._
——, Lascars employed in, are not to count as British seamen, and
a certain proportion of English sailors required according to
ship’s tonnage, p. 105
_East India Company (Dutch)_ practically prevents English vessels
from trading with Dutch settlements in the East, p. 400
_Education_ needed even more for sailors than for landsmen, but
England has done little yet in this direction, p. 541
_Ellenborough, Lord_, unwilling to diminish our navy, at the
present period, by a single ship, p. 274
——, the more so, that by the new agency of railways, great forces
can be suddenly concentrated on any one place, p. 275
—— moves in Committee of May 24 that the operation of the Bill be
deferred for one year, but is beaten by twelve, pp. 280-2
—— urges that the effect of such undue haste will be to throw
45,000 seamen out of employ, p. 281
——, on third reading, points out many things that ought at once to
be done for the relief of the Shipowner, pp. 283-4
_Emigrant ships_, the year 1854, the most fatal to them on record,
no less than nine having been then lost, p. 324
——, no less than _sixty-one_ lost in _seven_ years ending Dec.
1853, _ibid._
——, disgraceful state of the early, pp. 330-1
——, great mortality on board, noticed by Congress in Jan. 1854, p.
331
——, order by United States Passenger Act, that every master shall
pay a fine of ten dollars for each passenger who may die on the
voyage, p. 334
_Emigrants_, average annual number of, between 1815 and 1854,
102,923 persons, p. 323
——, medical inspection of, unsatisfactory, p. 328
——, various rules drawn out to secure the safety and comfort of,
pp. 331-3
——, caution to, not to purchase “through” tickets, p. 337
——, but “through” tickets by the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada
perfectly reliable, _ibid._
_Emigrants, dietary to_, amount and character of, required
originally, with the changes therein, pp. 329-330
_Emigration_, sums sent home for, amounted to from half a million
to one million and a half annually, p. 323
——, resolutions, 1855, of the Senate of the United States in reply
to questions on, pp. 333-4
_Emigration Commissioners_, many and valuable improvements
suggested and carried out by, p. 337
_Emigration officers_ appointed at Liverpool in 1864, and their
duties, pp. 327-8
_Emigration system previously to 1855_, evil working of, and frauds
practised on the emigrants, pp. 325-6
_Engineers (marine)_ required, by the Act of 1862, to undergo the
same examination in steam as Masters in sailing, p. 347
——, which, though at first doubted, has proved of great value, p.
348
_England_, alone of the nations, had no code for the regulation of
her merchant sailors, p. 298
_England, people of_, half inclined to join France against Austria,
p. 397
_‘Equador,’ The_, case of, as showing the fallacious and evil
working of the Registry Law, pp. 115-16
——, importance of the decision of the Court of King’s Bench in this
case, p. 116
——, showing, as it does, that a Corporation wholly consisting of
foreigners may register a ship as British, p. 117
_Europe, trade with_, continually modified, but finally settled by
the Customs Act of 1825, pp. 101-2
——, character of it, under the Navigation Laws, pp. 101-3
_Examination of Masters, Mates, &c._, has produced immense good
since the passing of the Act of 1850, p. 302
_Exhibition of 1851_, started by Society of Arts, and supported by
the Prince Consort, p. 435
_Farrer, Mr. T. H._ (now Chief Secretary to the Board of Trade),
England greatly indebted to him for his exertions to ameliorate
the state of the merchant seamen, pp. 298-9
——, evidence of, on the question of over-insurance, p. 546
—— opposes all legislation interfering with the details of a
Shipowner’s duty, p. 551
_Favoured-Nation Clause_, sometimes, no doubt, beneficial, but
often pernicious, p. 126
_Fleury, M._, letter from, and reply, June 17 and 23, 1862, Append.
p. 590
_Foreign nations_ are suspicious of even a modified surrender of
Protection on the part of England, p. 64
—— do not understand the real position of free England, pp. 64-5
_Foreign Office_, defects in, when dealing with commercial matters,
p. 405
—— apathetic, in not securing, by diplomacy, better terms of
reciprocity from foreign Powers, p. 406
——, correspondence with, respecting the liability of British
Shipowners in the courts of the United States of America, p. 571
_Foreign Office Circular_, of _July 1, 1843_, requiring information
from Consuls abroad with reference to the character of British
shipmasters and seamen, pp. 42-3
—— of great value, though unfair and invidious in form, p. 43
_Foreign Shipmasters_ far more careful than the English in the
stowage and transport of their cargoes, p. 52
_Fortescue, Mr. (now Lord Carlingford)_, provisions in Bill
introduced by, in 1873, strongly in favour of seamen, p. 515
_France_, peculiar system adopted in, of combining the navy and
commercial marine, p. 30
——, all seamen in, considered to be in Government employ, and,
therefore, enrolled and pensioned, _ibid._
—— provides for her seafaring classes a better education than that
of any other country, p. 31
——, Reciprocity Treaty with, may be taken as a specimen of other
such treaties, p. 67.
—— in reply to Lord Palmerston, declines to have anything to do
with Free-trade, p. 215
——, real object of war with Austria to advance her frontier to the
Rhine, pp. 397-8
——, since Charles IX., has had to depend on other nations for many
necessaries of life, p. 435
——, Commercial Treaty of 1860, the result of the labours of Messrs.
Cobden and Chevalier, p. 436
——, its general conditions and effects, p. 437
——, the great natural advantages of, not her armies, the true
sources of her lasting greatness and happiness, p. 462
_France, people of_, probably not more than one million (out of
thirty millions) depend for livelihood on French shipping, p.
439
_Free-trade_, Manchester and Liverpool at issue on this great
question, pp. 134-5
——, chief advocates of, before Mr. Ricardo’s committee—Messrs.
Lefevre, Macgregor, and Porter, pp. 136-40
_Free-trade Party_ triumphant after dissolution of July, 1847, p.
158
_Free-traders, many_, lose their seats in Parliament owing to the
vigorous action of the Shipowners’ Society, p. 389
_Freight_, by the law of nations, considered to be the “Mother of
Wages,” p. 21
——, enormous rise in, during 1853, and the causes thereof, pp. 296-7
_French Assembly_, under the influence of M. Thiers, reverse in
Jan. and Feb. 1872 much of the law of 1866, p. 457
_French Colonial Trade (Pacte Colonial)_, special regulations for
preserving and increasing, pp. 425-6
——, three special rules for, p. 426
——, regulations of, extremely disadvantageous to France herself,
and hard on her colonies, pp. 426-7
—— substantially maintained, and more vigorously enforced by the
French revolutionary leaders, p. 427
——, measures adopted for, after the French Revolution, to be
considered as _war measures_, p. 428
——, many of the regulations of, exact copies of the old English
ones, _ibid._
——, preserved with some modifications by all its Governments, p. 433
_French Colonies_, complaint of the chief, that they no longer
derive any advantage from the _Pacte Colonial_, p. 443
_French Differential Duties_ known by the names of the _surtaxes de
pavillon_ and the _surtaxes d’entrepôt_, p. 432
_French, Emperor of_, letter to, by Mr. Lindsay, on the subject of
the Navigation Laws of France, Jan. 10, 1861, Append. p. 582
_French Export Houses_ constantly employ English shipmasters as
giving them less trouble, p. 455
_French Markets_, after the peace, for some time supplied by the
aid of foreign shipping, p. 431
_French Mercantile Law_ of May 19, 1866, leading conditions of, pp.
446-7
_French Mercantile Marine_ did not keep pace with French commerce
owing to the baneful influence of Protection, p. 435
—— increased where in competition with that of other nations, p.
439
—— decreased under the operation of their Protective Laws, _ibid._
—— so like the English as often to be called _Les Actes de
Navigation_, p. 430
_French Mercantile Marine Law_, as amended, did not finally pass
the Chambers till 1866, p. 445
_French Navigation Law_, the first, absurdly stringent under
Charles IX., p. 422
——, impartial law of July 3, 1860, with reference to, p. 443
_French Ship_, conditions entitling a vessel to this privilege, pp.
423-4
——, no alien permitted to command, p. 424
——, various enactments for securing the true character of, p. 429
_Genoa, Consul at_, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, p. 45
_Gibson, Milner, Mr._, gives the sanction of Government to Mr.
Ricardo’s motion, p. 88
——, the country greatly indebted to, as a practical sailor, for
carrying out the “Rule of the road at sea,” pp. 345-6
——, value of the Bill introduced by, in 1861, p. 413
_Gladstone, Mr._, objects to the discretionary power given to the
Queen in Council, and to the reservation of the coasting trade,
p. 198
——, relying chiefly on the sincerity of Mr. Bancroft, cautiously
supports the repeal of the Navigation Laws, pp. 198-9
—— thinks it best to stick to the path of experience, and to carry
out principles analogous with those of Mr. Huskisson, p. 239
—— strongly urges the removal of every burden with which the
Shipowner is now oppressed, _ibid._
—— urges that experience only points to _conditional_ relaxation,
p. 240
—— again strongly opposes the idea of retaliation, _ibid._
——, in fine, thinks that substantial justice can only be rendered
by conditional legislation, p. 242
—— again urges conditional legislation, but not in the form
proposed by Mr. Bouverie, p. 250
—— would, at once, remove all taxes affecting the British
Shipowners, p. 251
_Government_ cannot legislate or dictate how a particular trade is
to be carried on, p. 539
—— very properly concludes that it cannot leave the lives of many
persons in the hands of incompetent officers and men, p. 52
_Government, English_, informs the American Government of its
intentions with regard to the Navigation Laws, one day before
the Queen’s speech, 1847, p. 166
_Graham, Sir James_, very able speech of, on third reading, pp.
258-260
—— objects to both reciprocity and retaliation, p. 259
—— considers the whole question involved to be Protection or no
Protection, p. 260
_Gray, Mr. T._, rhymes made by, to facilitate recollection of the
“Rule of the road at sea,” p. 345, _note_
——, thinks several of the Acts for saving life do more harm than
good, p. 492
_Great Britain_ has only quite recently instituted a system of
examinations for her mercantile marine, p. 36
—— possesses no State institution for the benefit of her merchant
seamen, p. 37
_‘Great Republic,’ The_, the finest and largest of the American
clippers, pp. 359-360
_Grey, Earl_, replies to the strictures of the Earl of Hardwicke,
p. 172
—— clearly shows that the Navigation Laws were of no advantage to
the shipowner, p. 275
——, and proves that the Navigation Laws were a proximate cause of
the independence of America, p. 276
_Guano-trade with Africa_ asserted by General Shipowners’ Society
to be the cause of the return of prosperity to the shipping
interest, p. 70
_Harbours of Refuge_, large sums of money advanced for the
construction or improvement of, p. 515
_Hardwicke, Earl of_, selected as the mouth-piece of the
Protectionists in the Upper House, p. 171
——, speech of, Feb. 25, 1848, on moving a Select Committee of the
House of Lords, pp. 171-2
_Harper, J. W. A._, evidence of, as to the impossibility of
enforcing a load-line, p. 526
_Harris, Capt._, tries to enforce the apprenticing system, but
fails, p. 256
_Harrowby, Earl of_, holds that where the interests of commerce and
navigation conflict, those of navigation ought to predominate,
p. 275
_Henley, Mr._, thinks that the principle of Free-trade has not been
sufficiently tested as yet for it to be applied to another
great interest, p. 238
_Herries, Mr._ (Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1828), takes up the
cause of the Shipowners in 1848, by a counter resolution, p.
192
——, speech of, pp. 193-7
—— states that interests to the extent of 60 millions are affected
by any change in the Navigation Laws, p. 195
—— professes, generally, to follow the Protective policy
inaugurated by Mr. Huskisson, _ibid._
—— hopes that no merely experimental changes will be countenanced
or adopted, p. 196.
——, amendment of, finally rejected by a majority of 117, p. 206
——, March, 1849, moves that Mr. Labouchere’s Bill be read again
“this day six months,” p. 231
—— considers all the details of the Bill with great minuteness,
pp. 231-2
—— makes a final speech against the Bill on the third reading,
April 23, 1849, pp. 256-7
—— urges the great importance of the petitions against the Bill,
and that the Navigation Laws have nothing strictly to do with
Free-trade, p. 257
_Hesketh, Mr._, Consul at Rio di Janeiro, reply of, to the Foreign
Office Circular, p. 47
_Hildyard, Mr._, points out the great value of the coasting trade
of America, p. 243
_Holt, Mr. A._, sensible note by, on the effect of Government
surveys, p. 490, _note_
_Hudson, Mr._ (as member for Sunderland), supports the
Protectionist side of the question, p. 199
_Impressment_, indefensible, and not to be resorted to, except when
the country is actually in peril, p. 184, _note_
_Improvement of condition of Masters, Mates, &c._, Act passed in
1850 with this object, p. 298
—— receives Royal assent August 14, and details, pp. 299-306.
_India_, the Governor-General of, empowered to grant special
privileges to States in alliance with the East India Company,
p. 104
_Inspection by Government_ of manufacturers’ work, wholly wrong in
principle, p. 480
_Inspection by Government_, much doubt whether it would do the good
expected, p. 482
_Insurance of Ships_, difficulties surrounding this subject,
especially in the case of valued policies, p. 547
——, the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, urge the necessity
of a complete revision of the laws on, p. 548
_Interference of Government_ may be carried so far as to be very
injurious, p. 509, and _note_
_Jardine, Matheson and Co._ commission Hall and Co., of Aberdeen,
to build a ship of as fine lines and greater strength than any
of the Americans, pp. 293-4
_Java_, case of ship from, laden with coffee, pp. 120-1
_Labouchere, Mr._, replies to the arguments of Mr. Herries, p. 197
—— formally lays the Government resolution for repeal of the
Navigation Laws on the table, Aug. 10, 1848, p. 207
—— brings in the Bill for the repeal of the Navigation Laws, Aug.
16, 1848, but defers discussion on it till next session, _ibid._
—— (as President of the Board of Trade) moves, Feb. 14, 1849,
nearly the same resolutions as in preceding year, p. 220
—— affects to believe that the Americans will not persevere in
calling a voyage from New York to California a “Coasting” one,
yet they do still, _ibid._
——, his scheme for the Coasting trade, after all, a bungling one,
p. 222
——, after the receipt in England of Mr. Buchanan’s letter, still
maintains that Mr. Bancroft “was a most honourable and
straightforward man,” p. 223
——, motion of, for second reading of the Bill carried by fifty-six,
p. 246
——, on motion for going into Committee, March 23, withdraws the
Coasting clauses, p. 247
—— tries to excuse himself by showing that Sir T. Fremantle had
changed his mind, p. 248
‘_Lancelot, Sir_,’ The, extraordinary speed of, in sailing from
China to London, p. 418, and _note_
_Lansdowne, Marquess of_, introduces Bill for repeal of Navigation
Laws into the Lords, May 7, 1849, p. 265.
—— thinks that the Navigation Law might have been a suit of
impenetrable armour, but is now only an imperfect garment of
shreds and patches, _ibid._
—— urges that Bonaparte at the height of his power longed for
three things he could not obtain—ships, colonies, and commerce,
p. 266
_Lefevre, Mr. (now Sir J. S.)_, well fitted by his mathematical
training to study complicated questions of law or trade, p. 137
_Legislation, most recent_, not unlike the old Navigation Laws as
attempting to regulate the business of Shipowners, p. 552
_Letters of Marque_, Government decline issuing, at the
commencement of the Crimean War, p. 353
_Liability, Limited_, principle of, as shown in the powers given to
the Board of Trade, p. 340
_Liberal policy of England_, no doubt the cause of the great
increase of imports and exports in 1853, p. 296
——, the nations who have adopted it have far outstripped all
others, p. 421
_Liddell, Mr. (Earl Ravensworth)_, replies, on the Protectionist
side, to Mr. Ricardo, pp. 88-90
_Life, loss of, at sea_ between 1818 and 1836, p. 465
——, greatly increased by old imperfect classification of ships, p.
466
——, returns of, three years previous to 1863 and 1874, show great
accuracy, and may be relied on, pp. 468-9
_Life, saving of_, none of H. M.’s ships can make any claim for, p.
218
——, no charge against Government that they have not done their
utmost in, p. 513
_Lighthouses, buoys, and beacons_, dealt with under the 6th Section
of Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, pp. 313-4
_Lighthouses, Colonial_, Act of 1855 passed as part of the great
Act of 1854, p. 321
_Lighting of the British coasts_ greatly improved of recent years,
p. 514
_Lindsay, Mr._, his letters to the ‘_Morning Herald_’ in opposition
to the Government scheme of repealing Navigation Laws without
reciprocity from other nations, p. 208, _note_.
—— contracts for six vessels in one week (1849) on an improved
form, to compete with those of other nations, p. 221, _note_
——, interview with Napoleon III., and remarkable evidence of his
knowledge in all matters of transport, p. 355, _note_
—— moves and carries in the House of Commons the appointment of a
Committee to consider all questions relative to the Transport
Service, p. 358, _note_
—— moves for a Committee to inquire into the operation of certain
burdens specially affecting merchant shipping, p. 366
—— moves an Address to the Queen for inquiry into the burdens on
the shipping interest, Jan. 31, 1860, p. 398
—— draws up the final report of the Committee on the shipping
interest, p. 399
—— moves, March 29, 1860, an address to Her Majesty, with a view
to negotiations with the Emperor of the French, and the
modification of the French Navigation Laws, p. 438, and _note_
——, audiences with Napoleon III. to urge the value to France of
free navigation, p. 440, _note_
_Lisbon_, commercial association at, letter to, by Mr. Lindsay,
Jan. 28, 1863, Append. p. 596
_Liverpool, Petition from_, principal terms urged in, pp. 228-9
_Load-line_, the marking of, enforced compulsorily by the Act of
1871, p. 475
——, the, Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships declines to endorse
with their approbation Mr. Plimsoll’s fancies about, p. 487
——, details of the views about, of the Royal Commission on
Unseaworthy Ships, p. 488
——, a fixed, would do more harm than good, p. 527
—— must, ultimately, depend on the opinion of an expert, _ibid._
_Local charges at ports_, French Government protest against, p. 445
——, exemption in favour of certain British ships, in 1852, Append.
p. 620
_Log-book, official_, masters of all ships required by the Act of
1850 to keep, and under heavy penalties, also, if badly kept,
p. 304
_Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping_, history of,
Append. p. 624
_Lloyd’s Registry_ and other private associations do much towards
the improvement of shipping, p. 471
_London Merchants, Petition of, in 1820_, the real commencement of
Free-trade, does not allude to the Navigation Laws, p. 217
_‘Lord of the Isles,’ The_, beats two American clippers from
Foo-chow-foo to London, p. 294
_Loss of Life_ must be considered in proportion to the number of
vessels actually afloat, p. 511
_Loss of Life on British Coasts_, analysis of, and of the causes
leading to, pp. 511-13
_Losses by Railway Accidents_, character of the inquiry into, as
contrasted with that in lost ships, p. 495
_Losses of Ships_, present mode of inquiry into, not satisfactory
to any one, p. 493
——, the essential point to ascertain how the accident arose,
whether from badness of ship, or the incapacity of those
commanding her, p. 495
——, the amount, during recent years, greatly exaggerated, p. 504
——, no reliable statistics about, till 1855, when the Board of
Trade undertook to prepare these, p. 505
——, _and of lives_, often, much greater in one year than in those
preceding or following it, p. 506
_Louisiana_, sold by France to America in 1803, for 15 million of
dollars, p. 3
_Lyell, Mr., M.P._, proposes Committee of 1844 to inquire into the
condition of the English commercial marine, pp. 69-70
_Lyons, Lord_ (Boston, U.S.), letter to, from Mr. Lindsay, 1860,
Append. p. 567
_Macgregor, Mr._, offers statements full of inaccuracies to Mr.
Ricardo’s Committee, p. 137
_Marine boards, Local_, established at the principal seaports, p.
299
—— empowered to establish shipping offices, where all sailors are
to be engaged, p. 300
_Marine Insurance_, the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships
disapproves the present form of, p. 501
_Marseilles_ always a comparatively free port, p. 433
——, object of the privilege to, to draw to France the commerce of
the Mediterranean, _ibid._
_Martin, Adm. Sir G. Byam_, evidence of, pp. 178-186
—— asserts that the repeal of Navigation Laws will certainly
diminish the number of shipwrights, p. 179
—— will concede nothing of the Navigation Laws, _ibid._
—— thinks that Shipowners will go to foreigners for cheap ships if
Navigation Laws are abolished, p. 180
——, and that the merchant service is valuable to the navy as
supplying their men, p. 181
—— states that Lord Howe’s victory of June 1, 1794, was gained
mainly by merchant seamen, _ibid._
——, and that Admiral Gardner collected 35,000 to 40,000 merchant
seamen, p. _ibid._
——, estimate by, of English mercantile tonnage now more than
trebled, p. 182, _note_
—— thinks supply of seamen could not have been kept up in long war
but by compulsory apprenticing, p. 182
——, and that impressment cannot be wholly given up, p. 184
—— holds that the law compelling so many apprentices to be taken
with each ship is a most wise one, p. 185
_Massachusetts_, the merchants of, supply their own people and the
north of Europe with the produce of India and China, p. 7
_Master_, powers of, to be always fully upheld, pp. 497-8
_Masters and Mates_ of foreign-going ships compelled to give
testimonies of character for sobriety, &c., and to pass an
examination, p. 300
_McIver, Mr. C._, evidence of, about the “classing” of ships, p.
535, _note_
_MacTavish, Mr._, Consul at Baltimore, reply by, to the Foreign
Office Circular, pp. 46-7
_Measurement of Ships, the new_, worked out by Mr. Moorson, and
embodied in Act of 1854 by Mr. T. H. Farrer, p. 309, _note_
—— takes capacity as the basis of the calculations, p. 309
—— adopted at the recent Congress for the tonnage of all nations
passing through Suez Canal, p. 310
_Mercantile Marine Fund_ dealt with in 7th Section of Merchant
Shipping Act, 1854, p. 314
_Mercantile Marine Board_, and Code of Mercantile Maritime Laws,
recommended by Committee of 1836, p. 470
_Merchant Seaman’s Fund, in England_, intended for the sole benefit
of that class, p. 31
—— abolished in 1851, after long and gross mismanagement, p. 37,
and _note_
——, the winding-up of it placed under the Board of Trade, p. 306
——, Act passed August 8, 1851, for winding it up, and for its
better management in future, _ibid._
_Merchant Seamen_, necessity of good education for, recognised by
all other nations before England, p. 27
_Merchant Shipping_, short Act passed by Government, Sept. 6, 1875,
p. 522
——, extraordinary and dangerous power granted to the officers of
the Board of Trade by the Act of Sept. 6, 1875, pp. 522-3
_Merchant Shipping Act of 1854_, its vast size, comprehensive
details, &c., pp. 308-321
_Merchant Shipping Act of 1875_ withdrawn, as so altered that Mr.
Disraeli declined to go on with it, p. 578
_Merchant Shipping Code_ ought to be amended, and then effectually
carried out, p. 555
_Merit, the Official Certificate of_, tends to screen the
manufacturer, and to secure articles only so good as to pass
inspection, p. 481
_Minturn, Mr._ (an eminent New York merchant), evidence of, pp.
186-90
——, as to materials used in American ships, wages, number of hands
required, &c., p. 188
——, and as to the cost of the New York Packets, p. 187
—— thinks that the commerce of America has not really gained by
Reciprocity treaties, p. 190
—— asserts that the Temperance system has been of the greatest
value in American ships, _ibid._
_Misconduct endangering life_, or breach of duty by drunkenness,
&c., &c., considered a misdemeanour by Act of 1850, p. 303
_Money-Order Office, a special_, opened for the benefit of sailors,
p. 350
_Montreal_ gradually became deserted by the Western merchants of
America, p. 131
_Murray, Mr._, general conclusions of (Nov. 1847), drawn from the
replies to the Foreign Office Circular, and suggestions for
remedies, pp. 48-50
—— proposes “_A Board or Department of Commercial Marine_,” p. 49
_Naples, Consul at_, reply by, to the Foreign Office Circular, pp.
45-6
_Napoleon III._ announces, Jan. 1, 1860, his intended rupture with
Austria, p. 397
—— at once sees how much the French would gain from free
navigation, pp. 440-1
_Naturalisation of goods_, special evil in the case of those
brought to Europe, p. 118
_Naval Courts_ instituted abroad by Act of 1850, p. 304
_Navigation, a Treaty of_, ought to have accompanied the French
Treaty of 1860, p. 437
_Navigation Bill_, third reading of it carried by a majority of 61
in the House of Commons, p. 263
——, second reading of, carried by a majority of 10 in the Lords, p.
278
_Navigation Laws_, for two centuries considered universally the
cause of England’s superiority on the ocean, p. 54
——, views of foreign nations on the character and value of them to
England, pp. 54-5
——, study of them leads to but one conclusion—how much trouble our
ancestors took to “beggar their neighbours,” p. 107
——, condensed summary of, as in force in 1847, pp. 107-8
—— so far relaxed, as to call places, not geographically belonging
to Austria, &c., ports, p. 113
—— full, in 1847, of anomalies which could neither be explained
nor defended, pp. 113-15
——, great difficulty in executing them, as they were in 1847, owing
to the Registry Law, p. 114
——, anecdote of the vessel chartered with cochineal for the Canary
Islands, p. 121
——, their ultimate working of no value to any one but the
Shipowner, and, economically, a total waste of capital, p. 121
—— in many instances direct obstructions to ordinary trade, caused
by, pp. 121-2
—— studied as much to see how they could be evaded as acted on in
good faith, p. 122
——, special difficulty of carrying out their principles in the case
of Canada, p. 123
——, advocates of their repeal, in 1847, not altogether successful,
p. 140.
——, chief advocates of them as they were, Mr. G. F. Young, Mr.
Richmond, Mr. Philippe, Mr. Imrie, Mr. Duncan Dunbar, and Mr.
Macqueen, p. 141, _note_
——, arguments of the Shipowners in favour of the, pp. 141-3
——, under, there was in 1847, coincidentally, a protected and an
unprotected trade, p. 154, _note_
——, difficulty under, as to what was or was not a manufactured
article, pp. 155-6
——, under, foreign ships, up to 1845, could carry passengers but
not goods, _coastwise_, pp. 156-7
——, the Queen, in Speech from Throne, Nov. 18, 1847, recommends
their consideration, p. 162
——, twenty-five witnesses called by the Committee for the repeal
of, and nine against, p. 157
——, many questions on, to be dealt with by Government, unsupported,
at the time, by any facts, pp. 177-8
——, debate on-first division—June 2, 1848, for adjournment carried
by 236 to 73, p. 200
——, inquiry into restrictions imposed by, recommended in Speech
from the Throne, pp. 218-9
——, the Royal Assent given to the Bill for their repeal, June 26,
1849, p. 285
_Neutrals_, Government resumes the right of allowing effective
blockades by, p. 354
_Neutrals, rights of_, respected in the war with Russia, and
privateering abolished, p. 406
_New England_ produces the almost entire supply of native-born
American seamen, pp. 25-6
_New Orleans_, extraordinary growth of the trade of, since 1820, p.
5, note
_New York_ profited greatly during the earlier part of the
revolutionary war in Europe, p. 5
—— greatly advantaged by the commencement of the Erie Canal in
1825, pp. 5-6.
——, details of the amount of tonnage entering it, between 1822 and
1871, p. 6, _note_
—— suffered severely between 1806 and 1815 from captures,
condemnations, and embargoes, _ibid._
_Norway_, character of the Seaman’s Institution in, founded Dec.
1834, pp. 39-40
_Norway and Sweden_ require for the officers of their ships an even
more rigid examination than that of Denmark, p. 29
_Ocean race_, the celebrated, from China to England in 1866, p.
417, _note_
_Overloading_, evidence of Mr. W. J. Lamport on, p. 527, _note_
_Owner’s liability_ in the case of passenger ships, real facts
about, pp. 338-9
_Oxford, Bishop of_, tries to get a clause inserted that privileges
should not be given to countries who had not adhered to the
treaties for the suppression of the slave-trade, p. 285
“_Pacte de Famille_,” allowing the Bourbon-ruled kingdoms to trade
freely with France, Jan. 2, 1768, p. 425
_Panic, Commercial, of 1847_, shipping interest alone flourished
during, owing to the great demand for corn in Ireland, pp. 158-9
_Palmerston, Lord_, reply of, to Mr. Bancroft, Nov. 17, 1847, pp.
165-6
——, all parties disapprove his communications with the American
Government, p. 169
—— admits, in the House of Commons, on Feb. 3, 1848, his
correspondence with the American Government, p. 170
—— issues from the Foreign Office a circular (Dec. 22, 1848)
to the foreign nations, seeking their views with regard to
reciprocity, should the proposed repeal of the Navigation Laws
be carried, pp. 209-17
——, Circular of, general statement in, of what was likely to be
done if the repeal of the Navigation Laws was carried, pp.
210-12
—— orders his agents to find out whether other countries will
accept the advances of England, p. 211
—— requires information as to restrictions in force against
British ships in different countries, differential duties, &c.,
_ibid._
_Parliament_ has interfered too much with Shipowners, p. 525
——, “_Independent Members_” of, introduce all sorts of measures to
amend the Mercantile Laws, p. 551
_Passenger Ships_ to be surveyed by Act of 1854, but further
inquiry about, 1855, p. 322
—— surveyed, agreeably with the orders of the Committee of 1843,
p. 471
——, regulation of, summary of the Acts passed for, Append. p. 600
_Passengers’ Act_, impossible to obtain an uniform one, owing to
the different laws of the States sending emigrants to America,
pp. 334-5
_Passengers’ Act of 1855_ consolidates all that was good in the
previous Acts, p. 331
——, chief matters of, as its general management has been
transferred to the Board of Trade, p. 343
_Passengers’ Amendment Act_, abstract of, and all Orders in Council
relating to, to be posted up in the ship, p. 336
_Passing Tolls_ all abolished, since 1860, but with far too high
compensations, p. 411, _note_
_Peel, Sir Robert_, makes great alterations in the tariff, p. 71
—— resigns office on the question of opening the ports owing to
Irish famine, but resumes it on Lord John Russell’s failure to
form a ministry, pp. 78-9
—— proposes, in 1846, a sliding scale of duties on corn, to last
till February, 1849, p. 79
—— carries the repeal of the Corn Laws, but is, on same night,
beaten on the Irish Arms Bill, p. 80
—— supports the Government measure, but in a hesitating manner,
pp. 203-5
—— reserves his opinion for the present as to the throwing open
the coasting trade, p. 204
—— suggests that the measure for the repeal of the Navigation Laws
should only endure for five years, p. 205
_Peel, Mr. F._, brings in, in 1852, a Bill for the improvement of
the Emigration system, p. 331
_Peter, Mr., Consul_, letters of, to English Foreign Office on the
education of boys for the Philadelphian merchant service, p. 16
and _note_
_Pilots, the Licensing of_, generally left in America to the laws
of the separate States, p. 24
_Pilots and Pilotage_ dealt with very fully by the fifth section of
the Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. 312
_Pitt, Mr._, general principles of the Bill introduced by him to
regulate the commerce between America and England, p. 56
—— resigns on the rejection of his Bill, by a combination of
English Shipowners and the Loyalists of the American colonies,
pp. 56-7
_Plantation Trade_, rules of, under the Navigation Acts, pp. 95-9
——, rules with reference to, considerably modified by the Customs
Act of 1825, p. 98
_Plimsoll, Mr._, carries his first Resolution in 1870, p. 474
—— publishes, January, 1873, a sensational book, entitled ‘Our
Seamen,’ p. 476
——, inaccurate in his statements, or ignorant of the power really
possessed by the Underwriters at Lloyd’s, p. 477
——, the Bill proposed by, could not possibly be entertained with
any regard to the great maritime interests of this country, p.
478
——, Bill by, practically, proposed that some officer of Government
should survey every ship built and sent to sea, p. _ibid._
——, most of the grievances urged by him have been met, so far
as they could be, by legislation, by the “Merchant Shipping
Consolidated Act” of 1854, and subsequent Acts, p. 485
——, statements by, carefully analysed by the Royal Commission on
Unseaworthy Ships, _ibid._
——, violent conduct of, in the House of Commons, on withdrawal of
Government Shipping Bill, 1875, p. 518, and _notes_
——makes grave assertions and charges, alike, against Government and
private individuals, p. 525
_Porter, Mr. G. R._, in his evidence before Mr. Ricardo’s
Committee, shows that England has been in nowise benefited by
the Navigation Laws, pp. 138-9
——, a hard-working honest man, of little or no knowledge in
commercial matters, 137
—— shows the enormous increase of shipping between 1833 and 1846,
p. 139
—— suggests that Prussia at the head of the Zollverein States,
would impose differential duties on foreign states, p. 140
_Possession_ or _établissement_, settlements specially created for
the purposes of trade, p. 434
_Portugal_, trade with, not worth considering in any alteration of
English law, p. 370
_Portugal, King of_, special trading allowances made to, on his
emigration to the Brazils in 1808, p. 99
_Potato Disease and Irish Famine_, 1845-6, cause the repeal of the
Corn Laws and the suspension of the Navigation Acts, pp. 78-9
_‘Powhattan’ The_, dreadful loss of, April 16, 1854, pp. 324-5
_Protection, the system of_, renders English Shipowners less
inclined to compete with foreigners, p. 28
_Protection_, under the form of the Navigation Laws, renders
foreign ships and sailors superior to those of England, p. 41
—— generally prevalent abroad as well as in England, pp. 55-6
——, there was an actual decrease of tonnage under, p. 378
_Protectionists_ assert that foreign vessels would practically
obtain all the long oversea carrying trade, if British ships
could import non-prohibited articles, p. 69
_Protectionists, French_, succeed in nullifying, by the decree of
June 8, 1866, many Free-trade provisions of the Act, May 19,
1866, pp. 448-9
_Punishments inflicted by Government_, cannot he heavier than the
loss of his vessel to the owner who does not insure, p. 483
_Receiver of Wrecks_, great power given to, under Merchant Shipping
Act of 1854, p. 317
_Reciprocity Treaties_, under, the trade to her colonial ports was
jealously reserved by England, p. 65
—— of Mr. Canning and Mr. Huskisson, pp. 182-6;
——, their general character, p. 65
—— of little or no use in checking the anomalies of Protection, p.
68
—— serve as a wedge to break down the “great tree of Protection,”
p. 71
_Registration, the question of_, fully dealt with in Merchant
Shipping Act of 1854, under 91 clauses, p. 310
_Registry Laws_ compelled British Shipowners in 1847 to use the
dearest ships in the world, p. 92
_Retaliation, Principle of_, proposed by foreign nations and
adopted (as against England) by America in 1817, p. 55
——, naturally to be expected when one nation excludes the vessels
of another from its trade, p. 58
_Returns, Statistical_, of the highest value to Merchant Shipping,
pp. 376-9
_Ricardo, Mr._, proposes a Select Committee to inquire into the
Navigation Laws, Feb. 1847, p. 83
——, details of his speech on motion to inquire into the Navigation
Laws, pp. 84-88
——, motion for committee carried by 155 to 61, p. 90
——, list of members who served on his Committee, p. 92, _note_
——, Committee of, make five reports, but limit themselves to the
evidence they had taken, p. 92
——, vigorous speech of, pp. 223-4
_Richmond, Mr._, sent by the Shipowners of Tynemouth to advocate
the cause of the Navigation Laws before Committee of Mr.
Ricardo, p. 147
—— urges that shipowning in the Baltic trade had been for
twenty-five years a losing matter, _ibid._
——, views of, as enounced before Mr. Ricardo’s Committee, pp.
147-152
—— urges that (in the north), Shipowners and merchants were
distinct, the former having been so for generations, p. 148
—— holds that the captain of the present day is fully equal to the
captain of former days, p. 149
—— considers English sailors less given to spirit-drinking than
the Germans, p. 149.
—— accuses, with some reason, Mr. Porter of unfairness in his
statements, p. 152
—— urges the abolition of all Reciprocity Treaties as injurious to
England, p. 151
_Robinson, Mr._, and Protectionists deceived by the mild wording of
the Queen’s Speech, p. 162
—— claims indemnity for the Shipowner, in case the Bill should
pass, p. 242
“_Rule of the Sea_,” together with the number of boats to be
carried by ships, clearly laid down in 4th Section of the
Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, pp. 311-12
_Russell, Mr._, a leading merchant of Boston from 1786 to 1798, p.
7, _note_
_Russell, Lord John_, action of, as leader of the revolt against
Protection, pp. 72-4
—— carries the measure for equalising the sugar duties, p. 81
——, letter from, to Mr. Lindsay (1875), p. 82, _note_
—— compelled by the Irish famine to suspend the Navigation Laws
(Jan. 1847), _ibid._
—— suspends the Bank Charter Act, Oct. 25, 1847, p. 160
—— asserts, in his final speech on the third reading, that the
fullest reciprocity would be conceded by America, p. 262
_Russia_, system in, for encouraging seamen, called the
“Corporations of Free Mariners,” p. 30
——, treaty made with, on the same principle as those with Austria
and the Zollverein, p. 113
——, exports from, generally, in British ships as there was not a
sufficient Russian marine, p. 155
_Russia and Prussia_ require the officers of their ships to have
some knowledge of English and French, pp. 29-30
_Sailors_, as distinguished from mechanics or servants, have every
facility in retaining their earnings, p. 543
_Salvage_, conditions under which it is granted under Merchant
Shipping Act of 1854, p. 318
_Sardinia_ accepts the proposals of Lord Palmerston,
unconditionally, p. 216
_Savings-Banks_ established, 1856, for the benefit of seamen, to
save them from the baneful influence of “crimps,” p. 35
——, large sums passed through, up to November 1874, p. 357, _note_
_Sea, Rule of the road at_, special notices of, p. 344, _note_
_Seamen_, all agreements with, to be in writing, and to specify, in
detail, what is expected of them, p. 301
——, laws, various, for their protection, passed from 1846 to 1854,
p. 472
——, peculiar favour shown to, in Merchant Shipping Code
Consolidation Bill of August 1869, p. 474
_Seamen, English_, have now many privileges not granted to any
other class of the community, p. 472
—— have not deteriorated, but have much improved in the last
quarter of a century, p. 504
_Seaworthiness_, the proposed plan for certifying absurd, and, if
carried out, ruinous, p. 531
——, practically, cannot be defined, p. 539
_Sherrard, Mr._, Consul at Portland, U.S., reply by, to the Foreign
Office Circular, p. 46
_Sherwood, Mr., Consul_, letter to English Foreign Office on the
education of youths destined to the sea service, p. 16, and
_note_
_Ships_ properly to be considered merely as the adjuncts to
commerce, p. 65
——, cost of building, at Dantzig, in the United States, &c., p.
141, _note_
——, nearly all, are now classed at Lloyd’s or elsewhere, p. 482
——, loss of, from 1856 to 1872; sixty lost, from defects, &c.,
while 711 were lost from neglect or bad navigation, p. 487
_Shipbuilders, French_, much hampered by the absurd Protectionist
Decree of June 8, 1866, p. 450
_Shipowners_ object strongly to Government interference, p. 51
—— who joined the Anti-Corn-Law League did not perceive that the
sweeping away of the Protective Navigation Laws _must_ follow,
p. 78
—— still suffering, in 1849, a periodical depression after two or
three very prosperous years, p. 218
—— hold meetings in all the principal towns, especially seaports
of England, p. 228
—— resolve to try another division in Committee of the House of
Lords when there would be no proxies, p. 278
——, great despondency of, on the repeal of the Navigation Laws, p.
287
——, prosperity returns to, in 1852 and 1853, as confirmed by Mr.
Tooke’s ‘History of Prices,’ p. 296
——, the liability of, under certain circumstances defined by 9th
Section of Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, and still further in
1862, pp. 318-9
—— able to appeal to the Court of Chancery to determine the amount
of their liability, p. 341
—— complain of the discretionary power given to Emigration
officers, p. 342
—— propose a petition to the Crown, requesting retaliation on such
Foreign Powers as should decline reciprocity, p. 364
——, public meeting of, Dec. 15, 1858, Mr. Dunbar in the chair, pp.
364-5
—— naturally feel that they have been treated very illiberally by
the nations who will not reciprocate, p. 404
—— now only wish to be let alone, and allowed to manage their own
business their own way, p. 414
—— liable, by the Act of 1870, to be punished _criminally_ if they
send an unseaworthy ship to sea, p. 475
_Shipowners’ General Society_, meeting of, Aug. 12, 1847, to
consider the result of Mr. Ricardo’s motion, p. 90
——, arguments urged by, pp. 91-2
—— told on two occasions, by Lord Clarendon, that the principle of
the Navigation Law would not be altered, p. 166
—— issue many pamphlets, &c., showing the evil of the Government
scheme for the repeal of the Navigation Laws, p. 208
—— still, in 1858, attribute their losses to the repeal of the
Navigation Laws and the absence of reciprocity, p. 362
——, meeting of, at London Tavern, R. W. Crawford, Esq., in the
Chair, pp. 390-6
—— petition the Queen, praying her to exercise the powers vested
in her, and to put in force the Retaliatory Clause of 1849, p.
366
——, meeting of, Mr. Lindsay proposes an amendment at, which is ill
received, p. 393 and _notes_
_Shipping_, any decline of, in 1858, fully accounted for by the
commercial distresses of the previous autumn, p. 380
_Shipping Interest_, Government at length determines that unequal
burdens on, should be removed, p. 383
——, inquiry into burdens in Committee for, appointed Feb. 16, 1860,
p. 398, and _note_
_Shipping Interest, Committee on_, decidedly object to the
enforcement of reciprocity, p. 401
—— refuse the reimposition and restrictions on our colonial trade,
p. 403
—— strongly affirm their judgment that all private property (not
contraband of war) should be exempt from capture at sea, p. 408
——, and opinion that the liability of owners of ships should not be
much less than the value of the ship and its freight, pp. 408-9
—— decide that all light dues ought to be paid by the country at
large, p. 410
—— give no decided opinion on the question of compulsory pilotage,
pp. 410-11
—— are of opinion that most of the legislation since 1835 has been
useful, though in some cases carried too far, p. 412
——, report of, so generally accepted that there has been no further
inquiry since, p. 412
_Shipping Masters_, important duties of, as appointed by the local
Marine Boards under the Board of Trade, p. 300
_Siegfried, M._, in his evidence, shows the utter fallacy of
Protection, pp. 454-5
_Smith, Adam_, quotation from, in Mr. Ricardo’s speech, showing his
views of the Navigation Act, p. 87 and _note_
_Stanley, Lord_ (Derby), says that Canada demands repeal of the
Navigation Laws as a compensation for the loss of Protection,
p. 277
—— urges, in his final speech against the Bill, that, not the
merchants had found out the Navigation Laws disadvantageous,
but Ministers for them, _ibid._
—— moves, May 13, the rejection of the repealing clauses, so as to
make the Bill one of conditional legislation, p. 279
——, his amendment finally rejected by a majority of thirteen, p. 280
—— finally enters a protest in the Journals of the House, p. 285
_Statesmen_, the arising of a new class prepared to carry through
the important principle of a free and unfettered commerce, p. 72
——, ample field for, in fully working-out the mercantile questions
now before them, p. 556
_Steamer, one_, can do the work of five sailing-vessels, p. 402
_Steamers_, rapid increase of, compared with sailing-vessels,
between 1852 and 1860, _ibid._
_Surtaxes de Pavillon_ again abolished, July 28 and 31, 1873, p. 460
_Survey of ships_, perhaps it might be possible to enrol several
great associations for this purpose, p. 533
—— even by Lloyd’s Registry would, perhaps, prove scarcely better
than one by Government, _ibid._
——, great difficulties in really carrying it out, p. 538
_Surveys of Board of Trade_, number of persons now employed by the
Board of Trade, p. 315, _note_
_Surveyors of the Board of Trade_ ordered, in 1864, to survey
gratuitously such ships as seamen complained were unseaworthy,
p. 473
_Swedes and Norwegians_ already, in 1859, large buyers of
English-built vessels, p. 403
_‘Thermopylæ,’ The,_ sails from London to Melbourne in _sixty_
days—the fastest passage on record—doing 380 miles in one day!,
p. 415
——, extraordinary speed of this sailing-ship, _ibid._, and _note_
——, log of, Append. p. 613
_Thiers, M._, influence of, in favour of Protection after the
German war, p. 456
_Thompson, Alderman_, thinks Sir Jas. Stirling’s plan for manning
the navy Utopian, p. 197
_Tonnage, Statistics of_, belonging to Great Britain, United
States, France, and Holland, from 1821 to 1874, Append. p. 618
_Tonnage of Shipping entered and cleared in the United Kingdom_,
United States, France, Holland, Norway, Prussia, and Sweden,
distinguishing between national and foreign ships, from 1850 to
1873, Append. p. 637
_‘Torrington,’ The_, a successful “clipper” built by Hall and Co.
at Aberdeen, in 1846, to compete with Americans in China, p. 288
_Trade, Board of_, power given to, to appoint special
investigations where serious accident, p. 305
——, power to summon a jury to ascertain the number, &c., of persons
injured, p. 340
——, inconclusive arguments as to any reaction for the employment of
more ships than was required, p. 382
——, returns by, of trade between 1834 and 1858, vigorously attacked
by the Shipowners’ Association, pp. 386-7
—— empowered, by the Act of 1871, to stop the proceeding to sea of
any ship reported as unseaworthy, p. 476
_Transport Service_ during the Crimean war greatly increased for
want of a well-organised Board, p. 357
_Treaties_ of some value in rude times, but wholly inadequate to
the regulation of commerce between great nations, pp. 65-7
_Unclassed vessels_ now are, practically, either the very best or
the very worst, p. 535
_Underwriters_, as a rule, will not take a risk on unclassed ships,
p. 482
_United States, trade between, and British North American
Colonies_, thrown open in 1807, p. 60
_Unseaworthiness of seamen_ of greater national importance than
that of the ships, p. 541
_Unseaworthy ships_, the law punishing those who send such to sea,
can be made more prompt and effective, p. 553
_Venetian Republic_, law made by, in 1786, for the securing
efficient and well-educated men for their marine service, p. 35
—— _Scuola di San Nicolo_, origin and progressive history from
1476 till modified in 1814, pp. 32-4
—— _shipmasters_, qualifications required from all, p. 35
_Venice_, Charitable Institution for Invalids in, the successor of
the Scuola di San Nicolo, p. 34
_Veritas, The_, the name of a foreign system of registration much
used in Canada, p. 471
_Vessels_ built of iron compelled by the Act of 1854 to be
separated into water-tight compartments, p. 312
_Walker, Mr. J._, Secretary to the Treasury in America, a zealous
supporter of complete reciprocity, p. 214
_Walpole, Mr._, in debate on the third reading, asserts that the
Navigation Laws are the wisest of our regulations, p. 258
‘_Washington Union_,’ the article in, detailing Lord Palmerston’s
intentions as to the Navigation Laws produces intense
astonishment, pp. 167-8
_Wetland Canal_, value of, to Canada, as most of the expenses
connected with it are paid by the Americans, p. 129
_Wellington, Duke of_, votes with the Government on the Navigation
Bill, greatly to the annoyance of the Shipowners, p. 278
_Wharfinger_, the, responsible for the safe delivery of all goods
on board vessels, p. 11
_Williams, Mr._, observations by, on the advantages of a general
seaman’s fund, p. 38, and _notes_
_Wilson, Mr. J._ (editor of the ‘Economist’), shows that,
practically, the Navigation Laws were of little value to
British shipowners, p. 233
—— urges that reciprocity must rest on equivalents which were, in
this case, impossible, p. 234
—— resists Mr. Gladstone’s notion of reciprocity in some cases by
special treaties, as sure to be misunderstood by foreigners, p.
234
—— opposes reciprocity even in shipping, p. 235
—— maintained that real reciprocity meant perfect freedom of trade
to those who gave perfect freedom to us, _ibid._
——, his supposition that America would act on the principle of her
law of 1828, altogether fallacious, p. 253
_Wrecks_, accurate return of, first provided by Board of Trade in
1856, p. 468
_Wrecks, inquiry into_, one of the most valuable parts of the
Merchant Shipping Act of 1854, p. 316
_Wrecks cast on shore_, general superintendence of, and appointment
of receivers, placed under the Board of Trade by Merchant
Shipping Act of 1854, p. 317
_West Indies_, 15,000 slaves perish from starvation between 1780
and 1787, p. 58
—— demand Free-trade on nearly the same principles as Canada, pp.
133-4
_Yeames, Mr._, Consul-General at Odessa, reply by, to Foreign
Office Circular, p. 44
_Young, Mr. G. F._, strenuous advocate of the Navigation Laws, &c.,
as they were, pp. 143-6
——, arguments in favour of Protection adduced by him before the
Committee of the House of Lords, pp. 172-175
—— considers the “Long-voyage” Clause the most important in the
Navigation Laws, p. 174
—— proposes some minor modifications of the Navigation Laws, pp.
174-5
——, which are not, however, accepted by Government, p. 177
—— moves a strenuous resolution at the meeting of Shipowners, Dec.
15, 1858, p. 365
_Zollverein, The_, list of the States united under this commercial
bond, p. 112
_Zollverein States_, treaties made with—after the fashion of that
with Austria—1841, pp. 112-3
END OF VOL. III.
LONDON:
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