_Bomboná and Pichincha. The Birth of Ecuador. Bolívar and San Martin Face
to Face_
(1822)
In January, 1822, Bolívar was in Cali, assembling his army to invade Quito
by land.
This campaign proved to be the most difficult he had undertaken with
respect to natural obstacles. Between Quito and his army, the Andes form a
nucleus of mountains called the Nudo de Pasto. All the difficulties with
which he had had to contend in the campaigns of Venezuela and Nueva
Granada,--such as the flooded plains, the deep ravines between Venezuela
and the Colombian valleys, the narrow and rugged passages, the wild
beasts,--sink into nothingness as compared with the almost unconquerable
obstacles which he was to face on his way to the South. In no other part
of the continent do the Andes present such an appalling combination of
ravines, torrents, precipitous paths and gigantic peaks. Furthermore,
nowhere on the continent was the population so hostile to freedom as were
the _pastusos_ (inhabitants of the _Pastos_). Men, women and children
cordially hated the cause of the Republic, and stopped at no crime to
destroy the armies of Bolívar. Despite all this opposition, Bolívar made
ready to throw the glories he had earned in Boyaca and Carabobo into the
balance, risking everything to obtain the freedom of the peoples of the
south, and the union of Quito and Colombia. This campaign presented
difficulties greater than Napoleon himself ever found in his path. The
Alps do not compare with these American mountains,--which rank with the
Himalayas.
On the 8th of March, Bolívar began his advance to the South, being forced
to leave a thousand men in the hospitals on the way. Scarcely two thousand
men formed the army when it approached the formidable Nudo de Pasto. Sucre,
who had been stationed in Guayaquil, moved so as to distract the attention
of the Spaniards, thus helping Bolívar, and this was the only favorable
circumstance.
Two thousand men were awaiting Bolívar in the city of Pasto, men who knew
the country and who had the support of the inhabitants in their war against
the independents. The commander of Pasto was a Spanish colonel named D.
Basilio García.
The two armies met in a place called Bomboná, where all the advantages were
on the side of the royalists. Bolívar found himself about to attack an army
made almost invulnerable by nature; forests, roads, ravines--all protected
it. In such a position, Bolívar merely said these words: "We must conquer
and we will conquer!"
On the 7th of April the battle of Bomboná occurred. It lasted the entire
afternoon and part of the night. The independent army rose to the occasion,
and accomplished what it had never before realized. The light of the moon
witnessed the retreat of the royalist army, defeated and destroyed, seeking
shelter in the city of Pasto; and the name of Bomboná was written in
history beside those of Boyacá and Carabobo as among the most momentous,
the most significant battles fought for the cause of independence.[1]
[Footnote 1: Before the battle, General Pedro León Torres misunderstood an
order from Bolívar. The latter instructed him to surrender his command to a
colonel. Torres took a rifle and answered:
"Libertador, if I am not good enough to serve my country as a general,
I shall serve her as a grenadier."
Bolívar gave him back his command; Torres ordered the advance of his men
and threw himself against the enemy, falling fatally wounded.]
The city of Pasto was unanimous against the Liberator, who now asked García
to surrender. García at first refused, but finally accepted capitulation.
He was a brave man and a creditable representative of Spanish heroism.
Bolívar entered Pasto. He was in such grave danger from the hostility of
the inhabitants that he had to be escorted by Spanish soldiers, who, in
this way, displayed their loyalty to their word and their high sense of
honor.
This occurred on the 8th of June, 1822. The battle of Bomboná had taken
place two months before, and in the interval another great event occurred
in favor of the independent army. General Sucre, who had come to help
Bolívar in the movement, had taken several cities as he advanced towards
Quito. On the 24th of May he fought a decisive battle on the volcanic
mountain of Pichincha, by which the independence of Quito was secured. The
battle of Pichincha made Sucre the greatest general in the Repúblican
army, after Bolívar. He captured 1,200 prisoners, several pieces of field
artillery, guns and implements of war, and even made prisoner the Spanish
commander, Aymerich. On the 25th of May, Sucre entered the city of Quito,
two hundred and eighty years after the Spaniards arrived in that city for
the first time.
With Sucre in Quito and Bolívar in Pasto, many bodies of royalist troops
surrendered.
In the United States, the question of recognizing the independence of the
South American countries finally came before Congress. On March 8, 1822,
with James Monroe as President and John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State,
the ideas expressed by Henry Clay in 1820 were carried to full fruition.
The press had been working in favor of independence, and the message of
Monroe in favor of recognition was an interpretation of public opinion
at that time. In the report presented to Congress was the following
expression:
"To deny to the peoples of Spanish America their right to independence
would be in fact to renounce our own independence."
The independence of the South American countries was recognized by a
congressional vote of 159 out of 160. It is better to forget the name of
the man who opposed it. Spain fought against this measure but still it
held. Colombia, Mexico and Buenos Aires entered into the concert of free
nations.
Bolívar proceeded to organize the province of Los Pastos, and, with the
help of the Bishop of Popayan,--a former foe to the cause of independence,
who had wanted to return to Spain when the insurgents took possession
of the city, but who was persuaded to remain by the noble words of
Bolívar--finally obtained the consolidation of the republic in that
section. A few days later Bolívar left Los Pastos for Quito, where he was
received in triumph. The authorities of the old kingdom of Quito declared
the city's desire to be reunited with the Republic of Colombia,--to become
a part of the latter. Upon receiving the minutes of the assembly in which
this decision was taken, Bolívar decided that this resolution should be
placed before the proper representatives of the people, so that it might be
given greater emphasis by their approval.
In the organization of the country, Bolívar formed the department of
Ecuador of three old provinces. Sucre, promoted to the rank of major
general, was appointed governor of this department. Then Bolívar addressed
a letter to San Martin, at that time Protector of Perú, telling him that
the war in Colombia had come to an end and that his men were ready to go
wherever their brothers would call them, "especially to the country of our
neighbors to the South."
There was a serious problem to be solved in the South, and it had to be
worked out in Guayaquil. Two great men were going to come face to face. It
is necessary to study, even briefly, the personality of the other noted man
of the South, General San Martín.
D. José de San Martín was born on the 25th of February, 1778, of Spanish
parents, in the little village of Yapeyú, in the missions established among
the Indians in the northeast part of what is now the Argentine Republic.
His father was lieutenant governor of the department. José was educated in
Spain among youths of noble birth. At eleven years of age he entered the
army. He fought in Africa, against the French, and in Portugal. In the
campaign in Portugal he was a brother-in-arms of don Mariano Montilla, the
hero of Cartagena. He rose to the position of lieutenant colonel. In 1811
he met Miranda in London, and then decided to come to Buenos Aires.
He arrived there in 1812, and placed himself at the disposal of the
revolutionary government, which gave him the grade of lieutenant colonel
of cavalry. He immediately showed his talent as an organizer of men; he
instructed his officers and disciplined his soldiers.
At the beginning of the Argentine revolution, the idea of independence was
vague, and it was San Martín who first suggested that the revolutionists
should call themselves "independents," so as to have a cause, a flag and
principles by which they might be known. It is necessary to remember that
the revolution in this section of America was always of a monarchical
tendency, and San Martin was always an ardent supporter of monarchical
ideas. The only battle in which he took part in Argentina was one in which
he, with 120 men, defeated 250 foes. The independence of the viceroyalty of
the River Plata caused very little bloodshed, except in the northern part,
which is now the republic of Bolivia. San Martin was sent to fight the
Spaniards in this section, but he well knew the futility of attacking
by land, because the greatest stronghold of the Spaniards on the entire
continent--the viceroyalty of Perú--was on the other side. He then feigned
illness, and was sent as governor to the province of Cuyo, at the foot of
the Andes, where he worked constantly and efficiently to organize a large
army. He succeeded, not with the brilliancy of Bolívar's genius, but
through the constancy of his own methodical soul.
San Martín was reserved. It was very difficult to know his thoughts and his
feelings. He was successful in battle as well as in his deception of the
enemy. In many respects he was the opposite of Bolívar.
In 1817 San Martín had 4,000 soldiers in Mendoza ready to invade Chile,
where the insurgent armies had been defeated in Rancagua by a Spanish army
sent from Perú. The remnants of the Chilean patriots dispersed, and some of
them crossed the Andes and presented themselves to San Martín in the city
of Mendoza. He received some and rejected others. Among the former was D.
Bernardo O'Higgins, upon whose loyalty San Martín was certain he could
depend.
San Martín crossed the Andes, and defeated the Spaniards at Chacabuco.
Later, he fought the decisive battle of Maipó, passing then to Santiago,
where he was proclaimed director of the state, from which position he
immediately resigned, using all his influence to have O'Higgins appointed
in his stead, which was done. O'Higgins was an honest man and an excellent
administrator. He immediately appointed San Martín general-in-chief of the
army, and together they planned the invasion of Perú by sea.
With the help of Admiral Cochrane, San Martín reached the shores of Perú,
where he landed. After some delay, due to the desire to enlist public
opinion in the cause of independence, he took the city of Lima on July 8,
1821, and was appointed Protector of Perú. He wished to unite Guayaquil and
Perú, in which plan he was opposed by Bolívar.
Guayaquil had declared itself independent of Spain in October, 1820. We
have seen that Sucre was sent there by Bolívar because that section had
not been included in the armistice agreed to with Morillo in Santa Ana. In
Guayaquil there were three parties, one on the side of Perú, one on the
side of Colombia, and a third which desired the independence of that
section. There were several movements in favor of and against these
conflicting views, when Bolívar sent messages to Sucre, O'Higgins, San
Martín, and other prominent men, in an endeavor to form a combination to
bring about an early and successful end to the war for independence. In all
the difficulties of Guayaquil, Sucre displayed exceptional prudence and
tact, but when he was obliged to leave the city in order to draw to himself
the attention of the Spaniards and thus facilitate the movement of Bolívar
against Pasto, the intrigues increased, and Bolívar had to intervene,
sending a message to the Junta of Guayaquil, asking them to recognize the
union of Guayaquil and Colombia. San Martín was on the point of declaring
war on Colombia, a fatal step which was prevented by the pressure of other
more urgent matters, and perhaps because the victories of Bomboná and
Pichincha were too recent to encourage any disregard of the conquerors.
As soon as Bolívar arrived in Quito, he decided to go to Guayaquil to take
the situation in hand. He arrived on July 11, and was received in triumph,
his presence producing a decided effect in favor of the union with
Colombia. He published a proclamation inviting expressions of popular
opinion as to union, and was waiting for the day on which the
representatives of the province were to meet, when General San Martín
appeared in the city, surprising everybody, for, although he had sent
Bolívar a letter notifying him of his intended visit, Bolívar had not
received it. He was most cordially received by the Liberator, who, in a
previous communication, had declared his friendship for the Protector of
Perú. San Martín landed on the 26th of July, and that night had a long
personal conference with Bolívar, concerning which opinions varied. There
were no witnesses of that interview. It is certain that the men discussed
the union of Guayaquil, and the conflicting ideas of both leaders. Again
the intellectual superiority of Bolívar was evident. One thing, however, is
known: forty hours after landing in Guayaquil, the Protector left the city
and went to Perú, where he resigned his position and then sailed for Chile,
whence he went to the Argentine Republic. Later, he proceeded to Europe,
where he died in the middle of the century, a great man, the victim of the
ingratitude of his fellow citizens, always modest and reserved, and, in
many respects, an unsolved mystery. He harbored no resentment towards
Bolívar. When he arrived in Callao after the interview, the papers
published the following words over his name:
"The 26th of last July, when I had the satisfaction of embracing
the Hero of the South, was one of the happiest days of my life. The
Liberator of Colombia is not only helping this state with three of his
brave battalions, united to the valiant division of Perú under the
command of General Santa Cruz, to put an end to the war in America, but
he is also sending a considerable number of arms for the same purpose.
Let us all pay the homage of our eternal gratitude to the immortal
Bolívar."