_Of Temples._
[Sidenote: _Lib._ 4. _Chap._ 4.]
The second Sort of Publick Fabricks, which are those that belong to
Religion are the _Temples_, which among the Ancients were of two Sorts;
some were after the _Greek_, and some after the _Tuscan_ Fashion.
The _Temples_ after the _Tuscan_ Fashion were Square, the _Greeks_ made
them sometimes Round, sometimes Square; in the Square _Temples_ of the
_Greeks_, there are three Things to be considered, _viz._ The Parts
that compose it, the Proportion of the _Temple_, and its _Aspect_.
The Parts of the Square _Temples_, were for the most part Five; for they
had almost every one of them a Porch before the Temple called _Pronaos_,
and another Porch behind the _Temple_, called _Posticum_, or
_Opisthedomos_, the middle of the _Temple_, called _Cella_, or _Sacos_;
the _Portico's_ or _Isles_, and the _Gate_.
The Porch was a place covered at the Entrance at the greatest part of
_Temples_, being as broad as the whole _Temple_. There were three sorts
of them. Some were surrounded with Pillars on three Sides; Others had
only Pillars in the Front, the Sides of the Porch being made up by the
continuation of the Side-Walls of the _Temple_; Others were made up at
the Sides, partly by Pillars, and partly by the Continuation of the
Side-Walls of the _Temple_.
The _Posticum_ of the _Temple_ was equal to the Porch, having likewise a
Gate, but all Temples had not _Posticums_, though almost every _Temple_
had its _Pronaos_, or Porch.
The Middle of the _Temple_, called _Cella_, was a place inclosed with
four Walls, having no Light but at the Gate, unless it were uncovered,
as we shall shew hereafter.
The _Portico's_ which make the Isles, were ranks of Pillars, sometimes
single, sometimes double, which stood along the Sides of the _Temple_ on
the out-side: some _Temples_ wanted this part.
The Gates of the _Temples_ were different according to the difference of
the Order of the Architecture, according to which the _Temple_ was
built: there was the _Dorick_, the _Ionick_, and the _Attick_.
The height of the _Dorick_ Gate was taken by dividing into 3 parts and
an half, the space which is from below to the bottom of the _Plat-fond_
of the _Portico_, which _Platfond_ was called _Lacunar_: they allow'd 2
to the height of the Gate under the _Lintel_: this height was divided
into 12 parts; 5 and an half were taken for the breadth of the Gate
below, for above it was straiter by a 3d. part. A 4th. part, and even an
8th. part of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, according to the height of
the Gate, which was to be less straitened above, the higher it was. The
breadth of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, was the 12th. part of the
height of the Opening of the Gate.
The _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_ grew straiter and straiter towards the
top, _viz._ the 4th. part of its breadth: it was only edged with a
_Cymatium_, with an _Astragal_.
Upon the _Cymatium_ above the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, was a _Frise_
called _Hyperthyron_, which had the same breadth with the _Chambranle_
or _Door-Case_. Upon this _Frise_ was placed a _Dorick Cymatium_, with a
_Lesbian Astragal_; both of them jetting out very little.
Upon the _Moulures_ the _Flat-Crown_ was placed, with its little
_Cymatium_, which jetted out the whole breadth above of the _Chambranle_
or _Door-Case_, with its Mould.
The height of the _Ionick_ Gates was taken as those of the _Dorick_; but
to have the right breadth, they divided the height into 2 parts and an
half: To allow them one and an half below, it was straitned at the top,
as the _Dorick_ Gate was; the breadth of the _Chambranle_ was the 14th.
part of the height of the Opening of the Gate; this breadth of the
_Chambranle_, or _Door-Case_, being divided into 6, one was allowed for
the _Cymatium_, the rest being divided into 12, 3 were allowed to the
1st. Face comprising its _Astragal_, 4 to the 2d. and 5 to the 3d.
The _Frise_ which is called _Hyperthyron_, was made with the same
Proportions that are in the _Dorick Order_. The _Consoles_ or
_Shouldering-Pieces_, descended directly to the bottom of the
_Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, without comprizing the _Foliage_ or
_Leaf-work_ that they had at the bottom: The breadth above was the 3d.
part of that of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_, and at the bottom they
grew straiter by a 4th. part.
The _Attick_ were like the _Dorick_, but their _Chambranles_ or
_Door-Cases_ had only a _Plat-band_ under the _Cymatium_, and this
_Plat-band_ or _Face_, had only the breadth of 2 parts in 7, into which
was divided all the rest of the _Chambranle_ or _Door-Case_ with its
_Mouldings_.
[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]
The Proportion of the _Temples_ was so ordered, that they were twice as
long as broad, but it is not to be understood precisely, but only of
_Temples_ that were without _Pillars_, whose length was divided into 8,
and 4 were allowed for the breadth.
[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 4._]
[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 3._]
The _Temples_ which had _Pillars_ round about, could not have this
double Proportion; for as much as the length had only the double of the
intercolumniations, and by consequence a _Pillar_ less than the double
of the _Pillars_ before and behind.
The _Aspect_ of the _Temples_ signifies two things in _Vitruvius_,
_viz._ The Disposition of the parts of the _Temple_, in respect of one
another, and the Disposition in respect of the Heavens.
As to what regards the Disposition of the _Temple_ in respect of the
Heavens, the Ancients always observed to turn them toward the
Sun-rising, if the place were not ill-disposed for it, and that some
great Street obliged them to turn it otherwise.
As to what belongs to the Disposition of the parts, _viz._ of the
_Porch_, _Porticum_, _Isles_ or _Oiles_ within the _Temple_ and the
_Gates_, it was different in the _Temples_ which were without _Pillars_,
and in those which had _Pillars_.
[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 4._]
The _Temples_ without _Pillars_, were those that were not 20 Foot broad,
the length of these _Temples_ being divided into 8, 4 were allowed for
the breadth, 5 for the length of the _Temple_ within, and 3 for the
_Porch_.
[Sidenote: _Lib. 3. Chap. 1._]
The _Temples_ which had _Pillars_ were of 8 sorts; The 1st. and the most
Simple, was that which was called _Ad Antes_, because in this sort of
_Temples_, there were only 2 _Pillars_ in the Face or Front before,
betwixt 2 _Antes_. There was 3 sorts of these _Temples_.
The First and the most Simple, had 2 _Pillars_ before the Face of the
_Temple_, at whose Corners there were 2 _Antes_, and the 2 _Pillars_
supported a _Piedement_ or _Fronton_.
The Second Sort had likewise but 2 _Pillars_, but they were between 2
_Antes_ upon the same Line with the _Antes_; and these _Antes_ with the
2 _Pillars_, made up the _Face_ of the _Porch_ of the _Temple_.
The Third Sort was, when betwixt 2 _Pillars_ which were at the _Face_
before, which made up the _Porch_, there were likewise 2 others within
the _Porch_; these _Pillars_ within, were not so thick as those without,
although they were of an equal height; but to the end they might seem as
thick as those without, they made more _Channellings_, for the most part
28 or 32, supposing those without had 24; this was done to get more room
within the _Porch_. These _Temples_ had also this particular to
themselves, that the Front of the _Porch_ was closed with Partitions of
_Marble_ or _Joyner's-Work_, which ran from the _Ante_ of one of the
Corners to its neighbouring _Pillar_, and from this _Ante_ to the other
_Pillar_, and from this _Pillar_ to the other _Ante_.
The second Sort of _Temples_, with _Pillars_, was called _Prostyle_;
which differ'd not from the first, but in this, that besides the 2
_Pillars_ of the _Temple_, _Ad Antes_, there were two others directly on
the Angular _Antes_.
The Third Sort was called _Amphiprostyle_; because it had _Pillars_ as
well behind as before.
The Fourth Sort was the _Periptere_, which in the Front, as well as
behind, had 6 _Pillars_, and 12 on every side, counting those of the
Corners: the distance which was between the _Pillars_ and the _Walls_,
was equal to that which was between the _Pillars_.
The Fifth, the _Pseud-diptere_, viz. _False Diptere_, it had 8 _Pillars_
in the _Front_, and as many behind, and 15 on every side, counting those
of the Corners: the _Pillars_ were distant from the Wall, the space of 2
Intercolumniations, and the thickness of a _Pillar_.
The Sixth Sort was the _Diptere_, which had 8 _Pillars_ before and
behind, and 2 rows round about.
The Seventh Sort was called _Hypethre_, because the inner part of the
_Temple_ was uncovered, it had 10 _Pillars_ before and behind; and as to
the rest, it was like the _Diptere_, but in this particular to it self,
that all about it had two Orders of _Pillars_, at a little distance from
the Wall, to make _Portico's_, as in the _Peristyles_.
The Eighth was called _Pseudo-Periptere_, or _False Periptere_; for the
Disposition of the _Pillars_ was equal to that of the _Pillars_ of the
_Periptere_: This _Temple_ having 6 _Pillars_ in the _Front_, and
behind, and 11 in the _Isles_ or _Wings_; but the Disposition of the
Walls of the _Temple_ was different in this, that they extended even to
the _Pillars_, which made no _Portico_, for they were joyned to the
Walls, except those of the _Porch_ which were insulated, or stood alone
like Islands.
The Round _Temples_ were of 2 sorts; The first were called _Monopteres_,
because they had no Walls, having only an _Isle_ or _Wing_; viz.
_Pillars_ which supported a _Coupe_. Their Proportion was, that
dividing the whole _Temple_ into three, one part was allowed for the
_Steps_ upon which the _Pillars_ were placed, which had their height
equal to the distance that there was from one _Pillar_, to that which
was Diametrically opposite to it.
The Second Sort which was called _Periptere_, had _Pillars_ upon their
_Basis_ round about the _Temple_, the space that was between the _Basis_
and the _Wall_ was the 5th. part of the whole _Temple_, and the Diameter
of the _Temple_ within, was equal to the height of the _Pillar_.
The _Temples_ after the _Tuscan_ fashion were square, having 5 parts in
length and 4 in breadth; the _Porch_ which was as great as the rest of
the _Temple_, had 4 _Pillars_ in the _Front_; the Sides were closed half
by the Continuation of the Walls of the _Temple_, half by 2 _Angular
Pillars_; and there were likewise 2 _Pillars_ in the middle of the
_Porch_: The _Temple_ had 2 _Chappels_ within on each Side.
We find that the Ancients had 14 Sorts of _Temples_, viz. 1. The Temple
without _Pillars_. 2. The Temple _ad antes_ Simply. 3. The Temple _ad
Antes_, with 2 _Pillars_ upon the same Line with the _Antes_. 4. The
Temple _ad antes_, with _Pillars_ of an unequal Magnitude. 5. The
_Prostyle_. 6. The _Amphiprostyle_. 7. The _Periptere_. 8. The
_Pseudo-diptere_. 9. The _Diptere_. 10. The _Hypethre_. 11. The
_Pseudo-Periptere_. 12. The _Monoptere_. 13. The _Round Periptere_. 14.
The _Tuscan_. See the Tab. 2, 3, 4.