THE BIDASSOA AND THE FRONTIER
In the western valleys of the Pyrenees, opening out into the Landes
bordering upon the Golfe de Gascogne, rises the little river Bidassoa,
famous in history and romance. To the Basques its name is Bastanzubi,
and its length is but sixty-five kilometres.
In the upper valley, in Spanish territory, is Elizondo, the tiny capital
of olden times, and three other tiny Spanish towns whose names suggest
nothing but an old-world existence.
In its last dozen or fifteen kilometres the Bidassoa forms the boundary
between France and Spain, and mid-stream--below Hendaye, the last French
station on the railway between Paris and Madrid--is the famous Ile des
Faisans.
All of this is classic ground. Just across the river from Hendaye is
Irun, the first station on the Spanish railway line. It offers nothing
special in the way of historical monuments, save a fourteenth-century
Hôtel de Ville and innumerable old houses. Its characteristics are as
much French as Spanish, and its speech the same, when its people don't
talk Basque.
[Illustration: _Ile des Faisans_]
A historic incident of the Ile des Faisans was the famous affair of
1526, when, after the Battle of Pavia, and François Premier had been
made prisoner by Charles V, the former was _exchanged_ against his two
children as hostages.
Three years later the children themselves were redeemed by another
_exchange_, this time of much gold and many precious "relics," as one
learns from the old chronicles.
In 1615, on the same classic spot, as far from Spanish territory as from
French, Anne of Austria, the fiancée of Louis XIII, was put into the
hands of the French by the Spanish, who received in return Elizabeth of
France, fiancée of Philippe III. Quite a mart the Ile des Faisans had
become! The culminating event was the signing of the celebrated Traité
des Pyrénées, on November 7th, 1659.
When François Premier, fleeing from Madrid, where he had been the
prisoner of Charles V, first set foot upon French soil again at this
imaginary boundary line, he said: "At last I am a king again! Now I am
really free." It was only through the efforts of his sister that
François was able to escape his royal jailer. He had made promises which
he did not intend to live up to; the king perjured himself but he saved
France.
He rode with all speed from Madrid to meet his boys, the Dauphin and the
Duc d'Orleans, who were to replace him as hostages at Madrid. On the
river's edge the sons were awaiting their father, with an emotion too
vivid for description. They had no fear, and they entered willingly into
the plan which was laid down for them, but the meeting and the parting
was most sad. Wild with excitement of liberty being so near, François
could hardly wait for the ferry to take him across, and even waded into
the river to meet it as they pulled towards it. On French soil a
splendid retinue awaited him, and once more the French king was
surrounded by his luxurious court.
To-day the Island of Pheasants is hardly more than a sand bar, and
Mazarin and Don Louis de Haro, and their numerous suites would have a
hard time finding a foothold. The currents of the river and the ocean
have made of it only a pinhead on modern maps. In 1856, at the expense
of the two countries, a stone memorial, with an inscription in French
and Spanish, was erected to mark the site of this fast dwindling island.
Irun and Feuntarrabia, with the three French communes of Biriaton,
Béhobie and Hendaye enjoy reciprocal rights over the waters of the
estuary of this epoch and history making river. This is the result of an
agreement of long years standing, known as the "Pacte de Famille," an
agreement made between the French and Spanish Basques (those of the
_béret bleu_ with the _béret rouge_) with the concurrence of the French
and Spanish authorities.
Crossing the Pont International between France and Spain may prove to be
an amusing and memorable sensation. If a man at one end of the bridge
offers you an umbrella, or a parasol, to keep off the sun's rays during
this promenade, saying that you can leave it with a friend at the other
end, don't take it. The other who would take it from you may be
prevented from doing so by a Spanish gendarme or a customs official, who
indeed is just as likely to catch you first. The fine is "easy" enough
for this illicit traffic, but the international complications are many
and great. So, too, will be the inconveniences to yourself.
Around the Pont International, on both the French and Spanish sides, is
as queer a collection of stray dogs and cats as one will see out of
Constantinople. They are of a "_race imprécise, vraies bêtes
internationales_," the customhouse officer tells you, and from their
looks there's no denying it. They may not be wicked, may only bark and
not bite, mew and not scratch, but only they themselves know this. To
the rest of us they look suspicious.
From Hendaye one may enter Spain by any one of three means of
communication,--by railway, on foot across the Pont de Béhobie, or by a
boat across the Bidassoa. The first means is the most frequented; for a
_piécette_--that is to say a _pièce blanche_ of Spanish money, which has
the weight and appearance of a franc, but a considerably reduced
value--one can cross by train; a boatman will take you for half the
price at any time of the day or night; and by the Pont International,
it costs nothing.
[Illustration: _The Frontier at Hendaye_]
This international bridge belongs half to France and half to Spain, the
post in the middle bearing the respective arms marking the limits of the
territorial rights of each.
This is one of the most curiously ordained frontiers in all the world.
The people of Urrugne in France, twenty kilometres distant from the
frontier, can hold speech freely in their mother tongue with those of
Feuntarrabia in Spain, but officialdom of the customs and railway
organizations at Hendaye and Irun, next-door neighbours, have to
translate their speech from French to Spanish and vice versa, or have
an interpreter who will. Curious anomaly this!
Hendaye's chief shrine is a modern one, the singularly-built house, on a
rock dominating the bay, formerly inhabited by Pierre Loti, though most
of his fellow townsmen knew him only as Julian Viaud, Lieutenant de
Vaisseau. This, though the commander of the miserable little gunboat
called the "_Javelot_" stationed always in the Bidassoa was an
_Académicien_.
At the French entrance to this important frontier bridge one reads on a
panel PONT INTERNATIONAL; and at the Spanish end, PUENTE INTERNACIONAL;
and here the _gendarme_ of France become the _carabiniero_ of Spain.
Béhobie, at the Spanish end of the bridge, the French call "the biggest
hamlet in Europe." It virtually is a hamlet, but it has some of the
largest business and industrial enterprises in the country, for here
have been established branch houses and factories of many a great French
industry in order to avoid the tariff tax imposed on foreign products in
the Spanish peninsula. The game has been played before elsewhere, but
never so successfully as here.
[Illustration: _Maison Pierre Loti, Hendaye_]
On the Pointe de Ste. Anne, the northern boundary of the estuary of
the Bidassoa, is a monumental château, the work of Viollet-le-Duc, built
by him for the Comte d'Abbadie. Modern though it is, its architectural
opulence is in keeping with the knowledge of its builder (the greatest
authority on Gothic the world has ever known, or ever will know); and as
a combination of the excellencies of old-time building with modern
improvements, this Château d'Abbadie stands quite in a class by itself.
At the death of the widow of the Comte d'Abbadie, the château was
bequeathed by her to the Institut de France.
The view seaward from the little peninsula upon which the château sits
is marvellously soft and beautiful, and what matter it if the fish of
the Golfe de Fontarabie to the south have no eyes--if indeed his
statement be true. No oculist or zoölogist has said it, but a poet has
written thus:--
"Le poisson qui rouvrit l'oeil mort du vieux Tobie
Se joue au fond du golfe où dort fontarabie."
Near by is the Forêt d'Yraty, much like most of the forests of France,
except that this is all up and down hill, clinging perilously wherever
there is enough loose soil for a tree to take root.
The inhabitants tell you of a "wild man" discovered here by the
shepherds, in 1774, long before the days of circus wild men. He was
tall, well proportioned and covered with hair like a bear, and always in
a good humour, though he did not speak an intelligible language. His
chief amusement was sheep-stealing, and one day it was determined to
take him prisoner. The shepherds and the authorities tried for
twenty-five years, until finally he disappeared from view--and so the
legend ends.
Across the estuary of the Bidassoa, in truth, the Baie de Fontarabie,
the sunsets are of a magnificence seldom seen. There _may_ be others as
gorgeous elsewhere, but none more so, and one can well imagine the same
refulgent red glow, of which historians write, that graced the occasion
when Cristobal Colon (or his Basque precursor) set out into the west.
In connection with all this neighbouring Franco-Espagnol country of the
Basques, one is bound to recall the great events of these last years,
both at Biarritz, and at San Sebastian, across the border. The cachet of
the king of England's approval has been given to the former, and of that
of the king of Spain to the latter. Already the region has become known
as the _Côte d'Argent_, as is the Riviera the _Côte d'Azure_, and the
north Brittany coast the _Côte d'Emeraud_.
It was here on the _Côte d'Argent_ that King Alfonso did his wooing, his
automobile flashing to and fro between St. Sebastian and Biarritz,
crossing and recrossing the frontier stream of the Bidassoa. Bridges of
stone and steel carry the traffic now, and it passes between Irun and
Hendaye, higher up the river, but in the old days, the days of François
I, the passage was more picturesquely made by ferry.
Feuntarrabia is but a stone's throw away, sitting, as it were, desolate
and forgotten on its promontory beyond the sands, and as the sun sets,
flinging its blood-red radiance over sea and shore, the aspect is all
very quiet, very peaceful, and fair. It is difficult to realize the
stirring times that once passed over the spot, the war thunder that
shook the echoes of the hills. May the bloody scenes of the _Côte
d'Argent_ be over for ever, and its future be as happy as King Alfonso's
wooing.
At Feuntarrabia, but a step beyond Irun, one enters his first typical
Spanish town. You know this because touts try to sell you, and every one
else, a lottery ticket, and because the beggars, who, apparently, are as
numerous as their tribe in Naples, quote proverbs at your head.
You may understand them or you may not, but since Spain is the land of
proverbs, it is but natural that you should meet with them forthwith.
Here is one, though it is more like an enigma; and when translated it
becomes but an old friend in disguise:--
"Un manco escribio una carta,
Un siega la esta mirando;
Un mudo la esta leyenda
Y un sordo la esta escuchando."
"A handless man a letter did write,
A dumb dictated it word for word;
The person who read it had lost his sight,
And deaf was he who listened and heard."
One need not be a phenomenal linguist to understand this, even in the
vernacular.
Feuntarrabia itself is a cluster of brown-red houses piled high along
the narrow streets, with deep eaves over-hanging grated windows, and
carved doorways leading to shady courts.
There is a certain squalid, gone-to-ruin air about everything, which, in
this case, is but a charm; but one can picture from the blazoned stone
coats-of-arms seen here and there that the dwellers of olden time were
proud and reverend seigneurs.
[Illustration: _In Old Feuntarrabia_]
Feuntarrabia, the little sea-coast town, called even by the French
_la perle de la Bidassoa_ is contrastingly different to
Saint-Jean-de-Luz, though not twenty kilometres away. It is Spanish to
the core, and on the escutcheon above the city gate one reads an ancient
inscription to the effect that it belonged to the kings of Castile and
was always "a very noble, very loyal, very brave and always faithful
city."
Feuntarrabia was once a fortress of renown, but that was in the long
ago. It was a theatre of battles without end. Here Condé was repulsed,
together with the best chivalry of France, and it was then that the
grateful Spanish king ordered that for evermore it should be styled "the
most noble, the most leal, the most valorous of cities"--a title which
does actually appear on legal documents unto this day. The Duke of
Berwick, King James Stuart's gallant son, once succeeded in taking the
place, and it was then so utterly dismantled by the French that it has
never since been reckoned among the fortified places of Spain. But the
city must indeed have felt the old war spirit stir again when it beheld
those two great generals, Soult and Wellington, strive for victory
before its hoary walls in 1813. Inch by inch the British had forced
Napoleon's men from Spain; and here on the very frontier of France,
Maréchal Soult gathered his forces for one last desperate stand. No
British foot, he swore, should dare to touch the soil of France. But one
chill October day, when the rain was falling on the broken, trodden
vineyards, and the wind came moaning from the sullen sea, the word was
given along the English ranks to pass the Bidassoa. And across the river
came a line of scarlet fighting men, haggard and war-worn, many of them
wounded, all of them weary. The result of that day is written on the
annals of military glory as "one of the most daring exploits of military
genius." Long afterwards Soult himself acknowledged it was the most
splendid episode of the Peninsular War.
THE END.
Index
Abbadie, Château d', 443
_Abelles, Seigneurs des_, 108
Accous, 333
Agde, 24, 28, 55
Agen, 52, 224
Aigues-Mortes, 55, 56, 85
_Albret Family, D'_, 232, 235, 256, 260, 261, 267, 270-274, 280, 281,
310, 340, 344, 345, 347, 350, 356-367
_Alphonse XIII_, 318, 445
Amauros, Château d', 122
Amboise, 42, 64
Amélie-les-Bains, 5, 70, 137, 138
Andorra, 47, 140, 144, 146-151, 184, 203, 304
Andorra-Viella, 148
_Arago, François_, 103
_Aragon, House of_, 96, 97, 122, 123, 128, 139, 305
Aramits, 251-252, 328, 344
_Arc, Jeanne d'_, 31
Archachon, 53
Argelès, 122-123, 318
Ariège, 9, 177
Arles-en-Provence, 111, 117
Arles-sur-Tech, 98, 138-139, 140
Armagnac, Comté d', 9, 13, 14, 84, 256, 266, 366
_Armagnac Family, D'_, 193, 256-257, 356, 365
Armendarits, 252, 253
_Arnaud, Abbé Felix_, 156-157
Arnéguy, 400
Arques, 41
Arreau, 303-304
_Arsinois, Valentine d'_, 282
Artagnan, 344
Arudy, 296
Ascarat, 400
Aspremont, Château of, 246-247
Athos, 344
Auch, 8, 225
Audaux and Its Château, 348
_Aude, Département de l'_, 9, 15, 16
Avignon, 104
Avocat-Vieux, L', 198
Axat, 152, 156, 158-159
Ax-les-Thermes, 67-68, 70, 206-209
Badefols, 76
_Baluffe, Auguste_, 152
Bagnères de Bigorre, 5, 70, 303, 321, 322, 323
Bagnères-de-Luchon (_see_ Luchon)
_Baigorry, Vicomtes de_, 397-399, 400
_Balaguer, Victor_, 176
Banyuls-sur-Mer, 14, 58, 82, 128-129
Barcelona, 3, 56, 58, 81, 82, 99, 107, 125, 136, 145, 184
Barèges, 70, 321-322
Barétous, 250-251, 328-330
Bas-Languedoc, 8, 9
Basque Provinces, 9, 46, 53, 59, 62, 74-76, 80, 241, 246, 372-392
Basse-Navarre, 17, 244, 246, 354-371, 393
Basses-Pyrénées, 9, 62, 63, 64, 262, 380, 390
Bayonne, 7, 13, 24, 53, 62, 64, 81, 184, 262, 307, 340, 352, 374, 377,
413-421, 422, 423, 424, 428, 429, 433
Béarn, 1, 9, 13, 17, 28, 44, 62, 76, 84, 176, 177, 186, 191, 230-296,
311, 336, 342, 354-371, 396
_Béarn, Vicomtes de_, 176, 261, 267, 283, 284, 296, 324, 325, 328, 355
Bedous, 332-333
Béhobie, 439, 440, 442
Bellegarde, Fortress de, 4, 56, 81, 136
Bellocq, Château de, 344-345
_Benoit XII_, 180
_Benoit XIII_, 124
_Béranger_, 93
Bergerac, 13
_Bertrand, Jean_, 229
Betharrem, 310-312
Bethmale, 220
Béziers, 15, 24, 55, 85, 122, 152, 153
Biarritz, 2, 3, 46, 54, 60, 61, 64, 163, 165, 233, 305, 346, 377, 378,
384, 417, 422-430, 444, 445
Bidache and Its Château, 240, 244-246
Bidarray, 405, 406
Bielle, 292-293
Biert, 220-221
Bigorre, 3, 5, 9, 50, 70, 84, 176, 208, 222, 283, 303, 311, 356, 366
Bilboa, 99
Billère, 272
Biriaton, 439
_Blanca, Jean_, 118
_Boileau_, 30, 153
_Boniface VIII_, 200
Bordeaux, 8, 12, 13, 15, 28, 52, 53, 60, 163, 186, 249, 262, 378
Born, Bertrand de, Château of, 76
Boulbonne, Abbey of, 181
_Bourbon, Antoine de_, 366
_Bourbon, Connétable de_, 433-434
Bourdette, Château de, 202
Bourg-Madame, 140, 144-146
_Brantome_, 302, 370
Brèche de Roland, 50, 254-256, 406
Bruges, 2, 288
Bunus, 389
Burgette, 403
Burgos, 64
_Cæsar_, 57, 84, 301, 355
Cahors, 13
Camargue, The, 56, 284
Cambo, 62, 71, 378, 405, 408-412
Camprodon, 140
Canfranc, 254
Canet, 118-119
Capcir, 141, 159-160
Carcassonne and Its Château, 3, 7, 15, 24, 25, 42, 46, 85, 102, 104,
121, 152, 153, 154, 161-174, 184, 210
_Carcassonne, Counts of_, 187, 199
Carol, Tour de, 146
Castel-Biel, 25-26
Castelnau-Durban, 214
Catalogne, 176, 184
Cauterets, 3, 5, 70, 84, 208, 318-319, 321, 322, 323, 331
_Centulle Family_, 231, 265, 280, 285, 324, 356
Cerbère and Its Château, 106-108
Cerdagne, The, 140-141, 160
Céret, 83, 137, 140
Cette, 15
Chalosse, 13, 62
_Charlemagne_, 4, 51, 81, 146, 153, 165, 204-205, 218, 400, 401, 406
_Charles Martel_, 73-74
_Charles I_, 142
_Charles V_, 64, 116, 120, 315, 415, 437, 438
_Charles VI_, 178
_Charles VII_, 306, 415
_Charles VIII_, 23, 97, 269, 369
_Charles IX_, 368, 416
_Charpentier, Hubert_, 311
Chavilles, 334
Chelles, 42
Chenonceaux, 42
_Chilperic_, 42
Cirque de Gavarnie, 254, 307
_Clement V_, 227
_Clement VIII_, 120
_Clotaire II_, 42
Coarraze and Its Château, 39, 42, 272, 308-310
Col de Banyuls, 58, 82, 83
Col de la Carbossière, 127
Col de la Perche, 140
Col de Lladrones, 254
Col de Perthus, 56-57, 80, 81, 127, 136, 184
Col de Puymorins, 146
Col de Ronçevaux, 255, 400
Collioure, 14, 107, 123-127
Comminges, Comté de, 9, 84, 191, 211, 222-229, 244
_Comminges, Comtes de_, 225, 228-229, 305-306
Compiègne, 42
_Condé_, _"The Grand,"_ 97, 181, 199, 275, 447
Conflent, 141
_Constant, Benjamin_, 172
_Constant, son of Constantine_, 98
_Constantine_, 98, 120
_Conti, Prince de_, 236
_Convènes, The_, 222
Cortalets, 130
Coucy, 42
Couserans, 211-221, 222
Creil, 42
Cucugnan, 104
_Dambourges_, 344
_Dante_, 250
_Daudet_, 104, 202
Dax, 224, 378
_Delcassé, M._, 145
_Desperriers_, 369
_Despourrins_, 87-88
_Dickens_, 420-421
Digne, 185
_Du Bellay_, 415
_Dugommier_, 123
_Dumas_, 236, 249-250, 251, 343, 344
_Duprat_, 277
Eaux-Bonnes, 5, 70, 289, 293-294, 323
Eaux-Chaudes, 70, 289, 294-295, 323
Echaux, Château d', 397, 398
_Edward I_, 246
_Edward III_, 336-337
_Elissagory, Renaud d'_, 353
Elizondo, 436
Elne, 28, 98, 120-122, 123, 124, 127
_Erasmus_, 370
Escalde, 145
Espelette, 412
Estagel, 103
_Estarbès, D'_, 172
_Evreux Family_, 356
_Expilly, Abbé d'_, 267
Eysus, 327-328
Falaise, 42
_Falguière, Eugene_, 172
Farges, Château de, 399-400
_Favyn_, 267
Fenouillet, Château de, 102
_Ferdinand of Aragon_, 97, 357-358, 371
Feuntarrabia, 80, 377, 439, 441, 445-447
Figueras, 81
Foix and Its Château, 3, 8, 39, 42, 46, 53, 176, 177, 181, 182, 184,
185-196, 197, 199, 202, 209, 213, 214, 315, 335, 343
Foix, Comté de, 1, 8, 9, 17, 53, 76, 175-177, 181-184, 197, 201, 202,
208-209, 211, 212, 221, 244, 256, 356, 366
_Foix, Counts of_, 148, 176-184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 190-195, 198, 199,
205, 208, 209, 231, 268, 311, 342
Fontainebleau, 42
_Foulques, Nerra_, 43, 210
_Fournier, Gaston_ (see _Benoit XII_)
_Foy, General_, 342, 343
_François I_, 21, 23, 64, 97, 365, 415-416, 437-439, 445
Frayras, 198
_Froissart_, 185, 194, 266, 298, 309, 335, 336, 338
Frontignan, 15
Gabas, 295
Gan, 277, 288
_Garat, M._, 74
Gard, 9, 15, 16
Gascogne, 8, 84, 197, 240, 256, 273, 286, 355, 356
_Gassion, Jean de_, 275-277
_Gaston Phoebus de Foix_, 4, 8, 178-180, 185, 191, 192, 193, 210, 233,
240, 261, 266, 267, 268, 310, 315, 336-339, 342, 343, 344
_Gautier, Théophile_, 373
Gavarnie, 58, 62, 254, 321
Gibraltar, 3
Ginestas, 15
Gorges de Pierre Lys, 3, 156-157
Gorges de St. Georges, 152, 158-159
_Grammont Family_, 244-246, 358
_Gregory VII_, 265
Grenada, 3, 66
Grotte de Mas d'Azil, 213-214
Gudanne, Château de, 177
Guiche, Château de, 246
_Gustavus Adolphus_, 276
Guienne, 8, 9, 365
_Hadrian_, 354
_Hannibal_, 81, 96, 120
_Haro, Don Louis de_, 439
Hastingues, 246
Haute-Garonne, 9
Haute-Languedoc, 8, 9
Hautes-Pyrénées, 9, 84, 87, 297
Hendaye, 80, 436, 439, 440-442, 445
_Henri II of France_, 229, 267
_Henri II of Navarre_, 232, 283
_Henri III of France_, 367, 368, 370
_Henri III of Navarre_ (see _Henri IV of France_)
_Henri IV of France_, 3, 7, 13, 24, 84, 178, 180, 181, 196, 213, 231,
232, 233-235, 239, 244, 245, 260, 261, 263, 264, 268, 270-275, 277,
283, 288, 295, 296, 299, 308-309, 327, 359, 363, 366-371, 429
_Henry VIII of England_, 282
Hérault, 9, 15, 16, 89
Hospitalet, 140, 146-147, 148
_Honorius III_, 188
Huesca, 47
_Hugo, Victor_, 254, 333, 373, 434
_Huguet, Pierre_, 107
Iholdy, 352, 353
Ile des Faisans, 63, 97, 436, 437-439
_Innocent VIII_, 227
Irun, 80, 436-437, 439, 442, 445
_Isabella of Castile_, 97, 357
Itxassou, Château, 412
_James I of Aragon_, 96
_Jean II of Roussillon_, 96-97
Jurançon, 264, 271
Lagarde, Fortress of, 139, 140
La Bastide-de-Serou, 25, 202
La Garde, Château de, 218
_La Gaucherie_, 272
Laghat, Notre Dame de, 204
_La Guesle_, 366
Landes, The, 9, 13, 52, 53, 59, 84
Languedoc, 14, 15, 55, 77, 87, 197, 201, 238, 240, 286
Lanne and Its Château, 251-252
_Laon, Gérard de_, 336-337
Laruns, 287, 288-293, 296
Larlenque, 198
Lascaveries, 265
Lasse and Its Château, 398-399, 400
Lastours, Château of, 174
Latour-de-France and Its Château, 103
_Laurens, Jean Paul_, 172
Laustan, Château de, 407-408
Le Boulon, 136, 137
Le Puy, 210
Les Andelys, 41
Lescar, 272, 278-284, 285, 302, 326
_Lesseps, De_, 153
Les Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (_see_ Saintes Maries)
Le Vigne, 198
_Levis, Guy de_, 200, 201
_Levis-Ajac, François de_, 201
Lézignan, 15
Limoux, 15, 104, 153, 171, 172, 173-174
_Littré_, 76
Llagone, 114
_Lorris, Guillaume de_, 22
_Lothaire_, 122, 124, 128
_Loti, Pierre_, 442
_Louis IX_, 43, 56, 96, 163, 164, 208, 256
_Louis X_, 18, 364
_Louis XI_, 35, 96-97, 116, 119, 123, 124, 126, 181, 330, 338, 369
_Louis XIII_, 97, 112, 116, 123, 140, 189, 209, 359, 397, 433, 437
_Louis XIV_, 23, 73, 108, 136, 140, 142, 182, 189, 228, 275, 347, 398,
430, 432-433
_Louis XV_, 68, 121, 201
_Louis Philippe_, 261
Lourdat, Château de, 39, 177, 209-210
Lourdes and Its Château, 2, 3, 8, 39, 42, 282, 300, 313-317
Louvie-Soubiron, 292
Luchon, 2, 3, 8, 25, 46, 64, 70, 137, 208, 222, 233, 301, 303, 304-306,
323
_Luna, Pierre de_, 116, 124
Lunel, 15
_Luther, Martin_, 327
Luz, 320-321, 322, 323
Luzenac, 209
Lyons, 28
Madrid, 3, 64, 67, 81, 99, 184
Madron, 198
_Majorca, Kings of_, 96, 112, 116, 122, 128
_Mansard_, 23
_Marat_, 369
Marboré, Tours de, 255
_Marca, Pierre de_, 98, 277, 288
Marseilles, 3, 28, 48, 115, 117, 163, 249
Mas d'Azil, 213-214
Mauléon and Its Château, 2, 71, 247-250, 252, 378, 387
_Maupassant, Guy de_, 110
Maures, Château de, 207
_Mazarin_, 439
Mazères and Its Château, 2, 8, 178, 186, 197, 198
_Medici, Catherine de_, 234-235, 366, 367
_Meilleraye, Maréchal de la_, 123
Mende, 185
_Mercier_, 172
_Mérimée, Prosper_, 163
_Mézeray_, 365
_Michaud_, 267
_Mirabel, Château de_, 218
Mirepoix, 184, 193, 200-201
_Moncade Family_, 176, 231
Montauban, 16, 36, 52, 60, 340
Montelimar, 17
_Montesquieu_, 23
_Montfort, Simon de_, 165, 176, 187, 200
_Montgomery_, 311, 313, 339
Montjoie, 214
Mont Louis, 81, 144
_Montmorenci_, 181
Montory, 250
Montpellier, 8, 15, 56
Montréal, Château de, 206, 247, 349
Montrejeau, 222
Montségur, Château de, 201
Morlaas, 2, 261, 284-286
_Nadaud, Gustave_, 162, 170-172, 174
Naples, 125
_Napoleon I_, 30, 71, 293, 400, 447
_Napoleon III_, 263, 423
Narbonne, 15, 55, 120, 127, 152, 153
Nassaure, Château de, 198
Navarre, 1, 9, 28, 46, 62, 76, 176, 186, 231, 240, 281, 354-371, 396,
403
_Navarre Family_, 30, 231, 239, 256, 280, 330-332
Navarreux, 2, 345-348
Navarrino, 81
Nay, 2, 310
Nice, 59, 305
Nîmes, 56, 111
Noailhan, Château de, 218
Nogarède, Château de, 198
Nogent, 42
Notre Dame de Château, 127
Notre Dame de Consolation, 126
Odos, Château d', 302
Oloron, 28, 250, 251, 252, 265, 308, 324-327, 347
_Orphila, Guillaume de Puig de_, 124
_Orth, Vicomte d'_, 416
_Orthe, Vicomtes d'_, 246
Orthez and Its Château, 28, 186, 308, 325, 335-346, 349
Ossun and Its Château, 300-301
Palada, 138
_Palissy, Bernard_, 51
Pamiers, 53, 181, 186, 196, 197, 199-200
Pamplona, 248, 281, 350, 357, 395, 396, 399, 402-404
Paris, 3, 28, 31, 42, 56, 64, 67, 81, 82, 138, 154, 161, 190, 234, 249,
253, 274, 280, 291, 292, 377, 378, 379, 384, 421, 427
Pas de Roland, 405-406
Pau and Its Château, 2, 3, 8, 9, 24, 39, 42, 46, 47, 60, 61, 64, 66,
111, 121, 163, 186, 232, 233, 245, 252, 258-277, 279, 283, 285, 288,
300, 301, 302, 308, 309, 321, 335, 339, 346, 347, 366, 384, 396, 425
_Pau, Guillem de_, 107
_Paul III_, 302
Pave, 127
Pays-de-Fenouillet, 102
Pays-Entre-Deux-Mers, 9
Peille, Château de, 139
_Pentièvre et de Périgord, Comte de_, 232
_Pépin_, 96
Pérorade, 246
Perpignan, 3, 4, 8, 24, 55, 59, 81, 82, 83, 97, 99, 103, 110-121, 124,
127, 131, 133, 134, 140, 144, 155, 184
Perthus, 136
Peyrehorade, 246, 352
_Philippe III_, 176, 188, 438
_Philippe IV_, 122, 200, 356, 364
_Philippe V_, 364
_Pierre IV of Aragon_, 122
Pierrefonds, 42
Planes, 98, 144
_Poitiers, Diane de_, 229, 416
_Pompey_, 56-57, 222
_Pont, De Carsalade du_, 134-135
Porta, 146
Portalet, 81, 253
Porté, 146, 148
Port Vendres, 54
_Pouvillon, Emil_, 172
Prades, 141, 142
Prats-de-Mollo, 4, 7, 81, 139-140
Privas, 185
Puigcerda, 145-146
Pujols, Tour des, 122-123
_Puré, Abbé de_, 277
Puylaurens, Château de, 24, 155
Pyrénées-Occidentales, 48, 50, 59, 80
Pyrénées-Orientales, 9, 48, 54, 79, 80, 89, 102
Quercy, 13
Queribus, Château de, 104
Quié, Château de, 177
Quillan, 140, 152, 154-158
_Rabedos_, 107, 108
_Rameau, Jean_, 172, 264
_René, King_, 117
_Richelieu_, 103, 181, 189, 214, 345, 433
_Rigaud, Hyacinthe_, 118
Rimont, 214
Rivesaltes, 14, 119, 120
Rodes, Château de, 202
_Rohan, Duc de_, 181, 276
_Roland_, 255, 400-401, 405-406
Ronça, 248
Ronçevaux, 51, 81, 82, 346, 395, 400-403, 405
_Ronsard_, 282, 405
_Rostand, Edmond_, 409-411
Rouen, 28, 249, 366
_Rousseau_, 77
_Roussel_, 327
Roussillon, 1, 8, 9, 14, 16, 28, 55, 56, 77, 78-79, 80, 82, 95-129,
166, 367
Roussillon, Château, 118
_Roussillon, Princes of_, 122, 124, 128
Ruscino and Its Château, 39, 98, 118, 127
Sabart, Notre Dame de, 204-205
_St. Abdon_, 119
St. André, 127
_St. Bernard_, 18
St. Bertrand de Comminges and Its Château, 7, 24, 84, 222-227
_St. Bertrand de l'Isle_, 224-227, 228
St. Colome, 293
St. Étienne-de-Baigorry, 397, 399
_St. Galdric_, 119
St. Gaudens, 52, 222
St. Germain, 42
St. Giles, 56
St. Girons, 184, 212, 213, 214-216, 218, 220
_St. Gregoire_, 224
St. Hilaire, 153-154
_St. Hilaire_, 154
St. Jacques de Compostelle, 295
St.-Jean-de-Luz, 54, 63, 64, 378, 379, 417, 425, 428, 429-434, 447
St. Jean-de-Vergues, 196
St. Jean-Pied-de-Port, 9, 28, 71, 81, 346, 350, 352, 357, 387-388,
393-400, 403, 405, 406
_St. Jerome_, 223
St. Lizier and Its Château, 175, 211, 212, 216-218, 220
St. Martin, Abbey of, 132-135
St. Martin-Lys, 156, 158
St. Palais, 350-352
St. Paul-de-Fenouillet, 102
St. Pé-de-Bigorre, 312-313
St. Sauveur, 70, 321, 322, 323
_St. Sennen_, 119
_Sainte-Marthe, Charles de_, 282
Saintes Maries, 55, 88-89, 204, 205
Salces, 120
Salies de Béarn, 5, 70, 71, 127, 343-344, 421
_Saluste, Guillaume_, 50
San Sebastian, 3, 58, 444, 445
Sarrance, 330-332, 334
Saumur, 15
Sauveterre, 347, 348-350
Saverdun, 197, 198
Selx, 218
_Sergius IV_, 133
_Sertorius_, 222
Seville, 3, 99
_Sigismond_, 124
Somport, 334
_Soult, Maréchal_, 341, 343, 447-448
_Sully_, 272
_Sylvestre, Armand_, 172
Tarascon and Its Château, 177, 202-206, 209
Tarbes and Its Château, 3, 8, 266, 279, 297-300, 301, 302, 321, 331, 350
Tardets, 247, 250, 387
Teillery, Château, 412
_Terès, Jean_, 125
_Thiers, M._, 183
Toulouse, 3, 8, 13, 24, 52, 60, 111, 152, 164, 176, 184, 186, 197, 212,
224
Tours, 117
_Trencavel Family_, 165, 170
Ultrera and Its Château, 39, 127
_Urban VIII_, 397
Urdos, 241-243, 253, 334
Urgel, 149
Urrugne, 434, 441
Ussat, 70
Valbonne, Abbey of, 126
Val Carlos, 400-403
Val d'Aran, 48, 52
Vallespir, 122, 140
_Valois, Marguerite de_, 21, 231, 232, 234-235, 261, 267, 281-282, 302,
369-370
_Vauban_, 7, 116, 136, 139, 140, 142, 345, 346, 347, 414, 431
_Verdaguer, Jacinto_, 133-134
Vernet, 70, 143, 323
Vic-Dessos and Its Château, 177, 206
Villefranche and Its Château, 81, 141-143
Villers-Cotterets, 42
_Viollet-le-Duc_, 41, 162, 167, 443
Vittoria, 64
_Voltaire_, 23
_Weber, Jean_, 409
_Wellington_, 63, 341, 343, 447-448
_Young, Arthur_, 262, 351-352
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Pot de vinalgre=> Pot de vinaigre {pg 44}
populous and progressve=> populous and progressive {pg 72}
Prats de Mollo=> Prats-de-Mollo {pg 139}
in-invariably=> invariably {pg 154}
balls bounds around with wool=> balls bound around with wool {pg 183}
Mémoires du Philippe de Commine=> Mémoires de Philippe de Commine {pg
229}
St. Jean-Pied-de-Porte=> St. Jean-Pied-de-Port {pg 357}
resembles neiher the country=> resembles neither the country {pg 380}
analagous position=> analogous position {pg 386}
but a step belond=> but a step beyond {pg 445}
Basses-Pyrénêes=> Basses-Pyrénées {pg 450}
St. Jean-Pied-de-Porte=> St. Jean-Pied-de-Port {pg 357}
=> {pg}
=> {pg}
=> {pg}
=> {pg}
=>