4. The superintendent is also charged with the duty of procuring all

blank books, maps, drawings, diagrams, views, and charts, which may be

ordered by Congress, or by the heads of departments and bureaus. But the

superintendent himself is not left to act always as he may think proper,

for in many cases he must have the approval of the joint committee on

printing of both Houses of Congress.

5. This is a very proper effort to curtail expenses. It remains to be

seen how successful it may be. The constant watchful oversight of the

Sovereign People can alone succeed in keeping all things in due order.

When the representatives of the people become careless and wasteful the

admonition of the people is never without its effect.

CHAPTER LIV.

THE SIGNAL SERVICE.

1. The present organization of this institution dates from the beginning

of the civil war, and was originally purely military in its aims and

purposes. It is still conducted by the War Department, and partly for its

own purposes; but its value to agricultural and commercial interests is

constantly becoming more apparent and more extensive, and will probably,

in the end, so overshadow its military relations as to reduce them to

a very subordinate place in importance. The civil uses of this service

are based on the science of meteorology, which is largely occupied with

weather changes, the origin, progress, and laws of Storms. Its value to

the people consists in its accurate prediction of changes in the weather,

and the warning it is able to give, sometimes many hours or even days

in advance, of dangerous storms. Its estimate of weather probabilities,

based on observations reported daily from prominent points covering the

whole country, are published in all the daily papers, usually found

accurate, and are of great value to certain classes of the people. When a

storm threatens to endanger the safety of shipping a signal is displayed

in the port to give warning, and much property and many lives are often

saved. It makes an accurate and scientific study of the weather and all

the laws controlling its changes, by a large corps of enlightened and

trained observers, all whose facts, constantly reported, systematized,

and studied by competent persons, are likely to produce, in time, a most

important and useful body of knowledge on that subject.

2. The objects of the Signal Service require its officials to be

connected with the United States army, to have the use of the Electric

Telegraph, to be familiar with Meteorology, and skillful in the use of

the scientific instruments employed in the study of atmospheric changes.

By means of the telegraph, the army, though scattered over the whole

country, and especially the frontiers and more inaccessible parts, may be

almost instantaneously, and all at the same time, communicated with. It

would be possible, by telegraphs, signals, and railroads, to concentrate

the whole army from the numerous points where its fragments are located,

from Maine to Texas, and the Atlantic to the Pacific, at one point in as

short a time as it formerly took a body of soldiers to march a hundred

miles.

3. It is a singularly striking instance of the vigor and effectiveness of

control supplied by science, invention, and modern progress, by which our

vast increase in numbers and in extent of territory are neutralized, the

interests, sentiments, and habits of the people unified so that sectional

jealousies and contests are made rare and slight, and the people of

remote parts of the country made practically better acquainted with each

other than formerly were the inhabitants of adjoining States.

4. Subordination and thoroughness of system are secured by its connection

with the army, which probably also secures its advantages to the

country at much less cost than would be the case were it an independent

institution. The army is ambitious to be as useful as possible to the

country. There is a Signal School of Instruction and Practice at Fort

Whipple, in Va., which is to this Service what the Military and Naval

Academies are to the Army and Navy. The most suitable persons are

selected from the army or especially enlisted, and carefully schooled and

tested through a sufficiently long period to render them fully competent

for the delicate duties imposed on them.

5. There are about 90 Signal Stations, a few being located in Canada and

the West Indies. The whole is under the direction of the Chief Signal

Officer, who reports to the Secretary of War. There is a large and

carefully arranged organization, under constant supervision by competent

persons. Several Boards of Examination are employed in selecting suitable

persons for the different duties required in the Service, and in testing

their advancement toward a thorough fitness for each position to be

occupied.

The first or lowest grade is for the “field” signal service, requiring

a knowledge of army signals and telegraphy—this being the original

military value of the institution—the second grade includes those who

are competent to act as assistants to observers in the scientific

or meteorological part of the work; and the third (called Observer

Sergeants) includes those who have so complete a knowledge of the

scientific principles involved and of the use of the instruments employed

as to be fitted to take charge of Stations of Observation, and make the

constant and minute reports on which the conclusions of the Central

Office are based.

The Stations are from time to time inspected, and the whole system kept

in the most accurate order. Very much depends on the intelligence and

unremitting attention of the Observers.

This is, probably, the beginning of a work of the greatest practical

value to commerce and agriculture. It will continually expand and grow

more exact and useful, and from its relations to the diffusion of

important and useful knowledge we have placed it with

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.

1. Though there are no doubt many minor failures to meet the wishes,

and secure the interests of the people and some, perhaps, that are

really serious—though in these the people bear a good share of the

blame—the government has pursued an enlightened policy in respect to the

encouragement of Science, and the diffusion of useful knowledge. What it

can properly do in the interest of the whole people has been done. The

Smithsonian Institution is not wholly a government establishment; but

the official machinery by which it was at first set in motion, and is

continued in operation, belongs to the government. The funds with which

it was founded, were furnished by an individual, and he a foreigner.

The history runs thus: A noble-hearted Englishman, whose name was John

Smithson, residing in the city of London, bequeathed all his property to

the United States of America, for the purpose of founding in Washington

an establishment to be known as the “Smithsonian Institution,” for the

purpose of increasing and diffusing knowledge among men. The United

States accepted the bequest, and in 1846 passed an act for the purpose

of carrying out the beneficent design of Mr. Smithson. This act created

“an establishment,” as it is denominated in the act, by the name before

stated. It might have been called a corporation, for it has perpetual

succession, and many of the powers incident to a corporation.

2. By this act the President and Vice-President of the United States, the

Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War,

the Secretary of the Navy, the Postmaster General, the Attorney General,

and Chief Justice, the Commissioner of the Patent Office, and the Mayor

of Washington—during the time they shall hold their respective offices,

together with such other persons as they may elect honorary members—were

constituted the establishment under the name of the Smithsonian

Institution.

3. It is located at Washington, and is managed by a board of regents,

composed of the Vice-President of the United States, the Chief Justice

of the United States, the Mayor of Washington, three members of the

Senate, and three members of the House of Representatives; together with

six other persons. The board choose their own officers, and report their

proceedings to Congress at each session thereof.

4. In order to carry out Mr. Smithson’s noble design of founding this

institution, rooms have been prepared for the reception of all objects

of art, natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical

specimens which now or hereafter may belong to the United States, and

such as may hereafter be obtained. These are classified and arranged

so as to facilitate their examination and study. A vast collection

has already been obtained and deposited in the institution, and it is

constantly increasing by donations, by the researches and industry of its

professors, and by exchanges made with kindred institutions at home and

abroad. These are open to the examination of the public, and offer an

opportunity to students and others to extend their scientific knowledge.

This, together with the reports of its professors, of experiments and

new discoveries, make it indeed an institution “for the increase and

diffusion of knowledge among men.”

CHAPTER LV.

REPORTS.

1. Congress being the law-making power of the government, it is evident

that, to know precisely what laws it is important to enact, to change,

or to repeal, they should be kept well informed of all that is done

by government officials, and the precise condition of every branch of

the public service. The President’s Messages are of the nature of

reports made by the Chief Executive to the legislative body for its

information and guidance. So it is enacted that the Secretaries of State,

Treasury, War, Navy, Interior, and Postmaster General, together with the

commissioners of the different bureaus, and boards attached to these

departments, shall annually report to Congress. Heads of departments

report directly to Congress. So do many of the commissioners who are at

the head of bureaus. Boards report to the heads of departments to which

they are attached.

2. In this way Congress is kept advised of whatever is done in every

department, bureau, or board, to which any of the public business is

entrusted. These reports not only furnish the law-making power with such

information as it needs, but serve as a check to any official misconduct.

The annual reports of the Secretaries of the Treasury, War, and Navy,

together with that of the Postmaster General, are State papers which rank

in importance next to the annual message of the President. To them the

people look for a detailed account of the state and condition of those

great departments over which these Secretaries preside, and which so

materially affect the pecuniary and other great interests of the nation.

3. The foregoing remarks upon reports, throw light upon the movements of

the machinery by which the government is operated, and show how officials

are held responsible to the superior power.

In this connection we may notice another kind of reports, which come

from another source. After each Congress has convened and organized, the

President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House appoint what are

denominated the standing committees of each of these bodies.

When bills are presented to be passed into laws, or petitions are sent

in, they are always referred to the appropriate committee, which examines

them and reports to the body (of the Senate or House) their conclusions

upon the merits or demerits, propriety or impropriety, of granting the

petition, or of passing the bill under consideration.

These reports generally govern the action of Congress when they come to

vote upon the passage of the law. But that is not always the case; the

body of either House may think differently from its committee, and act

contrary to its recommendations.

CHAPTER LVI.

IMPEACHMENT.

1. In the second article, section four, of the Constitution, these words

are found: “The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of

the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and

conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.”

2. Impeachment is a procedure against office holders only, for the

purpose of removing them from office. It inflicts no other punishment;

but the guilty party may afterwards be prosecuted for his crime in a

court of law, and punished in such manner as the law directs.

3. The House of Representatives alone can present charges looking to the

trial of an officer of the government by impeachment. Its action, in such

a case, is similar to that of a Grand Jury. It charges that the official

has violated the law and should be tried, in order, if guilty, to be

removed from office. It appoints a committee to conduct the prosecution

before the Senate, to which these charges are presented.

4. The Senate alone has the power to try the accused party. When trying

a case of impeachment it acts as a court, and from its decision there is

no appeal. The President cannot pardon a criminal who has been impeached.

When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice

of the Supreme Court presides, but in no other case. No person can be

convicted in a trial of impeachment, unless two-thirds of the Senate

concur in finding the accused guilty of the alleged offense.

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.

This is the third Branch of the government, as determined by the

Constitution, and is of supreme importance and dignity. Its sphere is to

interpret the Constitution, to decide controversies, to try offenders

and to pronounce sentence on them, to enforce rights, and to keep the

whole organism of the government in proper place and proportion. It is

attached to the governmental machinery as a Regulator. Without it the

other Departments must be the judges of the extent of their own powers;

the Constitution would be practically inoperative to prevent inharmonious

or mischievous legislation; and the executive would possess the authority

to try as well as punish offenses.

The officers of this Department of the government are expected to be men

of much weight and dignity of character, of wide legal culture, and are

selected for, and continued in, office under such circumstances as to

guarantee, to a fair extent, the requisite distinction and impartiality.

All this we shall see as we proceed to analyze its different branches.

These consist of the United States Supreme Court, the Circuit Courts,

the District Courts, and the Court of Claims. The local courts in the

District of Columbia, and the Territorial Courts, though similar to the

State Judiciaries, are connected, by their relations to the General

Government, with this Department.

The importance of this branch of the government has become more evident

as time has passed, and the conflict of parties has put the whole to

test. The acrimonious party spirit of our early post revolutionary

history, which continued into Monroe’s administration, was, in great

part, the result of a want of due confidence in, and respect for, the

judiciary. Experience showed that our people were law abiding, and that

the Legislative and Executive powers, equally with the people, were

willing to submit to the official interpretation of the Constitution, and

all ready to join hands to maintain its authority.

CHAPTER LVII.

THE SUPREME COURT.

1. This is the highest tribunal in the United States. If the whole

government be figuratively regarded as an arch this is the “Key Stone of

the Arch” without which the whole structure would crumble and fall. In

all cases of dispute as to the meaning of the Constitution and the range

of powers it confers, or implies, it has sovereign power to decide; and

from that decision there is no appeal. Its declaration, as to the meaning

and application of the Constitution and the body of statutes enacted

under it, becomes the law of the land. It is the great bulwark against

tyrannical use of power, and conflicting enactments, whether by National

or State Legislatures.

2. This court has one Chief Justice and nine Associate Justices, all

appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the

Senate. They are appointed for life, or during good behavior; they may

be impeached for bribery or other high crimes, and then removed from

office. They may also resign; but if they conduct themselves properly and

choose to retain their offices, there is no power by which they can be

removed, except the power of death. The Constitution itself makes this

provision, in order that the judges may be removed as far as possible

from the influence of party politics. It is therefore expected that their

decisions will not be biased by party or political considerations; and

it may not be amiss to say that the provisions for keeping the judges of

the United States Courts in office for life, meets with almost universal

approbation; and has caused many to hope that the States would alter

their Constitutions and adopt the same plan; believing it to be the

surest way of preserving a pure and independent Judiciary, on which

depend the rights and liberties of every citizen of the commonwealth.

3. This court holds but one term in a year, which commences on the first

Monday of December, and sits until it has disposed of the business before

it. Its sessions are always held at Washington, the capital of the

nation; there it has access to the Congressional and Law Libraries, and

to all the departments and records of the government when necessary.

There is a class of causes which may be commenced in this court. In these

cases it has original jurisdiction. They are such as affect ambassadors,

other public ministers, and consuls; and those in which a State shall be

a party. In other cases it has only appellate jurisdiction. The greater

part of its business is to hear and determine appeals from inferior

courts, mainly from the United States Circuit Courts; and in some

instances from the highest State courts.

4. It has not only original, but exclusive jurisdiction in causes where a

State is a party, and when proceedings or suits against ambassadors, or

other public ministers or their servants, are instituted. Its power to

try appeals from lower courts, called _appellate_ jurisdiction, gives it

the position of the highest court in the nation.

It has power also to restrain or to prohibit proceedings in the United

States District Courts, when acting as courts of Admiralty; or in cases

of maritime jurisdiction. The judges of this court hold the Circuit

Courts, and allot themselves among the judicial circuits.

The practice and rules of procedure in this court are very similar to

those of the Courts of Chancery and King’s Bench, in England. Issues of

fact are tried by jury, the same as in other courts.

OFFICERS OF THE COURT.

5. The officers of this tribunal are the Judges, the Attorney General,

a clerk, a crier, and a reporter. The three last named are appointed by

the court. It is the duty of the Marshal of the District of Columbia to

attend this court, and to serve process issuing from it.

An Attorney or Counsellor-at-Law, to be admitted to practice in this

court, must have been a practitioner in the Supreme Court of the State

where he lives.

6. The following are the names of all the Chief Justices of the Supreme

Court of the United States, from its establishment to the present time;

with the dates of their appointments, and the States from which they were

appointed:

John Jay, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1789.

John Rutledge, S. C., July 1, 1795.

William Cushing, Mass., Jan. 27, 1796.

Oliver Ellsworth, Ct., March 4, 1796.

John Jay, N. Y., Dec. 19, 1800.

John Marshall, Va., Jan. 27, 1801.

Roger B. Taney, Md., Dec. 28, 1835.

Salmon P. Chase, O., Dec. 1864.

Morrison R. Waite, O., Jan. 21, 1874.

7. The following are the names of the Associate Justices with the dates

of their appointment and the States from which they were appointed:

John Rutledge, S. C., 1789.

William Cushing, Mass., 1789.

Robert H. Harrison, Md., 1789.

James Wilson, Pa., 1789.

John Blair, Va., 1789.

James Iredell, N. C., 1790.

Thomas Johnson, Md., 1791.

William Paterson, N. J., 1793.

Samuel Chase, Md., 1796.

Bushrod Washington, Va., 1798.

Alfred Moore, N. C., 1799.

William Johnson, S. C., 1804.

Brockholst Livingston, N. Y., 1807.

Thomas Todd, Va., 1807.

Gabriel Duvall, Md., 1811.

Joseph Story, Mass., 1811.

Smith Thompson, N. Y., 1823.

Robert Trimble, Ky., 1823.

John McLean, O., 1829.

Henry Baldwin, Pa., 1830.

James M. Wayne, Ga., 1835.

Philip P. Barbour, Va., 1836.

John McKinley, Ala., 1837.

John Catron, Tenn., 1837.

Peter V. Daniel, Va., 1841.

Samuel Nelson, N. Y., 1845.

Levi Woodbury, N. H., 1845.

Robert C. Grier, Pa., 1846.

Benjamin R. Curtis, Mass., 1851.

James A. Campbell, Ala., 1853.

Nathan Clifford, Me., 1858.

Noah H. Swayne, O., 1862.

Samuel F. Miller, Iowa, 1862.

Stephen J. Field, Cal.

David Davis, Ill., 1862.

William Strong, Pa., 1870.

Joseph P. Bradley, N. J., 1870.

Ward Hunt, N. Y., 1873.

CHAPTER LVIII.

CIRCUIT COURTS.

The next in dignity, power, and jurisdiction are the United States

Circuit Courts. While the Supreme Court is always held in Washington,

these are held in every State at such times and places as special law

of Congress directs. These are often changed so as to accommodate both

the people in the States and the judges of the Court. As now arranged,

the whole Union is divided into nine circuits, each circuit comprising

several States, according to the size and population of the States. The

places are arranged with reference to convenience of access by all the

people in the circuit.

This Court is similar in design and authority to the Supreme Court;

indeed it is but a branch of it; the same officers presiding, and the

same class of questions being adjudicated by it, viz.: those involving

Constitutional Law; and this authority, so important to uniformity of

interpretation of constitutional provisions, and to the enjoyment of

rights guaranteed by that instrument to citizens of all the States, is

made pervading—is carried within the reach of all.

2. The Circuit Courts are held by the Judges of the Supreme Court, who

allot the circuits among themselves, and then travel each through his own

circuit, until he has visited and held a session in every State which

lies within it. A Judge of the Supreme Court is the presiding and supreme

magistrate in every Circuit Court, but the Judge of the District Court

of the district in which the Circuit is held, sits with the Judge of the

Supreme Court, as Associate Justice.

JURISDICTION.

3. These Courts have both original and appellate jurisdiction. Causes

may be appealed from the District Courts to the Circuit. They also have

concurrent jurisdiction with the State courts, where the matter in

dispute exceeds the sum of $500, and the United States are plaintiffs;

or where an alien is a party, or where the suit is between citizens of

different States. They have exclusive jurisdiction in all cases of crimes

against the United States, except where the law especially confers the

power on other courts. It extends to all cases under the revenue laws of

the United States.

4. There is also a certain class of cases (too tedious to be described

here in detail,) which may be removed from State and from District

Courts, into these courts, and be tried and determined in the same manner

as if they had been commenced here.

The officers of Circuit Courts are, first, the Judges; second, the

District Attorney of the district in which the court is held; third, the

Marshal of the district; and fourth, a Clerk, who is appointed by the

court.

5. It may be interesting, and perhaps useful to know how the different

circuits are formed, and what States lie in each. They have been from

time to time increased in number, as the number of the States increased.

In some cases States have been at first placed in one circuit, and

afterwards detached and placed in another.

6. By the Acts of 1862 and 1863, the circuits were arranged as follows:

First Circuit—Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire (by

Act of 1820).

Second Circuit—Vermont, Connecticut, New York (Act of 1837).

Third Circuit—New Jersey and Pennsylvania.

Fourth Circuit—Maryland, Virginia, Delaware and North Carolina.

Fifth Circuit—South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.

Sixth Circuit—Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Kentucky and Tennessee.

Seventh Circuit—Ohio and Indiana.

Eighth Circuit—Michigan and Illinois.

Ninth Circuit—Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Minnesota.

Tenth Circuit—California and Oregon.

But in 1866 this arrangement of the circuits was again changed; and

this was done, we suppose, to make the circuits approximate nearer to

the number of Associate Justices, as reduced from nine to six by the

same act; for, it was then enacted that hereafter there should be no

more Associate Justices of the Supreme Court appointed, until they were

reduced (by death or resignation), to six.

7. The circuits by this last act were reduced to nine, and were arranged

as follows:

First and Second Circuits to remain as before.

The Third was made up of the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and

Delaware.

The Fourth, of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and

South Carolina.

The Fifth, of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas.

The Sixth, of Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky and Tennessee.

The Seventh, of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin.

The Eighth, of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas and Arkansas.

The Ninth, of California, Oregon and Nevada.

We have inserted both of these circuit arrangements, because one new

State (Nebraska), has been admitted since the act passed. Others will

soon come in, and very probably the old number of circuits and judges

will be restored.

CHAPTER LIX.

DISTRICT COURTS.

1. We come now to the lowest grade of United States courts, excepting the

local courts in the District of Columbia, and the Territorial Courts.

A United States District Court is held by a District Judge in every

district. Every State constitutes at least one district, several of the

larger States are divided into two, and some into three. There are at

the present time fifty-nine Judicial Districts, and consequently the

same number of District Judges, District Attorneys, District Clerks and

Marshals. The Judges, Attorneys and Marshals are all appointed by the

President and Senate; the Clerks by the respective courts.

TERMS.

2. By the law of 1789 every District Judge was required to hold four

sessions a year, at such times and in such places as Congress directed.

This is done to this day in a great majority of the States; but by later

laws, in some of the districts only two or three sessions a year are

required.

JURISDICTION.

3. These courts have exclusive jurisdiction in all admiralty and maritime

causes. These relate to maritime contracts, and to crimes against the

laws of the United States, committed on the sea and on navigable lakes

and rivers. It embraces in this country all contracts respecting vessels

and navigation; such as chartering, repairing, and fitting them out,

seamen’s wages, &c. They have in some cases concurrent jurisdiction with

the Circuit Courts, as in cases of piracy, and exclusive cognizance of

cases where seizures are made for a violation of the revenue laws, or

laws relating to imports and navigation; and causes against consuls and

vice consuls where the amount claimed does not exceed $100. In short,

they have concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts, of all crimes

against the laws of the United States, the punishment of which is not

capital. The trial of issues of fact in all causes except civil causes of

admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, must be by jury.

4. Appeals are taken from these courts to the Circuit Courts. The judges

are appointed like those of the Supreme Court, for life, or during good

behavior, and receive various amounts as salary, some more and some less,

according to the amount of services to be performed in their respective

districts.

5. When vessels are captured in time of war, either by the public armed

vessels or by private armed ships, the facts and circumstances of the

capture must be brought before a United States Circuit or District

Court for adjudication; when the vessel and cargo are either condemned

as a prize, or restored to their owners. When either of these courts

adjudicate such cases, it is called a Prize Court.

We give the number of Judicial Districts in each State as they now exist,

and the total number in all the States. They are as follows:

Alabama, 3.

Arkansas, 2.

California, 2.

Connecticut, 1.

Mississippi, 2.

Missouri, 2.

Nevada, 1.

New Hampshire, 1.

Delaware, 1.

Florida, 2.

Georgia, 2.

Illinois, 2.

Indiana, 1.

Iowa, 1.

Kansas, 1.

Kentucky, 1.

Louisiana, 2.

Maine, 1.

Maryland, 1.

Massachusetts, 1.

Michigan, 2.

Minnesota, 1.

District of Columbia, 1.

New Jersey, 1.

New York, 3.

North Carolina, 3.

Nebraska, 1.

Ohio, 2.

Oregon, 1.

Pennsylvania, 2.

Rhode Island, 1.

South Carolina, 2.

Tennessee, 3.

Texas, 2.

Vermont, 1.

Virginia, 1.

West Virginia, 1.

Wisconsin, 1.

Total, 59.

CHAPTER LX.

ADMIRALTY AND MARITIME JURISDICTION.

In ancient times—and long before this government existed—civilized

and commercial nations had codes or laws which related especially to

transactions upon the sea. Those respecting ships of war and warlike

operations at sea were called the laws of Admiralty; those respecting

vessels engaged in commercial affairs were called Maritime laws; and the

courts empowered with jurisdiction to hear and try causes, or to take

any judicial proceedings in those cases, were styled Courts of Admiralty

and Maritime Jurisdiction. These laws, in many respects, differed so

materially from the laws relating to affairs on land, that the authority

and power to take proceedings in and adjudicate upon them was conferred

upon a particular class of courts. Hence we see the origin of the names

of such tribunals.

In this country the United States District Courts have been designated

by the laws as the courts which shall have original and exclusive

authority to adjudicate this class of causes; yet an appeal from the

District to the Circuit Courts may be taken.

KIND OF CASES.

The word Maritime designates that which relates to the sea. Yet, in

the United States, cases which come within Admiralty and Maritime

jurisdiction are not restricted to the sea, or to transactions relating

to business or crimes done on it, but are made to embrace those which

occur on navigable lakes and rivers, and include seizures made for the

violation of the laws of impost, navigation, or trade, suits for the

recovery of seamen’s wages, contracts for building, repairing or fitting

out vessels, and, briefly, all contracts where the subject-matter relates

to the navigation of the sea. The District Courts have Admiralty and

Maritime jurisdiction in all these cases, without regard to the amount

claimed, and in criminal as well as in civil suits.

The foregoing remarks show the workings of our judicial system, as it

applies to business done, and crimes committed upon the high seas.

CHAPTER LXI.

COURT OF CLAIMS.

1. This court was established by act of Congress in 1855. The law reads

thus: “A court shall be established to be called the Court of Claims, to

consist of three judges, to be appointed by the President and Senate, and

to hold their offices during good behavior; and the said court shall hear

and determine all claims founded upon any law of Congress, or upon any

regulation of an Executive department, or upon any contract express or

implied, with the government of the United States; which may be suggested

to it by a petition filed therein; and also all claims which may be

referred to said court by either house of Congress.”

2. On the third of March, 1863, the jurisdiction of this court was

enlarged, and two additional judges appointed (making five), from the

whole number of which the President was authorized to appoint one a Chief

Justice for said court.

3. The mode of commencing proceeding before this tribunal is by petition;

in which the claimant must fully set forth his claim, how it arose, its

amount, and the parties interested therein. After the case has been heard

and determined, the court reports to Congress what its decision is, and

if favorable to the claimant, a bill is passed for his relief.

4. It holds one session a year, in Washington, commencing on the first

Monday in October, and continuing as long as the business before it

requires. It not only tries claims against the government, but by its

enlarged jurisdiction, conferred in 1863, it also tries counter claims

and set-offs which the United States may have against the claimant.

Appeals are taken from the Court of Claims to the Supreme Court of the

United States, when the amount in controversy exceeds $3,000.

5. Before the establishment of this court, the only remedy persons

having claims upon the government had, was by petitioning to Congress

for relief; which experience proved to be a long, tedious, and expensive

mode of obtaining their dues. The petition now goes to this court, where

it is heard and adjudicated in the same form, and by the same rules of

procedure which are observed in other courts; for Congress has conferred

upon it all the powers commonly possessed by other courts of law. It also

has a seal.

6. It has greatly facilitated the settlement of claims against the

government, and has relieved Congress of a great amount of labor, which

was urgently pressed upon it at every session.

7. In addition to the five judges, it has a Solicitor, an Assistant

Solicitor, and a Deputy Solicitor, all of whom are appointed by the

President and Senate; and are officers of the court, whose duty it is

faithfully to defend the United States in all matters and claims before

this court.

A bailiff, a clerk, a crier and messenger, all of whom are appointed by

the court, make up the remaining officials.

The claimants stand in the relation of plaintiffs, and the government in

that of defendant.

CHAPTER LXII.

DISTRICT ATTORNEYS.

These officers are next in rank to the Judges of the Circuit and District

Courts with which their duties are connected. Their relation to the

government, in the class of cases that come before those courts, is the

same as that of the Attorney General in the Supreme Court. They are

its official legal counselors in all cases involving the interests of

the General Government before the Circuit and District Courts in their

several districts. They are appointed in the same manner; that is,

nominated by the President, and confirmed by the Senate. It is their duty

“to prosecute in such district all delinquents for crimes and offences

cognizable under the authority of the United States, and all civil

actions in which the United States shall be concerned.” They are his

clients, and he must enforce their rights, and defend them, in the same

manner that any attorney protects and defends his client in any of the

State courts. In case of necessity, he may appoint a substitute to act in

his place. All fees over and above what he is allowed as compensation for

his services, he must report and pay into the United States Treasury.

3. He must defend collectors of the customs and other revenue officers

in his district, when suits are brought against them in their official

capacity, and must report to the Solicitor of the Treasury the number of

suits determined and pending in his district. And when prize cases have

been determined, or are pending in the District Court of his district, he

must report the state and condition of each case to the Secretary of the

Navy.

District Attorneys are appointed for four years, but may be removed at

the pleasure of the President. Their compensation depends on the amount

of business to be done in their respective districts. When important

ports of entry, such as New York or Boston, lie in their districts, their

duties are very numerous, and they receive a corresponding compensation.

CHAPTER LXIII.

UNITED STATES MARSHALS.

1. United States Marshals are the ministerial officers of the United

States courts. Their duties and responsibilities are very similar, and

nearly identical with the duties and responsibilities of sheriffs in the

courts of the several States. They are appointed by the President and

Senate, for a term of four years. They appoint their own deputies, and

their compensation consists of fees instead of a salary; and depends

entirely upon the amount of business they have to transact. There is a

Marshal in every Judicial District in the United States, and there are

fifty-nine of these districts in all. Every State forms at least one

district, while the larger States are divided into two or three.

2. A District Court is held in every district; and it is the Marshal’s

duty to attend the sittings of these courts, and also those of the United

States Circuit Courts, when they happen to sit in his district. The

Marshal for the District of Columbia must also attend the sittings of

the Supreme Court, and execute its precepts. We have said that they are

the ministerial officers of the United States courts; for it is their

duty to serve all writs and precepts emanating from them, whether of a

civil or criminal character; and to execute the judgments and decrees of

these tribunals; and for this purpose they are authorized by law, (if

necessary,) to command such assistance as they may need in the execution

of their duties. Before they enter upon the duties of their office, they

must be bound to the United States for the faithful performance of them,

and must solemnly swear to do them, without malice or partiality; and

that they will take only lawful fees. They are also held answerable for

the delivery to their successors of all prisoners who may be in their

custody at the time of their removal, or at the expiration of their term

of office.

3. They also have the custody of all vessels and goods seized by any

officer of the revenue. It is their duty also to summon, and to pay

jurors and witnesses in behalf of any prisoner to be tried for a capital

offense, under the laws of the United States. In the remarks made under

the head “Census,” we stated that it was made the duty of the Marshals to

superintend and direct the enumeration of the people; and to collect such

statistical facts as the law requires. This they do through deputies,

whom they appoint for that special purpose.

The United States Marshal is also required, on the first day of January

and July of each year, to make a return of all the fees and emoluments of

his office to the Secretary of the Interior; and if they amount to more

than $6,000 per year, he must pay the surplus into the Treasury of the

United States.

CHAPTER LXIV.

GRAND JURY.

1. By turning to the fifth article of the amendments to the Constitution,

you will find these words: “No person shall be held to answer for

a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or

indictment of a Grand Jury; except in cases arising in the land or naval

forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or

public danger.” This constitutional provision makes a Grand Jury a very

important agent or instrumentality in the execution of the laws, and also

a safeguard of the liberties and rights of the people. It secures every

person from the expense and disgrace of a trial for infamous crimes,

unless a Grand Jury of his countrymen shall find upon inquiry and

investigation, that there are good reasons for believing that the person

so charged has committed the alleged offense.

2. This provision not only protects those who are charged with these

crimes against the laws of the United States, but those also who may be

charged with such offenses against the laws of any State; for no State

can arrest and try any person for a capital or infamous crime without

these preliminary proceedings of a Grand Jury; and should it do so, the

United States Supreme Court would set its laws aside, as contrary to the

Constitution of the United States. Here we see that the government is

just as careful to protect its citizens from injustice by hasty judicial

proceedings as it is to punish them after a fair and impartial trial.

3. A Grand Jury, when called to take cognizance of violations of the laws

of the United States, to find indictments against those who are charged

with them, is summoned by a judge of a United States court in the circuit

or district where the alleged crime has been perpetrated; and it must

take notice of all crimes against the laws of the United States, which

may be brought to its knowledge, within the circuit or district in which

it sits. Hence, if ordered by a Circuit Judge, its powers extend over all

those States which lie in that circuit. But when ordered by a District

Judge, its powers extend only to that district in which it sits, and a

district never embraces more than one State, and in many cases a State is

divided into two or three districts.

4. This shows us how much more extensive is the jurisdiction of a Grand

Jury, when acting under the laws of the United States, than when acting

under State laws. In the former it extends generally all over a State,

and sometimes over several States. But in the latter it is confined to

the county in which it sits.

GRAND AND PETIT JURIES.

A Grand Jury never acts but in criminal cases. A Petit Jury acts in both

criminal and civil cases. The finding or conclusion arrived at by a

Grand Jury is called a presentment, or an indictment. The finding of a

Petit Jury is called its verdict.

5. Second, a Grand Jury sits alone (not in the presence of the court),

and deliberates upon such matters of a criminal character as it possesses

knowledge of, or which may be brought to its notice by the court or by

other persons; and when it finds that great evils exist, and wrongs have

been perpetrated, it presents them to the court, and calls the attention

of the law officers to them; which is equivalent to a recommendation that

judicial proceedings should be commenced to abate the evil, or to punish

the wrong-doer. This is called a presentment of the Grand Jury.

And when they find, upon such evidence as they have, that a great crime

has been perpetrated, or that they have good reason so to believe, and

that it has been perpetrated by some person specified, they report their

finding or conclusion to the Court. This is called an indictment by the

Grand Jury; after which the person so charged is arrested, if at large,

and can be found, and is either imprisoned or held to bail for his

appearance at court to stand trial.

6. A Grand Jury never tries a case. It only says to the court by its

presentment or indictment, that the case presented, or the person

indicted, ought to be brought before the court, and tried for the alleged

wrong or crime.

A Petit Jury sits with the court, hears the pleadings and arguments of

counsel on both sides, listens to the evidence of witnesses; and then

hears the charge of the judge, as to the law applicable to the case;

after which they withdraw and deliberate alone upon the case, and if they

agree in a criminal case, their verdict is “Guilty,” or “Not Guilty;” if

in a civil suit, they say how much one party is indebted (if any), to the

other.

7. The object aimed at in that article of the Constitution which stands

at the head of this chapter, is to protect persons from false charges

of crime, and hasty adjudication of such charges; for it substantially

amounts to a declaration that no person shall be punished for a capital

or infamous crime, unless one jury, before trial, shall, upon information

and belief, charge him with the offense; and another, after trial, shall

find him guilty of the alleged crime.

The above remarks are as applicable to Grand and Petit Juries, acting

under State, as those which act under the United States laws.

CHAPTER LXV.

LOCAL GOVERNMENTS.

1. The Supreme power in the United States is lodged in the general

government, with its three branches: Legislative, Executive, and

Judicial. The authority of this government, however, is restricted to

the powers expressly conferred on it by the Constitution; all other

power being reserved to the States, or the people. The States also are

sovereign in their own limits, over all questions not expressly assigned

to the General Government. Instead of conflict of authority there is true

harmony. The people elect the members of both the classes of legislators

and executives, and both are equally employed in attending to the

interests of the people confided to their care; the first to General, the

second to Local interests. All the members and officers of each are the

servants of the Sovereign People.

2. As soon as the general government was organized under the

Constitution, there arose two parties. One wished to render the General

Government prominent in order to secure concentration of strength and

vigor of action; the other desired to exalt the State governments in

the fear that the general government might prove ambitious of too much

power, and disregard the welfare of the people. As in almost all party

platforms, both these seemed to take too narrow a view. Washington was

held to sympathize more with the first, Jefferson was the acknowledged

leader of the second. Together they secured a very fair mingling of

both these principles in the administration and general policy of the

country. A strict adherence to the meaning and spirit of the Constitution

would not seem to give special favor to either, or allow a conflict of

interests.

3. The Supreme Court, or the Judiciary, is the regulating, or reconciling

element, which the Constitution set over the whole to see that no undue

or improper action should defeat its purposes, and that no collisions of

authority should occur. Its decision is final, it being the last resort

in cases of appeal; and, as the only final and authoritative interpreter

of Constitutional Law, it may revise the action of all other branches of

both general and local government, and put them in harmony.

4. It is plain that the authors of the Constitution intended to fuse

the separate elements, or States, into one whole, where general matters

were concerned; and to leave those elements perfectly free and absolute

control of all questions involving only their separate and local

concerns. The _People_, and their welfare, are the aim and end of both

organizations. The possession of power for ambitious ends by general,

State, or municipal organizations, or by individuals, was apparently as

foreign to the thought of the whole Constitutional convention of 1787 as

it seems always to have been to the mind of Washington. That great man

was the leader of clear-sighted and pure-minded statesmen, and whatever

weaknesses and faults have existed at any time (and there have always

been an abundance of them, as there were in the times of Washington)

among political leaders, it must be allowed that the Fathers had worthy

sons who knew how to work correctly the problems left them by their

predecessors. A single question proved quite unmanageable to the sons, as

it had before to the fathers, and had to be settled by an appeal to arms;

but it demonstrated the strength of the people and the ability of our

institutions to withstand the severest shocks.

5. The original States adopted the Constitution after deliberate study,

and all the States since admitted virtually do the same. Their general

structure in their legislative, executive, and judicial arrangements

is substantially the same as that of the General Government. The State

Legislatures consist of two Houses, chosen in different ways, and for

different terms; the relations between them being similar to those of

Congress. Every State has a governor, answering to the President of the

United States, who is the executive officer of the State government. The

courts in all are organized on the same principle as the Supreme Court

of the general government. Although there are small variations from the

model, in various States, they do not affect the general resemblance;

and, due allowance being made for the different subjects to be treated,

the analysis of the general, or of any of State governments, will give a

sufficiently correct view of all.

6. A State cannot make treaties with a foreign power, nor declare war

against it. It cannot raise a revenue by duties on imports, nor control

the postal service, or matters involving the interests of other States.

It has therefore no Department for Foreign relations, its Secretary of

State dealing only with State affairs. It has no Department of War, or

Navy, and no Postmaster General. The Governor’s signature is necessary

to the validity of laws passed by the two branches of the legislature,

and in most of the States he has a veto power similar to that of the

President. He has an executive council answering to the Cabinet. The

courts are more numerous than those of the general government, to meet

the wants of all classes of the people; ranging from a Supreme or

Constitutional court, whose office it is to interpret and apply the

constitution of the State; through all grades, of Common Pleas, Circuit,

District, Police, and Recorder’s courts down to neighborhood courts

held by Justices of the Peace, or Aldermen. There are various others in

different States for special purposes.

7. States are subdivided for purposes of local government into counties

and towns; and these into smaller portions for educational and other

purposes.

Thus the whole is like an extensive system of machinery, wheel being

fitted to wheel. From the lowest to the highest the people of each

local division have entire control over the subjects in which they only

are interested; and there is very little opportunity for the exercise

of arbitrary power. Executive officers may be changed by election, or

impeachment, if they do not give satisfaction, or prove unfaithful; and

as many securities as it is possible to devise are provided against

abuses, or, if a majority in any State (or the United States) believe

that an improvement can be made, there are constitutional and legal

methods for securing it.

Thus our country is insured against serious discontents for which no

remedy is at hand; and from the revolutions and internal disturbances

that interrupt the progress, and destroy the resources of so many other

countries. It is a government _of_, _for_, and _by_ the people. The

value of any institution or office in the United States, from the school

district and director to State legislature, Congress, governor, or

President, is determined by the relation it bears to the Public Welfare;

and when it ceases to be useful there are, as there ought to be, legal

means for laying it aside.

CHAPTER LXVI.

INDIVIDUAL STATES.

The original thirteen States are here arranged in the order of size—the

one having the largest area being placed first. They are ranked according

to their _present_ area, the claims of some of them at first extending to

territory since erected into States; and one, Virginia, has been divided.

Her former area would have ranked her as first.

The States that follow are placed in the order of their admission into

the Union.

[Illustration]

GEORGIA.

This State was the last settled of the original thirteen. It was founded

in the benevolent anxiety of Gen. James Oglethorpe and others to relieve

the distresses of the poor in England. Those imprisoned for debt were

sent out in large numbers. With this object was connected the desire

to prevent the extension of the Spanish settlements in Florida, and

the English government favored the undertaking. This class of settlers

proving indolent and improvident, a better was attracted by laying off

many towns, in the best locations, and offering fifty acres free to

every actual settler. Many Scotch and German emigrants improved this

opportunity, to the great advantage of the colony.

Gen. Oglethorpe imitated the wise conduct of Penn, in his treaties with

the Indians.

He commenced his settlement at Savannah, in 1733, cheerfully assisted by

the South Carolinians, who were pleased to see a barrier placed between

them and the Spaniards. Oglethorpe had several conflicts with them, and

succeeded in protecting his colony. The introduction of slaves was at

first forbidden; but, as the colony seemed to fall behind the neighboring

provinces for want of laborers, the restriction was removed. In 1752 the

company gave up their charter, and Georgia became a royal province. It

took part with the other colonies in resistance to the aggressions of the

English ministry, at the Revolutionary period, and its condition during

the war was similar to that of North and South Carolina. Being new, and

on the frontier, it was not conspicuous.

The northern part of the State is uneven, the central and lower sections

productive under a wise and careful culture, but easily exhausted under

bad management. She has long navigable rivers, and her manufacturing

and commercial capabilities are excellent. The system of slave-labor

and the misfortunes of the Civil War have embarrassed her progress, but

the energy of her people is fast raising her to her proper rank as a

flourishing State.

Georgia has an area of 52,009 square miles, equal to 33,285,760 acres.

She was named after George II.

The population in 1870 was 1,200,000, which entitles her to nine

Representatives in Congress.

The State lies in the fifth judicial circuit, and has two judicial

districts; also four ports of entry—Savannah, Brunswick, St. Mary’s, and

Hardwicke; and two ports of delivery—Augusta and Sunbury.

The capital is Atlanta. The State election is held on the first Tuesday

in August. The Legislature meets on the second Wednesday in January.

The enacting clause of her laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and

House of Representatives of the State of Georgia in General Assembly met;

and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William Few, from 1789 to 1793.

James Gunn, ” 1789 ” 1801.

James Jackson, ” {1793 ” 1795.

{1801 ” 1806.

George Walton, ” 1795 ” 1796.

Josiah Tatnall, ” 1796 ” 1799.

A. Baldwin, ” {1796 ” 1805.

{1805 ” 1807.

J. Melledge, ” 1806 ” 1809.

George Jones, ” 1807 ” 1807.

W. H. Crawford, ” 1807 ” 1813.

Charles Tait, ” {1809 ” 1813.

{1813 ” 1819.

W. B. Bullock, ” 1813 ” 1813.

William W. Bibb, ” 1813 ” 1816.

G. M. Troup, ” {1815 ” 1818.

{1829 ” 1833.

John Forsyth, ” {1819 ” 1819.

{1829 ” 1837.

F. Walker, ” 1819 ” 1821.

John Elliot, ” 1819 ” 1821.

Nicholas Ware, ” 1821 ” 1823.

T. W. Cobb, ” 1824 ” 1828.

O. H. Prince, ” 1828 ” 1829.

John P. King, ” 1833 ” 1837.

W. Lumpkin, ” 1837 ” 1841.

J. M. Berrien, ” {1825 ” 1829.

{1841 ” 1851.

A. Cuthbert, ” 1837 ” 1843.

W. T. Colquitt, ” 1843 ” 1849.

H. V. Johnson, ” 1848 ” 1849.

W. C. Dawson, ” 1849 ” 1855.

Robert Toombs, ” 1853 ” 1861.

R. M. Charleton, ” 1852 ” 1853.

Alfred Iverson, ” 1855 ” 1861.

Joshua Hill, ” 1871 ” 1873.

Foster Blodgett, ” 1871 ” 1871.

Thomas M. Norwood, ” 1871 ” 1877.

John B. Gordon, ” 1873 ” 1879.

[Illustration]

NORTH CAROLINA.

A Florentine navigator, sent out by Francis I., King of France, first

published an account of this region. He visited it in 1524. Ribault, a

French protestant, sent out with a colony by Admiral Coligni, in 1564,

named the southern coast Carolina, from Charles IX. (in Latin Carolus),

King of France. The colony was not permanent. In 1585 Sir Walter Raleigh

made an unsuccessful attempt to establish a colony on Roanoke Island.

Some fifty years later the colonists of Virginia made a settlement in the

limits of this State, called Albemarle. This territory was patented to

a company of noblemen. The first colony, founded before this patent was

issued, and enjoying entire liberty, became an asylum from the religious

intolerance, almost universal at that time. In 1666 they numbered 800.

Many French Huguenots, attracted by this freedom and the mild climate

and extreme fertility of the soil, settled here and added greatly to the

industrious and virtuous elements of the population. The revolutionary

struggle was singularly bitter and bloody in this State and South

Carolina, from the number and sanguinary character of the royalists and

tories, and from the partisan or guerrilla mode of warfare adopted.

The majority were, however, determined and valiant patriots, and rendered

it impossible for the British to establish a firm control over this part

of the country.

The eastern surface is low, the western mountainous, and much of the

midland is covered with pine forests which produce large quantities of

turpentine. The soil is favorable to agriculture. Yams, rice, and cotton,

in addition to the cereals, are raised with success. The fisheries in

Albemarle Sound are an important source of wealth. A large number of

minerals are found in the State. Like most of the Southern States, its

resources have been but partially developed.

This is one of the original thirteen States, and has an area of 50,704

square miles, equal to 32,450,560 acres, with a population of 1,069,614

(one-third colored), and entitled to eight members of Congress. North

Carolina, by act of 1866, was located in the fourth judicial circuit,

which is composed of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina,

and South Carolina; and is divided into three judicial districts, called

the districts of Albemarle, Pamlico, and Cape Fear. The collection

districts, and the ports of entry and delivery in this State have been so

often modified and discontinued that there is some uncertainty as to the

number. There are, as near as we can determine, ten districts, ten ports

of entry, and nine ports of delivery.

Raleigh is the capital. There the Legislature meets biennially on the

first Monday in November. The State election is held on the first

Thursday in August.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the

General Assembly of the State of North Carolina, and it is hereby enacted

by the authority of the same.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Samuel Johnson, from 1789 to 1793.

Benjamin Hawkins, ” 1789 ” 1795.

Alexander Martin, ” 1793 ” 1799.

Timothy Bloodworth, ” 1795 ” 1801.

Jesse Franklin ” {1799 ” 1805.

{1807 ” 1813.

David Stone, ” 1801 ” 1813.

James Turner, ” 1805 ” 1816.

Nathaniel Macon, ” 1815 ” 1828.

James Iredell, ” 1828 ” 1831.

Montford Stokes, ” 1816 ” 1823.

John Branch, ” 1823 ” 1829.

Bedford Brown, ” 1829 ” 1840.

Willie P. Mangum, ” {1840 ” 1853.

{1831 ” 1836.

Robert Strange, ” 1836 ” 1840.

William A. Graham, ” 1840 ” 1843.

William H. Haywood, ” 1843 ” 1846.

George E. Badger, ” 1846 ” 1855.

Asa Biggs, ” 1854 ” 1858.

David S. Reed, ” 1855 ” 1859.

Thomas L. Clingman, ” 1858 ” 1861.

Thomas Bragg, ” 1859 ” 1861.

Joseph C. Abbott, ” 1868 ” 1871.

John Pool, ” 1868 ” 1873.

Zebulon B. Vance, ” 1871 ” 1873.

Matthew W. Ransom, ” ---- ” 1877.

Augustus S. Merriman, ” 1873 ” 1879.

[Illustration]

NEW YORK.

The “Empire State” is very fortunately situated for the promotion of all

the interests that form the basis of prosperity of a Nation. It contains

the commercial metropolis of the country, which is connected, by its

great navigable river, the Hudson, and the Erie canal, with the fertile

interior and the commerce of the chain of great lakes in the west; while

Lakes Ontario and Champlain furnish the means of profitable trade with

Canada on the north. As its natural commercial facilities are unrivaled,

so also, every auxiliary that can be furnished by art is employed to

develop its resources and to attract trade and manufactures.

Its river was discovered by the celebrated navigator, Captain Henry

Hudson, in 1609, and he gave it his name. He was employed, at this time

by the Dutch, who claimed and settled the territory in the following

year. They established posts on Manhattan Island, where New York now

stands, and at Albany—calling the country in general, New Netherlands.

They held it until 1644; laying claim, also, to Connecticut and New

Jersey. Their rule was despotic, and when the Duke of York, afterward

James II., King of England, sent a squadron to enforce English claims

to it, the inhabitants declined to resist, and it became an English

colony without a struggle. The city and colony received the name of New

York and continued henceforth in English hands. Its position favored

a steady-growth in population and wealth; and it took an active part

in the Revolution. Its central position made it the pivot of the war,

the leading struggles taking place in or near it. New York city was

held by the British during most of the war, but the skillful strategy

and watchfulness of Washington, and the valor of his officers and

troops preserved the river in American hands throughout. It ratified

the Constitution July 26th, 1788, and soon outstripped every State

in all things, except education, no State being able to compare with

Massachusetts in that respect.

New York is the largest and richest city in the Union. The State abounds

in salt and mineral springs, and its central and western parts are

unexcelled for agriculture; while the eastern, more mountainous, but

nearer to markets, and more abundant in water power, is equally favorable

to grazing and manufactures.

Its area is 47,000 square miles, equal to 30,080,000 acres. The

population in 1870 was larger than that of any other State, being

officially stated at 4,364,411. It has thirty-three Members of Congress.

It forms part of the second judicial circuit, and has three judicial

districts; eleven ports of entry, and fourteen ports of delivery, with

the privilege of eight or nine others if the President of the United

States deems them necessary.

The Capital is Albany. The State elections are held on the Tuesday after

the first Monday in November, and the Legislature meets on the first

Tuesday in January in each year. The style of the enacting clause is: “Be

it enacted by the people of the State of New York represented in Senate

and Assembly.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Philip Schuyler, from 1789 to 1791.

Rufus King, ” {1789 ” 1796.

{1813 ” 1825.

Aaron Burr, ” 1791 ” 1797.

John Lawrence, ” 1796 ” 1800.

John S. Hobart, ” 1798 ” 1798.

William North, ” 1798 ” 1798.

James Watson, ” 1798 Resigned.

Governeur Morris, ” 1800 ” 1803.

John Armstrong, ” {1800 ” 1802.

{1803 ” 1804.

DeWitt Clinton, ” 1802 ” 1803.

Theodore Bailey, ” 1803 ” 1804.

Samuel L. Mitchell, ” 1804 ” 1809.

John Smith, ” 1804 ” 1813.

Obadiah German, ” 1809 ” 1815.

Nathan Sanford, ” {1815 ” 1821.

{1825 ” 1831.

Martin Van Buren, ” 1821 ” 1829.

Charles Dudley, ” 1829 ” 1833.

William L. Marcy, ” 1831 ” 1833.

Nath’l P. Tallmadge, ” 1833 ” 1844.

Silas Wright, ” 1833 ” 1844.

Daniel S. Dickinson, ” 1844 ” 1851.

Henry A. Foster, ” 1844 ” 1845.

John A. Dix, ” 1845 ” 1849.

William H. Seward, ” 1849 ” 1861.

Hamilton Fish, ” 1851 ” 1857.

Preston King, ” 1857 ” 1863.

Ira Harris, ” 1861 ” 1867.

Edwin D. Morgan, ” 1863 ” 1869.

Roscoe Conkling, ” 1867 ” 1879.

Reuben E. Fenton, ” 1869 ” 1875.

Francis Kernan, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

PENNSYLVANIA.

“The Keystone State” has been eminently fortunate in three various ways.

Its founder, William Penn, happily united benevolence and high political

wisdom, with a thrifty and prudent economy, and possessed sufficient

influence and tact to infuse his colony with his own qualities to a large

degree, and the advantages acquired in the beginning, have shed their

favoring influence on all its future, to the present time.

Penn, as proprietor of his province, had almost kingly power; yet, as a

law-giver, he acknowledged the liberties of the people, and accustomed

them to many of the forms of self-government afterward incorporated into

the Constitution of the United States. His just and conciliatory conduct

toward the Indians, and the exemption of Pennsylvania from barbarous

Indian wars, in consequence, proves the utility of the practice of

unvarying justice and kindness toward them; and stands in strong and

significant contrast with the opposite course, so often pursued, and with

results so distressing.

A colony was established by Penn in the southeastern part of the State,

in the year 1682. The government was conducted by a governor, a council

of three, and a House of Delegates, chosen by the people. The largest

religious liberty was allowed, and punishment of crime was mitigated from

the severity, customary in those times, to something like the mildness

now practiced among us.

The colony enjoyed seventy years of enlightened government, and prospered

greatly. A large immigration of hardy and thrifty Germans and Swedes

spread over the State and supplied, in Revolutionary times, the

“fighting material” which the religious principles of the Quakers forbade

them to furnish.

The second eminent advantage of the State, was in its central position,

the facilities furnished to commerce and trade by the Delaware river on

its eastern boundary, and the Ohio, on the west, connecting it with the

valley of the Mississippi.

The third superiority, later in development in some of its features,

relates to its wealth of resources. Lying midway between north and south,

its climate is temperate and mild. Its soil on the eastern border and

along the valleys of its numerous rivers is of great fertility; while its

inexhaustible coal deposits are far more valuable in promoting the steady

growth of her citizens in wealth than mines of gold. Iron, copper, zinc,

marble and slate are, apparently, inexhaustible. Her railroads and canals

furnish a suitable means for the development of these resources, and the

transportation for all her valuable commodities to profitable markets,

and prove her later citizens to have inherited the economic wisdom and

thrift of the founder of their State.

Pennsylvania valiantly bore the share in the struggles and sacrifices

of the Revolution to which her position, her wealth and numbers, called

her. Philadelphia—“The City of Brotherly Love” (the name means this,) was

the first capital of the Republic. It was there that the Declaration of

Independence was originated and signed.

Its area is 46,000 square miles, equal to 29,440,000 acres. The

population in 1870 was 3,515,993, entitling her to twenty-seven

Representatives in Congress.

It is in the third judicial circuit; and forms two judicial districts.

There are two ports of entry, and two collection districts. Harrisburg is

the capital; the Legislature assembling on the first Tuesday in January,

the State elections being held the second Tuesday in October.

The enacting clause of her laws is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and

House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General

Assembly met; and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William Maclay, from 1789 to 1791.

Robert Morris, ” 1789 ” 1795.

Albert Gallatin, ” 1793 ” 1794.

James Ross, ” 1794 ” 1803.

William Bingham, ” 1795 ” 1801.

Peter Muhlenburgh, ” 1801 ” 1802.

Samuel Maclay, ” 1803 ” 1808.

Michael Leib, ” 1808 ” 1814.

Andrew Gregg, ” 1807 ” 1813.

Abner Lacock, ” 1813 ” 1819.

Jonathan Roberts, ” 1814 ” 1821.

Walter Lawrie, ” 1819 ” 1825.

William Findlay, ” 1821 ” 1827.

William Marks, ” 1825 ” 1831.

Isaac D. Barnard, ” 1827 ” 1831.

George M. Dallas, ” 1831 ” 1833.

William Wilkins, ” 1831 ” 1834.

Samuel McKean, ” 1833 ” 1839.

James Buchanan, ” 1834 ” 1845.

Daniel Sturgeon, ” {1839 ” 1851.

{1845 ” 1849.

Simon Cameron, ” {1857 ” 1861.

{1867 ” 1873.

James Cooper, ” 1849 ” 1855.

Charles E. Buckalew, ” 1863 ” 1869.

Richard Broadhead, ” 1851 ” 1857.

William Bigler, ” 1855 ” 1861.

Edgar Cowan, ” 1861 ” 1867.

David Wilmot, ” 1861 ” 1863.

John Scott, ” 1869 ” 1875.

Simon Cameron, ” 1873 ” 1879.

Wm. A. Wallace, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

VIRGINIA.

“The Old Dominion,” as this State has been called, in familiar style,

has certain high claims to such a distinctive appellation. It was the

colony in which the first permanent settlement was made, and for fourteen

years before the perils of the wilderness were encountered by the Puritan

Fathers of New England, it confronted famine and Indian hostility. Its

people were quite different in character from those of most of the other

colonies. While many were from the lowest classes, a goodly number of

the gentry and nobility of England were transplanted to this colony.

Some were men of wealth, character and influence; and the hereditary

value of that element became conspicuous when revolutionary times came,

and the colonial government, which had been from the first, kept closely

dependent on the royal will, being set aside, permitted to this class

a free field of action. None were more eloquent, more zealous, more

valiant or wise, during the “time that tried men’s souls.” The talents,

patriotism, and wisdom of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and

many others almost equally useful, attest the quality of the Virginian

stock of patriots, and shed honor on their native State.

It was settled in 1607, at Jamestown. The infant colony was long

exposed to danger of destruction by Indian hostility; but, favored by

circumstances, grew up to strength, and became a protection to others.

An almost constant struggle was maintained with the royal governors,

who were disposed to encroach on their liberties. Notwithstanding the

number of decayed and worthless _gentlemen_, and the dregs of the English

populace, who entered as components into her population, as a whole,

they proved worthy of the republic they so largely helped to rear. Their

best blood was spilled in its cause, and their material support was never

withheld in time of need.

This State is much varied in surface. In the southeast it is low and

level; in the west and northwest mountainous, with numerous large streams

and fertile vallies, and a charming climate. Its mineral wealth of coal,

iron and salt is very great; its water power for manufacturing purposes

unsurpassed; and its commercial position everything to be desired. None

of these advantages have been more than partially improved; and the

future of the State is destined to be exceedingly brilliant. Old and

nourishing colleges testify to the interest taken in education; and

railroads and other means of internal development have already prepared

the way for its greatness. She exports tobacco, flour, oysters, and

cotton, and her agricultural wealth is constantly improving.

Virginia is also one of the original thirteen States, and had an area

previous to the division in 1862, of 61,352 square miles, equal to

39,265,280 acres; but after West Virginia was set off as a separate

State, there were but 38,352 square miles left of this once great State,

equal to 24,545,280 acres.

The population in 1860 amounted to 1,596,318, which entitles the State to

nine Members of Congress. By the division the number of Representatives

was cut down to nine; the new State receiving three out of the twelve.

Population in 1870, 1,224,830.

Virginia lies in the fourth judicial circuit, which by the act of 1866,

was composed of this State, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina

and South Carolina. There were two judicial districts in this State,

anterior to the division; the Eastern and the Western. There is now but

one.

There were also twelve collection districts in this State, and twelve

ports of entry, all of which remain the same as they were before West

Virginia was cut off, for they were all located on the Atlantic coast, or

on the bays and rivers running into the Atlantic Ocean; there are also

ten ports of delivery.

Richmond is the capital. The State election is held on the Tuesday after

the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the first Monday

in December.

The enacting clause of the laws of Virginia is: “Be it enacted by the

General Assembly.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William Grayson, from 1789 to 1790.

Richard H. Lee, ” 1789 ” 1792.

John Walker, ” 1790 ” 1790.

James Monroe, ” {1790 ” 1794.

{1792 ” 1794.

John Taylor, ” {1803 ” 1805.

{1822 ” 1824.

Stephen T. Mason, ” 1794 ” 1803.

John Tazewell, ” 1794 ” 1799.

Wilson C. Nichols, ” 1799 ” 1804.

Abraham B. Venable, ” 1803 ” 1804.

William B. Giles, ” 1804 ” 1815.

Andrew Moore, ” 1804 ” 1809.

Richard Brent, ” 1809 ” 1815.

James Barbour, ” 1815 ” 1825.

Armistead T. Mason, ” 1816 ” 1817.

John W. Eppes, ” 1817 ” 1819.

James Pleasant, ” 1819 ” 1822.

John Randolph, ” 1825 ” 1827.

Littleton W. Tazewell, ” 1824 ” 1832.

John Tyler, ” 1827 ” 1836.

William C. Rives, ” {1832 ” 1834.

{1836 ” 1845.

Benjamin W. Leigh, ” 1834 ” 1836.

Richard E. Parker, ” 1836 ” 1837.

William H. Roane, ” 1837 ” 1841.

William S. Archer, ” 1841 ” 1847.

Isaac S. Pennybacker, ” 1845 ” 1847.

James M. Mason, ” 1847 ” 1861.

R. M. T. Hunter, ” 1847 ” 1861.

John W. Johnston, ” 1870 ” 1877.

John F. Lewis, ” 1870 ” 1875.

Robert E. Withers, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

SOUTH CAROLINA.

The first permanent settlement in this State was made in 1670, at Port

Royal, where the French Huguenots had failed three-quarters of a century

before. The noble company who had received a charter for the settlement

and government of the Carolinas employed the celebrated philosopher,

John Locke, to draw up a philosophical plan of government, which they

attempted to carry into effect to the great annoyance of the colonists.

It proved impracticable, and was finally abandoned.

The French introduced the culture of the vine with success, and rice was

brought at an early day from Madagascar, the cultivation of which became

extensive.

Many vexations were endured by the colonists by the injudicious

management of the proprietary government, and at length they, by

petition, obtained a revocation of the charter, receiving, in 1720, a

governor appointed by the crown. They endured for many years all the

horrors of warfare with the Tuscarora Indians, whom they finally defeated

and expelled. Rutledge, Sumpter, and Marion were distinguished leaders of

the patriots during the occupation of the State by the British forces;

employing with success a partisan warfare, and defying the efforts of a

superior British force to hold the State in subjection.

The climate has been likened to that of Italy, and the products of the

north and of the tropics are equally cultivated. The State abounds in

agricultural and manufacturing resources, and has a fine commercial

position.

South Carolina is one of the original thirteen States, and has an area

of 29,385 square miles, making 18,806,400 acres, with a population, in

1870, of 728,000, (over half colored,) which gives her five Members of

Congress.

By an act of 1866, South Carolina was located in the fourth judicial

circuit; it is divided into two judicial districts, called the Eastern

and Western.

There are three collection districts in this State, and four ports of

entry, to-wit: Georgetown, Charleston, Beaufort and Port Royal; but no

ports of delivery.

The capital is Columbia. The State elections are held on the fourth

Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the third Wednesday in

October.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the

Honorable the Senate and House of Representatives, now met and sitting in

General Assembly, and by authority of the same.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Pierce Butler, from {1790 to 1796.

{1802 ” 1804.

Ralph Izard, ” 1789 ” 1795.

Jacob Read, ” 1795 ” 1801.

John Hunter, ” 1796 ” 1798.

Charles Pinckney, ” 1798 ” 1801.

Thomas Sumpter, ” 1801 ” 1810.

John E. Calhoun, ” 1801 ” 1802.

John Gaillard, ” 1804 ” 1826.

John Taylor, ” 1810 ” 1816.

William Smith, ” {1816 ” 1823.

{1826 ” 1831.

William Harper, ” 1826 ” 1826.

Robert J. Hane, ” 1823 ” 1832.

Stephen D. Miller, ” 1831 ” 1833.

John C. Calhoun, ” {1832 ” 1842.

{1845 ” 1850.

William C. Preston, ” 1833 ” 1842.

Daniel E. Huger, ” 1842 ” 1845.

George McDuffie, ” 1842 ” 1846.

Andrew P. Butler, ” 1846 ” 1857.

Franklin H. Elmore, ” 1850 ” 1850.

Robert W. Barnwell, ” 1850 ” 1852.

William Desaussure, ” 1852 ” 1852.

Josiah Evans, ” 1852 ” 1858.

James H. Hammond, ” 1857 ” 1860.

James Chestnut, ” 1858 ” 1861.

Arthur P. Hayne, ” 1858.

Thomas J. Robertson, ” 1868 ” 1877.

Frederick A. Sawyer, ” 1868 ” 1873.

John J. Patterson, ” 1873 ” 1879.

[Illustration]

MARYLAND.

This territory at first was included in the patent to the Virginia

colony; but was, in 1632, re-patented to Lord Baltimore, an English

nobleman, who had embraced the catholic faith, and sought, in the

American wilderness, an asylum where he and his co-religionists might

enjoy the freedom from persecution denied them in England. It was called

Maryland from the queen of Charles I., King of England. A part of this

patent was covered by that subsequently made to William Penn, and

produced much trouble between the descendants of these men, and their

respective colonies. A settlement was commenced, mainly by catholic

gentlemen, in 1634, and called St. Mary’s, on a branch of the Potomac.

The wise liberality that distinguished the settlement of Pennsylvania

marked all the earlier history of Maryland. They cultivated friendly

relations with the natives and with their neighbors. Lord Baltimore was

liberal in his expenditures for the growing colony, and gave them a

liberal government. When the civil war commenced in England, resulting

in the death of Charles I. and the rise of Cromwell to power, the first

troubles of the colonists of Maryland began, and continued until 1716,

when the heirs of the original proprietor resumed their rights and

maintained them until the Revolution.

This State was one of the original thirteen, and gave a hearty support to

the patriot side during the war for freedom.

The surface of the country is, in great part, low and sandy; the climate

agreeable and the soil favorable to agricultural pursuits. Her commercial

position is excellent, being situated on either side of Chesapeake bay

and bounded by the Potomac river on the west. The District of Columbia,

containing the National Capital, was located on the last named river

within her limits.

Maryland has an area of 11,124 square miles—equal to 7,119,360 acres.

The population in 1870 was 780,806, which gives her six Representatives

in Congress. By an act of Congress, passed in 1866, this State was put

in the fourth judicial circuit, which is composed of Maryland, Virginia,

West Virginia, North and South Carolina. Maryland constitutes one

judicial district; has ten ports of entry, viz.: Baltimore, Chester,

Oxford, Vienna, Snow-Hill, Annapolis, Nottingham, St. Mary’s, Georgetown,

and Havre de Grace; and twelve ports of delivery.

Annapolis is the capital. The State election is held on the Tuesday

after the first Monday in November. The Legislature meets on the first

Wednesday in January.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the

General Assembly of Maryland.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Charles Carroll, } from 1789 to 1793.

(of Carrollton) }

John Henry, ” 1789 ” 1797.

Richard Potts, ” 1793 ” 1796.

John E. Howard, ” 1796 ” 1803.

James Lloyd, ” 1797 ” 1800.

William Hindman, ” 1800 ” 1801.

Robert Wright, ” 1801 ” 1806.

Samuel Smith, ” {1803 ” 1815.

{1822 ” 1833.

Philip Reed, ” 1806 ” 1813.

R. H. Goldsborough, ” {1813 ” 1819.

{1835 ” 1836.

Robert G. Harper, ” 1816 ” 1816.

Alexander C. Hanson, ” 1816 ” 1819.

William Pinckney, ” 1819 ” 1822.

Edward Lloyd, ” 1819 ” 1826.

Ezekiel F. Chambers, ” 1826 ” 1835.

Joseph Kent, ” 1833 ” 1838.

John S. Spence, ” 1836 ” 1841.

William D. Merrick, ” 1838 ” 1845.

John Leidsker, ” 1841 ” 1843.

James A. Pearce, ” 1843 ” 1862.

Reverdy Johnson, ” {1845 ” 1851.

{1863 ” 1868.

David Stuart, ” 1849 ” 1850.

Thomas G. Pratt, ” 1850 ” 1857.

Anthony Kennedy, ” 1857 ” 1863.

Thomas H. Hicks, ” 1862 ” 1864.

John A. J. Cresswell, ” 1865 ” 1867.

Philip F. Thomas, ” ---- ” 1867.

George Vickers, ” 1868 ” 1873.

William T. Hamilton, ” 1869 ” 1875.

George R. Dennis, ” 1873 ” 1879.

Wm. Pinckney Wythe, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

This State is often called “The Old Granite State,” as well from its

mountainous character as the resolute spirit of its inhabitants. It is

small, having an area of only 9,280 square miles, which make 5,939,200

acres. Its population in 1870 was 318,300, entitling it to three

Representatives in Congress.

The first settlement was founded at Dover, in 1624, by the English. It

suffered much from Indian wars, and its growth was slow. It was made a

separate province in 1680, having previously been under the jurisdiction

of Massachusetts. It was one of the original thirteen States, and took an

active and vigorous part in the Revolutionary War.

Its soil is light and unfavorable to agriculture, but furnishes good

pasturage and produces fine cattle. It contains the White Mountains,

the highest in New England. Its streams are utilized for manufacturing

purposes. Quarries of marble and granite abound. Minerals, and precious

stones of several varieties are found in various parts of the State. The

hardy and enterprising sons to whom it has given birth are to be found in

every State in the Union.

It lies in the first judicial circuit; constitutes one judicial district;

and is embraced in one collection district, and therefore has but one

port of entry. There are three ports of delivery.

The capital is Concord. The Legislature assembles on the first Monday in

June, the State election being held the second Tuesday in March.

The enacting clause of the laws runs thus: “Be it enacted by the Senate

and House of Representatives in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Paine Wingate, from 1789 to 1793.

John Langdon, ” 1789 ” 1801.

Samuel Livermore, ” 1793 ” 1801.

Simeon Olcott, ” 1801 ” 1805.

James Sheafe, ” 1801 ” 1802.

William Plummer, ” 1802 ” 1807.

Nicholas Gilman, ” 1805 ” 1814.

Nahum Parker, ” 1807 ” 1810.

Charles Cutts, ” 1810 ” 1813.

Jeremiah Mason, ” 1813 ” 1817.

Thomas W. Thompson, ” 1814 ” 1817.

David L. Morrill, ” 1817 ” 1823.

Clement Storer, ” 1817 ” 1819.

John F. Parrott, ” 1819 ” 1825.

Samuel Bell, ” 1823 ” 1835.

Levi Woodbury, ” {1825 ” 1831.

{1841 ” 1845.

Isaac Hill, ” 1831 ” 1835.

Henry Hubbard, ” 1835 ” 1841.

John Page, ” 1836 ” 1837.

Franklin Pierce, ” 1837 ” 1842.

Leonard Wilcox, ” 1842 ” 1842.

Charles G. Atherson, ” {1843 ” 1849.

{1852 ” 1853.

Benning W. Jenness, ” 1845 ” 1846.

Joseph Cilley, ” 1846 ” 1847.

John P. Hale, ” {1847 ” 1853.

{1855 ” 1865.

Moses Norris, ” 1849 ” 1855.

Jared W. Williams, ” 1853 ” 1854.

John S. Wells, ” 1855 ” 1855.

James Bell, ” 1855 ” 1857.

Daniel Clark, ” 1857 ” 1866.

George C. Fogg, ” 1866 ” 1867.

James W. Paterson, ” 1867 ” 1873.

Aaron H. Cragin, ” 1867 ” 1877.

Bainbridge Wadleigh, ” 1873 ” 1879.

[Illustration]

NEW JERSEY.

This State was first settled at Bergen by the Swedes sent over by the

Christian hero-king, Gustavus Adolphus, in the year 1638. They, however,

soon fell under the control of the Dutch, who claimed the territory. The

next settlement was made at Elizabethtown, from Long Island, in 1664. New

Jersey came into the hands of the English along with New Netherlands,

but soon became an independent province; Philip Carteret becoming its

first governor, in 1665. It was for some time under the control of the

celebrated Quaker, William Penn, received a liberal form of government,

and, not suffering from the Indians enjoyed prosperity for many years.

Afterwards it passed through various vicissitudes in its government, was

for a time joined to New York, but recovered its independent existence

in 1738; and was one of the original thirteen States, taking a very

prominent part in the Revolution. Its territory, lying between New York

and Philadelphia, was the field on which the hostile armies fought and

manouvered, for some years. It ratified the Constitution unanimously,

December 18th, 1787. It has been rewarded for its patriotism and devotion

to liberty by unbroken prosperity. Its manufactures are in a flourishing

state. Its vicinity to the great commercial centres of the Atlantic

coast; the mildness of its climate, and the adaptation of its soil to

the growth of fruit and vegetables have made it the Garden State of the

Union. Its agricultural wealth is much increased by its abundant beds of

marl and peat. The extreme north is hilly and the extreme south low and

sandy. Education receives much attention.

It has an area of 8,320 square miles, or 5,324,800 acres. The

population, by the census of 1870, was 905,794, which gives her seven

Representatives in Congress.

This State lies in the third judicial circuit, and forms one judicial

district. There are six ports of entry, and as many collection districts;

and also eight ports of delivery.

Its capital is Trenton. The State election is held on the Tuesday after

the first Monday in November, and the Legislature assembles the second

Tuesday in January.

The form of the enacting clause is as follows: “Be it enacted by the

Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Jonathan Elmer, from 1789 to 1791.

William Patterson, ” 1789 ” 1790.

Philemon Dickerson, ” 1790 ” 1793.

John Rutherford, ” 1791 ” 1798.

Fred’k Frelinghuysen, ” 1793 ” 1796.

Richard Stockton, ” 1796 ” 1799.

Franklin Davenport, ” 1798 ” 1799.

James Schureman, ” 1799 ” 1801.

Jonathan Dayton, ” 1799 ” 1805.

Aaron Ogden, ” 1801 ” 1803.

John Condit, ” 1803 ” 1811.

Aaron Kitchell, ” 1805 ” 1809.

John Lambert, ” 1809 ” 1815.

Mahlon Dickerson, ” 1817 ” 1833.

James J. Wilson, ” 1815 ” 1821.

Samuel L. Southard, ” {1821 ” 1823.

{1833 ” 1841.

Joseph McIlvaine, ” 1823 ” 1826.

Thos. Frelinghuysen, ” 1829 ” 1835.

Ephraim Bateman, ” 1826 ” 1829.

Garret D. Wall, ” 1835 ” 1841.

Jacob Miller, ” 1841 ” 1853.

William L. Dayton, ” 1842 ” 1851.

John B. Thompson, ” 1853 ” 1863.

William Pennington, ” 1858 ” 1858.

William Wright, ” {1853 ” 1859.

{1863 ” 1866.

Robert F. Stockton, ” 1851 ” 1853.

John C. Ten Eyck, ” 1859 ” 1865.

Richard S. Field, ” 1862 ” 1863.

James W. Wall, ” 1863 ” 1863.

John P. Stockton, ” 1865 ” 1866.

F. T. Frelinghuysen, ” 1867 ” 1869.

Alexander G. Cattell, ” 1866 ” 1871.

John P. Stockton, ” 1869 ” 1875.

F. T. Frelinghuysen, ” 1871 ” 1877.

Thos. F. Randolph, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

MASSACHUSETTS.

The “Bay State,” so named from the deep encroachments of the sea on her

eastern border, was settled in 1620, at Plymouth, by English Puritans;

a class of sternly pious men, who abandoned England to find freedom

of worship in the savage wilds of America. They were men of great

resolution and intelligence, and succeeded in imbuing the new colony

with a fair degree of their own virtue. They suffered much, at first,

from deprivation of the comforts they had left in England, and from the

hostility of the Indians. They were too much in earnest to be tolerant,

and persecutions of pretended witches, of Quakers and Baptists, have

given them an unenviable notoriety.

This State was a leading one among the original thirteen, and the

first to take up arms and to be invaded by the British forces at the

commencement of the War of the Revolution. Her influence on the national

character has been great.

This State is the first in the Union for cotton and woolen manufactures,

its cotton mills alone employing about twenty-five thousand hands. In

extent of all its manufactures it is third in the Union. The soil is

sterile in great part, but the energy of the people finds abundant other

sources of wealth. Commerce and fisheries receive much attention, and

produce much wealth.

Education is carefully attended to, and its public school system a model

for other States. She has an area of 7,800 square miles. Her population

in 1870 was 1,457,351, and entitles her to eleven Members of Congress. It

is in the first judicial circuit, and forms one judicial district. There

are fourteen ports of entry, and twenty-five ports of delivery in this

State.

Boston is the Capital, the metropolis of New England, and an important

center of intellectual and business energy. The Legislature meets on

the first Wednesday in January, and the State elections are held on the

Tuesday after the first Monday in January.

The enacting clause is: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of

Representatives, in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the

same, as follows:”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Tristram Dalton, from 1789 to 1791.

Caleb Strong, ” 1789 ” 1796.

George Cabot, ” 1791 ” 1796.

Theo. Sedgewick, ” 1796 ” 1799.

Benj. Goodhue, ” 1796 ” 1800.

Samuel Dexter, ” 1799 ” 1800.

Dwight Foster, ” 1800 ” 1803.

Jonathan Mason, ” 1800 ” 1803.

John Q. Adams, ” 1803 ” 1808.

Timothy Pickering, ” 1803 ” 1811.

James Lloyd, ” {1808 ” 1813.

{1822 ” 1826.

Joseph B. Varnum, ” 1811 ” 1817.

Christopher Gore, ” 1813 ” 1816.

Eli P. Ashmun, ” 1816 ” 1818.

Harrison Gray Otis, ” 1817 ” 1822.

Prentiss Mellen, ” 1818 ” 1820.

Elijah H. Mills, ” 1820 ” 1827.

Nathaniel Silsbee, ” 1826 ” 1835.

Daniel Webster, ” {1827 ” 1841.

{1845 ” 1850.

Rufus Choate, ” 1841 ” 1845.

John Davis, ” {1835 ” 1841.

{1845 ” 1853.

Isaac C. Bates, ” 1841 ” 1845.

Robert C. Winthrop, ” 1850 ” 1851.

Robert Rantoul, ” 1851 ” 1851.

Edward Everett, ” 1853 ” 1854.

Julius Rockwell, ” 1854 ” 1855.

[2]Henry Wilson, ” 1855 ” 1873.

Charles Sumner, ” 1851 ” 1874.

George S. Boutwell, ” 1873 ” 1877.

William Washburn, ” 1874 ” 1875.

Henry L. Dawes, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[2] Elected Vice President, and when inaugurated Mr. Boutwell

was elected to fill out the unexpired term.

[Illustration]

CONNECTICUT.

This State takes its name from its principal river, which, entering from

the north, runs through the State nearly in the center. It was settled in

1633 from Massachusetts, the fertility of the valley of the Connecticut

attracting them to brave the perils of conflict with the Indians, and

with the Dutch, settled where New York now stands, who laid claim to it.

The Dutch withdrew, the Indians were subdued in many bloody battles,

and a Puritan State—exceeding, if possible, the religious strictness of

the Massachusetts colony, and not behind her in energy, in virtue, in

attention to education, and love of liberty—soon grew up to wealth and

prosperity.

A decisive battle in 1636, on the Mystic river, annihilated the Pequod

Indians.

Connecticut, in 1700, followed the example set by Massachusetts in 1638,

by founding Yale college, which, to this day, very fairly rivals Harvard

in the former State. Both have contributed largely to the intelligence

and culture of the American people. It took a leading part in the

Revolution; ratified the constitution June 9th, 1788; and has displayed

the zeal in promoting the public good that has been so prominent in the

cultivation of her educational and material interests.

The surface of the State is uneven and rocky. Manufactures and commerce

are the leading interests, although agriculture is not neglected. It is

rich in minerals. Gold, silver, lead, iron, copper and bismuth are found,

while marble, of fine quality, and granite abound.

Its area is small, embracing only 4,674 square miles, or 2,991,360

acres. It has four representatives in Congress. The population in 1870

was 537,418. It is part of the second judicial circuit, and constitutes

one judicial district. She has five ports of entry, and five collection

districts, with twenty-two ports of delivery.

It has had two capitals ever since the first two colonies, established at

Hartford and New Haven, were united; and holds her State election on the

first Monday in April. The Legislature meets the first Wednesday in May.

The enacting clause runs thus: “Be it enacted by the Senate and House of

Representatives in General Assembly convened.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Oliver Ellsworth, from 1789 to 1796.

William S. Johnson, ” 1789 ” 1791.

Roger Sherman, ” 1791 ” 1793.

S. M. Mitchell, ” 1793 ” 1795.

Jonathan Trumbull, ” 1795 ” 1796.

Uriah Tracey, ” 1796 ” 1807.

J. Hillhouse, ” 1796 ” 1810.

C. Goodrich, ” 1807 ” 1813.

S. W. Dana, ” 1810 ” 1821.

David Doggett, ” 1813 ” 1819.

James Lanman, ” 1819 ” 1825.

E. Boardman, ” 1821 ” 1823.

H. W. Edwards, ” 1823 ” 1827.

Calvin Willey, ” 1825 ” 1831.

Samuel A. Foot, ” 1827 ” 1833.

G. Tomlinson, ” 1831 ” 1837.

Nathan Smith, ” 1833 ” 1835.

John M. Niles, ” {1835 ” 1839.

{1843 ” 1849.

Perry Smith, ” 1837 ” 1843.

Thaddeus Betts, ” 1839 ” 1840.

J. W. Huntington, ” 1840 ” 1847.

R. S. Baldwin, ” 1847 ” 1851.

Truman Smith, ” 1849 ” 1855.

Isaac Toucey, ” 1852 ” 1857.

Francis Gillette, ” 1854 ” 1856.

L. S. Foster, ” 1855 ” 1867.

James Dixon, ” 1857 ” 1869.

Orris S. Ferry, ” 1867 ” 1879.

W. A. Buckingham, ” 1869 ” 1875.

Wm. W. Eaton, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

DELAWARE.

The first settlement of Delaware was made by the Swedes, in pursuance

of the policy of the valiant Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden. European

wars, in which he was engaged, and in which he lost his life in 1633,

deferred the project, but it was carried into effect in 1638, near the

present city of Wilmington. They extended their settlements from the

entrance of Delaware bay far up the river, until the Dutch, from New

Netherlands, who claimed the country, attacked and reduced them to

submission, uniting New Sweden, as it had been called, to their own

colony, in the year 1655. It fell, with that colony, into the hands of

the English in 1664. It was included in the grant made to William Penn,

in 1692. It was long attached to Pennsylvania, but in 1703 received

permission to form a separate government, on the wise and liberal

plan pursued by Penn. This form of government continued through the

Revolutionary war.

The surface of the State is level, or gently undulating, the climate is

agreeable, except that, in winter, the sea breeze is somewhat harsh; the

soil is sandy but fertile. Grain and fruit are raised, peaches being

produced in great profusion. Her commercial and manufacturing business is

limited, and she is destitute of mineral wealth.

It is next to Rhode Island in size, containing the small area of 2,120

square miles, or 1,356,800 acres. Population 125,015.

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

George Read, from 1789 to 1793.

R. Bassett, ” 1789 ” 1793.

John Vining, ” 1793 ” 1798.

Kensey Johns, ” 1794 ” 1795.

Henry Latimer, ” 1795 ” 1801.

Joshua Clayton, ” 1798 ” 1799.

W. H. Wells, ” {1799 ” 1804.

{1813 ” 1817.

Samuel White, ” 1801 ” 1810.

J. A. Bayard, ” 1804 ” 1813.

O. Horsey, ” 1810 ” 1821.

N. Van Dyke, ” 1817 ” 1826.

C. A. Rodney, ” 1822 ” 1823.

T. Clayton, ” {1824 ” 1827.

{1837 ” 1847.

D. Rodney, ” 1826 ” 1827.

H. Ridgely, ” 1827 ” 1829.

L. McLane, ” 1827 ” 1829.

J. M. Clayton, ” {1829 ” 1837.

{1845 ” 1849.

A. Naudain, ” 1830 ” 1836.

R. H. Bayard, ” 1836 ” 1845.

P. Spruance, ” 1847 ” 1853.

John Wales, ” 1849 ” 1851.

J. A. Bayard, ” 1851 ” 1864.

M. W. Bates, ” 1857 ” 1859.

J. P. Comeygs, ” 1856 ” 1857.

W. Saulsbury, ” 1859 ” 1871.

G. R. Riddle, ” 1864 ” 1867.

J. A. Bayard, ” 1867 ” 1869.

Thomas F. Bayard, ” 1869 ” 1881.

Eli Saulsbury, ” 1871 ” 1877.

[Illustration]

RHODE ISLAND.

This is the smallest of the States, having an area of but 1,306 square

miles, or 835,840 acres.

It was settled in 1636 by Roger Williams, and became an avowed place

of refuge for persecuted christians of all names, but especially for

Baptists, among whom Mr. Williams was a leader. It was chartered as a

separate colony in 1644, and the excellent constitution framed under it

lasted until 1818. It was one of the original thirteen States and took

an earnest share in the struggles of the revolution, though it was not

represented in the convention that framed the Constitution, and did not

ratify it until 1790.

Its citizens are mainly engaged in the manufacturing and commercial

pursuits for which their excellent harbors and streams furnish eminent

facilities. It has always been prosperous, its people being distinguished

for industry and activity. Its population was, in 1870, 217,356.

Rhode Island forms part of the first judicial circuit; constitutes one

judicial district; and has three ports of entry, and seven of delivery.

It has two capitals, having been originally formed of two separate

colonies. These are Providence and Newport. The election for State

officers is held on the first Wednesday in April. The Legislature is held

twice in the year, in May and January. The style of her enacting clause

is: “It is enacted by the General Assembly, as follows.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Theodore Foster, from 1790 to 1803.

Joseph Stanton, ” 1790 ” 1793.

William Bradford, ” 1793 ” 1797.

Ray Green, ” 1797 ” 1801.

Charles Ellery, ” 1801 ” 1805.

Samuel L. Potter, ” 1803 ” 1804.

Benjamin Howland, ” 1804 ” 1809.

James Fenner, ” 1805 ” 1807.

Elisha Matthewson, ” 1807 ” 1811.

Francis Malbone, ” 1809 ” 1809.

C. G. Champlin, ” 1809 ” 1811.

Jeremiah B. Howell, ” 1811 ” 1817.

William Hunter, ” 1811 ” 1831.

James Burrill, ” 1817 ” 1821.

James D’Wolf, ” 1821 ” 1825.

Nehemiah R. Knight, ” 1821 ” 1841.

Asher Robbins, ” 1825 ” 1839.

Nathan F. Dixon, ” 1839 ” 1842.

James F. Simmons, ” {1841 ” 1847.

{1857 ” 1862.

William Sprague, ” 1842 ” 1844.

John B. Francis, ” 1844 ” 1845.

Albert C. Green, ” 1845 ” 1851.

John H. Clarke, ” 1847 ” 1853.

Charles T. James, ” 1851 ” 1857.

Philip Allen, ” 1853 ” 1859.

Samuel G. Arnold, ” 1862 ” 1863.

Henry B. Anthony, ” {1859 ” 1865.

{1865 ” 1877.

William Sprague, ” 1862 ” 1875.

Ambrose E. Burnside, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

VERMONT.

This State received its name from the French name of its range of

mountains, (“verd mont” meaning “Green Mountain.”) It was settled in

1731, and was at first considered part of New Hampshire, and afterwards

claimed by New York. These claims were vigorously resisted, but it

had no organized government until 1777. It did good service in the

Revolution; but was not admitted into the Union until 1791, making the

fourteenth State. Col. Ethan Allen at the head of 270 “Green Mountain

Boys” took possession of Forts Ticonderoga and Crown Point in the name of

the Continental Congress, in 1775, and thus assured the northern water

communication with Canada to the Americans.

The climate of Vermont though cold, is pleasant and even, the soil

fertile in the valleys, and the streams supply excellent water power,

which, however, is little used. Maple sugar is produced in abundance,

while its facilities for raising stock are equal to those of New

Hampshire. Granite, marble of fine quality, and slate quarries abound.

Its provision for education is very liberal.

It has three representatives in Congress; forms part of the second

judicial circuit, and constitutes one judicial district. One port of

entry and two of delivery are authorized to be named by the President of

the United States.

Montpelier is the capital. The State election is held on the first

Tuesday in September, and the Legislature meets on the first Wednesday in

October.

The enacting clause begins: “It is hereby enacted by the General Assembly

of the State of Vermont.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

Moses Robinson, from 1791 to 1796.

Stephen R. Bradley, ” {1791 ” 1795.

{1801 ” 1813.

Elijah Paine, ” 1795 ” 1801.

Isaac Tichenor, ” {1796 ” 1797.

{1815 ” 1821.

Nathaniel Chipman, ” 1797 ” 1803.

Israel Smith, ” 1803 ” 1807.

Jonathan Robinson, ” 1807 ” 1815.

Dudley Chase, ” {1813 ” 1817.

{1825 ” 1831.

James Fisk, ” 1817 ” 1818.

William A. Palmer, ” 1818 ” 1825.

Horatio Seymour, ” 1821 ” 1833.

Samuel Prentiss, ” 1831 ” 1842.

Benjamin Swift, ” 1833 ” 1839.

Samuel S. Phelps, ” 1839 ” 1851.

Samuel C. Crafts, ” 1842 ” 1843.

William Upham, ” 1843 ” 1855.

Solomon Foote, ” 1851 ” 1866.

Samuel S. Phelps, ” 1853 ” 1854.

Lawrence Brainard, ” 1854 ” 1855.

Jacob Collamer, ” 1855 ” 1865.

Luke P. Poland, ” 1865 ” 1867.

George F. Edmunds, ” 1866 ” 1881.

Justin S. Morrill, ” 1867 ” 1879.

[Illustration: VIEW IN THE BLUE GRASS REGION, KENTUCKY.]

[Illustration]

KENTUCKY.

Kentucky was formed from the territory of Virginia, and in point of

seniority is the fifteenth State of the American Union, having been

admitted on the first of June, 1792.

The _sobriquet_ of “dark and bloody ground” applied to Kentucky is very

suggestive of the sanguinary conflicts of her pioneer population with the

aboriginal lords of the soil. The celebrated Daniel Boone was among the

first white men to explore the wilderness of Kentucky. The first white

settlement was commenced at Boonesborough, about the year 1769. The area

of the State is 37,680 square miles, equal to 24,115,200 acres.

The climate is mild, and adapted to the production of cereals, grapes,

and fruits. The soil is very fertile. The surface presents a varied

aspect in its several portions. The southeastern part of the State is

mountainous, the central and northern portions are undulating, sometimes

hilly. The river bottoms are very productive. The State is well timbered.

Apple, pear, peach, plum and various other fruit trees are cultivated

with great success. The staple products are corn, tobacco and hemp.

Horses, mules and cattle are raised. Kentucky abounds in bituminous coal,

lead, iron pyrites, marble, freestone, gypsum, and cliff limestone.

The population in 1870 was 1,321,000. She is entitled to ten

representatives in Congress, is in the sixth judicial circuit and forms

one judicial district, has one port of entry, Louisville, and two ports

of delivery, viz.: Paducah and Columbus. Frankfort is the capital.

The State elections are held on the first Monday in August. The

Legislature meets on the first Monday in December, and is composed of two

houses—the Senate consisting of 38 members elected for four years; and a

House of Representatives elected for two years. The enacting clause of

the laws is: “Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth

of Kentucky.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

John Brown, from 1792 to 1805.

John Edwards, ” 1792 ” 1795.

Humphrey Marshall, ” 1795 ” 1801.

John Breckenridge, ” 1801 ” 1805.

Buckner Thurston, ” 1805 ” 1810.

John Adair, ” {1805 ” 1806.

{1806 ” 1807.

{1810 ” 1811.

Henry Clay, ” {1831 ” 1842.

{1849 ” 1855.

John Pope, ” 1807 ” 1813.

George M. Bibb, ” {1811 ” 1814.

{1829 ” 1835.

Jessie Bledsoe, ” 1813 ” 1815.

George Walker, ” 1814 ” 1814.

William T. Barry, ” 1814 ” 1816.

Isham Talbot, ” {1815 ” 1819.

{1820 ” 1825.

Martin D. Hardin, ” {1816 ” 1817.

{1817 ” 1819.

{1835 ” 1841.

John J. Crittenden, ” {1842 ” 1849.

{1855 ” 1861.

Richard M. Johnson, ” {1819 ” 1823.

{1823 ” 1829.

William Logan, ” 1819 ” 1820.

John Rowan, ” 1826 ” 1831.

James T. Moorehead, ” 1841 ” 1847.

Jos’h R. Underwood, ” 1847 ” 1853.

Thomas Metcalf, ” 1848 ” 1849.

Archibald Dixon, ” 1852 ” 1855.

David Meriwether, ” 1852 ” 1852.

J. B. Thompson, ” 1853 ” 1859.

Lazarus W. Powell, ” 1859 ” 1865.

J. C. Breckenridge, ” 1861 ” 1861.

Garrett Davis, ” 1861 ” 1873.

James Guthrie, ” 1865 ” 1868.

Thomas C. McCreery, ” 1868 ” 1879.

John W. Stevenson, ” 1871 ” 1877.

[Illustration]

TENNESSEE.

Tennessee belonged to the territory of North Carolina while a colony,

and was settled by emigrants from it in 1757. They built Fort Loudon in

East Tennessee, but were destroyed, or driven away, by the Indians, in

1760. Settlement was soon resumed, but continually harrassed by Indian

attacks. In 1774 Col. Lewis and Capt. Shelby attacked and defeated them.

They remained quiet until after the Declaration of Independence, when

the Cherokees were stirred up by British emissaries. From 1776 to 1779

three several expeditions were made against them, the Indians being

decisively defeated each time. The Cherokees and Shawnees were warlike

tribes, and continued, for some years, to make occasional attacks on the

settlements, which did not, however, prevent their steady growth.

In 1789 North Carolina renounced her claim to the territory, and in

1790 it became a separate province, being admitted into the Union as a

Sovereign State in 1796, making the sixteenth, or the third admitted

after the Revolutionary war—Vermont, in 1791, being the first; and

Kentucky, in 1792, the second.

This State has an area of 45,600 square miles, or 29,184,000 acres. It

had a population in 1870 of 1,257,983.

Tennessee is very agreeably diversified with mountain, hill and dale,

containing within its limits fertility of soil, beauty of scenery, and a

delightfully temperate climate. The State is generally healthy. The soil

in the main is good, and while among the mountains it is not arable, it

is favorable for grazing, and stock is largely exported.

Indian corn, tobacco, and cotton are the great staples.

Gold has been found in the south-east portion of the State. Among the

other minerals found here are iron in abundance, some lead, silver, zinc,

marble of very fine quality, and various others. The State is entitled

to ten Representatives in Congress; is in the sixth judicial circuit;

has three judicial districts; and has two ports of delivery—Memphis and

Knoxville.

Nashville is the capital. The State election is held on the first Monday

in August, and the Legislature meets on the first Monday in October,

once in two years. The Legislature consists of a Senate of twenty-five

members, and a House of Representatives of seventy-five members.

The enacting clause of the laws of this State is: “Be it enacted by the

General Assembly of the State of Tennessee.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.

William Blount, from 1796 to 1797.

William Cocke, ” {1796 ” 1797.

{1799 ” 1805.

Andrew Jackson, ” {1797 ” 1798.

{1823 ” 1825.

Joseph Anderson, ” 1797 ” 1815.

Daniel Smith, ” 1797 ” 1809.

Jenkin Whiteside, ” 1809 ” 1811.

George W. Campbell, ” 1811 ” 1818.

Jesse Wharton, ” 1814 ” 1815.

John Williams, ” 1815 ” 1823.

John H. Eaton, ” 1818 ” 1829.

Hugh L. White, ” 1825 ” 1840.

Felix Grundy, ” 1829 ” 1840.

Ephraim H. Foster, ” {1838 ” 1839.

{1843 ” 1845.

A. O. P. Nicholson, ” 1840 ” 1843.

Alexander Anderson, ” 1840 ” 1841.

Spencer Jarnagin, ” 1841 ” 1847.

Hopkins L. Turney, ” 1845 ” 1851.

John Bell, ” 1847 ” 1853.

James C. Jones, ” 1851 ” 1857.

Andrew Johnson, ” 1857 ” 1863.

David T. Patterson, ” 1865 ” 1869.

J. S. Fowler, ” 1865 ” 1871.

William G. Brownlow, ” 1869 ” 1875.

Henry Cooper, ” 1871 ” 1877.

Andrew Johnson, ” 1875 ” 1881.

[Illustration]

OHIO.

The first permanent settlement in this important State was made on the

7th day of April, 1788. Though this fine territory lay nearest to the

most populous and enterprising of the original States, the intrigues of

the French before the Revolution, the hostility to which they excited

the Indians, and the difficulties arising from the various claims

of different States to the lands, which rendered titles insecure,

prevented any permanent settlement until about the time when the present

Constitution of the United States was originated. All these difficulties

were now removed, and emigration, long restrained, rushed like a flood

down the Ohio. 20,000 persons, during this year (1788), passed down the

river in pursuit of new homes. Cincinnati and many other places were

settled about this time. From 1790 to 1795 there was much suffering

from the hostility of the Indians; but this period having passed, the

settlements multiplied and grew apace.

The settlers were, in large part, from New England; accustomed to wring a

thrifty living from a rocky soil; and their industry soon brought great

results from this more generous field. The population increased rapidly.

In 14 years it amounted to 72,000; and was admitted into the Union with

that number Nov. 29th, 1802.

The climate is healthy and mild, the soil generally very fertile, and her

inhabitants have made the most of it. Coal, iron, and marble are very

abundant. Manufactures have not been much developed in this State, but

they are steadily growing. The lake on the north, and the river on the

south, with more than 5,000 miles of railway and canals, furnish all the

elements of a great and steady growth.

It was, on its admission, the seventeenth State in the Union.

It has an area of 39,964 square miles, equal to 25,576,960 acres. The

population in 1870 was 2,622,214, entitling her to twenty Members of

Congress.

It is in the sixth judicial circuit, and forms two judicial districts,

the Northern and Southern.

This State has three ports of entry—Cleveland, Toledo, and Portland; and

four ports of delivery, to be located where the President directs.

The capital of this State is Columbus. The State election is now held on

the second Tuesday of October. The Legislature meets on the first Monday

of January, biennially.

The enacting clause of the laws is as follows: “Be it enacted by the

General Assembly of the State of Ohio.”

UNITED STATES SENATORS.