CONCLUSIONS
The _Communist Manifesto_ in its closing words declared war on all
non-Communists. The Communists have continued this warfare even until
now. It will culminate, they are confident, in the complete victory of
communism. Although they want to avoid World War III, _if_ they can
attain their aims without it, they are now waging cold war, as well as
hot war, against us in order to ultimately make possible world conquest.
The present period of peaceful coexistence is but another phase of
their war on non-Communist societies. In the Statement by 81 Communist
Parties in Moscow, November, 1960, this was clearly set forth.
“The policy of peaceful coexistence meets the basic interests of all
peoples, of all who want no new cruel wars and seek durable peace. This
policy strengthens the positions of socialism, enhances the prestige
and international influence of the socialist countries and promotes
the prestige and influence of the socialist countries and promotes
the prestige and influence of the Communist Parties in the capitalist
countries. Peace is a loyal ally of socialism, for time is working for
socialism against capitalism.
“The policy of peaceful coexistence is a policy of mobilizing the
masses and launching vigorous action against the enemies of peace.
Peaceful coexistence of states does not imply renunciation of the class
struggle as the revisionists claim. The coexistence of states with
differing social systems is a form of class struggle between socialism
and capitalism. In conditions of peaceful coexistence favorable
opportunities are provided for the development of the class struggle
in the capitalist countries and the national-liberation movement of
the peoples of the colonial and dependent countries. In their turn,
the successes of the revolutionary class and the national liberation
struggle promote peaceful coexistence. The Communists consider it
their duty to fortify the faith of the people in the possibility of
furthering peaceful coexistence, their determination to prevent world
war. They will do their utmost for the people to weaken imperialism and
limit its sphere of action by an active struggle for peace, democracy
and national liberation.
“Peaceful coexistence of countries with differing social systems does
not mean conciliation of the socialist and bourgeois ideologies. On the
contrary, it implies intensification of the struggle of the working
class, of all the Communist Parties, for the triumph of socialist
ideas. But ideological and political disputes between states must not
be settled through war.”[238]
Communist doctrine, action and aggression, however, has called forth
anti-communism. Those who are for liberty and righteousness are aroused
when they realize the inroads which communism is making throughout the
world. If men are for the traditional values of Western civilization,
for example, they must be against communism which endeavors to destroy
those values.
It is very unfortunate that Senator Fulbright should brand so many
informed anti-Communists as belonging (as Gus Hall puts it) to the
ultra-right,[239] or extreme radical rightwing (as Senator Fulbright
puts it). It is tragic that the Senator has helped knock the military
out of the cold war (one of the prime objectives of the Communists in
America). It also is harmful to the cause of anti-communism and freedom
that he has identified this so-called radical rightwing with fascism.
It does not help military morale to raise the idea of “French Generals”
in America in the future threatening civilian authority.
We hope that the Senator will reconsider and that he will use his
tremendous influence to get the Secretary of Defense and the White
House to disregard his very influential secret memorandum. We are
not asking that mistakes of anti-communists not be pointed out, but
we are asking him not to lump together so many different groups of
anti-communists and label them as “radical rightwingers”. We are not
asking that the military engage in partisan politics, but in view of
the great danger we stand in we are asking that at least some of the
individuals in the military, who are equipped to wage the cold war, be
allowed to help inform and alert the public, as well as the military,
concerning the history, philosophy, strategy and tactics of communism.
The need to meet the enemy in the cold war, and to win over the very
present danger of communism, is a pressing reality; and in dealing with
it we should use all necessary forces without being held back by the
fear that in some distant future some military leaders might get out
of hand. It is not realism to refuse to do what we can, including the
use of the military in the cold war, to meet a very real present danger
because of a fear of a danger which the Senator admits does not now
exist.
The great problems which face us today center in communism and the war
which it is now waging on civilization. We hope that the influence of
Senator Fulbright, and those of like mind, on the President will not
keep him from implementing one of his own statements wherein he said:
“So, therefore, the problem always is, how can the military remain
removed from political life, how can civilian control of the military
remain removed from political life, how can civilian control of the
military be effectively maintained, and at the same time the military
have the right and the necessity to express their educated views
on some of the great problems that face us around the world?”[240]
This, however, it will be impossible for them to do if the Fulbright
memorandum continues to have an influence on the Government.
Let us not lose sight of the basic issues which are involved. _First_,
we have been forced into the cold war by the aggressive acts and
designs of the Communists. _Second_, there is no reason to believe
that the Communists will change their minds and abandon their efforts
to conquer the world and to remake man into the image demanded by
their godless philosophy of life. _Third_, the cold war is a real
war. _Fourth_, the cold war is the major war which the Communists are
now waging against us. _Fifth_, the military has within its ranks
experts on the history, the philosophy, the strategy and the tactics
of communism. _Sixth_, international communism not only operates
outside of the borders of our country, but also inside the borders
through its various agents, including the Communist Party. _Seventh_,
the oath taken by the military binds the military to defend the
country against enemies both domestic and foreign. Communism today is
_the_ foreign and domestic enemy. _Eighth_, informing the troops and
the public concerning communism is not the same as participating in
partisan politics. _Ninth_, there is a need for both the troops and the
public to know more about the enemy who faces us. _Tenth_, civilian
control of the military is not really being threatened. _Eleventh_,
it is possible to deal with a military official who oversteps his
bounds without nullifying the directive issued in 1958 by the National
Security Council. _Twelfth_, the Fulbright memorandum was aimed at
the nullification of this directive and was designed, therefore, to
take the military out of the cold war in the very sense in which
the directive was designed to put the military into the cold war.
_Thirteen_, the memorandum and the Stanford speech introduce a new
concept of government. _Fourteen_, the memorandum is a serious matter
whose implementation hinders, not helps, the United States in the cold
war. Thus the author believes that the memorandum is against the real
interests of Senator Fulbright and all other Americans.
Furthermore, let it be observed, in conclusion, that Senator Fulbright
has recognized elsewhere that the people need to be both alerted
and informed, although at times the Senator seems confused on these
matters. Thus in the memorandum Senator Fulbright said: “Fundamentally,
it is believed that the American people have little, if any, need to
be alerted to the menace of the cold war. Rather, the need is for
understanding of the true nature of that menace, and the direction
of the public’s present and foreseeable awareness of the fact of the
menace toward the support of the President’s own total program for
survival in a nuclear age.”[241]
Does the Senator mean that the American people have already been
sufficiently alerted? Only a year before he doubted that Americans
had yet heeded the warning. He further thought that the President was
failing to sound the warning sufficiently. “We have been warned, but
have we heard? If we should perish it will not be for lack of warning
but for lack of the will to survive.”[242] “Mr. Sprague insisted that
the United States be awakened to the scope of the overall Russian
threat to us. But who is to ring the alarm bell?
“‘There is only one man in the United States that can do this
effectively, and that is the President,’ said Mr. Sprague. He
continued: ‘I believe, and this is a personal belief, that the danger
is more serious than the President has indicated to the American
public.’”[243]
As late as December 1960 the Senator was saying: “The greatest crisis
confronting the West is not Berlin. It is the apathy of the free world
and its incomprehensible unwillingness to look facts in the face.
Evolution and the survival of the fittest are concepts we understand
when applied to plants and animals—but we seem not to realize that
these concepts apply to us.”[244]
Toward the end of April 1961 President Kennedy said: “Our greatest
adversary is not the Russians. It is our own unwillingness to do what
must be done.”[245]
Senator Fulbright agrees that the people need to be informed. “The
successful waging of peace requires a vigorous national administration,
an informed people, and a mature people who know that you cannot be
adult without being willing to pay for what you want.”[246] “The
American people ought to be told the bleak truth about their world,
the character of the forces arrayed against them, and what they must
do, at whatever cost, to survive or even to bring about a state of
high security. They must be told that, however humane their society,
whatever its ideals, this alone will not save them from destruction by
a society armed with the prodigious mechanisms of our times and an
implacable determination to dominate all men.”[247]
Since this is the case, there is no real reason why qualified men in
the military should not be used in alerting and informing America.
FOOTNOTES:
[238] _Statement of the Meeting of 81 Communist and Workers’ Parties_,
November 1960, Toronto 3, Canada: Progress Books. Published for the
C.P. of Canada, pp. 16-17. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, _op.
cit._ p. 64.
[239] Gus Hall, the Communist, in the _Worker_, July 16, 1961.
[240] Excerpts from press conference of President Kennedy,
_Congressional Record_, August 11, 1961, p. 14449, col. 1,m.
[241] _Ibid._, August 2, 1961, p. 13437, col 2,b.-3,t.
[242] _Ibid._, March 28, 1960, p. A2708, col. 1,t.
[243] _Ibid._, p. A2708, col. 3,m.
[244] _Ibid._, February 16, 1961, p. A925.
[245] As quoted in the _Congressional Record_, May 9, 1961, p. 7138,
col. 3,b.
[246] _Ibid._, March 28, 1960, pp. A2708, col. 3,b.—A2709.
[247] _Ibid._, p. A2709, col. 2,t. Senator Fulbright also said: “As
things now stand, however, the Soviets profit not only from their own
energy, but also from our apathy.” (_Congressional Record_, Sept. 9,
1961, p. 17249. Col.3, m.) “Many among us expressed the fear that our
inertia would be overcome—but momentarily, and that, like one who is
awakened from a deep sleep by some minor disturbance, we would again
subside into dreamland.” “Mr. President, I have no idea what must be
done to awaken Americans to the unpleasant facts of life. As unwilling
as I am to face it, perhaps the answer is that we simply do not wish
to be disturbed.” (_Congressional Record_, January 23, 1959, p. 1007,
col. 1,b.) “I believe that such a study would conclude that America’s
trouble is basically one of aimlessness at home and frustration
abroad.” (Speech before the American Bar Association, Sept. 1, 1960.
_Congressional Record_, Sept 2, 1961, p. A6708, col. 2,b.) “... if only
we would stop snoring with our eyes open.” (_Congressional Record_,
May 11, 1959, p. A3890. col. 1,m.) “We might even look forward to the
day when the Soviets become as snug and complacent as we have become.”
(_ibid._, col. 2,b.) “Indeed, we are not even united on the nature and
magnitude of that threat.” (_ibid._, p. A3891, col. 2,m.) Edgar Ansel
Mowrer has written a book entitled, _An End to Make-Believe_. New York:
Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1961.
Mrs. F. D. Roosevelt, on October 17, 1957, said: “It’s not communism
I am afraid of. What frightens me is the complacency of the American
people and their lack of knowledge about communism and its objectives.”
(_New York Herald Tribune_, October 18, 1957, p. 4) In the author’s
judgment, many of the common people today are ahead of some of the
“uncommon” people in their understanding of the nature of the threat.
Transcriber’s Notes
pg vii Changed: the following discusison of the memorandum
To: the following discussion of the memorandum
pg 6 Changed: or military solution.” Congressonal Record
To: or military solution.” Congressional Record
pg 10 Changed: Arthur W. Radford also though that the military
To: Arthur W. Radford also thought that the military
pg 14 Changed: it should be done under civiliain direction
To: it should be done under civilian direction
pg 18 Changed: assaults of political depotism
To: assaults of political despotism
pg 26 Changed: rather than state responsibltiy
To: rather than state responsibility
pg 30 Changed: Within the framework of mutual deterrance
To: Within the framework of mutual deterrence
pg 32 Changed: human misory and destruction
To: human misery and destruction
pg 32 Changed: the imperalist states for a long iime
To: the imperialist states for a long time
pg 34 Changed: It is believed accomodation can be
To: It is believed accommodation can be
pg 35 Changed: of mutual interest, would be tantamont
To: of mutual interest, would be tantamount
pg 49 Changed: International communist as presently constituted
To: International communism as presently constituted
pg 54 Changed: public’s present and forseeable awareness
To: public’s present and foreseeable awareness
pg 56 Changed: therefore incapable of governing thmselves
To: therefore incapable of governing themselves
pg 56 Changed: have no access to the records of forign
To: have no access to the records of foreign
pg 57 Changed: powerful and purposeful National Goverment
To: powerful and purposeful National Government
pg 58 Changed: and certinly before anything
To: and certainly before anything
pg 63 Changed: President Kenndy will not be President forever
To: President Kennedy will not be President forever
pg 65 Changed: expressed in Lord Action maxim
To: expressed in Lord Acton’s maxim
pg 68 Changed: It is rgrettable that the right to move
To: It is regrettable that the right to move
pg 81 Changed: he feared federal control of education, aparently
To: he feared federal control of education, apparently
pg 81 Changed: submitted by him to the Deparment of Defense
To: submitted by him to the Department of Defense
pg 91 Changed: We have ‘internal contraditions,’
To: We have ‘internal contradictions,’
pg 92 Changed: Spead of “Rightwingism” in the Military
To: Spread of “Rightwingism” in the Military
pg 99 Changed: is reprinted in this goverment document
To: is reprinted in this government document
pg 100 Changed: we should exerise great care
To: we should exercise great care