A DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK OF THE TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE.
The reader has doubtless noted that much space has been occupied in this
volume in detailing the history of the Tuskegee Institute, and to the
casual reader this may have appeared out of place in an autobiography.
When it is borne in mind, however, that the whole of my time, thought
and energy, for the past eighteen years, have been devoted to the
building up of this Institute, it will be conceded that in any
autobiography of mine, a history of the Tuskegee Institute is
unavoidable and necessary. When the history of Tuskegee Institute, since
its founding until now, shall be completely written, you will have also
a history of my life for the same space of time. It shall be my purpose
in this chapter, therefore, to give some definite idea of the extent to
which the Institute has grown, and also to describe with some degree of
accuracy the work that is being accomplished there in its various
departments, viz: Agricultural, mechanical, domestic science, nurse
training, musical, Bible training, and academical departments.
As has been said many times before, the school began in 1881 with only
the State appropriation of $2,000 per annum, specifically for the
payment of teachers’ salaries and for no other purpose. The method by
which we have succeeded in securing the 2,267 acres of land which the
school now owns has heretofore been described. These 2,267 acres of land
are mainly comprised in two tracts. The tract that forms the site of the
Institute is composed of 835 acres, and is known as the “home farm.” The
other large tract, which is about four miles southeast of the Institute,
composed of 800 acres, is known as “Marshall farm.”
Upon the home farm is located the 42 buildings, counting large and
small, which make up the Tuskegee Institute. Of these 42 buildings,
Alabama, Davidson, Huntington, Cassidy and Science, Halls, the
Agricultural Trades and Laundry Buildings, and the Chapel are built of
brick. There are also two large frame halls--Porter Hall, which was the
first building built of the Tuskegee group, and Phelps Hall, a
commodious and well appointed structure dedicated to the Bible Training
department. The other buildings are smaller frame buildings and various
cottages used for commissary, store rooms, recitation rooms, dormitories
and teachers’ residences. There are also the Shop and Saw Mill, with
Engine Rooms and Dynamo in conjunction. The brickyard, where all the
bricks that have been used in building our brick buildings were made, is
also situated near the school. Last year alone the brickyard made
1,500,000 bricks. It is equipped with excellent and improved machinery
for brickmaking, and is under the immediate supervision of Mr. William
Gregory, a graduate of Tuskegee. The total valuation of the property,
including the yards and all buildings, the home and the Marshall farms
is placed at $300,000. This does not include the endowment fund.
The Agricultural Department of the school has at its head Prof. G. W.
Carver, a graduate of the Iowa State University, and a man of experience
as a scientific farmer and a scientist of no mean acquirements. He has 8
assistants who help in looking after the divisions of dairying,
stockraising, horticulture and truck farming embraced in this
department. The State of Alabama appropriates annually the sum of $1,500
for the maintenance of an agricultural experiment station in connection
with our agricultural department. Some of the experiments of Prof.
Carver have attracted much attention, and it is recognized that his
conduct of the station is doing much to show what improvements upon the
old methods of farming may be wrought by scientific agriculture. This
department is well housed in a beautiful brick building, containing a
well equipped chemical laboratory, erected at a cost of $10,000, adapted
to the purposes of agricultural experiment, and other apparatus
necessary for the dairy and other divisions.
It is through the direction of the Agricultural department that the vast
amount of farm and garden products, used by the 1,200 people
constituting the population of the school when in session, is grown.
About 135 acres of the home farm are devoted to the raising of
vegetables, strawberries, grapes, and other fruits. The Marshall farm,
with 350 acres in cultivation, is utilized for the growing of corn,
sugar cane (from which syrup is made), potatoes, grain, hay and other
farm products.
Mr. J. N. Calloway is the manager of the Marshall farm. It is worked by
student labor, keeping from thirty to forty-five boys on it constantly.
There is also a night school upon this farm, for the accommodation of
students who work there, which is a branch of the main night school at
the Institute. At present the farm night school requires the services of
two teachers.
The Marshall farm not only produces a large amount of the farm products
that are used by the school and its 800 head of live stock, counting
horses, mules, cows, oxen, sheep and hogs, but also furnishes
opportunity for students to learn the art and science of farming, at
the same time attending night school and making something above expenses
to be used when the student enters day school.
A large portion of the Marshall farm, about 400 acres, is utilized as
pasture for the dry cows and beef cattle. Everything grown upon the farm
is sold to the school at market prices. The expenses of running the farm
are also accurately kept. At the end of the year a balance is struck.
Last year the Marshall farm come out over $500 ahead, including in the
expense account the salary of the manager.
The mechanical department of the institution is now housed in the well
equipped trades building, recently completed at a cost of $36,000. It is
known as the Slater-Armstrong Memorial Trades Building. It was dedicated
and formally opened on Wednesday, January 10, 1900, and is the largest
building on the Tuskegee Institute grounds, and stands between the
Agricultural Building and the new chapel. The shape is that of a double
Greek cross, having an open court 85x112 feet in the center. When
completed, it will measure 283x300 feet, the main or central portion
being two stories high, the wings one story. This measurement does not
include a room for the sawmill, which is to come at the extreme rear
end. Owing to the fact that sufficient money has not yet been obtained,
the rear portion of the building, consisting of seven rooms, has not
been completed. It is built entirely of brick, and contains twenty-seven
rooms. In round numbers, it took ten hundred thousand bricks to
construct the building thus far, and every one of these bricks was made
by students under the instructor in brickmaking, and laid in the wall by
students under the instructor of bricklaying. The plans and
specifications of the building were drawn by Mr. R. R. Taylor, formerly
in charge of the architectural and mechanical drawing department of the
Institute. The general oversight of both the planning and construction
was, of course, exercised by Mr. J. H. Washington, Director of
Industries.
The interior arrangements of the building are splendidly suited to the
teaching of the trades. The rooms, while varying in size from 37x42, the
smallest, to 37x85, the largest, will average 37x55, the ceiling being
13 feet high. On the first floor there are the Director’s office,
reading room, exhibit room, wheelwright shop, blacksmith shop, tin shop,
printing office, carpenter shop, repair shop, woodworking machine room,
ironworking machine room, foundry, brickmaking and plastering rooms,
general stock and supply room, and a boiler and engine room. The second
floor contains the mechanical drawing room, harness shop, paint shop,
tailor shop, shoe shop, and electrical laboratory, and a room for
carriage trimming and upholstering. Each shop has a cloak and tool room
connected with it. Better lighted rooms could scarcely be found in any
building. Each shop receives light from two sides and end. The office,
reading room, and exhibit room are finished with wainscoting to window
sills, and plastered from there up and overhead. In the drawing rooms
the walls are plastered, but overhead the ceiling of this room is of
yellow pine, panelled so as to show design. This ceiling is painted
white. The other rooms are not plastered or sealed, but have what is
called a yellow ochre finish on the walls. The machinery in the building
is run by a 125-horse power engine and 75-horse power boiler, both
donated by Mr. C. P. Huntington, of New York.
Each division is well supplied with all of the tools, appliances and
machinery necessary to its successful working and to the accurate
teaching of the trades. The director of this large and important
department is Mr. J. H. Washington, who has under him twenty-two
instructors for the various divisions.
The department for the teaching of the Domestic Sciences has for its
directress Mrs. Booker T. Washington. This department embraces
laundering, cooking, dressmaking, plain sewing, millinery and mattress
making. It is at present housed in several small frame buildings, except
the laundry, which is located in a brick building. Friends have already
given money for the erection and equipment of a building for this
department. The foundation of this building has already been laid and
within a year we hope to have the divisions of this department
permanently located in it. Not only are the trades above named taught in
this department, but the young women, under the motherly direction of
Mrs. Booker T. Washington, are taught the duties of systematic and
orderly housekeeping and duties pertaining thereto.
The nurse training department is run in connection with the school
hospital and has for its instructors our resident physician and a
competent trained nurse. It has not constituted a separate department,
but has formed one of the divisions under the Director of the Mechanical
Department. The increasing demand for trained nurses in the South has
necessitated the establishment of a regular Training School for Nurses
in connection with the school hospital.
A complete course of three years has been adopted of practical and
theoretical work in the wards of the hospital; two years of which
consist of daily work and instruction in the hospital, and the third
year of lectures and bedside instructions,
[Illustration: THE NEW CHAPEL, BUILT BY STUDENTS.]
[Illustration: ALABAMA HALL. TUSKEGEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.]
[Illustration: FLOAT--REPRESENTING TINNING DEPARTMENT PASSED IN PARADE
ON OCCASION OF PRES. McKINLEY’S VISIT TO TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE, DECEMBER
16, 1898.]
[Illustration: BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF SOME OF THE FLOATS AT TUSKEGEE
INSTITUTE, DECEMBER 16, 1898.]
while one or two days of each week are devoted to hospital work. There
are special provisions for those who apply for this department only. The
school is open also to those who do not wish to follow the work as a
profession, but desire to know how to intelligently care for the sick.
The division of music is under the supervision of the Director of the
Academic Department, and like the nurse training department, it has not
constituted an independent department. While the study of music has
always been encouraged at Tuskegee, and considerable work has been done,
we have been able only within the last few years to furnish a systematic
and thorough course of study. The course in pianoforte embraces four
years. The institution owns eight pianos, two cabinet organs and a
library of music. Vocal music is taught to the classes in the academic
department throughout the entire course.
Tuskegee students are famous for their fine singing of plantation
melodies, and it is the object of the Institute to make these old,
sweet, slave songs a source of pride and pleasure to the students.
There are at Tuskegee the following musical organizations: A choir,
consisting of seventy-five voices; a choral society, consisting of one
hundred and fifty voices, organized for the study of music from the
masters; glee club, consisting of forty male voices; glee club,
consisting of twenty female voices; male quartette, whose work is to
travel in the North. The institution maintains a splendid brass band of
thirty pieces, which is instructed by a competent director, employed by
the school. Any student, possessing knowledge of wind instruments, will
be given a chance to enter the band; but this knowledge is not essential
to membership. The band plays every school day morning for inspection
and drill.
One of the most important branches of the Music Department is the
Orchestra, which consists of fourteen pieces. The same rule regarding
membership in the band holds good for the Orchestra. The Orchestra plays
every week night at evening devotions. Many students who have played in
the Orchestra have developed into competent musicians. The director of
the band has charge of the Orchestra. All students belonging to the
Orchestra are subject to certain rules governing this organization.
The Bible Training Department was established in 1893. The desire for
increased opportunities for those who wish to fit themselves for the
ministry, or other forms of Christian work in the South, had been long
felt. To meet this need, a generous lady in New York erected at Tuskegee
a building called Phelps Hall, a picture of which is herewith given,
containing a chapel, library, reading room, office, three recitation
rooms and forty sleeping rooms, to be used as a Bible School. The donor
of this building furnished each room in the most comfortable and
convenient manner, making it one of the most beautiful and desirable
buildings on the school grounds. The instruction is wholly
undenominational. It is the aim of this new department to help all
denominations, and not to antagonize any. The Bible School is not in
opposition to any other theological work now being done, but it is
simply a means of helping. The faculty is composed of some of the
strongest men in the country. Rev. Edgar J. Penney is in charge of the
work, assisted by Rev. B. H. Peterson. Rt. Rev. B. T. Tanner, Rev. C. O.
Boothe, D. D., and Rt. Rev. George W. Clinton have been engaged to give
a regular course of lectures during each term.
The members of the Bible School are required to do mission work on the
Sabbath in the neighboring churches--preaching and teaching in the
Sunday Schools whenever their services are needed--and to make weekly
reports in writing of the work done.
It is not necessary to have a special call to the ministry to enter the
Bible School at Tuskegee. Many who desire to do only missionary work or
become intelligent teachers of the Bible in the Sunday Schools, will be
greatly benefited and helped; indeed, quite a few of those who are now
members of this department are fitting themselves for this kind of work.
The demand for an educated ministry is growing throughout the South, and
those who expect to preach must prepare themselves for the work.
This department was established for the express purpose of giving
colored men and women a knowledge of the English Bible; implanting in
their hearts a noble ambition to go out into the dark and benighted
districts of the South and give their lives for the elevation and
Christianizing of the South. Last year eighty-three students attended
this department. This was the largest attendance since the department
was founded.
Last, but not least, I mention the Academic Department, which offers a
thorough course of instruction, nearly, if not quite, equal to the high
school courses of the Northern and Western States. No language, however,
except English, is taught. It is our aim to correlate the work of the
Academic Department with the Industrial Departments, and it is the
policy of the school not to give any student a diploma of graduation who
has not completed the course in at least one division of one or another
of the industrial departments.
Last year, of the 1,164 students who attended the Institute, except a
part of those in the Bible Training School, all were taking studies in
this department, either in the night or day school, they being about
equally divided between the night and the day school.
The night school course is so arranged that a student is enabled to do
just half the amount of work in night school as in day school. A student
in night school will therefore cover a year’s work, as laid out for day
school students, in two years.
Last year there were 77 graduates from all of the departments.
I cannot close this chapter without making some special reference to the
chapel at Tuskegee, which is regarded as the architectural gem of the
Tuskegee group. It was planned by Mr. R. R. Taylor, who was then our
teacher in architecture and mechanical drawing. The work of
construction, even to the making of the bricks, was done wholly by
students. The cost of erection of the building was valued at $30,000.00.
The following is a description of the building, a cut of which is also
given in this volume: The plan of the chapel is that of a Greek cross,
the main axis extending from northeast to southwest. The extreme
dimensions from northeast to southwest, extending through nave and
choir, is 154 feet 6 inches. The dimensions from northwest to
southeast, through transepts, is 106 feet. The roof is of the hammer
beam construction. The clear span of the main trusses is 63 feet, which
is the width of the nave and transept. The angle trusses have a clear
span of 87 feet, projections from the walls under trusses slightly
decreasing the span. The gallery on back is 30 feet wide, extending over
girls’ cloak room and 12 feet into main auditorium.
In the rear are choir room, study for minister, and two small
vestibules, one on either side of chapel, giving entrance to choir room,
study and main auditorium. A large basement is provided and in this the
steam heating plant is located. At the northeast end of the auditorium
is the pulpit platform, which is large enough to seat the entire faculty
of eighty-eight members. This platform is 2 feet 6 inches above the main
floor. Immediately behind this and elevated 3 feet above it, is the
choir stand, with seating capacity for 150 persons. The chapel is
sufficiently supplied with windows to give abundant light and
ventilation, a very pretty effect being secured by the use of delicately
tinted colored glass.
The woodwork is all of yellow pine and hard oil finish, except the floor
which is of oak. The seating capacity of the auditorium is 2,400. One
million two hundred thousand bricks were used in the construction, all
made and laid by students. All the mouldings, casings and caps used
were made by students. The floor is bowled. The height of the walls from
top of floor is 24 feet 6 inches; from floor line to highest point of
ceiling, 48 feet 6 inches. The height of tower from line of ground to
top of cross which terminates it, is 105 feet. The electric lighting is
from three main chandeliers, with thirty lights each, ten of two lights
each, twelve of one light each, and from a reflecting disc of forty
lights over the choir stand.
Gradually, by patience and hard work, we have brought order out of
chaos, just as will be true of any problem if we stick to it with
patience and wisdom and earnest effort.
As I look back now over our struggle, I am glad that we had it. I am
glad that we endured all those discomforts and inconveniences. I am glad
that our students had to dig out the place for their kitchen and
dining-room. I am glad that our first boarding place was in that dismal,
ill-lighted, and damp basement. Had we started in a fine, attractive,
convenient room, I fear we would have “lost our heads” and become “stuck
up.” It means a great deal, I think, to build on a foundation which one
has made for himself.
When our students return to Tuskegee now, as they often do, and go into
our large, beautiful, well ventilated, and well lighted dining-room and
see tempting, well-cooked food--largely grown by the students
themselves--and see tables, neat tablecloths and napkins, and vases of
flowers upon the tables, and hear singing birds, and note that each meal
is served exactly upon the minute, with no disorder and with almost no
complaint coming from the hundreds that now fill our dining-room, they,
too, often say to me that they are glad that we started as we did, and
built ourselves up, year by year, by a slow and natural process of
growth.